Search

During the 1990s, the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust paid out nearly $3 billion to more than 200,000 women who had used an intrauterine contraceptive device sold by Richmond-based A.H. Robins Co., making it one of the most successful settlements for claimants of mass tort litigation. With court approval, the University of Virginia Law Library received papers of this trust a year ago at the direction of trustees on closing the trust. Since then, the law library staff has been working to organize and catalog the voluminous collection. The collection holds value for legal historians and trusts handling mass tort claims.

The paper trail is stopping for outpatients at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. All medical records will be created and stored electronically for nearly 1.5 million annual outpatient visits. Electronic record keeping enables all providers to have immediate access to a patient's records, including physician notes, orders for tests and medications as well as laboratory and test results. Henry Plummer, the fourth physician in the Mayo practice, designed a system to keep all of a patient's records, clinic visits and hospital stays, in a single file that traveled with the patient and was stored in a central repository.

The article reports that scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have published two studies on how modulating receptors for dopamine, a chemical signaler in the brain's reward circuits, affects drinking behavior in mice and rats. In one of the studies, the scientists increased the number of dopamine D2 receptors in strains of mice with genetically varying levels of D2 receptors. Earlier Brookhaven studies have shown that up-regulating D2 receptors by delivering the D2 gene directly to the brain's reward center decreased drinking behavior in genetically predisposed rats trained to drink large quantities of alcohol.

The article presents information according to which as part of an ongoing effort to understand the biochemical basis of alcohol abuse, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have published two studies on how modulating receptors for dopamine — a chemical signaler in the brain's reward circuits — affects drinking behavior in mice and rats. Stopping alcohol abuse will never be as simple as turning on or off a switch, but finding ways to modulate the brain's reward circuits could play a role in developing successful treatments.

The article presents information that a program of active cognitive stimulation performed in conjunction with the drug Aricept (donepezil hydrochloride) produces greater mental and functional benefits in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease than taking the drug alone, according to a study conducted by Texas university researchers and funded by the manufacturer and U.S. distributor of the drug. Fifty-four patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, ranging in age from 54 to 91, took part in the randomized study. Twenty-eight of the patients received Aricept only, while 26 were given the drug and took part in a cognitive stimulation program consisting of 12 hours of intervention treatment by speech-language pathologists over an eight-week period at the beginning of the one-year study.

The article focuses on a study which shows that a program of active cognitive stimulation performed in conjunction with the drug Aricept (donepezil hydrochloride) produces greater mental and functional benefits in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease than taking the drug alone. The study, conducted by Texas university researchers and funded by the manufacturer and U.S. distributor of the drug, the results of which are published in the October 2004 issue of the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, was conducted by researchers at two Dallas-area component institutions of The University of Texas System.

The article focuses on 145th annual session of the American Dental Association (ADA) held in Orlando. The governing body of ADA challenged the nation to improve access to oral health care for underserved populations, calling the extent and severity of untreated dental disease, especially among underserved children unacceptable. The umbrella resolution, passed by the ADA's House of Delegates during its 145th Annual Sessionreads, in part, The ADA and its members will continue working with policymakers to establish programs and services that improve access to oral health care, while maintaining a single standard of oral care.

The article cites a study reported in the recent issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology, which states that Vitamin A palmitate is estimated to provide 7 years of additional vision for those who began this supplement in their 30s. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, is in high concentration in the retina and is thought to provide a fluid, fat-soluble environment for vitamin A to change its shape as the initial step in the retinal response to light. In summary, among all randomized patients DHA supplementation by capsules in a dose of 1200 milligram per day, given in combination with vitamin A palmitate 15,000 IU per day, did not, on average, slow the course of this condition over a four-year interval.

Hospitals may be able to significantly cut the time it takes to deliver medications to patients and complete X-rays and lab tests by having doctors fill out orders via computer rather than by hand, a new study suggests. Results showed that computerized ordering also eliminated prescription drug errors that occurred when doctors' handwritten prescriptions were misread. Overall, computerized physician order entry (POE) seems to be good for both patients and hospitals, said Hagop Mekhjian, the study's lead author and chief medical officer for Ohio State University's health system. Researchers compared turn-around times before and after the implementation of computerized POE at Ohio State University hospitals. As many as 25 percent of reported medication errors arise from confusion over the similarity of drug names.

