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With the application of intergenerational theory as its analytical framework, this paper seeks to provide new insights into the social construction of sugar-sweetened food and food practices in the context of contemporary urban China, drawing on 16 months' in-depth qualitative research in the city of Chongqing. From an intergenerational perspective, it argues that although adults and children both typically construct sugar-sweetened food as "bad" for health based on the logic of its biological meaning, there are more generational differences in the understandings of sociocultural meanings associated with these foods, which are the main reasons may lead to intergenerational conflict. Caregivers tend to regard their control of children's sugar-sweetened food intake as a means to discipline their children's bodies and develop food moralities. However, children themselves are likely to perform sugar-sweetened food practices as a way of socializing and sometimes resisting the control of caregivers. Based on this, this paper further shows that these diverse views are rooted in the tension between caregivers' anxiety about the transmission of food moralities through intensive parenting practices and children's agency in food consumption in contemporary urban China. These findings enhance intergenerational-theoretical research and highlight the need to move beyond the analytical framework of "behaviour change" in related food and health studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explores the effect of education poverty alleviation policy under the precise poverty alleviation model, aiming to provide decision-making suggestions for relative poverty governance and risk prevention of returning to poverty. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the methods of investigation, statistical analysis and institutional analysis, this paper explores the effect and optimization path of educational poverty alleviation in Youyang County, Chongqing. Findings: Rural poor households primarily benefit from government policies on education, as well as subsidies and allowances for students, in their efforts to alleviate educational poverty. However, these households may lack awareness of their own potential for skills training and employment conversion. Additionally, satisfaction with educational poverty alleviation efforts varies among rural households with differing income sources, education levels, and types of poverty. The most desired improvements in educational poverty alleviation among rural poor households include enhancing teaching quality, increasing educational awareness, reducing educational costs, and promoting compulsory education. Conclusion: From the perspective of poor households' perception, this paper systematically reveals the performance characteristics and needs identification of educational poverty alleviation, and then puts forward policy suggestions for optimizing the performance of educational poverty alleviation. Research Limitations/Implications: Due to time and funding constraints, the number of research samples for this paper needs to be increased to improve the universality of the research conclusions. Practical Implications: The research findings can provide theoretical and practical references for exploring education to block the inter-generational transmission of poverty and scientifically designing educational poverty alleviation policies. Contribution to Literature: It enriches and expands the evaluation perspective, index system, and optimization path of the effect of education poverty alleviation policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the bilevel multi-objective optimization problem has been received extensive attention from scholars. As two mainstream algorithms to solve it, intelligent algorithm and interactive algorithm based on satisfaction have disadvantages such as slow operation speed and too much subjectivity in weight selection, respectively. This paper proposes a multi-attribute decision-making method based on fuzzy weight, which is a natural generalization of deterministic weight, and it can cope with the decision-making risks brought by uncertain environment, which has strong robustness. Meanwhile the new deviation function index proposed could reflect that the upper and lower decision-makers execute the final decision with the same enthusiasm, which is convenient to make exploratory decisions in unknown environment. Finally, compared with the traditional existing methods, the effectiveness of the proposed method and indicator is verified by the garbage classification game in the main urban district of Chongqing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-source data and econometric models are used to study charging demands of operating EVs. • Charging demands are spatiotemporal uneven, with peak hours and areas. • Irregular spatial division can mirror spatial features of charging demands. • Low SOCs, parking lots, population and road network density have positive effects on demands. • Charging demands of adjacent units are dependent, especially in peak areas. In order to address the mismatch between the current charging demand of electric vehicles and the layout of charging stations, this paper collects multi-source heterogeneous data that may affect charging demand, and explores their spatiotemporal distributions in depth. Then, this paper proposes a Voronoi polygon spatial partitioning method based on charging demand clustering and two spatial econometric models, spatial lag model (SLM) and spatial error model (SEM), to quantitatively analyze the influences of various elements on charging demands. Empirical research in Chongqing, China reveals that the spatiotemporal distribution of charging demand is uneven, with peak areas and periods for charging, and the division of Voronoi polygon can better reflect the spatial heterogeneity of charging demands than regular grid division. The positive factors include the low SOC, parking lot density, population density, and road network density, especially the low SOC and parking lot density, and the negative items contain consumption related Point Of Interest (POI), tourism related POI, and transportation hub related POI. Among them, population density and road network density, as static data, have similar influences on charging demands at different intervals, while the impact of other factors on charging demand varies with periods, with obvious peak-valley characteristics. There is spatial dependence and lag effect between charging demands within polygons, causing SLM outperforms SEM. The research results are beneficial for the rational siting and optimization of charging stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operational state of energy-efficient ultra-low energy consumption buildings is very important to achieve energy savings and emission reductions, which are currently necessary considerations for the development of the building industry. To date, studies on the implementation of ultra-low energy consumption have been based mainly on the analysis of the effects of certain technologies, and few studies have examined the regional implementation paths at different energy consumption levels. Based on an analysis of actual data obtained from energy consumption monitoring, verification of energy-saving renovations and green building evaluations in Chongqing, this paper suggests setting the target value for ultra-low energy consumption buildings in hot summers and cold winters areas at 29.04 kWh/(m2.a), proposes a technology system that includes the practical application of data for seven active energy-efficient technologies, and establishes an implementation path for the integrated application of active and renewable energy technologies. Then, a set of strategic models for the construction of implementation paths for ultra-low energy consumption buildings that can be promoted in different climatic areas and building types is proposed. The recommendations based on this model are of practical value for guiding policy makers in promoting the development of ultra-low energy consumption buildings. • Determined ULEB target value based on actual Chongqing energy consumption data • Proposed energy-efficient technology system based on effect