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It has been well recognised for years that lubrication of processed motion-picture film is extremely important for projection performance. The advent of sprocketless projectors in the amateur movie market has greatly intensified this need. Nevertheless, experience has shown that some processed films are not effectively lubricated. Therefore, there is a need for a simple and reliable test for lubrication and an instrument has been devised to fill this need. It is basically an inclined plane friction test in which a special slider takes the place of the usual sled. The rounded end of the paper clip, bearing on the test film, furnishes the only support for the slider. The paper clip is balanced in a vertical position, since the entire slider's centre of gravity is well below the bearing point. In this study, the paper clip friction and projector performance of two different super-8 films are evaluated at several levels of lubrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of papers related to film and television production. They include "Exposure As a Determinant of Image Quality," "Specification of Density and Colour Balance of Television Films," "The Measurement of Granularity" and "A New Closed-Circuit Television System for Negative Grading."

This article presents step-by-step instructions for writing a technical paper.

The article highlights a meeting of the British Kinematograph Society Papers Committee that was held in Great Britain in 1949. Chairman Leslie Knopp proposed subjects of the society papers, all of which were approved. Several members also indicated arrangements for papers at meetings of the Theatre Sub-Standard Film and Film Production Divisions.

The article provides information on the papers discussed at the FILM '73 Exhibition Area in Great Britain on June 25, 1973.

The author comments on the paper presented by L. Johnson about the lighting grid technique employed in television studios. He emphasizes Johnson's failure of not elaborating and insufficient information concerning lighting grid systems used in many studios in England and abroad. Furthermore, he stresses that the said article cannot be considered as a good reference for readers who are interested in lighting systems in television studios.

The article provides an overview of the papers and courses of the Audio Visual Working Party (AVWP) of the British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society (BKSTS). With the inflow of enquiries on membership from audio visual technicians, the AVWP plans to promote a series of tutorials and papers on audio visual applications. A number of these audio visual-related papers came out in the July 1974 issue of the BKSTS Journal.

The article offers information on the guidelines for the submission of research papers for the FILM '73 forum of the British Kinematograph Sound and Television Society (BKSTS) that will be held in Great Britain in 1973. The theme which the society wish to explore is the relationship and complementary nature of FILM plus TAPE. Moreover, papers for formal presentation should be notified to the BKSTS with a summary of the subject matter of some 50 to 100 words.

The article focuses on the Film '71 Papers Program of the British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society in Great Britain. The papers program have several differences from Film '69. There is only one lecture theater which means less papers read but that more selection is necessary. In addition, the outside visits have been planned to avoid clashes with subjects being dealt with in the lecture-theater at the Royal Lancaster Hotel.

The article offers update on various activities of the British Kinematograph, Sound & Television Society, as of August 1970. Information on the official lists of the papers, visits, summaries and venues for the 1970 Autumn Papers Programme is presented. An exhibition entitled "Cinema City" will be held at the Round House in Camden Town, London, England starting September 22.

The article focuses on the preparation of the Papers program for "Film '69," the International Film Technology conference and exhibition, to be held in London, England. The Papers program must be comprehensive in scope and coverage for the whole event. It should cover the five main headings of the conference, including the motion picture industry, and the film and television.

The article reports on the probable release of the complete transcripts of papers read during the joint convention of the British Kinematograph Society and Television Society. The papers are in course of preparation and will be ready for distribution in August or September 1961. Advance notifications are welcome for interested purchasers.

The article presents information on a meeting by the papers committee of the British Kinematograph Society on March 16, 1949. Suggestions were made during the meeting, including arranging a paper for presentation by each of the divisions at a society meeting, and joint meetings with the Royal Photographic Society, the Television Society and the British Sound Recording Association.

The article offers information on the British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society papers programme to be held in the Gr. Rheinsaal at Photokina on October 1, 1974.

The article offers information on the Autumn Programme of the Papers Committee of the British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society to be held in October and November 1974.

The article reports on the appointment of Dennis J. Craven as Film 1973 paper chairman for the British Kinematograph Sound and Television Society International Conference on June 25-29 in London, England. This designation accounted from the sudden death of former chairman Philip Berkeley which caused the vacancy of the position. Craven had somehow been long involved with the society attributing his expertise for the position.

The author reflects on the British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society Paper Committee plans and problems in 1969. With the formation of two new committees in the back drop, he challenges the committee to focus on the average member. He brings to fore the unpredictability of attendance in meetings, more so the absence of a meeting facility. He proposes the classification of meetings according to session types while gradually building up a convention organization to address these problems.

