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»Vom Papier zur digitalen Spur: Sammlungen im Semantic Web«. Historical research on World War II and the impact of large-scale violence largely depends on the availability of source materials: diaries, newspapers, eyewitness accounts, archival documents, photographs and videos, etc. Currently, these resources are held by a large number of memory institutions, often in analogue formats. For scholars, it can be challenging to find out which collections are relevant for their research and also what information can be found in these collections. In this article it is argued that Semantic Web technologies, together with new digital tooling to automatically open up collections and interlink their contents, have the potential to revolutionize future access and use. By making the contents of collections machine-readable and enriching them with links to reference data, a shift can be made from a "web of documents" to a "web of data." By publishing all contents as linked open data, domain experts in research infrastructures (RIs) and thematic aggregators (TAs) are enabled to add their own "thematic" layers to the data, thus empowering themselves and others to explore the data in new, more sophisticated ways. Since we are only at the start of this development, the author advocates a close cooperation between archives, libraries, and museums (ALMs) and domain experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to describe the Arctic system I propose using a concept functionally equivalent to territoriality, namely aquatoriality. Whether communicating about territoriality or aquatoriality, concepts and delimitations are both contingent to forms of communication systems. I will distinguish between six communications systems that differentiated from each other could become involved in the new deals emerging around the Arctic. Apart of an economic communication code about the Arctic, a legal code, ecological communication codes, and tourist communication codes, I will cope with the military coding of the Arctic. These codes could then appear structurally coupled to a political system that in an organizational way appears in the Arctic Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 1945, the Red Army began its Vistula-Oder offensive forcing the German army to abandon many territories that it occupied west of the Vistula River. The offensive also resulted in the westward evacuation of thousands of ethnic Germans, including Mennonites, seeking refuge in the shrinking Third Reich. This paper examines the evacuation strategies and experiences of Mennonites from Deutsch Wymyschle and Gąbin, Poland during this chaotic time. It also investigates the Red Army's brutal treatment of Mennonites following their capture and during the journey back to their villages in Poland. Finally, the paper discusses the way in which Nazi authorities exploited this mass evacuation not only for their own administrative and military purposes, but also to slow down the advancing Red Army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista da Faculdade de Letras: História is the property of Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article the author discusses aspects of the paper presented at the Nagoya American Studies Summer Seminar (NASSS) 2009 on the civil rights movement and democratization in the U.S. after the World War II by Doctor Honda Kazuhisa. The author stresses the boundaries of democracy in the global trends and the progress of democratization in the postwar period. He also cites the impact of civil rights movements on racial discrimination and the legitimacy of American democracy.

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The modern world has encountered a problem of displaced persons and refugees. Due to wars and military conflicts, many people from all over the world are moving to European and American countries in search of places to live. DP status is one of the questions that European politicians try to resolve. However, this problem is not new for Europe. After World War II, European countries had already encountered DPs, organizing aid for them in social, economic, and other fields. The example of Ukrainians in Bavaria represents one of the DP conditions in postwar Europe. The aim of this paper is to analyse the position of Ukrainian DPs in post-war Bavaria from 1945-1947, as well as to characterize the main social conditions DPs faced there. This paper is based on documents that provide information about the main DP camps, aid organizations, and routes taken by Ukrainians to Bavaria. The lack of modern research on DPs after World War II confirms its relevance and emphasizes its novelty. Moreover, this article provides a basis for comparing the problem of Ukrainian DPs then and now in Europe. Therefore, the author aims to demonstrate in this article that Ukrainians were not repatriated because of their social activity. Taking into consideration the Ukrainian position in DP camps regarding education, the healthcare system, and other social fields, the article explains the reality of Ukrainian life in Bavaria. The conclusion of this article demonstrates that despite their DP status, Ukrainians in Bavaria began forming as a national minority after World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper considers how many of the Communist refugees — German, Austrian and German-speaking Czechs — who were in exile in Britain during the Second World War, followed the dictates