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Using a variety of indicators, such as the number of scientists, number of journals, or number of professional associations, the growth of modern science has been exponential, doubling with regularity through various time intervals, and resulting in a population of scientists about eighty to ninety per cent of all scientists who ever lived. The second condition includes the division of science into disciplines, the growth of research specialties, and the further emergence of research problem areas which have all contributed to the fragmentation of specialized knowledge. This paper presents the results of an investigation of one national communication system in a research speciality: the high energy physics community in Great Britain. The focus of the paper is on four questions about the communication system. First, which methods of communication are important to individual scientists and why are they important? Second, what are the social scientific characteristics of scientists who participate in the informal communication system? Third, how best can the organization of the informal communication system be characterized? Fourth what is the relationship between the communication and the reward systems?

The article discusses documents regarding U.S. history contained in the British Public Record Office. The author discusses the consolidation of several record storage offices as well as the British State Paper Office and notes the creation of the British Record Repository. He comments on his efforts to assist American diplomat George Bancroft in his research on U.S. history and describes historical documents related to U.S. in the Public Record Office, including colonial charters, papers from the British Board of Trade and correspondence with British secretaries of state in America. The chronological ordering of the records and the inaccuracy of some documents written by former British secretary of state Joseph Williamson are discussed.

Information about the October 19, 1927 annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society is presented. Papers imparted were: "East Florida as a Refuge of the Southern Loyalists, " by Wilbur H. Siebert; "General Grant's Opinion of the War with Mexico," by Justin H. Smith; and "Lewis Hughes, the Militant Minister of the Bermudas, and his Printed Works," by George Watson Cole. The meeting also discussed the resignation of Waldo Lincoln as president of the Society, elections held for new officers, and the acceptance of new members.

Medical men in their handling of disease increasingly have recourse to "team-work." Various specialists each make their own diagnosis of the patient, and set out a corresponding course of treatment. It is for sociology (ill-equipped for the task though as yet it may be) to infuse the discussion and treatment of current ills with the quickening spirit of a synthetic science. As a modest contribution to such discussion of the Coal Crisis, the present studies are submitted, though of necessity preliminary and tentative. These studies open with a paper which attempts what may be called a sociological orientation of the Coal Question. Here the coal crisis is viewed as symptom of a deep-seated malady in the body politic. This introductory paper is followed by four others, which sample the manifold contributions to public welfare in general, and the coal question in particular, to be drawn from the physico-chemical sciences, from biology, and from the simpler aspects of social science. The Coal Crisis is but the concentrated expression, and virulent outbreak, of a crisis in Great Britain's national life.

This account of the National Welfare Rights Organisation (NWRO) is one of a series of studies in community action, in which a key objective is to explore and account for the differences in perspectives and achievements between the welfare rights movements which developed during the mid 1960's first in the United States and then in Great Britain. The major preoccupation of the paper is with NWRO as indisputably the major and most durable manifestation of the United States welfare rights movement. As the article will suggest, these differences and similarities between the welfare rights movement stem not only from economic considerations, but also from significant political and cultural differences between the two societies. These differences are played out within the internal history in terms of the people, the ideas, the structures and struggles of the movements themselves. It is then, a brief outline of the particular domestic problems facing the United States in the 1960s.

This article comments on a paper about the social consequences of industrial transference in Great Britain, previously published in "The Sociological Review" journal. In his article "The Social Consequences of Industrial Transference," Mr. A. D. K. Owen attempted to develop a case, firstly, against the policy of assisted transference of workers from the depressed to the prosperous areas; and secondly, against the location of the newer industries in the South-east and Midlands. Unfortunately, Mr. Owen made several statements of fact and judgment which it is difficult to accept. Mr. Owen's first major charge is that a great deal of the post-war development of the newer industrial areas of the country was made possible only by the solicitude shown by the Ministry of Labor's transference schemes in ensuring, not only that these areas had adequate labor supplies for the unimpeded development of the expanding industries, but that they secured the needed labor more cheaply than would have been the case had these schemes not existed. This last conclusion is based on the following reasoning: the official transference schemes, by facilitating the mobility of labor, had the effect of increasing the elasticity of the supply of labor to small increases in wages.

The article focuses on geometry as a subject in elementary schools in Great Britain. Even though teaching and learning geometry is an easy job, it is not taught in elementary classes. Of all the branches studied in schools, geometry is the one to which the inductive or experimental method is the most easily applicable. The teaching aids used for geometry are simple and inexpensive. A ruler, a pair of compasses, a pair of scissors and a supply of unruled paper are all a pupil need to learn geometry. Despite all, geometry is not taught in grammar schools. It has not been made a common branch like arithmetic or geography. In a school edition of the book "Euclid," which is largely in use in many parts of Great Britain, a recommendation was made that the pupils should verify all the propositions with ruler and compasses. By illustrating a Chinese way of teaching geometry, the author argues that geometry should be made a regular part of the elementary school syllabi.