and cost analysis • Proposed replicable strategic models for implementation path of ULEBs construction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New transportation corridor development aims to provide more convenient transportation conditions for port deep hinterland areas and to enhance the two-way opening of land and sea through the utilization of various transport modes, such as railroad, highway, and water transportation. In this paper, the microcontainer transport service and route selection problem is introduced within a new transportation corridor context, and a decision-making tool is provided for shippers to develop door-to-door service plans. A multiobjective 0–1 planning model is constructed with the objective of minimizing the total transportation cost, transportation time, and carbon emissions. The loading and unloading time windows of railroad and waterway transportation, as well as the time window of consignee receipt, are considered in model construction to obtain the nondominated Pareto optimal front. The validity of both the model and algorithm is demonstrated in this paper by using the Chongqing-Hamburg and Chengdu-Hamburg routes, following the development of the New Western Land and Sea Corridor (NWLSC), as examples. The example results show that the NWLSC is appealing for time-sensitive cargoes, and its economic benefits can be enhanced if relevant policies such as railroad freight reductions are supported. The findings in this paper can provide decision support for western provinces in the implementation of targeted policies to regulate and optimize the regional transportation structure, which can further promote the opening up of western Chinese provinces as well as the integrated and coordinated development of coastal and inland regions, providing practical value for reducing carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the construction of high-speed railway improves the accessibility of cities along the route and plays a certain role in promoting the economic development of cities. The construction of Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway improves the timeliness and accessibility of Chengdu to Chongqing, and plays a certain role in promoting the development of cities along the Neijiang River.This paper mainly analyzes the influence of Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway on the economic development of Neijiang city after its completion, and puts forward some targeted suggestions for the development of Neijiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, it is the most important period to achieve the dual carbon goal and China 's economic transformation. The Chengdu-Chongqing twin-city economic circle plan is an important national policy proposed to promote the high-quality economic development of western China. However, due to the influence of geographical location, the frequent natural disasters in the economic circle of Chengdu and Chongqing have become a problem that cannot be ignored in the process of economic development. Many studies have discussed the relationship between natural hazards and economic development or between resource utilization and economic development in megacities, but little attention has been paid to the relationship between the three in intra-city development. This paper takes three cities in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle as examples. The environment-resource-economy related evaluation factors are selected from various aspects such as hazard, vulnerability, susceptibility and disaster prevention and mitigation capacity. And establish a suitable evaluation system for disaster risk assessment. At the same time, our study demonstrates the uniqueness of the study by taking different disasters in different regions as entry points. The results of the study show that, although the natural hazards that often occur in cities are not the same, there is a strong repetition of the characteristics that characterize the disaster (extreme) high risk areas. The occurrence of natural disasters has a significant impact on infrastructure, human safety and economic development and recovery in areas of high human activity. Moreover, the progress of energy conservation and emission reduction varies greatly among cities due to factors such as geographic location and natural resources, and there are still cases of uneven development, lagging industrial innovation and high dependence on energy for economic development. These results can help mega-city clusters to provide opinions on economic development, energy saving and emission reduction, disaster prevention and control, and other aspects. Provide reference for the government to rationally plan the economic and industrial layout in the future. Remind the relevant departments in high-risk areas that they should enrich emergency response measures and strengthen hazard screening. Improve disaster prevention and control capacity to reduce losses and promote the coordinated development of environment-resources-economy. This is of great significance and practical value for better understanding of the environment, utilizing natural resources, avoiding and mitigating losses from natural disasters, and realizing the dual-carbon goal. • Analysis and research from different impact factors, evaluation of different types of disasters in different cities. • The high-risk areas of disasters in each city have the same characteristics. • The occurrence of natural disasters will inevitably have a great impact on economic development and recovery. • Small cities have limited resources and focus on the development of pillar industries, affecting planning and policies. • Cities still suffer from uneven development and lagging industrial innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent theorization of the Global Production Network (GPN) framework, viz. “GPN 2.0 theory” (Coe and Yeung, 2015), firm-specific strategies namely intra-firm coordination, inter-firm control, inter-firm partnership and extra-firm bargaining are conceptualized to understand the changing dynamics and reconfiguration of global production networks. Drawing upon the extra-firm strategies in the GPN 2.0 theory, this paper examines the spatial and organizational reconfiguration of personal computer production networks in China since late 2000s. Based on the information and data collected from years of observation and in-depth interviews with various firms and extra-firm actors, particularly government officials during June 2014 and December 2016, this study explores the emerging laptop cluster in Chongqing, a centrally-governed municipality in West China, which produced 40% of the world laptop computers in 2015. This paper argues that the rapid development in Chongqing in a short span has been attributed to the rising power of strategic partner firms of lead firms, primarily Taiwan-based contract manufacturers (e.g. Foxconn). It sheds light on the emerging strategic coupling between strategic partner firms and local government in Chongqing, which has brought about the reconfiguration of laptop production networks from the prevailed lead-firm centric to the emerging strategic partnership pattern. This study enriches the developing literature on the rise of strategic partner firms by extending the firm-centric analysis to extra-firm strategies, which echoes the extra-regional dynamics advocated recently by the Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Regional Innovation System (RIS) needs revision to explain innovation in China. • Concept development is approached through qualitative methods to work critically. • In Chongqing, innovation is organised through two different RIS frameworks. • Institutional conditions in China hamper the convergence of the frameworks. • "Two RIS in one region" helps analysing transformation of China's innovation model. The Regional Innovation System (RIS) is a popular concept for approaching research on geographies of innovation. Political research and innovation studies in emerging economies suggest that there are much different institutional preconditions for and far more types of innovation than hitherto considered. It is thus unlikely that the RIS model as derived from "best practice" cases in the Global North has sufficient explanatory power for