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The article presents comments on sociologist Georges Piron's paper "The Educated Unemployed," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The following comments deal with the principal points raised in Piron's paper. These points relate to the basic data, the explanation of those data in terms of agencies and processes like the enrolment of children in schools and the absorption of graduates into industry, and some policy recommendations and implications. The basic data used by Piron are taken from the Bureau of the Census and Statistics via the Rand Report. His definitions, however, are from a later bulletin of the Bureau. From the interview schedule used by enumerators to determine the employment status of respondents, it is clear that a person doing no other work but work or chores around the house is considered to be not at work. One area of ambiguity centers around the definitions of the employed, at work, unpaid family workers and of persons doing no other work except work or chores around the house.

The basic assumption underlying the paper is simple: the greater and the more systematic the knowledge is which the social worker has of the family as a social group, the more competent he/she will be in defining problems that affect it and in devising solutions for these problems. The aim of the paper is similarly modest: to stimulate a deeper and more comprehensive observation on the family; and a more coherent framework for organizing one's information on the subject. The paper attempts to achieve these objectives by summarizing some of the basic concepts and generalizations about the family from the anthropological and sociological literature and by suggesting some implications of the materials presented. The paper is not meant to be a substitute for a more thorough study of the literature nor for a more detailed and exact method of empirical research; indeed specialists are continuously at work, adding more precise data and more informed analyses on the subject. The family as a form of social grouping based on kinship is found in all known human societies, but the form exhibits a great deal of variation.

The article presents abstracts of various research papers related to sociology. The paper "Child-Rearing Practices in the First Year of Life of 200 Filipino Babies," by Miguela Solis, is part of the 25-year period longitudinal study of 200 Filipino infants being conducted by the NCCSDFCY. Its objectives are to determine the pattern of child-rearing practices of the Filipino family from three socio-economic levels, high, middle, and low, and to determine whether there is a significant difference in the child-rearing practices of the socio-economic groups. The paper "Family Solidarity--An Explanation Through the Study of Samtoy Kinship Terminologies and Allied Expressions," by Manuel M. Gapuz uses several Ilocano terms used in referring to lineal and collateral relatives in both ascending and descending generations reflect a few of the values attached to the family. The use of the human body and the tree as bases for the formation of such terminologies likewise suggest the closely-knit character of the Ilocano family.

This article presents brief summaries of article, published in issues of several periodicals. Teen-age marriages, pregnancies among high school girls, youthful gang violence, and increases in youthful crime rates are deeply serious events. At present, an increase in the size of the American family is occurring. This paper focuses upon the motivation for having larger families and the social changes that may underlie these motivations. Many changes have developed in the role of women due to the technological developments. This speculative paper explores the direction of family life over the next 40 years. The author sees the increasing proportion of women employed gainfully as the clearest indication of approaching sex equality. Family life educators are taken to task in this article for persisting in presenting only one side of the question on the frequency of divorce associated with religiously homogamous or heterogamous marriages. This article is concerned with needed communication between theology and anthropology. The two fields have a common link in being concerned about truth, whether natural or social.

This article focuses on the research papers published in this issue of the journal "Marriage and Family Living." The research paper "Research in family dynamics: A criticism and a proposal," focuses on the extensive use of questionnaires in the study of interpersonal family relations. The study suggests the clinical approach by family sociologists who have been trained in psychodynamics as a more appropriate technique which is also capable of progressive refinement. The research paper "Family-oriented treatment of marital problems," highlights the special aspects of family-oriented treatment of marital problems in a family agency focus attention on the interaction between husband and wife. A sound clinical understanding of each partner is essential, but it is equally important that the relationship between the partners be understood. Another research paper "Are educators afraid of sex?" attempts to show that there is a trend toward emotional withdrawal from sex instruction in family life education today.

This section presents abstracts of papers on marriage and family living. The article entitled The Role of the Extended family in Disaster, by Michael Young presents a small scale survey of certain flooded areas in Great Britain in 1953. It revealed that most flood evacuees took refuge in the homes of their relatives rather than in official centers and billets. The report entitled The family Constellation and Overt Incestuous Relations Between Father and Daughter, by Irving Kaufman, Alice Peck and Consuelo Tagiuri, includes the study of family relations and character formation in eleven girls who have been involved in incestuous relationships with either father or father substitute. The report discloses the occurrence of incest in families of a similar psychopathology peculiarly conducive to acting out the oedipal wish, date and future directions. The role of three factors in family breakdown are discussed in the paper entitled Economic, Cultural and Social Factors in Family Breakdown, by E. W. Burgess. Economic conditions underlie, but are not direct causes of juvenile delinquency and family disintegration. Outstanding values in U.S. culture, individualism, competition, and democracy, emphasize the development of the individual and weaken the institutional bonds of the family.