The paper presents an informal account of an approach to the construction of stochastic models for the duration of a class of social or economic events that has proved to be useful in describing the duration of strikes in Great Britain. Consider the duration of disputes which are resolved by a process of bargaining, for example, a dispute between "Union" and "Management" over a claim for a pay increase. To fix ideas suppose the union is claiming an increase of 25p an hour and the management's initial response is to make an offer of, say, 10p. It seems not unreasonable to say that the dispute ceases at the first point of time at which the management are making an offer which the union finds acceptable or, equivalently, when the union demand is one which the management finds acceptable. Furthermore, casual observation suggests that typically during the course of a dispute the union demand and the management offer change, often in a rather unpredictable and irregular manner, presumably as both parties reassess in the light of the latest information, demands and offers that it is optimal for them to make.

The article discusses the institutional pressures and constraints faced by mass communication. Mass media communicators live in a climate of intense competitive pressures. These are personal, situational, social, institutional. The purpose of this paper is to look at some of these systems of pressures and inhibitions from the communicators' point of view. The basic data are interviews conducted with mass communicators involved in the reporting of schools and education in the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Beyond citing representative or authoritative views of these specialized communicators, the article has attempted to illuminate the nature of institutional relationships in mass communication about another social institution and something of the flavor and climate of mass communicator decision-making in different social systems. The more distant goal of these studies is the development of a scheme and terminology for the more systematic analysis of communicator decisions within the framework of a theory of mass communication.

The article discusses the control and conduct of educational broadcasting. Entertainment, education and information has a formal place in the preamble to successive British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC) Charters, in the Independent Television Acts of 1954 and 1964 and in instruments of government of public service broadcasting organizations scattered throughout the world. The BBC has always held with justice that the educative duty imposed upon it by its charter is discharged through its whole program output. It has at the same time accepted an obligation to make a contribution through specifically educational programs to the work of those institutions which carry on the formal business of teaching and together constitute the national system of education. The major companies working under the aegis of the Independent Television Authority have followed suit. The present paper deals with some of the organizational problems raised in Great Britain by the increasing demand for programs in this latter category, including programs for the serious home student as well as for schools and colleges, universities and industrial training schemes.

The article discusses problems of creativity and control related to television. Television in Great Britain seems to have developed a resistance towards sustained social enquiry from outside, while producing few professionals to attempt to diagnose the medium from within. The standpoint of this paper, written from experience both as a producer and as an executive, is exploratory. It aims to identify and describe some of the main forces which influence decisions in television. The British Broadcasting Corp. and television station Independent Television are sometimes discussed together because, although there are differences between these two systems, similarities in organization and creative impulses are close enough to allow a general discussion of creativity and control in television. The conflict between creativity and control can only be reconciled in television as in so many other forms of human activity, by going back to the idea of responsibility itself. The better way is to look on responsibility in the broadcasting organization as multiple that is a number of people exercising different functions, each with a wide and overlapping responsibility.

This paper presents information on principles of Great Britain's scientific community. The article discusses the part played by the Central Policy Review Staff and its head, Lord Rothschild. Ideally, public bodies would be accountable to the public interest, so that if one wishes to argue that the post-Rothschild research system in Great Britain will be more accountable than the pre-Rothschild one was, then this becomes necessary to saying that government departments are better than the practitioners of research and development, at interpreting that public interest. It had become increasingly appreciated in. the early 1950s that the system of funding agricultural research in Britain was unnecessarily complicated and ill coordinated.

Presents international news briefs on character and personality as of March 1934. Experiments conducted in Great Britain on the transmission of mental traits in generations of rats; Papers presented at the 93rd meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held from December 27, 1934 to January 2, 1935 in Boston, Massachusetts; Information on the association called German Allgemeine Aerztliche Gesellschaft fuer Psychotherapie.

Presents news briefs related to psychology as of December 1, 1933. Growth in the number of papers of psychodiagnostic interest which are read at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Information on lectures delivered at a meeting of the German Society for the Study of Heredity on problems of heredity in the animal and vegetable kingdom; Information on experiments in Russia which aimed at finding methods to regulate the sex of offspring.

The article presents a reproduction of the paper "England and the United States," by the 19th-century Kentucky-based political writer Duff Green, and discussion of its historical context. A brief biographical sketch of Green's life is provided, noting his business and political ventures. Introductory comments are given describing the events of the Quintuple Treaty of 1841, in which several major European nations abolished and agreed to oppose the slave trade, its depiction throughout several international newspapers, and the popular opposition to it by some within the United States.