regional innovation dynamics in less developed regions in China. From an empirical qualitative analysis on Chongqing, China, as a non-"best practice" case, we find that it is more appropriate to consider separate RIS within one region. The analysis shows that different RIS-frameworks matter for different actors, who engage in different types of innovation. These frameworks are exclusive and do not provide their functions equally to all innovation actors in place. The separation of RIS frameworks acknowledges the co-existence of different structures and trajectories, which is explicitly helpful for understanding regional innovation dynamics in China, where the national government currently aims to transform its innovation model from state-control to an open system of innovation. This paper further discusses how the notion of separate RIS is more appropriate for capturing regional innovation dynamics in the Chinese context in contrast to previous concepts of emerging RIS or fragmented regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the characteristics and trends of rural farmland landscape transformation under the background of socioeconomic differentiation can help clarify the desires and needs of farmers in diverse rural areas and formulate scientifically-based strategies for rural managers in agricultural land management. The farmland landscape in Southwest China's rural areas is transforming from livelihood-oriented extensive agriculture to market-oriented intensive agriculture through agricultural land use conversion, planting structure adjustment, and large-scale farmland management. This paper used Google Earth's high-definition remote sensing imagery and selected typical townships from Chongqing Municipality for comparison to clarify the transformation characteristics and trends of rural farmland landscapes in Southwest China from the landscape ecology perspective. The results show that the formation of the transformed farmland landscape (TFL) bases on the conversion of cultivated land (mainly grain crop production), accompanies by a small amount of forest, shrub, and grassland. The characteristics of the TFL landscape pattern in each township are significantly different. And there is a significant agglomeration trend, mainly concentrates in low-altitude areas. TFL presents mostly a type of economic fruit forest planting in areas with large topographic fluctuations and vegetable planting in areas with low topographic fluctuations. TFL in rural areas of Southwest China is multifunctional agricultural land, formed by the combination of a forest transition process and agricultural intensification. It is essentially the functional transformation of cultivated land based on the joint action of farmers' needed economic benefits and government-supported ecological policies. • The landscape of rural farmland in Southwest China has undergone a transformation. • The theoretical background of transformed farmland landscape (TFL) is presented. • The spatiotemporal variation of TFL is explored through typical case studies. • The development modes and enlightenment of TFL are summarized. • The rural TFL has positive implications for improving rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural decline is a severe global problem. The sustainable development of rural areas is in jeopardy due to rapid migration out of rural areas and the separation of rural housing and jobs. Rural housing-jobs synergy (RHJS) is conducive to promoting high-quality and sustainable development of rural areas. Based on rural permanent population, rural employment population, and rural working-age population data from 2007 to 2020, this study applied spatial autocorrelation analysis and Geodetector model to explore the spatio-temporal pattern and driving factors of RHJS at the county scale in Chongqing. Results showed that RHJS in Chongqing demonstrated a steady upward trend and showed spatial heterogeneity. The spatial layout of RHJS was characterized by spatial agglomeration. RHJS hotspots are all located in the yuzhong district and has advantages in terms of its natural resource environment and market placement, while the coldspots are concentrated in the northeast of Chongqing with generally poor conditions. The internal drivers of county RHJS have gradually shifted from a mix of resource-environmental factors and economic factors to a combination of economic factors and social public service factors, with the influence of social public service factors increasing. Market location was the main external driving factor for RHJS, and the influence of technological innovation factors is growing. The degree of influence of the selected variables in each driver on RHIS varies spatially and temporally, and improving RHIS can be accomplished by optimizing the industrial structure, boosting investment in science and technology, and improving the quality of social public services such as healthcare. The proximity of provincial capital cities, the income ratio of urban and rural residents, and the altitude have a significant negative effect on the regional divergence, they are the main variables affecting the RHJS divergence. These findings will assist decision-makers in developing future rural sustainable development policies for the construction of livable and employable villages and optimize rural areas spatial structures by RHJS situation and its driving factors in various regions of counties in mountainous and hilly ecologically fragile areas, and also serve as a useful reference for sustainable a rural development research in other developing countries. • This paper extends the measurement of the job-housing balance in urban research to rural areas. • Analyzing the definition of rural housing-jobs synergy (RHJS) from the perspectives of functional balance and efficiency. • The interaction of internal and external factors was found to determine the degree of the RHJS at the county level. • This research has significance for the rural revitalization and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a growing global issue that seriously threatens agricultural production and livelihoods. Studying the relationship between wildlife damage, land use, and livelihood enables us to understand the dilemma facing current wildlife protection and ecological restoration policies and to amend existing policies effectively. Using participatory rural appraisal (PRA), quantitative analysis, and a Multilevel Logit regression model, this paper analyzed land use and livelihoods among 160 households subject to wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) damage in four villages within Youyang County in the poor mountainous areas of Chongqing, China. The findings showed the following: (i) wild boars in Youyang County were responsible for large-scale crop and property damage; (ii) cultivated land abandonment has become a significant trend in land use, and the most important perceived driver for abandoning farmland is the land plot's vulnerability to wild boar damage; (iii) when protecting cultivated land plots, households tend to protect those plots that are close to the road, have larger land area, and have a slight or abrupt slope; however, households with more members working in non-farm labor, more female agricultural workers, and/or higher non-farm income are more inclined to abandon protection of their plots. This paper discusses seven main measures that are frequently adopted by farmers to protect their crops and livestock and are perceived by these farmers as the most effective and sensible countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While various empirical studies have been conducted to unpack the links which exist between spatial pattern and commuting costs, the interactions remain unclear given the variations in environmental contexts and methods for identifying polycentricity. Furthermore, there has been limited attention given to mountainous metropolitan areas where the urban structure is greatly influenced by natural barriers. This paper proposes two indicators of centrality by exploring spatial distribution of urban functions and functional linkages respectively, and examines how the two centrality indicators are related to commuting costs in Chongqing, China. The findings confirm the urban structure of Chongqing as