This section presents abstracts of several papers on family and marriage. In his article The Necessity of Group Therapy in Marriage Guidance Clinics, which appeared in the November 1953 issue of International Journal of Sexology, Conrad Van Emde Boas attempts to show that group-therapy is an indispensable part of marriage guidance work because of the shortage of psychotherapists in Holland. The educational form of group-therapy proved valuable especially in those cases where the married couple were not fighting against each other, but together to overcome some problem. The paper Sex Instruction in the Norwegian Culture, by Thomas D. Eliot, which appeared in the October 1953 issue of the journal Social Problems, is a review of sex education in Norway since the first World War. It emphasizes the struggle of educators to introduce sex education into the public schools in opposition to religious groups and to a mythical public opinion. The article The Effect of Residential Propinquity on Marriage Selection, by Joseph R. Marches and Gus Turbeville, which appeared in the May 1953 issue of the American Journal of Sociology, provides information on a study which employed Bossard's method of studying the relationship of residential propinquity to mate selection. The authors studied marriage applications dated from November 1951 until April 1952 of 300 couples residing in Duluth, Minnesota.

This article presents updates on meetings and events related to family living and marriage at universities and associations in the U.S. as of May 1946. At the two sessions of the American Sociological Society, papers presented were devoted to the topic of family. The first, on the Family and the War, chairman, Ray E. Baber, discussed papers by Mildred Fairchild on Compilation of Data Regarding American Women at Work and at Home in World War II, by Leonard Bloom on Familial Adjustments of Japanese-Americans to Relocation, and by John F. Cuber on A Study of the Adjustmental Problems of Returning Service Men and Their Spouses. The Association for Childhood Education, on the other hand, held a restricted 1946 Annual Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 1946, limited to approximately eight hundred people. In addition, the Child Study Association of America held its Annual Conference on March 4, 1946.

This article examines all references on sex, marriage and family living included in Psychological Abstracts for the years 1944 to 1950. Normally included in Psychological Abstracts are all important articles, monographs and books in psychology, sociology, anthropology, psychiatry and allied fields. For the years 1944 to 1950, 745 relevant references were found, including 530 sex references and 215 marriage and family references. Of the sex references, 185 were research studies; 81 were case history studies; and 264 were non-research papers or books. Of the marriage and family references, 65 were research studies; 7 were case history studies; and 143 were non-research papers or books. When the research studies were analyzed to determine what types of subjects were employed in these studies. These results indicate: that the majority of the sex research studies were done using either animals or patients, inmates, or other institutional personnel as subjects; that the most popular subjects for the marriage and family studies were adults, with college students running a fairly close second in popularity; and that relatively few sex studies were done with unselected adult groups. The urgent need is for much more sex, marriage, and family studies, on important instead of easily accessible problems, using unselected subjects, intensive research techniques, and adequate statistical procedures.

The article presents a comparative study of Jewish and non-Jewish family life in the London suburbs. Scholars and laymen alike have frequently commented upon the lack of demographic and sociological research on the Anglo-Jewish community. An important paper on future research studies selected the family as one of the five areas that should command some measure of "priority" consideration. This choice was largely due to the centrality of the home in Jewish tradition, and the role it has played in ensuring Jewish survival. Of even greater importance, though, was the growing disquiet about the future of the family as an agent of cultural transmission. The main reason for this concern is the widespread belief that there has been a marked increase in the rate of intermarriage. A recent survey for instance suggested that it is now in the region of 30 per cent. As well as posing the obvious danger of physical attrition on the communal level, this trend threatens the continuity generations within the family, the ability of family members to identify with one another, and their satisfaction with family roles.

The suitability of a dwelling for any particular household depends upon a number of things. The extent to which a dwelling is suitable may in large measure govern not only the degree of satisfaction experienced by the occupants, but may actually affect household activities. Any study which seeks to relate family behavior to house design can be expected to contribute to improved housing. This paper is concerned with evening activities in the home, and is based on some of the results of a more comprehensive inquiry originally suggested and planned by the Social Survey Panel of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Minister of Works.

The article focuses on the development cycle of the Philippine household in an urban setting. The major thesis of this paper is that the household undergoes regular developmental changes in composition during the span of its existence. As noted by one anthropologist who has done research on the subject, the process is cyclic in nature and is similar to the growth cycle of a living organism. An attempt has been made here to describe the process in relation to some problems of urbanization. The data upon which the analysis is based were derived from the results of a survey on family and kinship patterns which the Ateneo Department of Sociology and Anthropology conducted in Malate, Manila in 1963. The interview schedule was specifically de- signed for a female respondent. Accordingly, the universe included only those house- holds which had a female household head or in which there was a woman who was assigned this particular role by other members of the domestic unit. At the time of the survey, there were a total of 1,869 households in the district that satisfied the requirement. All these households were listed systematically and numbered consecutively for purposes of sampling.