of the Party and returned home after the war to help rebuild their war-torn countries physically, politically, economically and socially. While the British authorities permitted the Czechs, as 'friendly aliens', to leave without too much delay, obstacles were put in the way of the German and Austrian refugees who frequently could not leave Britain until late 1946 or thereafter. The paper examines the relations between frustrated refugees and British officialdom as well as the reception the refugees received from their compatriots on their eventual 'homecoming'. Generally speaking, the returning Communists did not fare well. In Austria, the returnees, many of whom were of course Jewish, were met with continuing antisemitism as well as anti-communism; in Czechoslovakia, as the Cold War set in, some were arrested while others fled once again; and in the GDR, the preferred destination of the returning German Communists, the label of 'Westemigrant' could prove a considerable handicap. All in all, despite the initial idealism, the common experience was one of disillusion and disappointment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New perceptions in Greek national historiography during the late nineteenth century brought forward new heritage paradigms. In the interwar, Athens' Byzantine heritage was thoroughly studied, protected by special laws, and popularized to wider audiences. After the Second World War Byzantine and ancient remains were given equal attention. The nineteenth-century neoclassical legacy came to take a place in the discussion about heritage at a time when the first apartment blocks made their appearance and it, too, would be protected by special laws. Through aspects of identification, protection, and restoration of Athens' built heritage, this paper explores the physical and discursive articulation of the city's past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Pages is the property of National Technical University of Ukraine KPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With five different plotlines over a prolonged course of sixty years in British Bengal and East Pakistan, Canadian-Bangladeshi writer Arif Anwar's debut novel The Storm (2018) captures historical ethos through a series of micronarratives. An occupied Burma during WWII, a 1965 pre-Partition Calcutta, and a devastated Bhola after the 1970 cyclone -- all these feature in this historiographic metafiction. Each character contributes as an independent narrator for the greater geopolitical mise-en-scènes of their times, rediscovering a forgotten past. This paper aims to identify the narrativised version of historicity that Anwar considers "authentic" in his novel. The findings propose a reciprocal commitment between narration and history on the basis of lived experiences or memories, phenomenological recurrences, and intersubjective surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical re-enactments have become an increasingly popular topic in academic debate, as some scholars argue that re-enactments allow participants to critically investigate history and its representations. As a pastime dominated by men, most literature on war re-enactment and gender, however, has emphasized the subordinate position of women and the reproduction of conventional gender roles. This paper focuses on two European women re-enactment groups that challenge this understanding: Die Flakhelferinnen in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany and the Army Nurse Corps of the United States. Based on a visual ethnography of their Instagram combined with fieldwork in the Czech Republic and Belgium, I analyse the strategies these reenactors use in the remediation of the 'invisible' histories of women in the armed forces during WWII. The analysis demonstrates a complex negotiation between historical notions of 'femininity', contemporary identities, and Instagram's affordances in the remediation of gendered pasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Days before the French surrender to Nazi Germany in June 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered an address at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville that was broadcast worldwide. This speech marks the moment FDR began in earnest his campaign of public persuasion in support of U.S. intervention in World War II. He executed three rhetorical maneuvers that invited Americans to appreciate the Axis in a more threatening light in this address. He crafted a narrative that cast the war as being between only two sides, subverted the anti-interventionist position through stark imagery, and inverted his longstanding good neighbor metaphor to morally condemn Italy. By performing a close reading analysis of this address, this paper helps students of communication better understand the interpretive frameworks that emerged in Roosevelt's time and continue to saturate present debates over U.S. foreign policy, including the American response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research has paid little attention to the multiple meanings of the concept of forest restoration. To gain a more comprehensive view of forest restoration, this paper compares the US forest restoration debate of the 1940s and 1990s, in the disciplines of ecology and forestry. The paper focuses on historical approaches to pasts and futures, and on "sociotechnical imaginaries" providing societal legitimacy to restoration ventures. Historical scientific papers constitute the paper's