being polycentric from both morphological and functional dimensions. The modelling results suggest that both morphological centrality and functional centrality are positively related to commuting costs. The cross-level interactions of variables highlight the significant role that morphological centrality has in a mountainous area. Furthermore, the spatial mismatch of employment and residency varied in different areas of Chongqing; suggesting that there is a need for policy interventions to promote land use mix and jobs-housing balance. • Adopt a micro perspective to characterize the urban polycentricity in Chongqing, which enhances the conceptualisation and measurement of centrality. • Identify taxi commuting patterns and travel behaviour in Chongqing, which could shed light on jobs-housing balance in a typical mountainous context. • Transport and urban policy interventions are suggested for improved jobs-housing relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remediation of rural human settlements is receiving increasing attention in contemporary China. Evaluating the resilience of rural human settlements and formulating site-specific remediation strategies are crucial for realizing China's rural revitalization goals. Based on the social-ecological system (SES) theory, this study establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the resilience of rural human settlements. Building upon this framework, an index system for assessing the resilience is constructed across three dimensions: the resource subsystem, the actor subsystem, and the governance subsystem. The study then analyzes the resilience level of rural human settlements and the interactions among these subsystems, using Chongqing Municipality as an example. The main study conclusions are as follows. First, the resilience index of rural human settlements in Chongqing exhibits spatial heterogeneity and imbalances among subsystems. Specifically, the average resilience index of the resource subsystem is lower than that of other subsystems and there is noticeable spatial heterogeneity in resilience indices among different counties. Second, resilience in rural human settlements is a complex outcome resulting from interactions among multiple subsystems within the SES. These subsystems interact through a two-factor enhancement and non-linear enhancement relationship. Third, the main barriers to the resilience in rural human settlements in Chongqing are related to the resource subsystem, particularly per capita wetland resources, followed by challenges within the governance and actor subsystem, such as rural population density. Fourth, the SES theory can better guide the resilience evaluation of rural human settlements. To improve that resilience, we recommend adopting a systemism perspective, treating rural human settlements as SES entities, and paying attention to the important role of rural inhabitants as the main body of environmental governance. Additionally, tailored environmental governance measures should be developed based on the resilience characteristics and interactions between the subsystems. The research results expand the application field of SES theory and provide novel insights and valuable theoretical guidance for studying the resilience of rural human settlements. ● Rural human settlements (RHS) are a typical social-ecological system (SES). ● The SES framework provides an important theoretical perspective for understanding and evaluating RHS resilience. ● The dimensions of actor and governance systems have an important impact on the resilience of RHS. ● This paper provides new empirical evidence from China to expand upon the conclusions of previous theoretical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the road structure, the pavement is in direct contact with the wheel, and its daily maintenance is very important. Traditional pavement damage detection relies heavily on manual work, which is inefficient and unsafe. In this paper, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is used to pick up the pavement damage image, and then combine the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm and the cloud model theory to construct a damage identification and evaluation model. In the experimental stage, a road in Chongqing, China is selected to verify the model. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model in pavement damage identification exceeds 82.5%, and the performance is good. In addition, in the evaluation case, the lightest damage is the crack, and the most serious is the rut. For the hollow and block repair, the texture feature cloud droplet membership ratio of the two is mostly between 0.5 and 0.6, indicating that the damage state of the pavement is evolving from slight to moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on Public Service Efficiency (PSE) can provide effective clues for city governors to plan the public service provision well. Whilst extant studies have extensively explored PSE performance, they are hardly oriented to resident perception. In light of this gap, this study presents a PSE evaluation framework by considering the resident perception. The study aims to uncover the PSE performance and to examine the temporal evolution and spatial disparities in a sample of 35 representative Chinese cities. To this end, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist index are applied, and the data adopted covers the period from 2012 to 2020. The demonstration findings are as follows. (1) The majority of cities in the sample were found to have efficient public services, with the Central region performing better than the Eastern and Western regions in terms of PSE. (2) The Malmquist index shows an overall decline in PSE over the surveyed period except for Chongqing and Shenzhen. (3) The Malmquist index reveals that the Eastern region exhibited the highest degree of volatility, with the Western and Central regions following closely behind. Theoretically, this study provides an effective framework for investigating PSE by taking resident perception into account. The methodology adopted in this study exemplifies how to examine PSE in considering resident perception in a broad context internationally. Practically, the evaluation results can provide valuable references for local managers to customize measures to elevate PSE performance. • Evaluation of public service efficiency enriches the public service research field. • Considering resident perception when constructing the public service efficiency framework. • Subjective and objective data are included in public service evaluation. • Targeted policies are provided based on the empirical results. • This paper sets an example for other cities or countries to accurately evaluate their public service efficiency performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• From the "Production-Living-Ecological" perspective, the Tapio decoupling model is used to measure decoupling relationship between EG and WC. • The causal chain of EG and WC is decomposed to explore internal causes. • The decoupling performance in Chongqing and Chengdu has been improving for the period of 2003 - 2019. • Population growth has a greater impact on the decoupling index of EG and WC. • Policy suggestions to achieve sustainable urban economic development and water consumption are recommended. Decoupling economic growth (EG) from water consumption (WC) is essential for the development of sustainable urban areas. To study the relationship between EG and WC of Cheng-Yu Dual-City Economic Circle from a "production-living-ecological" perspective, this paper measures the decoupling relationship between WC and GDP of Chongqing and Chengdu from 2003 to 2019 based on the Tapio decoupling model. By introducing population and industrial growth, the causal-chain decomposition model is then used to decompose the decoupling index into three factors. We found that the relationship between EG and WC in Chongqing and Chengdu decoupled weakly and strongly, which means that there is a trend of healthy and sustainable development. The decoupling relationship of production water is similar to that of the total water consumption, while the production water and the ecological water use are quite different from the total water consumption. For its driving influencing factors, population growth has a greater impact on the decoupling index of EG and WC. Drawing on the above findings of present paper, corresponding development suggestions are proposed to facilitate the health and sustainable development of the Cheng-Yu Dual-City Economic Circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the challenge of global tourism resources being overloaded or underutilization, there requires an adequate method for assessing the tourism resource carrying capacity (TRCC). However, the majority of previous evaluation perspectives on TRCC are limited by thresholds. This paper develops an innovative approach for assessing TRCC from the "load-carrier" perspective. TRCC is assessed by exploring the interaction between the carriers and loads of tourism resources. Chongqing city in China is employed as the case city to demonstrate the application of the established TRCC method. The conclusions are as follows: 1) This study elaborates the new connotation of TRCC from the perspective of "load-carrier", and establishes the TRCC evaluation system based on the dynamic relationship between the carrier and load of tourism resources. 