This article presents a list of research papers related to criminology. Some of them are as follows: "Review of National Crime Commission Conference," by E.R. Cass; "Crime," by E.C. Groves; "The Aims and Purpose of the American Prison Association," by W.F. Penn; "The Crimes Club," by A. Lambton; "Curs de criminologie," by T. Pop; "Why Crime Flourishes and How It Should be Prevented," by W.H. Black; "The Young Offender and the Adult," by R.K. Boardman; "Juvenile Delinquency," by G.O. Bush; "The Negro Boy," by T.O. Fuller; "Prospensity to Crime," by L. Villamor; "The Social World," by Y. Chingyueh; "Prussian Prison Statistics," by H. Ward; "Holland: Report on Prisons and Prison Statistics: 1925-1926," by M.H. MacColl; "New York: The Nation's Prodigal," by J. Bakeless; "Community Responsibility for Delinquency," by J.F. Binford; "Training Families;" by B.J. Fagan; "New Chapter in the Opium War," by W.J. Gavit; "The Land Pirates of India," by W.J. Hatch and "American Inquisitors: A Community on Dayton and Chicago," by W. Lippmann.

The article focuses on wedding ceremonies between 1938 and 1945 in Japanese family living in Hawaii. In all Japanese families, the marriage of a son is a greater occasion than that of a daughter. Before the wedding, the author's parents went to the home of the girl's parents, to morau her. This was to ask the parents for their daughter. The request was accepted. The wedding feast was held in true Japanese style. The place was lined with mats and there were strips of paper with characters decorating the place. The number of plates of each type of food had symbolical significance as they were placed before the guests. For example, there had to be three plates of each food on each table because it was a wedding. For a funeral, however, the number would have been four. Such trifling things as this were strictly followed. A wedding feast made in true Japanese style is a complicated problem. As another part of the ceremony the bride changed her kimono five times in less than four hours during the course of the feast.

The paper is intended to add to the much needed empirical knowledge of the correlates of these varying types of family organization. The study reported views conjugal power types as socialization environments, and seeks to explore the relationship between conjugal power type and selected aspects of an adolescent son's personality. The conceptual framework guiding this research is the view of the family as a small-scale social system. "System" is here defined as a structure in which a change in one element necessitates changes in other parts of the structure. It follows, therefore, that variations in conjugal role structure have consequences--not necessarily all manifest--for both the internal processes of the family system and for the family's mode of relationship to external systems. Among the most important of these is the type of socialization environment provided by different types of conjugal power structure. The general hypothesis is that those types of family structures which optimize the smooth internal functioning of the family system are relatively less successful in socializing children for achievement roles external to the family. Conversely, those types of family structures which are effective in training boys for achievement roles in systems external to the family tend to do so at the cost of heightened intrapsychic tension and lowered familial integration.

This article presents a study which was undertaken to determine whether the advantages of the standardized interview in terms of the reliability of the data obtained are sufficient to warrant its use in research studies concerned with family behavior. Traditionally, in studies concerned with family behavior which have not purported intensive personality analyses, three general approaches have been utilized in the collection of data: i.e., questionnaires, interviews, and observation. For the purposes of obtaining relatively impersonal information, the questionnaire method yields data of sufficient reliability to warrant its use; however, there is little empirical evidence concerning the relationship between the method of data collection and the reliability of responses obtained in studies of family behavior. The interview has been uncritically accepted as a "perfect instrument" while the reliability and validity of paper-and-pencil tests have been critically checked. It is surprising that very few studies have been performed to find out the best method for obtaining reliable information.

Changes in courtship behavior in Western societies during the last half-century have been of interest to sociologists and other students of the institutions of marriage and the family. In recent years considerable attention has been given to depictions of the folk-urban changes in the media of commercialized entertainment: motion pictures, the drama, fiction, radio, and television. The prestige, pervasiveness, and emotional impact characteristic of these media have been regarded by some observers as significant factors in giving further impetus, through a feed-back process, to the very social changes they reflect. The present paper attempts a further contribution to this literature by reporting the findings of an inquiry into the nature of trends in images of courtship in popular magazine fiction across a forty-year period, testing the hypothesis that these images are changing in a direction consonant with our society's trend toward increasingly individuated social relationships.