An article appearing in the December 13, 2003 issue of the journal "Science" by University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado professors Barbara Demmig-Adams and William W. Adams indicates there are a number of profound effects from human diet on both physical and mental health. Food molecules entering human bodies act as hormone-like messengers that regulate pivotal body functions at the cellular level, said Demmig-Adams. Demmig-Adams said such functions include the division of cells in the human body that have implications for cancer as well as heart disease inflammation processes. In addition, some mental imbalances can be aggravated by the consumption of particular foods that contribute to mood and learning disorders.

A simple two-handed, line-bisection test known as the "Best Hand Test" can be used to evaluate hemisphericity distributions in large groups, according to a paper published this month in the journal "Brain and Cognition" by University of Hawaii at Manoa Emeritus Professor Bruce E. Morton. Results from the study suggest that an individual's career path might in some way be influenced by the behavioral laterality of his or her brain. This discovery was recognized when it was observed that although the number of right or left brain-oriented male and female students entering the university was about equal, sampling of the hemisphericity of upper-level undergraduates, graduate students and amongst 15 faculty professions indicated that a progressive sorting had occurred.

A test known as the Best Hand Test is used to evaluate hemisphericity distributions in large groups according to a research paper presented by the University of Hawaii in Manoa, Hawaii. Results of the study suggest that an individual's career path might in some way be influenced by the behavioral laterality of his brain. Compared to entering students, astronomers and architects were found to be enriched with right brain, big picture-oriented individuals. The word hemisphericity is used in psychology as a term to describe brain laterality differences whether a person's thinking and learning style was right hemisphere-oriented or left hemisphere-oriented.

This article informs that researchers at the University of Virginia (U.Va.) Health System have unraveled one mystery about what histones accomplish in the complex chemical cascade that determines the function of a cell in the body. The protein Chd1 the attracts a huge complex of other proteins, called SAGA, that can turn genes on in the cell nucleus. This is a good example of how proteins respond to the histone code, explained study senior author Patrick Grant, PhD, an Assistant Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics at U.Va. There is a theory, proposed by David Allis at Rockefeller University and Brian Strahl at the University of North Carolina, that DNA does not function in isolation.

The article presents information regarding oral health care. The American Dental Association's (ADA) governing body challenged the nation to improve access to oral health care for underserved populations, calling the extent and severity of untreated dental disease, especially among underserved children unacceptable. The umbrella resolution, passed by the ADA's House of Delegates during its 145th Annual Session in Orlando reads, in part, the American Dental Association and its members will continue working with policymakers to establish programs and services that improve access to oral health care, while maintaining a single standard of oral care.

Tri/Princeton, an international leader in hair and cosmetic chemistry research, is proud to announce that they will be hosting the first U.S.-based conference on Applied Hair Science from June 9-10, 2004 in Princeton, New Jersey. The First International Conference on Applied Hair Science will provide the hair care industry with a sophisticated, cutting-edge platform to exchange information, learn new techniques and methods, and dramatically improve the quality and efficacy of their products. Panelists, presenters, and attendees from around the globe will converge at the conference to discuss and learn about topics of significance to the raw material and product industries.

This article reports on a research conducted by CU-Boulder Professors Barbara Demmig-Adams and William W. Adams, published in the December 13, 2002 issue of the journal "Science," on effects of human diet on physical and mental health. The old adage that "you are what you eat" is now more telling from a biochemical standpoint than most people have thought, according to new research reported by two biologists of University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado. A number of antioxidants found in plants fight free-radical oxygen molecules, which can damage human cells and ultimately organs. Food molecules entering human bodies act as hormone-like messengers that regulate pivotal body functions at the cellular level, said Demmig-Adams.

This article reports that defects in BRCA2, a gene that otherwise suppresses tumors are responsible for a strong familial predisposition to breast cancer. Carriers of BRCA2 mutations also are at increased risk of ovarian, prostate, pancreatic and male breast cancer. Now a new study as of September 13, 2002 featured in the September 13, 2002 issue of the journal "Science" reveals that protein made by BRCA2 is especially important in controlling damage to DNA, the double-strand molecule that houses genetic blueprints.