2) The proposed TRCC evaluation method is proved effective through an empirical study of Chongqing. 3) Chongqing's case unveils that the overload performance of TRCC can be dynamically monitored and predicted. By applying the TRCC evaluation methodology developed in this study, tourism managers and policymakers can identify whether it is the load or the carrier of tourism resources that affect the performance of TRCC, thereby taking targeted policy measures to eliminate potential risks of overload or underutilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's outdoor thermal comfort under hot conditions have been widely investigated, while the ones in cold environments have not. To address this gap, this paper presented an empirical study for understanding people's thermal sensations and comfort in cold-humid environments of Chongqing, a typical city with cold-humid winter in China. Based on data collected by field measurement and questionnaire survey, we statistically analysed respondents' wintertime thermal sensation vote, thermal comfort vote, and thermal acceptable vote for microclimate parameters in different scenarios including age group, weather, and space. The results indicate that activity dominated thermal sensations and comfort, and thermal feelings got better with activity intensity. An experience of staying in air-conditioned environments was better to improve thermal sensations, while outdoor duration deteriorated thermal perceptions. Those impacts were intervened by weather, age, and spatial characteristics. Solar radiation and air temperature were critical for thermal perceptions, while respondents' satisfaction with them was less than that with wind and relative humidity. Wind generally harmed thermal sensation vote and thermal comfort vote, if the wind could make a significant difference. Accordingly, some suggestions were proposed for creating healthy and comfortable outdoor thermal environments, which is imperative to support proper urban planning and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chongqing is the largest central-government-controlled municipality in China, which is now undergoing a rapid urbanization. The question remains open: What are the consequences of such rapid urbanization in Chongqing in terms of urban microclimates? An integrated study comprising three different research approaches is adopted in the present paper. By analyzing the observed annual climate data, an average rising trend of 0.10 °C/decade was found for the annual mean temperature from 1951 to 2010 in Chongqing, indicating a higher degree of urban warming in Chongqing. In addition, two complementary types of field measurements were conducted: fixed weather stations and mobile transverse measurement. Numerical simulations using a house-developed program are able to predict the urban air temperature in Chongqing. The urban heat island intensity in Chongqing is stronger in summer compared to autumn and winter. The maximum urban heat island intensity occurs at around midnight, and can be as high as 2.5 °C. In the daytime, an urban cool island exists. Local greenery has a great impact on the local thermal environment. Urban green spaces can reduce urban air temperature and therefore mitigate the urban heat island. The cooling effect of an urban river is limited in Chongqing, as both sides of the river are the most developed areas, but the relative humidity is much higher near the river compared with the places far from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Awareness and knowledge of heat impact reduction were lower than perceived severity. • Heat-induced psychological impacts were more common than physiological impacts. • Men were more vulnerable in physiological impacts and daily functioning disruption. • Economic condition was not a critical factor affecting heat-related responses. • Younger generation had not well prepared for urban heat challenges. Urban heat, the combined effect of heatwaves and urban heat islands (UHIs), is a severe challenge for many cities around the world. While there have been numerous studies on urban heat, society's understanding of it is still insufficient, hindering its mitigation and adaptation. This paper aims to investigate people's vulnerability to, and perception, awareness and knowledge of, urban heat. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 562 respondents in the hot and humid city of Chongqing, China in the summer of 2020. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and logistic regression. Results indicated that urban heat is generally understood as having a moderate severity, while there is limited knowledge of heat-related risks. The perceived heat-related psychological impacts are more severe than physiological impacts. There is limited awareness and knowledge of heat-impact reduction methods. Nevertheless, people's awareness, perception and knowledge of urban heat increase once they suffer heat-induced impacts, indicating exposure/experience-driven awareness and knowledge. Moreover, climate injustice among different groups (e.g. gender, age, education, income, health) of people related to heat challenges was identified. People's perception, vulnerability, awareness and knowledge increased with age, but interestingly decreased with increasing education level and improved health conditions. Economic factor was not critical to heat-related responses. Men could be more vulnerable to physiological symptoms and daily functioning than women. The results of this study provide an understanding of urban heat perception and adaptive knowledge, enabling practitioners and policy makers to formulate effective urban heat mitigation and adaptation policies and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of infrastructure mega-projects (IMPs) have been built worldwide over the past decades, that comprehensively assess the performance of operation and maintenance (O&M) are rare. This paper attempts to identify indicators to assess the O&M performance, literature review, document analysis, and Delphi method are used to determine 23 indicators, and an evaluation model combining entropy weight and improved D-S evidence theory was proposed. The indicator system and evaluation model can be validated by taking the Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway as an example. The results revealed the comprehensive O&M performance of project is good, the evaluation grades of social relations, economic benefits and operational capability are all good, while the environmental benefits is fair. It is importance to reduce the negative impact on the surrounding environment, improve the utilization rate and enhance the sustainable development of the IMP. Furthermore, the improvement strategies of O&M performance were formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of UASS on carbon emissions. Population and economic factor are taken into the measurement of UASS. GTWR model is to analyze the spatial and temporal differences. BTH, YRD, CP and MRYR show the characteristics of multi-center structure in 2019. PGDP and EI have positive impacts on carbon emissions in all urban agglomerations. To highlight