The article offers information on the Spring 1968 Papers Programme of the British Kinematograph Sound and Television Society to be held at Royal Overseas League in London, England. The program includes open forums entitled "Colour Film for Colour Television" on January 12, and "The Design and Development of a Capacitor Microphone" to take place on January 26. Information about the other lectures are also provided.

This article introduces a series of articles related to television and motion pictures is presented.

A lists of various conferences of the British Kinematograph, Sound & Television Society in 1970 is presented. The meeting entitled, Film Training for What?, will be held on October 14 at the Rank-Strand Electric Theatre, 29 King Street, Covent Garden, London WC2, England. The Local and Commercial Radio seminar will be held at the ITA Conference Suite, London, England on October 21. The New Film Location Equipment conference will be held at London, England on October 28.

The article focuses on the changes made by the British Kinematograph, Sound & Television Society on the issue of British Kinematography, Sound & Television in Great Britain. The objective of the said changes is to stream-line the work of planning and presenting lecture programs. The construction of a new lecture hall, the Royal Overseas League is one of the product of the changes which served as venue for the majority of lecture meetings of the society.

Information on the paper discussed at the meeting of the British Kinematography Sound and Television on April 28, 1971 at the Rank Strand Electric Theatre in Great Britain is presented. The paper elaborates the use of automation in film studio, television and theatre, citing the remote control of lighting movements.

Information on the paper discussed at the meeting of the British Kinematography Sound and Television on March 22, 1972 at the Colour Film Services Theatre in Great Britain is presented. The paper by C. T. Davis was about the Super 8-millimeter film as a medium of communications. Davis emphasized that films can be used as an instructional or communication materials.

This paper, read before the Society on January 19, 1972 at the Colour Film Services Theatre, outlines the factors which should be taken into account when making a decision as to whether to use negative/positive or reversal materials when making 16mm colour films. Many shades of opinion are expressed on this subject; at times, decisions are taken based on previous experience which may or may not have a bearing on the decision in hand. It is impossible to be completely objective in all the factors involved since those concerned with colour rendering tend to be based on aesthetic valuations. One frequently hears statements such as ‘colour reversal always looks like a picture postcard’ or alternatively ‘neg/pos colour looks too wishy-washy to me’; even more invalid are statements such as ‘colour reversal always has a blue cast’ etc. It is the purpose of this paper to define and quantify the differences between the two systems. These can be classified as follows: — 1. Technical Parameters. 2. Operational differences 3. Cost comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a new screen material by 3M (Scotchlite 7610) has made possible the Front Projection Process, in which those portions of the projected image falling upon the actors are not visible, and shadows cast upon the screen by actors and foreground objects are not seen by the camera. The beaded Scotchlite screen is a reflex reflector, returning most of the reflect d light back to its source. Gain is sufficient for one footcandle of background image intensity to balance a 200-fc foreground illumination. The very low illumination required by the Scotchlite screen makes possible background screens as large as 30,000 f t² when using an arc projector. The practical use of front projection requires careful alignment of the camera and projector lenses to superimpose their front nodal points. The paper provides tables that define a safe minimum object distance as a function of screen distance, lens focal length and ƒ/stop. Panning and tilting of the camera to follow action is permissible in front projection if the front nodal points are carefully aligned. By observing the limitations of the front-projection process, excellent results have been obtained. The paper explains these limitations and provides an operations check list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the paper on the design techniques for level raising, fixed and variable equalizating, noise canceling, mixing and line sending that was discussed during the ITA conference in London, England on January 20, 1971 is presented. The paper provides several circuits which are extensively used in audio equipment and are capable of wide dynamic range and very low distortion. In addition, different types of audio amplifier have also been described.

This paper has been produced at the request of the Engineering Steering Committee by the Television Action Panel. It was felt that there was a very considerable need for a comprehensive survey of helical scan recorders, both by the educational television authorities and Commercial Agencies, in view of the large number of different machines being manufactured, and the varying facilities which the machines offered. The major part of the credit must be given to Michael Downing of Applied Television Techniques Ltd, who prepared the paper for the Television Action Panel. During the six months of preparation of the paper, it has been necessary to constantly revise and update the information, as newer and later machines were produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was first read before the SMPTE Conference held in May 1968, at Los Angeles. It was read to the BKSTS on September 18 by A. F. C. Hirst, MBKSTS, Motion Picture Department, Kodak Ltd, and describes Eastman Colour Reversal Intermediate Film, Types 5249 and 7249, referred to in the discussion of the Kodak papers, appearing in the November 1968 edition of the BKS & T Journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the third part of the paper written by G. Salter which deals with the maintenance of cinefilm equipment. In this paper, he discusses the common problems encountered in magnetic recording systems including magnetic materials, head contact, track position and azimuth adjustment. Specific system problems such as sepmag, commag and tape systems are also discoursed.