The article reports that patients given beta blockers prior to heart bypass surgery had fewer complications such as stroke, kidney failure and longer use of ventilators as well as lower death rates following surgery. This was true even among those for whom beta blocker therapy has up to now been considered risky, the elderly and those with heart failure, lung disease or diabetes. Findings have been adjusted for preoperative risk factors such as diabetes and age and are consistent with those previously identified for beta blocker use before non-cardiac surgery or angioplasty procedures.

The article reports on a white-paper titled "Moving toward Elimination of Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Call to Action" released by a nonprofit organization ASTHO to combat healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in the U.S. The paper says that approximately 1.4 million people worldwide suffer from HAIs and calls for its elimination by implementing proven preventive measures and public health strategies used to combat other diseases. It also emphasizes on the need to make hospitals safe.

The article informs that the paper "The Distributed Partnering Model for Drug Discovery and Development," released by Kauffman Foundation claims that the U.S. could speed the flow of new therapeutic drugs by creating a new model for drug discovery and development. The paper is an outgrowth of the 2009 Translational Medicine Alliance Forum, which was created to eliminate barriers to bring life science research to the market. The paper was written by Duane Roth and Pedro Cuatrecasas.

The article presents information on two papers published by the American Dental Education Association's Commission on Change and Innovation in Dental Education. The papers were published in the September 2006 issue of the "Journal of Dental Education." The two papers were, The Case for Change in Dental Education, and Educational Strategies Associated with Development of Problem-Solving, Critical Thinking, and Self-Directed Learning. They address the rationale for change in the field.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has issued two papers on the growing hazard of mold litigation and the lack of scientific evidence linking mold to health problems. "Lawsuits over fungi fail to meet the test for sound science," said Lisa A. Rickard, the president of the U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform, which along with the Manhattan Institute's Center for Legal Policy commissioned the papers. The insurance industry reports that it has paid billions of dollars for mold claims and the Insurance Information Institute says more than 10,000 mold cases are pending nationwide, a 300 percent increase from 1999.

The article announces that Babson College Professor Dhruv Grewal has been awarded 'Best Paper' in e-Business Track at AMA Marketing Educators' Conference.

The article announces that Babson College Professor Dhruv Grewal has been awarded 'Best Paper' in e-Business Track at AMA Marketing Educators' Conference.

The article focuses on the role of Radiofrequency Identification Tags (RFID), as life saviors, in the medical field. Steven Schwaitzberg, chief of surgery at Cambridge Health Alliance released the paper "The Emergence of RFID," which appeared in the August 2006 issue of the journal "Surgical Endoscopy." discussing the need of the RFIDs. RFIDs can identify medical products, confirm patients' identity and store relevant medical information.

The article reports that researchers at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California have discovered a DNA structure in the chromosomes of lymphocytes that create a fragile site on the chromosome and to predispose cells carrying it to develop a common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This is the first disease ever to be associated with a deviation from the Watson-Crick helix.

This article presents information on First International Conference on Applied Hair Science to be held by Textile Research Institute/Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey. A wide variety of topics will be highlighted at the conference including chemical, physical, and surface properties of hair. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Applied Hair Science will be published as a special volume of the peer reviewed Journal of Cosmetic Science. TRI has evolved into a full-service research and testing facility, specializing in hair, fibers, porous materials, polymers, and films.

Duke University Medical Center biochemists have used computational design to engineer and construct a protein that could sense the nerve agent soman. Led by Associate Professor of Biochemistry Homme Hellinga, Ph.D., the researchers reported their achievement in a paper published online May 17, 2004 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). In the PNAS paper, Helling and his colleagues described how they had designed a protein that detects a surrogate for soman, called pinacolyl methyl phosphonic acid (PMPA), which has the same basic chemical structure as soman, but is less toxic. In developing the PMPA detector, the Duke researchers used the same general design technique that they had previously used to tailor proteins to sense glucose, lactate, TNT and the brain chemical serotonin.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. In their article, Peter Jones, Ph.D., director of USC/Norris and Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, and his colleagues lay out their new perspective on the treatment of genetic disorders by discussing the potential ways to interfere with epigenetic gene silencing, and the ways in which that potential is already being exploited.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal "Nature." The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. In their article, Peter Jones, director of USC/Norris and distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, and his colleagues lay out their new perspective on the treatment of genetic disorders by discussing the potential ways to interfere with epigenetic gene silencing, and the ways in which that potential is already being exploited.