Reprints part of a study conducted by Vivien M. Palmer which was published in the "American Journal of Sociology," as of October 1927. In the series of papers and discussions presented at the first meetings of the Sociological Society, which were held in London, England in 1904, founders vividly summarized the state of sociology in Great Britain and outlined the role which the new Society hoped to play in future developments. It is illuminating to compare the status and aims as reflected at that time with the present attainments of British sociology. A consensus seems to run through the 1904 reports that, while a great deal of practical reform was being carried on in Great Britain, the scientific study of social life lagged behind. In the introductory address, James Bryce, first president of the Society, surveys the situation and suggests a programme which the new Society may follow in bringing this where of British thought into its own. His description of existing conditions and his proposed plans for the Sociological Society has been summarized in the article.

This article discusses a plan to make the monetary unit conform to a standard of constant purchasing power over commodities in Great Britain. The original use of money was that a medium of exchange. When gold was settled upon as the best form of money because of its portability, durability, divisibility and concentration of large value in small bulk, money had practically no function as a standard for deferred payments. The plan if virtually to vary the amount of gold in the dollar or sovereign to the extent necessary to keep its purchasing power invariable. The use of an index number of prices, a mean of securing information as to changes in the general price level, can increase and decrease the weight of the sovereign. The government buys gold from the miner and sells it to the jeweller, at the rate of 123.27 grains per sovereign. The proposal to increase or decrease the amount of gold in a bullion-sovereign becomes, then, a proposal for the government to lower or raise the mint price of gold bullion. Using paper representatives like the gold certificates of the U.S. can avoid recoinage in the country. When gold was taken to the government it would not be coined and the certificate would be issued. Gold would only exist only as gold bullion and the only gold sovereign would be a virtual sovereign.

The article provides information on various journals related to economics and sociology. The "Economic Journal" contains papers by economist R.L. Wedgwood that discusses the statistics of railway costs. He analyses the recent returns of traffic and receipts, and contends that a more scientific statistical system should be introduced. Economist H.W. Macrosty submits proposals for an economic survey of Great Britain and physician Jacques Dumas discusses the present state of the land system in France. The "International Journal of Ethics" shares the views of economists. Professor J.S. Mackensie gives his opinion that late Edward Cuird has built up a solid treasure-house of wisdom that will outlast many erections in breadth of knowledge, balance and judgment, maturity of insight and power of luminous expression. Professor F. Tidily figures out the late Friedrich Paulsen, as child of a hardy, frugal, clear-headed and warm-hearted seafaring race who gave philosophical expression to the ideals of a stock from which so many intellectual leaders of the old fatherland had sprung, and upon the integrity of which the future glory of Germany depends.

The article presents news updates on the Sociological Society of Great Britain, compiled as of January 1913. The meetings of the Session 1912-13 began on October 15 (evening) with a lecture on "Mythology and Life: An Interpretation of Olympus"; On October 29, at an evening meeting, F.W. Mott, read the paper on "Is Insanity on the Increase?"--Edward Brabrook was in the chair. On November 12, at an afternoon meeting, A.K. Coomaraswamy read a paper on "Sati: A Vindication of the Indian Woman"--Sir Francis Younghusband was in the chair. The paper will be published in the April number of the "Sociological Review." On November 26, at an afternoon meeting held in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, B.L. Hutchins read the paper on "Fatigue and Efficiency."

The article presents comments of the author on a speech given by George Parish, editor of the journal "The Statist," delivered at the meeting of the Sociological Society, held in London, England, on May 2, 1911. Great Britain in the first half of the last century developed its banking institutions faster than its neighbours and competitors had done, and its commercial relations all over the world gave it opportunities for investments of which it took, and was still taking, great advantage. Great Britain's capitalists have no doubt made their investments primarily for their own benefit, but Paish had admirably brought out in his paper the fact that the investments of English people abroad had materially benefited the whole world. The uncivilised nations were increasing at a far greater rate than the civilised, and the latter must never give up, for the sake of a comfortable or luxurious feeling, the consideration that they may have to fight for their very existence. Paish said that two things were essential to progress, an increased supply coupled with an increased demand.

Presents updates on the field of psychology in Great Britain as of September 1935. Information on the Heath Clark Lectures which focused on temperament; Details of the paper written by E. Feuchtwanger and K. Román-Goldzieher regarding the effect of localized brain injuries on handwriting.

The article offers information regarding journalism educational system in Great Britain. President Theodore E. Conover of American Society of Journalism School Administrators (ASJSA) narrates from his experience of being trained in England and the educational system in journalism in the country. Conover added that student journalism begun their careers at 16 years old after signing an indenture paper which includes both formal and on-the-job training.

The article presents information on the entry for Burden Research Medal and Prize which is open to all registered medical practitioners who are working in the field of mental subnormality in Great Britain or Republic of Ireland. The award for 1974, total value 250 pound, may be presented at Stoke Park Hospital on or about the April, 1974, for outstanding research work which has been published, accepted for publication or presented as a paper to a learned society during the three-year period ending on December 31, 1973.