That the wife importantly affects the behavior of her husband in his occupational and other roles is a proposition which few would challenge. But the statement is one of those truisms which as yet have little scientific or practical utility. The purpose of this paper is to make a start along this line by testing the relationship of selected characteristics of Columbia Basin Project settlers' wives to success in developing their farm into a profitable and personally satisfying venture. The method chosen is a comparison of the wives of a low and a high success sample of families. The low group used for this purpose is drawn from the least successful sixth of a stratified random sample of 210 Columbia Basin Project settlers. The contrasting high group is drawn from the most successful sixth of this sample. Settlers in the Columbia Basin Project were chosen for a study of the relation of the wife's characteristics to her husband's success for two reasons: The first is the need for objective information on which to base advice to those inquiring about settlement opportunities and requirements. Second, is the fact that transforming sagebrush semi-desert land into a modern irrigated farm is a task full of uncertainties.

It is almost tautological that family living requires a certain amount of group decision making. That families differ in the way in which they make decisions and that too little is known of this aspect of family life are probably equally obvious. In our early attempts to teach rational decision making to young married couples, it became apparent that many husbands and wives had little realization of the way in which they or their spouses behave in such interaction. It is the intent of this paper to report on the effort to observe directly the roles that members play in family decision making interaction, giving attention to theoretical and procedural matters as well as to some findings of the study. The actions of the mates, observed in terms of Bales' categories, are considered to constitute part of their actual or "real" roles in the particular decision making session. Several difficulties inhere in the use of a questionnaire to determine the role conception of husbands and wives and, thus, in the determination of the relationship between real and conceived roles.

This article asserts that in a great number of countries the status of the wife generally is subordinate and inferior to that of the husband. In the Middle Ages in Europe the rule was in the absence of parents another person is the introduced according to which marriage reduced the woman to a position of a minor under the guardianship of her husband. Since that time the relationship of husband and wife has been governed in a great number of countries by the concept of husband as head or chief of the family. The laws of many countries say that the wife owes subordination and obedience to the husband and the husband owes protection to the wife. This is the long range effect of marriage in many countries. The duty of protection is distinct from the duty of support. In many cases, it is the wife who has to support her husband, but on paper he has the duty of protecting her. The duty of support is something completely different and exists in countries where there is no subordination, obedience or protection but just support and very often mutual support. The consequences of this duty of subordination and obedience, of course, are numerous. Husband and wife, father and mother, have different functions in the family but their status should be equal.

This article presents a study which examined the impact of vertical social class mobility on family integration in the U.S. U.S. social scientists have published a mass of empirical data establishing the fact that social classes do exist in the country and, furthermore, that membership in a particular social class does tend to predict a wide range of behavior patterns from voting habits to kissing techniques. The study covers an investigation of 78 families. These family units were studied through a combination technique of having participant- observer papers written by student members of the families, using an outline provided by the writer. Interviews were conducted with students where further information seemed to be necessary. All of the cases were studied in the setting of a state university and reflected both patterns of vertical mobility and social class continuity. In general, families with social class continuity seem to have more stability and more sociological closeness than families in which either the entire group or some members of the group have been moving from one social class to another. The initial theory was based on the assumption that if social class is the basic variable which research implicitly assumes, then social class mobility must be one of the most powerful forces affecting family cohesion in U.S. culture.

This section presents a bibliography--including reprints, pamphlets and papers--related to family relations.

This article examines conforming, mobile and divergent families. Previous papers have drawn attention to regularities in the lifestyles of families on lower and middle class homes. Whereas the middle lifestyle has been regarded as the dominant one in most communities, a majority of lower class folk follow an alternative way of life. In addition, there are the superordinate beliefs and values of a small number of higher status families and the variant cultural traditions of ethnic groupings. Too much emphasis, however, can be placed upon the class-typing of behavior according to status assigned by others in a community. Discontinuities in lifestyle within families are important for they underlie acculturation and social mobility, the two dynamic processes which keep class lines fluid. Although some overt, social aspects of mobility orientation are observable, the covert, hidden psychological elements are largely matters of conjecture. Research people are only beginning to explore the dimensions of a social psychological study. The working hypotheses have been derived from case studies of families. They are supported by investigations which followed the clarification of concepts and the recasting of earlier theory.

This article aims to show the structure which gave unity to the total program of the 1948 Annual Meeting of the National Council on Family Relations, report the most important ideas developed in papers, talks and informal discussions, and present certain outcomes in terms of suggestions, resolutions, and/or recommendations which will probably have a bearing on Council activities during the coming year. The theme chosen for the conference was Personal and Professional Relations in the Family Field. This theme was selected because the 1948 National Conference on Family Life dramatized the need for closer cooperation and better mutual understanding of each other's goals and activities among all agencies and organizations working with and for families in the U.S., because of a growing feeling among many members that one of the Council's finest contributions in the family field might be to demonstrate ways of working with other groups that would release a maximum of energy for professional service, and because many competent scientists are studying the dynamics of human relationships and have already made discoveries about human behavior in relationships which should be widely examined, tested and put to use.