Researchers from the University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal "Nature." The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. This Nature review comes just days after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the epigenetic inhibitor azacitidine for the treatment of a pre-leukemic bone-marrow disorder known as myelodysplastic syndrome, or MDS.

Researchers from the University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. They add that a number of chemical compounds have been found that have an affect on some form of epigenetic gene change, and note that several of these agents are currently being tested in clinical trials, including trials being conducted at USC/Norris.

Researchers at Purdue University, the University of Alberta and Canada's National Institute for Nanotechnology have discovered that bone cells called osteoblasts attach better to nanotube-coated titanium than they do to conventional titanium used to make artificial joints. Researchers have demonstrated the same improved bone-cell adhesion with other materials, but these nanotubes are especially promising for biomedical applications because they probably be able to tailor them for specific parts of the body. Findings are detailed in a paper appearing in the April issue of the journal "Nanotechnology," published by the Institute of Physics in Great Britain. The paper was written by Purdue biomedical engineering doctoral student Ai Lin Chun, Purdue chemistry doctoral student Jesus G. Moralez, Webster and Hicham Fenniri, a professor of chemistry at the University of Alberta.

Scientists team at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor was able to distinguish genes involved in cancer from those involved in a chronic inflammatory disease, pancreatitis, that's often mistaken for cancer. Both diseases produce similar scar tissue around the pear-shaped pancreas gland, which produces insulin, hormones and digestive juices. Late diagnosis, a lack of effective treatment options, rapid metastasis, and a dearth of research on how pancreatic cancer works combine to make the nation's 10th most common cancer into its 4th most deadly cancer. In the paper, published May 15, the team reports finding 158 genes specific to pancreatic cancer, the most accurate list to date. The newly published paper is based on tissue from ten pancreatic tumors, five samples from pancreatitis patients and five samples of normal pancreas, as well as seven commercially available pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Corporations must manage their reputations if they hope to be rewarded by stakeholders in good times and not be faulted by them in bad times, according to the winner of a national contest for MBA papers in the U.S. Andrea Sjovall, a 2002 MBA graduate from Purdue University's Krannert School of Management, West Lafayete, Indiana, won the Best MBA Paper in Corporate Citizenship, awarded by the Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College in Massachusetts. Sjovall's paper draws upon cognitive psychology theory to understand how people form opinions about companies.

The article reports on a research paper that shows the importance of genetic similarity to group loyalty and patriotism. The paper shows that genetic similarity is a social glue in groups as small as two spouses and best friends, or in those as large as nations and alliances. The evidence comes from studies of identical and non-identical twins, adopted and non-adopted children, blood tests, social assortment, heritabilities, family bereavements, and large-scale population genetics. The study's author is J. Philippe Rushton, professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario.

The article reports that researchers at the Columbia University Medical Center continue to make strides in their work to develop the next generation of effective viral-based therapies for cancer. Two papers about promising research with genetically engineered viruses studied in mice, published in the journals "Cancer Research" and the "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences," bring significantly closer to this objective and the start of clinical trials with these viral-based therapies in cancer patients. In the "Cancer Research" paper, the researchers discuss the development of a terminator virus, which was administered to mice with pancreatic cancers at both primary and distant sites.

This article reports that in a set of four papers, the Archives of General Psychiatry will publish the results of the National Co-morbidity Survey Replication, a nationwide survey taken every 10 years to assess the mental health of the country. The survey was led by Harvard Medical School (HMS), the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). HMS and NIMH researchers will discuss key findings and take reporter questions in the only national assembly of study investigators. Limited virtual seats are available so please register early. An embargoed copy of the press release and a complete set of papers will be sent to registered reporters only. The first National Co-morbidity Survey was conducted in the early 1990s; since then, important advances have been made in mental health care in terms of new medications, public attitudes, and treatment financing.