empirical sources. The analysis shows that, among ecologists and foresters, forest restoration of the 1940s was oriented towards efficiency and challenges such as wood demands during World War II, whereas restoration of the 1990s was oriented towards conservation and environmental challenges. The approaches of the 1940s′ ecologists and foresters seem motivated by a sociotechnical imaginary connecting forest restoration to societal progress , whereas the approaches of their 1990s′ counterparts seem motivated by a sociotechnical imaginary connecting forest restoration to the task of mitigating society's impacts. Based on the conclusions, it is argued that future research on forest restoration would benefit from comparing the idealized pasts of both yield- and conservation-oriented conceptions of forest restoration. • Historically, US ecologists' and foresters' approach forest restoration similarly. • Historically, US aims of forest restoration have changed from yields to conservation. • Research on forest restoration benefits from comparing restorers' view on the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EurAmerica is the property of EurAmerica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arthur C. Danto's distinction between monuments and memorials proposes a differentiation between two ideologically-determined modes of commemoration, encompassing not just architectural symbols of the past but also all other forms of cultural 'remembering', including documentary, literary, and cinematic forms of representation. My discussion will focus on a photographic album significantly entitled The Last Good War and the transhistorical depictions of the war veteran in the film Memorial Day. The purpose of this paper is to underscore the ideological ambivalences at the heart of the American Second World War veteran 'craze', which not only paved the way for overriding the post-Vietnam War cultural legacy, but also served to ethically and ideologically legitimize contemporary US military interventions in national (collective) memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a series of unsettling images from the Finnish Continuation War (1941–1944) and the memories of the war that these photographs construct for contemporary Finns. We argue that these images can be viewed through Alison Landsberg's (2004) notion of 'prosthetic memory', which underlines how visual media enable the acquisition of vivid memories of past events. The paper outlines how these long-ignored photographs narrate unexamined dimensions of World War II in ways that transform how Finns in particular remember the war. The images illustrate a neglected Finnish occupation of Soviet territories and the treatment of Russian civilians under Finnish rule. We argue that the images can provoke empathy for their experiences and therefor challenge traditional and nationalist Finnish war interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case study examined in this contribution is that of Italian communities in Belgium, where associations played a fundamental role for Italian citizens who emigrated after World War II but also for their descendants. Associationism represents a very interesting research field, if we choose to look at migrants as active subjects, who do not simply adapt to the social context of the territories they live in but rather tend to transform it. By analysing the content of biographical interviews carried out with children and descendants of Italians who emigrated to the country between 1946 and 1976, this paper investigates the role of Italian associationism precisely in relation to the processes of socialisation and cultural mediation in an intergenerational perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period of 1941–1944, Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace were occupied by the Bulgarian army and incorporated administratively in the Bulgarian state. Bulgarian Ministry of National Education in order to national homogenize the inhabitants and to nation – build in this region gradually developed the primary and the secondary education school network, the National “Chitalishta” network, it organized choirs and school orchestras, museums and finally established theatre. This paper presents this cultural policy focusing on how it was implemented by the Bulgarian Ministry of National Education on the different ethnic, national, religious, etc. groups in Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace during World War II. It also aims to shed light on how the cultural politics were politically instrumentalized in order to promote a Bulgarian ethnicity policy in the region and a strong Bulgarian identity in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of H-Industria: Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana is the property of H-Industria, Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ukrainian women received military experience during the First and Second World Wars and in the contemporary Russian-Ukrainian War in services such as the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (USS), the Ukrainian Galician Army (UGA), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the Soviet Army, and the Armed Forces of Ukraine (UAF). This paper analyzes the representations of Ukrainian women’s military experiences during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in museum exhibitions in Lviv (a city in Western Ukraine). The authors conclude that the experiences of women veterans