This paper predicts some of the problems that will confront the family after World War II. One of the biggest problems confronting the family after the war will be its economic readjustment. Families will face enormous problems: the transition from wartime to peacetime employment, the returning demobilized soldier looking for reemployment, the migration of families and industries from wartime centers back to their home communities or to new locations, the menace of inflation probably greater after than during the war, the spector of unemployment, the certainty of high national taxation to meet governmental running expenses and the huge interest on our staggering war debt. A second great problem confronting the family after the war is its housing. A third human problem which will reach a peak after the war is that of family disruption and disintegration. Then, too, after the war there will be a marked tendency toward hasty unions. A fifth postwar problem significantly related to the family is that of the child and the youth. The sixth problem of the postwar world involves the unmarried role of women. The problems facing the family after the war are stupendous and not easy of solution. They involve basic changes in economics and in education.

This paper explores the effects of World War II upon the family. According to the author, the war has both hastened and corrected the process of family disintegration, depending upon the vital factors in each situation. It relieved many of the tensions that had arisen, before they became too acute. In the calmer perspective of distance both parents and children could see issues more clearly and bring to them a more partly parented by lifting the home up to the level of the new national purpose. This solution was assisted by the ample provision which the government has tried to make for the economic welfare of the families whose parents were at war. The author notes that during the war there have been many new weddings. Some of them have been carefully conceived and, while the element of haste seems present, they possess in themselves the inner guarantee of success. But many do not. According to the author, they have been launched upon a sea of uncertainties. In conclusion, the author argues that while the war has shown up weaknesses that are inherent in the modern home, and has actually hastened the collapse, it has also shown the kinds of strength needed to survive and provided examples of survival which give both encouragement and guidance.

This section presents information on family relations conferences in the U.S. At the National Conference on Family Relations, Sidney E. Goldstein stressed both the social significance of the family and the need of its conservation by government action. Una Bernard Sait, in her paper Democracy and the Family, applied the philosophy of John Dewey to the realities of family living. A general report was presented at the White House Conference on Children in a Democracy. The report was divided into eleven sections, four of which were devoted to family life and the child: families and their incomes, families in need of assistance, families and their dwellings and the family as the threshold democracy. The National Youth Administration Conference recommended an increase in public expenditures for the employment of the nation's four million jobless young people. The event adopted a program for increasing the public employment of persons between the ages of 16 and 25, and named a committee to determine the amount which can properly be recommended for the enlargement of the program of the National Youth Administration. The conference is also convinced that all young people who are out of work and out of school must be provided with opportunities for employment or with opportunities for assistance to continue in school.

This section presents an abstract of the paper The Family As an Educative Agency, by Martha Jane Powell, graduate student, Gamma Chapter of Illinois, University of Illinois, Illinois.

This essay is a discussion of family life in Kanawha, a small rural community in north central Iowa. Kanawha has a population of 650, and at least 1,000 more persons reside on farms in the immediate trade territory. The scope of this paper is restricted by the necessity of depending on interviews and conversations rather than on statistical evidence and also by the writer's lack of familiarity with rural life, but this latter limitation may have a compensating feature in that cultural traits will appear in bolder relief to me than to others more familiar with rural life in the Middle West.

The author of this article reacts to the comments made by sociologist Ethel Dunn related to an article by him. It seemed to the author desirable to reply to her article in the pages of the paper. She raised important questions. It was apparently not clear to her why it was necessary to increase the birthrate in Soviet Union at all. Naturally, to decide the question of whether population growth in the U.S. should be limited or not is the affair of the Americans themselves. However, the assertion that "to reduce population growth to zero" allegedly means that "in each family" there must be "no more than two children" is, from a demographic point of view, a complete absurdity. However, in the author's opinion, simple reproduction of the population is far from optimal for Soviet Union. In her view, that rate of reproduction is optimal at which rates of economic and social developments are highest. To the best of her knowledge, no Soviet demographer doubts that for the conditions obtaining in the Soviet Union, expanded reproduction is optimal. The simple replacement level is that final line behind which one must not retreat under any conditions. The net reproduction ratio in Soviet Union was 1.26 percent in 1958-1959, and 1.11 percent in 1968-1969.