the impact mechanism of spatial structure on carbon emission, this study calculates the spatial structure index of six urban agglomerations in China from the perspective of population and economy by using the rank-size rule. The Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model is used to analyze the spatial and temporal differences of the impact of spatial structure on carbon emissions in different urban agglomerations. The research results reveal that the carbon emissions of Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Central Plains (CP) are much higher than that of the other three urban agglomerations. Chengdu-Chongqing (CY) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) show the characteristics of single-center structure, while the other four urban agglomerations show the characteristics of multi-center structure in 2019. The impact of spatial structures on carbon emissions of Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta have experienced the process from positive impact to negative impact. The findings show that the multi-center structure of some urban agglomerations does not achieve the effect of carbon emission reduction to a certain extent, but promotes carbon emission. Therefore, it is not advisable to set the spatial structure of urban agglomeration as a unified model. The government should optimize the spatial structure of urban agglomerations according to the time evolution and internal characteristics of urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunnel construction, especially those excavated by roadheader, will produce great dust pollution, which always result in serious health risks to workers. In order to reveal the health risk characteristics of tunnel construction dust and improve the workers' occupational health level, combining the tunnel construction characteristics, this paper established a health risk assessment system based on field measurement. The assessment system consisted of exposure assessment and risk quantification adopting disability-adjusted life year(DALY). Then, the willingness to pay(WTP) was employed to monetize health risk and endow health risk with economic significance, that is, the cost to reduce risk. In this paper, the isolation effect of dust masks in tunnel construction was taken into account for the first time, and the dust exposure concentration of workers was corrected by a unique formula according to the inward leakage(IL) and filtration efficiency(FE). The results showed that the isolation of masks obviously reduced the health risk, in which health risk was drastically reduced by 82% under ideal isolation effect and by 26% under actual isolation effect. In each procedure, the health risk of tunneling was the greatest, followed by slag-out, and the smallest was lining. In addition, although the dust pollution of lining was light, due to long working hours(9.0h) and high intake rate, also leading to serious health risk (total DALY = 0.18a, total WTP = $14,606) without isolation effect. This paper refined the health risk endpoint, improved the accuracy of assessment, and provided a reference for construction workers to strengthen dust prevention. • Tunnel construction adopting a roadheader will cause great dust for enclosed space. • Quantitative health risk assessment is first applied to tunnel construction. • The isolation of the dust mask significantly reduces the health risk caused by dust. • 'Pneumoconiosis' and 'death' should be included in the health risks simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative multicenter pickup and delivery problems with time window assignment (CMPDPTWA) are introduced in this paper and formulated and solved as a two-stage optimization problem. First, the collaborative mechanism achieves optimal transportation resource configuration in a multicenter logistics network. Second, open-closed mixed pickup and delivery routes satisfying the demands and time windows of customers are proposed to enhance transportation efficiency and reduce the total logistics operating cost. A set of candidate-time windows is assigned to the corresponding customers through time window assignment (TWA) strategy to increase the operational efficiency of logistics network. A bi-objective programming model for CMPDPTWA is formulated to minimize the number of vehicles and total operating cost. An improved k -means clustering algorithm is used to cluster customers according to their proximities to pickup and delivery centers for reducing the computational complexity to solve the abovementioned problem. A self-learning non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (SNSGA-II) is proposed to optimize the open-closed mixed pickup and delivery routes in CMPDPTWA. An update mechanism for the probabilities of crossover and mutation is devised to improve the efficiency of searching the solution space, and thus to accelerate the convergence of SNSGA-II. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of other algorithms, and the results indicate that it can generate near-optimal solutions for CMPDPTWA. A game theoretical method involving a cost gap allocation model and the strictly monotonic path strategy is proposed to find the best profit allocation scheme and the optimal coalition sequence for stabilizing the collaborative coalition. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a case study using the real-world logistics network in Chongqing City, China. Six scenarios with and without the collaborative mechanism and TWA strategy are simulated and compared with one another to verify the efficacy of the proposed method. The results show that the collaborative mechanism and TWA strategy can improve the utilization of transportation resources and operational efficiency. Thus, they can facilitate an efficient and sustainable urban logistics network. • Collaborative multicenter pickup and delivery problems with TWA is studied. • A bi-objective optimization model is developed based on collaborative networks. • A hybrid method with k -means clustering and SNSGA-II is devised to solve the model. • Profit allocation and coalition stability are tested under different game methods. • A case study is conducted to show the applicability of proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper develops a framework for urban heat prevention, mitigation and adaptation. • Air-conditioning systems are the dominant cooling facility in both work and living environments. • Urban planning and design for heat resilient cities is the most urgent intervention. • 50% of the respondents preferred collaborative payment among government, developers, and owners for heat resilient infrastructure. • Heat-related responses and actions towards urban heat challenges were dependent demographic factors and their exposure, habit formation and behavior change, social acceptance. This study investigates public participation in heat impact reduction by analysing adaptive behaviours, familiarity with urban heat island (UHI) and cooling strategies, the perceived urgency of heat impact actions and citizen's willingness to pay through a questionnaire survey in Chongqing, China. The results indicate that air-conditioning systems are the dominant cooling facility in both work and living environments. Respondents had a moderately familiar understanding of several cooling strategies such as urban vegetation, shading devices, water-based artificial facilities, urban design for shading and ventilation and water bodies. Familiarity with innovative materials and techniques for pavements, roofs and façades was less than moderate. Urban planning and design for heat resilient cities was thought to be the most urgent intervention, followed by the establishment of temporary cooling facilities. Most respondents indicated that cost-sharing mechanisms for urban heat prevention and control systems should at least include the government, whilst 50% of the respondents preferred collaborative payment among government, developers, and owners. Only 41.6% of the interviewees expressed their willingness to pay, with a share varying between <20 and >80 RMB. A conservative estimate indicated that there could be an average payment of 45.95 RMB and 19.10 RMB among the 234 respondents who were willing to pay and all 562 respondents regardless of