Information about the paper on the modern practice of motion picture sensitometry that was discussed during the meeting of the British Kinematograph Society on November 8, 1961 is presented. The paper provides the basic principles of sensitometric control systems and certain aspects of its laboratory control. In addition, different kinds of sensitometers and their usage are being described.

In publishing Mr. Happé's paper the Editor feels acutely the inadequacy of cold print and black-and-white illustration to convey the lucidity of the paper as it was presented in the London Theatre of 20th Century Fox Ltd. The quality and aptness of the demonstration film was superb, and those who missed the meeting also missed one of the finest examples of ‘Films for Industry and Education’ that we have seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper that aims to describe an evolutionary series of experiments which lead naturally to the recording system present in the sound recording industry. The study focuses on the various systems which have been explored mainly by the authors and the conclusions to which their work led. Factors such as the film stock, processing gamma, recording tube characteristics, and the television camera tube are incidental to this paper.

The article offers information about the paper on transistors for audio-frequency amplifier that was presented at the meeting of the British Kinematograph Society Television Division on April 17, 1957. The paper deals with different aspects of transistors and their use in audio-frequency amplifiers and provides a brief overview of transistor development. The design of practical amplifiers in relation to a typical example is also discussed.

The article presents summaries of papers presented at the second international conference about kinematographic technology held in Rome, Italy on June 28 to July 2, 1956. British delegates urged the improvement of standard of definition of 35 millimeter release prints, and its availability to smaller exhibitors. The papers include "Multiple Compensating Transformer for Magnetic Pick-Up Heads," by Sergio Carmina and "On the Aspect Ratio of Large Screens," by Ewsey Goldwsky.

The article presents a paper on modern cine-camera lenses read in a meeting of the Film Production Division on March 16, 1955 in Great Britain. It discusses about lenses used in motion picture cameras for the large viewing. This paper also details the quality and high standard of the modern cine-camera for greater film stability and further improvement of camera lenses.

Information about a paper on recent developments in anamorphotic systems read by G. H. Cook during a meeting of the Theatre Division on December 15, 1954 in London, England is presented. The paper describes the reasons for the presence of anamorphotic optical systems and types of systems that are being adopted. Anamorphotic systems provide wide screen pictures of panoramic type while avoiding difficulties that prevent conventional systems from providing a sufficient standard of performance.

The article presents the text of a paper about discharged lamps in relation to motion picture projection read by A. G. Penny of General Electric Co. Ltd. at a meeting of the Theatre Division of the British Kinematograph Society on April 24, 1949. Among the issues discussed in the paper are requirements of light source, colour and utilisation of light. The paper states that the most efficient and common compact lamp is one in which the arc is in mercury vapour.

This section presents abstracts of papers about motion picture films published in Great Britain as of October 1940. A paper announced a delicate reagent for the determination of hypo in wash water. A paper by R. S. Leonard featured a developing machine for processing short sections of films. The factors limiting the volume and frequency range of sound-on-film recording were reviewed in a paper by R. H. Cricks.

This paper deals with the following :-- 1. The nature of the science of electronics. 2. Practical electron tubes and their use in kinematography. 3. The course of future developments of kinematograph technique, and 4. The present position of kinema television, shown by a practical demonstration in a West End kinema. This paper is confined entirely to electronic subjects, assuming that the audience, being members of an industry which makes very heavy demands upon their time, have had very little opportunity of studying in detail and taking notice of the advances in electronic science which, it is suggested, may result in Kinematography becoming almost entirely electronic in technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IT HAS BECOME increasingly apparent during the last two years that digital techniques are going to be widely used by the Television Industry, and that the trend will continue into the Film Industry as well. Thames Television decided some time ago that unless standardisation was achieved at the outset, one would end up with the type of chaos that pervades the computer industry with respect to compatibility. This paper proposes, therefore, a standard digital code structure that should be comprehensive enough to keep pace with the fast-moving developments in the industries concerned. By adopting a standard code and placing coded information along the film edge, on video-tape, on paper tape, or in a magnetic store, a number of necessary--if tedious--operating functions can be mechanised; e.g. fast search and retrieval for editing and sound dubbing, the selection of VTR and film inserts for television, and programmed colour balance correction, all become possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the Newcastle-On-Tyne Section of the British Kinematograph Society and the various papers presented in their meetings held from October 1946 to June 1947. The article presents a discussion following two papers on auditorium design and one paper on heating and ventilating equipment. The first paper on auditorium design focused on visual projection and the requirements to ensure maximum audience attention while the second paper focused on acoustics.