This section presents abstracts of articles and studies on marriage and family life. In the article Social Changes as Reflected in the Kinsey Studies written by Claude C. Bowman, the author attempts to show that the Kinsey studies are an outgrowth of a trend that is antithetical to the religious-moral tradition. He also discusses some of the major sociological implications of the Kinsey findings. Charles V. Willie's paper entitled The Group Relationships of the Elderly in Our Culture presents an analysis of the impact of group relationships upon the behavior of elderly persons. The first factor considered is the aged population in relation to our total social structure and value system. Secondly, consideration is given to changes in their roles in the family and work groups which persons experience as they grow older. In the article Sexual Experience of Adolescent Delinquent Girls written by Spencer L. Stockwell, the author had ample opportunity to study the case histories of students in a girls' industrial school who ranged in age from 12 to 18. He found that approximately eighty-five per cent were sexually experienced at the time of their commitment to the school. This experience ran all the way from one or two contacts of a heterosexual nature to a more or less continuous experience of promiscuity covering a year or more.

Although the family in some form or other is universal among human societies, the particular form which the family takes is an aspect of the culture of a society. Different cultures are associated with different kinds of family life. Consequently a country such as the U. S. A., which includes diverse cultural groups, will present a variety of types of family life, complicating the task of education for family life by the fact that school children represent this cultural diversity of family life practices and values. The principal cultural sub-groups in the United States, judged by their differences in family-life patterns, are; Ethnic Groups--Italian-American, Polish-American, Japanese-American, Mexican-American, German-American, etc. Religious Groups--Jewish, Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, Mennonite, etc. Social Class Groups--Upper Class, Middle Class, Lower Class. The cultural differences between middle-class and lower-class or working-class families will be discussed in this paper, together with their implications for family life education in the secondary schools. The material cited is only suggestive. There are other cultural differences which are not mentioned here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on the first session of the special Committee on Teacher Preparation on November 28, 1947. The attendees of the event showed keen interest in problems connected with the need for and preparation of competent teachers and leaders in family life education at all levels of the educational system. Muriel Brown, U. S. Office of Education, Federal Security Agency, reported on the workshop as a method of preparing teachers and leaders. The question of college credit for these courses came in for discussion. It seemed the common viewpoint that college credit acceptable to related departments, as Home Economics, Psychology, and Sociology, is desirable for workshop courses. Although there has been some argument in the past on the point of credit. Dr. Brown thinks the usual practice has been to give credit for workshop courses acceptably completed. Some questions arose as to whether enough continuity could be provided in the two or three weeks' work provided in the workshops to do a really good job. This question was left open for further exploration. Paul Landis, Washington State College, briefed his paper on Need for Preparation of Teachers instead of reading it in toto. A significant point brought out by his discussion was that the so-called old maid school teacher will be the most likely to do the job of teaching family life in the school, as she is already on the job.

The paper presents the author's observation on marriage counseling from the perspective of a changing society in the U.S. and its significance in relation to the nature and magnitude of the problem which it attacks. Family life today, in 1943, is in transition from the authoritarian family of the colonial period to the companionship form that is now emerging. The war-time situation has accentuated old-time problems of marriage and introduced new ones. After the war the need for marriage and family counselling will be even greater. In discussing the ideal plan of organization of the marriage counselling service three questions are involved: first, the auspices, second, the scope of activities, and third, the personnel. In the cities which have established or are establishing marriage counselling centers the crucial question is whether the center be under independent auspices or be a department of activity under an existing agency. What is important here is to get the all-over picture of the community-wide need for marriage counselling and a plan of organization or relationships between agencies which will best provide services commensurate with the need. Organization is important but in all probability relationships are even more important. The problem is to get a vision of a complete, all-round program and then for each interested agency or group of individuals to see its relationship to the entire project.

The article discusses family life education. In his paper on family life education, Evelyn Millis Duvall, a researcher, presented the aims and goals of family life education, its weaknesses as well as its contributions. Duvall said "conferences on family life education lift our spirits, enlarge our horizons, heal our wounds, and prepare us for the next battles with our pupils and off spring." In the opinion of the author Duvall's perception that the developmental tasks of several individuals in a social unit, the family, may work against each other as well as for each other should also give something to think about, as should her strong emphasis on the fact that for no two families--to say nothing of two individuals--is growth and development the same--a fact we are seduced into forgetting almost everyday of our teaching and child-rearing lift. Duvall in his paper also discussed the unability to measure the results of teaching in this field of family life education. A list of challenges and hazards family meet at various stages of their life cycle was presented by Duvall.

The article presents an account of the papers related to sociology, which have previously been published in different journals. The paper entitled, "The Problem of Divorce," by Frances Balfour, which was previously published in the April 1923 issue of the journal "Edinburgh Review," suggests that the problem of divorce can best be met by the strengthening of marriage as an institution, and not by the prohibition of divorce or by laws which discriminate between the sexes. The family lies at the root of all that is best, and just, equal, and humane laws should protect its existence. The paper entitled, "Some Anti-Militarist Fallacies," by G.R. Stirling Taylor, which was previously published in the May 1923 issue of the journal "Nineteenth Century," argues that the anti-militarists, who are so vigorous in their attacks upon war, fail to realize that the horrors of war are not comparable to the horrors of peace, and that war is a result of evil, conditions in society, rather than a cause. The only way to get rid of war is to eliminate the desire for personal gain that builds up an intolerable social order.

