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The article reports on the development and use of behavioral objectives for improving the field experiences in student teaching presented by the Directors of Student Teaching at the State of Illinois Colleges and Universities, both private and public institutions. A form of position paper regarding this importance issue was made to present the opinions of the directors. The behavioral objective is to examine narrowly the work of the beginning teacher and focus attention on defined skills and behaviors to be achieved. The development and use of behavioral objectives are one approach on the problem of making pertinent efforts on improving the teaching education.

The article presents a historical survey of printmaking. The relief process is one of the oldest means of repeating design with the use of something like a rubber stamp or a typewriter key. After 100 A.D., the invention of paper by the Chinese paved the way for the use of the first smooth, cheap and tough surface for printing. Meanwhile, the Dutch created blockbooks by chipping religious texts and images on a plank of wood, inking it and printing by rubbing the back of the paper. In Europe the use of woodcuts invigorated translations from Latin and vernacular writings intended for the general reader.

The evidence illustrating a fluid ink line was made after a tear, perforation or cut edge in the paper is usually distinctive. If examined carefully and with an open mind, it is very unlikely to be misinterpreted or to be mistaken for evidence of a change in an ink line resulting from some other cause. Since evidence is usually much more distinct showing an ink line was made after a tear or cut edge in paper as compared to a fold in paper, the basis for one to conclude an ink was written before a tear or cut edge (as compared with a fold in paper) in most instances is stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion of painting and drawing in connection with the study of nature. It is of the biggest significance that the child should not be in awe of materials for painting and drawing, such as pencils, paper, paints, and brushes, but regard their presence as he would that of pen and ink. It states that through painting and drawing, the visible token of the child's attention and observation is produced. It emphasizes that painting and drawing should be taken as a matter of course.

The article presents information on examination of papers in questioned documents. The tests used in the scientific examination of questioned documents are many and varied. One examination may concern a specimen of typewriting and the determination of the make and model and perhaps the year of manufacture of the typewriter. The tests used to establish this involve the precise measurement of the shape and size of the letters, and their comparison with known standards. The problem may involve deciding whether two samples of handwriting were made by the same person. One of the most important matters is that involving the establishment of the difference or identity of two or more samples of paper stock. Tests were performed with the Herzberg and the Lofton Merritt stains. Small samples were cut out for this experiment. This would not necessarily be required as the procedure can readily be modified to be used as a spot test on the original sheet. This technique proves to be quite valuable as a corroborating demonstration that specimens of paper from questioned documents are either similar or dissimilar.

The article contains a description of three of the simpler methods for the decipherment of charred documents. The examination of fire-charred documents with a view toward deciphering the writing thereon constitutes an interesting though somewhat difficult problem. Such cases demand a careful application of certain scientific methods and techniques not generally known or used in the profession of document examination. In attempting to decipher charred documents the examiner should bear in mind the fact that such documents may vary considerably in their physical and chemical composition, depending upon the type of paper and ink and also upon the conditions under which they were burned. For this reason it may be necessary to resort to any one of several different methods or techniques of decipherment. Charred documents selected for decipherment were first subjected to an exposure of approximately five minutes to the rays of a quartz mercury Hanovia lamp equipped with an ultra violet filter.

The article presents information about the development of latent fingerprints on paper. The development of latent fingerprints on paper is very difficult. Since the possibility of obtaining one or more fingerprints on paper objects in actual case work is determined by many factors, it is never easy to determine accurately the length of time after handling that identifiable fingerprints may be secured. Occasionally, on questioned documents or other paper materials, fingerprints are left which can be clearly seen and require no treatment for the purpose of any analytical study. The perspiratory secretion, which arises from the sweat glands of the skin and continuously deposited through the pores onto the friction ridges of the hands, contains 98% or more water with minute quantities or traces of sodium and potassium chlorides, lactic acid, albumin, glucose, urea, fatty acids, phosphates, carbonates, sulphates, creatine and creatinine. This secretion, along with a small quantity of sebum, which is picked up by contact of the hands with hair-producing skin, forms the somewhat transient, latent image from which a clearly visible pattern is to be derived.

This article discusses a study which examined the application of the density gradient tube method to the identification of cloth and paper ash. The use of comparison gradient tubes, each of which contains one of the samples being compared, requires that the gradients be established so as to be as nearly identical as possible. This necessitates that each of the various liquid levels be added to heights which are very precisely identical. This is made difficult by drainage of liquid from the walls after adjusting each meniscus. Also, the addition of each of the liquid increments to each tube by pipet is slow and causes inhalation of vapors which is disagreeable and possibly detrimental to health. In the study, the samples were not weighed as has been customary with soil and other heterogeneous samples. An alternative which was essentially as satisfactory and much more rapid was to construct a small scoop which could be loaded quite reproducibly. Into each gradient tube was placed one scoopful of tube sample, thus approximating a uniform volume rather than a uniform weight of the various samples. It was found quite simple to reproduce the appearance of duplicate samples of the same ash, while the differences between different ashes was in no way affected.

The article focuses on the element of translucency in crafts. Translucency is one of the delightful qualities obtained in some of the arts mystery. In stimulating experimentation with translucency, the teacher will have a need for inexpensive material consisting of crystal tissue papers, plastic wrapping papers, sheer fabrics and papers oiled in old-fashioned ways. Considering the shape and the line, the craftsman may not depend on the intrinsic qualities of his materials as upon their selection and management. Moreover, a translucent window hanging can save a room from glare or lost privacy.

The article provides information on the methods proposed for making pencil or ink writing visible on charred paper. The relative degree of success of each method depends on the extent of charring and the physical condition of the material under examination. When the paper has been folded, crumpled, and thoroughly charred the problem becomes more difficult, because the remains are quite friable, difficult to separate, difficult to flatten and photographic and chemical processes are less productive of satisfactory results. Ultimately, the first problem is usually solved by manipulating under water or other suitable medium, while the second problem is solved by ashing under controlled conditions. A major defect in the ashing procedure occurs when the paper is of high quality and contains little ash. The mechanical strain produced in the process of ashing results in severe fragmentation, and the fragments shrink to such small size that they must be examined under a microscope. The nitrate-treated documents when burned destroyed pencil writing in some cases and fragmentation continued to be a problem in many instances.