of the First and Second World Wars frequently remain neglected, creating an incomplete picture of the past and continuing to shape representations of women’s roles in the current Russian-Ukrainian War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1943 and 1963, Frederick James Marquis, Lord Woolton, was the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the British Red Cross Society (BRCS) and held key roles in the International Red Cross Movement in the aftermath of war. This article examines how the director of a department store chain, Lewis's, who became a member of the Conservative Party's Cabinet in 1951, was the chair of the BRCS at such a key time in its history – the reframing of the charity after the Second World War and the launch of the National Health Service. Woolton not only had experience in retail but also in social work in Manchester and Liverpool, in roles supporting the governments in both wars, famously as Minister of Food during the Second World War, and latterly in party politics. This research takes a biographical approach, utilising Woolton's memoir and his personal papers at the Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, together with Red Cross archives, to explore how Woolton contextualised his career through his background in social work, constructing a humanitarian narrative in his memoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Ethnologica Croatica is the property of Studia Ethnologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Szociológiai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1941 and 1945, «Il Progresso Italo-Americano» endeavored to highlight the contribution to victory in war by many Italian-Americans in the U.S. armed forces. Through the war years, the leading Italian-American newspaper in the United States worked as a conduit for the expression of the Italian-American community and its ethnic leaders. The celebration of their patriotism of young Italian-American service members by the newspaper was in fact part of a campaign for the community and its members to push for specific social and political issues of interest. The military service of young Italian-Americans was presented in the paper as evidence of the loyalty of their parents, their relatives, and older Italian immigrants, presented as quintessentially «American» at a time when their allegiance to the nation had been put into question. The treatment of Italian-American service members by «Il Progresso Italo-Americano» evolved further, evidencing new and more ambitious goals by the Italian-American community once suspicion of Italian-Americans' disloyalty abated by late 1942. By focusing on the Italian campaign between 1943 and 1945 and describing Italian-Americans' heroism on the battlefield and their fraternity with the Italian population on the pages of «Il Progresso Italo-Americano», the Italian-American community and its ethnic leaders worked to push for greater recognition of Italian-Americans in the United States, more lenient treatment of Italy by the Allies, and generous postwar reconstruction aid for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines Rachel Auerbach's journal which was commissioned by Emanuel Ringelblum as part of his project to document the daily life of the Jewish people in the Warsaw Ghetto. Auerbach, who ran a communal soup kitchen in the ghetto, was one of few survivors of the Oyneg Shabes group. After World War II, she was committed to unearth the Ringelblum archive and continued his mission of bearing witness to the Shoah by publishing her memoirs and working for Yad Vashem. Because her work is relatively little known in the United States, this paper first presents the author, her literary career, and her journal. Next, it situates the journal within the broader context of existing research on Holocaust diaries. The final section focuses on the textual aspects of the journal in order to demonstrate that the way Auerbach constructs her narrative—by means of literary devices, intertextual references, intimate details from her private life, and incisiveness of both her style and observation—contributes to an extremely powerful portrait of the atrocities of World War II, in all their horror. I argue not only that her journal should be available in English, but also that it deserves a place in the "canon" of classic diaries from the Warsaw Ghetto, such as Chaim A. Kaplan's or Abraham Lewin's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discipline of International Relations has been a science for almost a century and has undergone considerable development and dynamism as a field of knowledge. In the aftermath of the First World War, traditional idealistic trends prevailed. Still, after the end of the Second World War, the theory of realism dominated the analysis of international relations, international politics, and its laws and mechanisms. With the inter-paradigm debate of the 1980s, a broad spectrum of theories of international relations emerged, the most significant of which are critical theories including feminism. Feminist theory has since become central to the debates about global phenomena among those who work in International Relations as a field. The paper attempts to explore whether feminist theory has been able to provide a model for the analysis and interpretation of global phenomena allowing it to occupy a place among the theories of International Relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the poem "Paper," by Kathleen Hellen.