The Research Section, National Council on Family Relations, through the E.W. Burgess Fund, has announced an annual prize of upward of one hundred dollars to be awarded to the person contributing the best research paper during the year in the fields of marriage and the family. The award is to be presented at the Annual Meeting, and the paper is to be published in Marriage and Family Living.

This article provides information on the Social Living course incorporated in the curriculum of community high schools in Atlanta, Georgia. Since September 1947, all senior boys and girls in Atlanta's community high schools have been required to take a one-semester course entitled Social Living. This is a short name for the longer, but more accurate title, Personal and Family Living. The course is based on recognized interests and needs of the students in this area and on recognized values in the life of the community. One of the goals of Social Living teachers and students has been to bring parents into the program to gain a sympathetic understanding of the course and that all may have the benefit of teacher-student-parent discussion of personal and family living problems. Another goal has been the continuous evaluation of the course to discover needed changes and emphases. Throughout the year 1951, Brown High School have used the method of open discussion, due to the fact that they had so many parents present. All of them have decided they greatly prefer this method. It is more informal and gives everybody an equal chance to participate. Since the inception of the course at Henry Grady High School it has been the plan to ask each student to appraise the semester's work in terms of what has been of greatest help to him or what he has felt a need for that was not included in the course. These papers are written after report cards have circulated and are unsigned in order that the student may have perfect freedom in expressing himself.

This section presents a list of the books, articles and research papers used in the publication of the November 1951 issue of Marriage and Family Living.

This article provides information on the National Conference on Family Life held in Washington, D. C. from May 5 to 8, 1948. One of the most satisfying things about the Conference is the fact that there was so little behind the scenes manipulating. The sessions of the Technical Advisory Committee moved with a certainty and a clarity of purpose that was impressive. An examination of the letters written following the Conference indicates clearly that this experience was the one most appreciated. In a number of instances, those who wrote pledged themselves to work for similar inter-group conferences in their local communities, states or regions. Though no claim can be made as to firsts in the technical sense of the word, the Conference has given considerable impetus to the trend toward greater inter-group cooperation. Another aspect of the total conference pattern which gained much approval was the fact that preliminary reports of a very thorough-going sort were available before the opening day of the Conference. The working papers digests of each of twelve major committee reports did yeoman service in making it possible for conference participants to have a common background that helped move forward the discussions in the small inter-group sessions. Publicity played an important part in the development of the over-all objectives worked out by the Board and the Technical Advisory Committee. Professional workers are prone to discount the value of publicity at times. Indeed, there are those who feel that there is something a bit undignified about any publication save that with plenty of footnotes and low readability. The fact that mention of the Conference was made on scores of radio programs throughout the country, that the session at which the President spoke was shown in all the news reels and that there was a fine press coverage was a substantial contribution to the development of popular interest in family life education.

This article reports on the meeting sessions of the Committee on Marriage and Family Life in the Schools as part of the National Conference on Family Relations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 7 and 8, 1946. Over fifty persons attended the morning session, with a registration for the day of seventy-five persons. Of this number over one-third asked to work on the committee throughout the coming year. Five projects were spontaneously set up for effective interchange of ideas, experiences, and other resources between the members of the committee. Questionnaires on materials found most helpful, and areas in which useful publications are lacking, will be compiled and the results will be mimeographed for those cooperating. Some of the papers given at the April 7, 1946 meetings of the committee are being mimeographed for immediate distribution at cost to those committee members who request them. Anyone doing a piece of work in the field of education for marriage and family life in the schools is invited to report it, with such details as may be useful to others attempting or considering similar undertakings. Selected material from such reports will be mimeographed for the committee. Those who have questions they would like other committee members, or outside resource persons, to help them answer are invited to pool them.

This section presents some highlights of meetings and other events related to family life held in the U.S. from April to August 1944. The central theme of the twenty-sixth annual meeting of the American Home Economics Association was The Family in the World of Tomorrow. The meetings opened with a joint session with the National Conference on Family Relations. Two general sessions were devoted to Postwar Levels of Living, with papers on Improving the Nutritional Status of American People by Theodore W. Schultz and Lydia J. Robert. On the other hand, the third annual conference on Conservation of Marriage and the Family was held April 14. The sessions opened with two student forums for high school and college age on Our Wartime Problems. Addresses were given on An Endocrinologist Looks at Marriage and Family Life, and Prevention and Treatment of Juvenile Delinquency. Meanwhile, the Toledo Preschool Council, an organization sponsored by the Family Life Education Program of Toledo, held an institute for parents, with Mary Shattuck Fisher of Vassar as leader. There were three meetings with lectures and discussions on the following topics: War Time Fathers, Educational Experiences for Young Children, and Some Problems of Guidance.