willingness, respectively. Respondents' heat-related responses and actions towards urban heat challenges were dependent on a wide range of factors like gender, age, education, economic status, health, exposure, habit formation and behavior change, social acceptance, etc. Moreover, such factors could interact with each other affecting public behavior with different weights. Overall, this study increases our understanding of people's perceptions and proactiveness in reducing urban heat and provides guidance for decision-makers towards a novel user-aware approach to the implementation of urban heat prevention, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soundscape quality of an urban park can affect human comfort and well-being. This paper investigated the components, assessments, and EEG reactions to soundscapes in mountainous urban parks. Four mountainous urban parks in Chongqing, China, were selected as the areas of study. The results indicate that biological and human sounds make up more than 84.4 % of the overall soundscape components in the mountainous urban parks. The influence of mountainous topography on spatial variation of noise levels was greater than that on temporal variation. The fields for dancing activity were limited and fixed due to the limitations of mountainous topography, but singing activities were not constrained by fields and were distributed widely. The temporal variations in noise levels are known to be affected by the daily activities of visitors, categorised by the time periods of 'all day', 'weekday', and 'weekend'. The levels during the weekends were usually 8.0–9.8 dBA higher than those of weekdays. Mountainous landscapes are characterised by abundant visual diversity and flexible spatial scale. The site with greater visual diversity may have higher assessments of sound comfort and soundscape diversity. On the other hand, the naturalness of the soundscape had a significantly negative correlation with spatial openness in the mountainous urban parks. The restorative EEG rhythm was more remarkable at the birdsong-dominant site than at the traffic-noise-dominant site, under both the audio-only condition and the audio-visual condition. Interestingly, more restorative EEG reactions were observed with the audio stimuli than with the audio-visual stimuli, as people may pay more attention to the visual stimuli under the audio-visual condition, which could lead to an EEG rhythm indicative of a tense state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Provision of land for urban development and the protection of cultivated land has been a dilemma in Chinese urbanization. • Dipiao, a development rights transfer mechanism intends to address dilemma of Chinese urbanization. • Dipiao mechanism promote urban rural integration. • Mechanism of Dipiao is able to improve land use efficiency, protect rural land, and increase peasants' income. • Some factors, e.g. higher cost, uncertainty, and others affect effective and efficient delivery of Dipiao in Chongqing. A contradictory policy in Chinese rapid urbanization comes from the twin demands for urban development land uses due to urban expansion and the protection of cultivated land for food security. Dipiao , a type of development rights transfer in Chongqing, aims at protecting cultivated land, optimizing the urban-rural land use structure, increasing villagers' income and easing the tensions between cultivated land protection and urban land development. The mechanism of Dipiao seems to be a solution to address the Chinese dilemma of land uses in urbanization. However, after delivery of this mechanism for 4 years, the market of Dipiao began to fall, especially on the demand side. The purpose of this paper is to study the determinant factors, including higher cost, uncertainty and decreases in benefits, developers' unfulfilled expectations, and accessibility to alternatives, that affect the market of Dipiao. It is expected that this research may offer some inspiration to government policy makers to reduce transitional costs in the Dipiao mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of landscape composition on LST increased from 2000 to 2019. • The effects of landscape configuration on LST differs in different cities. • Reorganizing landscape configuration was applicable in relieving UHI. • The distributions of SUHI in three cities are roughly parallel to the Yangtze River. The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, arising from rapid urbanization, has attracted both social and academic attention because of its effects on citizens' daily life. This paper investigated the relationship between landscape composition and configuration, population and land surface temperature (LST) in three megacities along the Yangtze River, aiming at providing useful information to reduce the effect of UHI. A correlation analysis and ordinary least squares (OLS) models were used to discover the relationship between these indices. The results showed that the effects of landscape composition, especially impervious surfaces (IS), on the LST increased obviously from 2000 to 2019. The correlation coefficients of the density of IS increased from 0.608 to 0.839 in Nanjing, from 0.368 to 0.777 in Wuhan, and from 0.416 to 0.874 in Chongqing, respectively. On contrast, the effects of landscape configuration on LST differs in different cities. In Nanjing, small and scattered patches of green spaces showed the highest capacity in cooling the surrounding areas. In Wuhan, small patches of waterbodies owned the highest cooling effect. While in Chongqing, small and scattered patches of forest with irregular shapes showed the highest cooling effect. The findings proved that reorganizing landscape configuration was applicable in relieving UHI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies investigated the influence of building characteristics and household lifestyles on home dampness in a climatic region with frequent rainfall and high outdoor relative humidity. In this paper, based on the surveyed data from 4976 residences in 2010 and from 3971 residences in 2019, we investigated associations of building characteristics and lifestyle behaviors with six damp indicators, which included visible mold spots, visible damp stains, damp clothing, condensation on windowpanes, moldy odor, and water damage. We applied two-level (district-residence) logistical regression model and multiple logistical regression model to find out the target associations. We found that proportions of residence with damp indicators were significantly lower in 2019 than in 2010. Mother reported more damp indicators than father. Household redecoration in the last year before the survey, nearby shopping/industry centre, and suburban/rural area were significantly associated with the higher odds of parts of the studied damp indicators. While often/sometimes putting beddings to sunshine, often/sometimes opening window in spring, use of exhaust fan, and keeping fish were significantly associated with the lower odds of parts of the studied damp indicators. Compared to latex paint and laminate wood, using other materials as wall and floor materials respectively were significantly associated with lower odds of condensation on windowpane. Our results explored several damp-related indicators associated building characteristics and lifestyle behaviors. Improvement of household ventilation status could notably reduce indoor damp-related problems. "Avoidance behavior" and "reverse association" of these problems with household redecoration and fish-keeping should be considered. • Home damp associated with building and lifestyle characteristics in 2010 and 2019. • Proportions of home with damp indicators were significantly lower in 2019 than 2010. • High household ventilation could notably reduce indoor damp-related problems. • We found "reverse associations" of home damp with redecoration and fish-keeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ECU and GEL makes the largest share of contribution to the system of URB and GEE, respectively. • The coupling coordination has shown a continuous growth trend, and has transitioned to coupling coordination from disorder, from 1990 to 2015. • The coupling coordination of 38 districts has undergone significant regional differences in 2015. • Four kinds of