Numerous papers have been written about the history of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 both in Hungary and beyond its borders in the past decades. The archival documents of Ukraine and the former Soviet Union are under research too. Numerous data prove that the actions aiming to crush the War of Independence were directly governed from Transcarpathia. Archival data also confirm the reminiscence of the Transcarpathian Hungarian witnesses, according to which the Soviet military and political centre was set up in Uzhgorod, from where the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution was directed. The reminiscence of the Soviet soldiers reveals that the first military corps crossed the border with the purpose of crushing the revolution on October 24. Since travelling became impossible due to the strictly closed borders after the Second World War, people living in the Soviet Union could not keep in touch with Hungary. The postal connections were severely controlled. The Soviet authorities permitted the inhabitants to order only a couple of foreign publications, in few copies. Even the Hungarian Communist Party-press could be ordered and read only by few people. The majority of the population was informed about the local and foreign world and events mainly by the Soviet press, which was the mouthpiece of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Getting a relatively realistic picture about the outside world was only possible through foreign radio broadcasting. The Hungarian people mainly listened to Kossuth Radio, but some people could reach western broadcasts and listened to the Free Europe Radio, for instance. These sources of news were available during the revolution too. After the revolution was suppressed, the Transcarpathian newspapers celebrated the «victory over the counter-revolution» and judged its participants (the «horthysts», the «fascists» — as they called them). Only rejective writings were published; articles with the slightest sign of sympathy could be published neither in the central nor in the local papers. The importance of the press is confirmed by everyday experience, numerous studies and scientific reports. Its public opinion-forming power is particularly significant. Analysis of the press is necessary to understand the conditions of an age. To understand the essence of the 1956 Revolution, it is crucial and vital to study the contemporary press. The events of the 1956 Revolution in Hungary received a great response in the local papers. Even after 64 years, the articles that appeared in the Transcarpathian newspapers during the ‘56 Revolution are extremely telling. It is obvious how the Soviet authorities wanted to influence the opinion of Transcarpathian inhabitants about the Revolution. From October 25, in the papers, the following questions arise almost every day: what caused, triggered the revolution, what actually happened in October? In local press sometimes 3–4 articles deal with the Revolutionary actions from the Soviet point of view. This article is press study research on the 1956 Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World War II led to extensive rationing, both of agricultural production and individual consumption, which significantly shaped the everyday life of the Czech population in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1939 to 1945. This paper shows how new digital methods can be used to contribute to this history of National Socialism, in particular, in the areas of rule, administration, and everyday life in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Different types of sources from the local administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia are presented and analyzed using a specially developed software. This provides a structured insight into the everyday life of the local population. The software makes it possible to systematically and statistically evaluate previously unstructured source material. It can be shown that district offices staffed by Czech officials and institutions previously unknown to research, such as the Supreme Price Authority and the Bohemian- Moravian Market Association, were central to the enforcement of the wartime economy in the protectorate. The everyday contact of the local population with the administration was mostly within the framework of a “normative state” rather than a “prerogative state.” In contrast to traditional accounts, this analysis shows that the security organs, such as the Czech or German police and gendarmerie, or Gestapo were only involved to a minor and rather incidental extent. Furthermore, the paper shows that the local population possessed a wide range of agency, which it was able to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Two Homelands / Dve Domovini is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Questions about human behavior and diversity have captured the attention of scientists from a wide range of philosophical stances for centuries. While behavior analysts would argue that natural science is an enlightening perspective when applied to the understanding of human behavior, at times visceral arguments within anti-ABA campaigns are reminiscent of discrimination practices experienced by immigrant communities in Britain after World War Two. In this paper we discuss the root cause of this discrimination and suggest a way forward based on what are basically complementary views on the goals enshrined in evidence-based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to summarize the historical and current situation of Medieval European Art History studies in Japan. I start from the dawn of European Studies in Japan at the end of the 19th century, and follow the long path taken by Medieval Art historians in Japan, through Japan's defeat in World War II and later