This section offers a look at conferences related to family and family relations in the U.S. in 1942. The fifth annual meeting of the National Conference on Family Relations, in a joint session with the Mid-West Conference on Family Relations, will be held at the Hollenden Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio, December 28-30, 1942 at the time that the different Social Science Associations are meeting in that city. At a meeting of the Executive Committee on April 25, 1942 it was decided to organize the main program around the central topic, Marriage in Wartime. The meeting of the Connecticut Council on Family Relations, April 27, 1942, took the form of a panel on the Effects of Wartime Tensions upon Children, and was led by Leo Simmons, Yale University. At the Illinois Conference on Family Relations, May 8, 1942, in Urbana, Illinois, papers were given on Divorce in the 102 Counties of Illinois, by Clarence W. Schroeder, Bradley College, Consumption Patterns of Illinois Rural Families during War Times, by Ruth Crawford Freeman, University of Illinois, and on Family Factors in Sexual Inversion, by Harriet Mowrer, Evanston, Illinois. The joint Indiana-Kentucky Conference on Family Relations was held in Indianapolis on May 23-24, 1942 under the co-chairmanship of Lester M. Jones, De Pauw University, and Merton Oyler, University of Kentucky. James H. Peeling, Butler University, was in charge of local arrangements.

This paper presents the author's observation on the social conditions of women in Brazilian society. In the first century of Brazil's life, that is, in the sixteenth century, the family as a social unity was not yet organized. But with time the colonization took a firm character and the family developed and organized itself on a solid basis deriving its force from rural property, economic independence and the influence of the Catholic religion which spread vigorously its rules and practices among the new social nuclei. The family then large and patriarchal had a sort of clan organization. Little by little Brazilian women have won their road to freedom. In 1932 for the first time in the history of Brazil was granted to the women the privilege of vote. Another fact then illustrated how Brazilian women had developed an opinion of their own. We have not yet divorce in Brazil due to the persisting influence of the Catholic Church. Brazilian women today, in 1942, have reached posts in all professions and we can say that the boundary lines which separated the feminine sector from various activities have been obliterated. We have maternity laws compulsory throughout the country: Each woman has three months of absence with full pay in case of childbirth and the guarantee of her job when she comes back.

"Eye on the Family" is the theme for the 1962 annual meetings of the association NCFR to be held at Storrs, Connecticut, from August 22-24. Papers and suggestions for the section sessions may be sent to the section chairmen or to the program chairman.

Aaron L. Rutledge is NCFR's representative to the Golden Anniversary White House Conference on Children and Youth. The Committee on National Organizations, to which NCFR and several hundred other groups belong, has been operating during recent months; its Executive Committee is composed of thirty people. Plans have been made for collecting information, projects, and resources which can be turned over to the Committee on Studies of the White House Conference. Every regional, state, and local council on family relations, or any individual who is interested in the field of the family or the cause of children, has an opportunity to contribute their ideas, papers, and reports of projects. Most of these projects will be categorized and listed, and the committee will get ideas for the Conference program and for research people on whom they can call.

The Board of Directors of NCFR has appointed F. Ivan Nye of Washington State University as Editor of Marriage and Family Living for die period 1960-62. Since there is a time lag between receipt of manuscripts and their publication, it is requested that authors begin immediately to submit their papers to Dr. Nye for processing.

The 1959 Meeting of the American Sociological Society will be held in Chicago, during September 3-5. It is planned to devote several sessions to marriage and the family. All readers with pertinent research material are urged to submit papers for consideration to professor William Kephart.

This article presents the author's report on the plans for the journal, Marriage and Family Living. In 1939, when the National Council on Family Relations was barely a year old, it founded this quarterly with physician Ernest W. Burgess as editor. Under his wise and capable direction the journal has been one of the big factors in the development of research, teaching and professional service in marriage and family life. Now that Burgess has carried out his wish to retire from the editorship, we convey to him the deep indebtedness of the Council and its members for his personal contribution of time, hard work, good judgment and vision that has made Marriage and Family Living one of our most useful professional tools. We are fortunate that he has consented to serve on our new editorial board. At Burgess' suggestion, we plan to have more special numbers, each centering on a single topic. The current issue, on Marriage Counseling, is largely made up of discussions from the meetings on this subject. Papers are presented from the Section on Marriage and Family Counseling of the 1949 Annual Conference of the National Council on Family Relations, and from the meeting held on the preceding day by the American Association of Marriage Counselors.