sustainable development models of URB and GEE are proposed for mountain cities. Geo-ecological environment has extremely complex relations with urbanization, and thus summarizing the evolution trend, time rules and spatial differences from the aspect of time and space contributes to the coordinating development between the two. Taking Chongqing municipality as the case study, this paper selects appropriate indicators in the perspective of time and space, and utilizes the coupling coordination evaluation models (CCD) and GIS spatial methods to analyze the correlation degree, coupling degree and coordination degree. The results show that: (1) the Economic urbanization (0.37) and Greening ecological level (0.28) make the largest share of contribution to the system of urbanization and Geo-ecological environment, respectively. From 1990 to 2015, the coupling coordination in Chongqing has shown a continuous growth trend, and has transitioned to moderate and favorable coupling coordination from disorder. (2) The coupling coordination in 2015 has undergone significant regional differences. The coupling coordination in more developed areas (western Chongqing) was generally higher than in less developed areas (northeastern and southeastern Chongqing). (3) Moreover, four kinds of sustainable development pattern are proposed according to research conclusion and reality problems, including the ecological industry development model, cultural tourism integration model, industry-city integration model and life service model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish cage farming has been generally banned in some regions since there is growing concern about adverse environmental issue caused by cage culture practices. This paper presents the long-term effects of past cage culture activities on heavy metal accumulation in sediment and fish in one historical cage culture lake (Changshou reservoir, Chongqing, China). Although cages were removed for over one decade in this studied lake, the average concentrations of heavy metals in sediments were still above 2 times higher than their background values, posing a moderate ecological risk. Higher levels of heavy metals appeared in demersal fish who is more susceptible to heavy metals exposure in sediment. Fish consumption would not lead to a significant health risk of most heavy metals. Hg levels in catfish posed a health risk to vulnerable group (children) and specific group (fishermen), whereas the presence of Se decreased Hg toxicity to a safety level. Therefore, it can be speculated that the cage culture activities could influence the heavy metal accumulation in sediment in the long term, however, consumption of current farmed fish in one lake used to carry out cage-culture is safe for local residents. Image 1 • Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Hg probably were associated with the past cage culture activities. • Heavy metals posed a moderate risk in sediment. • Se might be protective effects against Hg toxicity in fish. • Consumption of current farmed fish in this lake is safe for local residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• On-site measurements were conducted to investigate the synergistic cooling effects (SCEs). • The littoral forest yielded more than 3.3 °C cooling effect than that of the separate trees. • The air temperature differences depended strongly on land cover features of each site. • As the LAI of littoral trees decreased 1.0, the average SCE increased by 0.19∼0.31 °C. Both green and blue space are found to be effective for urban heat mitigation and air quality improvement. However, studies on the Synergistic Cooling Effects (SCEs) of green-blue spaces are limited. This paper aims to investigate the SCEs of green-blue spaces in Chongqing, a typical hot humid city in China, through the field measurement and numerical simulation. First, air temperature and relative humidity over different land-use sites (forest, lawn, and impervious pavement) were measured with and without water simultaneously, from July to August 2018. Experimental results revealed the SCEs of green-blue spaces were obvious in 7–12 m surrounding waterfront areas, where the mean air temperature reduction was 3.3 °C higher than the sums of cooling effect of standalone water and forest. Additionally, an ENVI-met model was validated against the measured data before conducting simulation for the study area in five scenarios, including one control group with no trees and four greening cases with different Leaf Area Index (LAI) values to investigate the importance of green infrastructure on the waterfront thermal environment. Simulation results showed that a decrease of 1.0 LAI can lead to a reduction of average air temperature by 0.19–0.31 °C, possibly owing to the enhanced ventilation flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Single image modeling (SIM) method of 3D thermal environment is developed and its accuracy is confirmed. • The flow area distribution of air temperature and wind speed can be calculated. • On-site measurements were also conducted to validate the simulation results. • Simulation results can be used as a guideline in the regional design stage. This paper presents a single image modeling method (SIM) to efficiently identifying the regional thermal environment parameters, which is used to predict and optimize the regional thermal environment and operation in advance. Coupled with the simplified solar radiation solution model, the building complex thermal model is established to predict the temperature distribution of the underlying surface and building surface. Then the heat and mass exchange equations of the horizontal and vertical boundary are simplified and interacted to obtain the flow area air-dry bulb temperature, wind speed, and other information. To validate the proposed SIM method, the method is applied to simulate and analyze the thermal environment in the Huxi Campus in Chongqing, China. The meteorological parameters and building material thermal physical property parameters are used as the initial conditions of the simulations. The simulation results are validated using the summer measurements carried out in Huxi Campus. The results showed that the simulation results were consistent with the measured data. The RMSEs (root-mean-square errors) and MAPEs (mean-absolute-percentage errors) of air temperatures adopting the SIM method were less than 1.65 and 5.00%, and the MAPEs of wind speed was less than 10.00%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Field measurements and simulation method were employed. • Tests and analyzes the thermal environment of a data center in Chongqing. • 77 cases were simulated to investigate servers' arrangement and air distribution strategy under partial load. • Inlet air temperature of racks and SHI value were regarded as the criteria for thermal environment. In recent years, with the rapid development of data centers, its huge energy consumption problem is increasingly prominent. Especially, with the development trend of large-scale data center, the load rate of racks is relatively low, which can easily lead to oversupply of cold capacity, thus resulting in energy waste. Hence, how to reasonably arrange servers so as to effectively utilize cooling capacity and improve energy efficiency has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, field test was made to investigate the thermal environment. The test results indicated that the actual load rate of the data room is between 19.34%˜42.55%, and SHI value for test rows were between 0.128 and 0.594 owning to oversupply of CRACs, as a result of serious mixing of cold air and hot air. To reduce the energy consumption, the cooling capacity of CRACs were equal to IT equipment heat dissipation by using simulation tool through changing the load rate, servers' arrangement and air distribution strategy under partial load in data centers. The results showed that the servers uniformly distributed in all racks presented good inlet air temperature that fell in the acceptable temperature range by ASHRAE. And it suggests that the servers are uniformly mounted from the middle of the rack and then the upper for low load rates. When the load rate more than 60%, blanking plates need to be installed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]