economic growth. Finally, I briefly comment on the general situation of the Humanities and some aspects of Medieval Art History in present day Japan, when the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are still being felt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Croatian Journal of Ethnology & Folklore Research / Narodna Umjetnost is the property of Institute of Ethnology & Folklore Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This paper explores how past notions of idyllic rural dwelling were mobilised and enacted during the implementation of the UK Land Settlement Association (LSA) scheme established in 1934. The LSA was a UK Government programme set up to resettle unemployed workers from depressed industrial urban areas to the countryside. Between 1934 and 1939, 1100 smallholdings were established within 20 settlements across the country. These smallholdings were run as cooperatives, but many failed when relocated families complained of long hours, low pay and isolation. Recruitment to the scheme ceased at the outbreak of World War II, with the settlements being fully dissolved and privatised in 1983. By drawing on a unique archive housed in the Museum of English Rural Life (MERL), analysis centres on how the LSA represented and promoted rural living to settlers and the wider public. The paper illuminates three overlapping but distinct elements to this project: the production of physical space as a setting that has been designed to bring about particular forms of behaviour and community cohesion; notions of labour, independence of spirit and reconnecting with the land; and building the physiques of men through hard work, fresh air and good food, thus improving the national stock. The findings demonstrate the power of the rural idyll in producing particular forms of sociality, belonging and masculinity, with many of the ideas that undergirded the LSA continuing to resonate today. • The rural idyll produces distinct forms of sociality, belongingness and masculinity. • Many past English land settlement schemes drew on the notion of the rural idyll. • The rural idyll underlaid formation of the 1930s Land Settlement Association (LSA). • The LSA captured imaginations at the time but had limited practical success. • Many ideas concerning rurality that undergirded the LSA continue to resonate today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper will elaborate the impact of social, political and economic processes on the formation and development of the pharmaceutical profession in Croatia until the end of the Second World War. Political axes and dominant economic theories shaped a complex history of interactions between the pharmaceutical profession and state structures, dramatically polarizing the profession into interest groups. The paper will focus on the conflicts which arose from disagreements between owners and employees regarding professional interests, social issues and political ideologies, that became evident with the 1914 employees' strike in Zagreb and ended with the nationalization of all Yugoslav pharmacies after the Second World War. The main argument is that the conflict between the owners and the employees created powerful dynamics of change in the pharmaceutical profession. It induced the establishment of various class bodies and official gazettes; influenced the debates around new pharmaceutical legislation; awakened the need to establish instruments of social protection and social insurance; problematized the concession system, and ultimately led to the conversion of private pharmacies into state-owned ones. These complex processes were embedded in the quest for the unique identity of the pharmaceutical profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

»Die Verhandlung des Resettlements in Venezuela nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: eine Erkundung«. After the end of World War II, millions of people were uprooted all over Europe. After realizing that many of those people did not want to return to their former places of origin, the United Nations founded the International Refugee Organization (IRO) to repatriate those displaced persons (DPs) who wanted to return home and to resettle refugees who did not in other countries. Venezuela was neither actively involved in World War II nor (at that time) in the approaching Cold War. Nevertheless, this "third world" country became involved both in the political discussion about the international resettlement program and as the receiving country of 17,000 DPs. In this context, the paper asks who was resettled in Venezuela and in what way those people were able to influence and negotiate their resettlement in Venezuela. The paper thus focusses on the agency of DPs and the IRO's decision-making processes in their European field offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that New Zealand POWs used their post-captivity accounts to distance themselves from the perceived shame of being forced to work for the enemy. Their willingness to describe acts of sabotage showed a desire to minimize their impotency and reconnect their experience with the wider war effort. Moreover, beyond these acts of resistance, the paper argues that some prisoners recast themselves as more than saboteurs. This argument is articulated through the experiences of Private Arthur Coe and Private Jack Gallichan. Their accounts highlight how some prisoners found ways to retell their POW experience with pride, but without having to resort to romanticized tales of escape and sabotage. Coe's work in camp hospitals and Gallichan's role as a guardian to his fellow workers represent a subtler expression of identity and resistance to captivity. These examples reinforce a multifaceted approach to identity construction in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]