Duke University Medical Center biochemists have used computational design to engineer and construct a protein that could sense the nerve agent soman. Led by Associate Professor of Biochemistry Homme Hellinga, Ph.D., the researchers reported their achievement in a paper published online May 17, 2004 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Besides Hellinga, other co-authors of the PNAS paper were Malin Allert, Shahir Rizk and Loren Looger. In the PNAS paper, Helling and his colleagues described how they had designed a protein that detects a surrogate for soman, called pinacolyl methyl phosphonic acid, which has the same basic chemical structure as soman, but is less toxic.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. They add that a number of chemical compounds have been found that have an affect on some form of epigenetic gene change, and note that several of these agents are currently being tested in clinical trials, including trials being conducted at USC/Norris.

Duke University Medical Center biochemists have used computational design to engineer and construct a protein that could sense the nerve agent soman. Led by Associate Professor of Biochemistry Homme Hellinga, the researchers reported their achievement in a paper published online in the journal "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences." In the PNAS paper, Helling and his colleagues described how they had designed a protein that detects a surrogate for soman, called pinacolyl methyl phosphonic acid PMPA, which has the same basic chemical structure as soman, but is less toxic.

Researchers from the University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. Dispelling the belief that the only way to treat such conditions is by fixing or replacing damaged genes, they are instead focusing on the field of epigenetics — the study of changes in gene silencing that occur without changes in the genes themselves. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on.

Researchers from the University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. In their article, Peter Jones, Ph.D., director of USC/Norris and Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, and his colleagues lay out their new perspective on the treatment of genetic disorders by discussing the potential ways to interfere with epigenetic gene silencing, and the ways in which that potential is already being exploited.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. In their article, Peter Jones, director of USC/Norris, and his colleagues lay out their new perspective on the treatment of genetic disorders by discussing the potential ways to interfere with epigenetic gene silencing, and the ways in which that potential is already being exploited.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. In their article, Peter Jones, director of USC/Norris and Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, and his colleagues lay out their new perspective on the treatment of genetic disorders by discussing the potential ways to interfere with epigenetic gene silencing and the ways in which that potential is already being exploited.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal "Nature." The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on. In their article, Peter Jones, director of USC/Norris and Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, and his colleagues lay out their new perspective on the treatment of genetic disorders by discussing the potential ways to interfere with epigenetic gene silencing, and the ways in which that potential is already being exploited.

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC)/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center are heralding an entirely new approach to the treatment of aging, inherited diseases and cancer in a review paper published in today's issue of the journal Nature. Dispelling the belief that the only way to treat such conditions is by fixing or replacing damaged genes, they are instead focusing on the field of epigenetics — the study of changes in gene silencing that occur without changes in the genes themselves. The new field of epigenetic therapy, put forth by the USC researchers in their Nature review paper, aims to switch these genes back on.

Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center have designed an online, Web-based system for ordering total parenteral nutrition (TPN) that identifies and pre-emptively eliminates potentially serious calculation errors. The Children's Center team describes its TPN Calculator in the April issue of Pediatrics. TPN Calculator not only reduced TPN order errors by nearly 90 percent, but also proved to be faster and easier to use than the standard paper-based order system, the team reports. Researcher Christoph U. Lehmann, one of the developers of the TPN Calculator, says the system's design was based on existing paper forms to provide users with a familiar format and maximum comfort level.

In a paper published online in the "American Journal of Human Genetics," the University of Michigan and Penn team describes a gene called NIPA1 for a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). The paper's co-lead authors are physician Shirley Rainier and research fellow Jing-Hua Chai. The discovery of mutation was made with the help of two unrelated families who had no family history of the disease yet affected by HSP. The gene discovery can be used to develop a genetic test to help give HSP patients and their families a firm diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Andrea Sjovall, a 2002 MBA graduate from Purdue University's Krannert School of Management, won the Best MBA Paper in Corporate Citizenship, awarded by the Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College. She received a $5,000 prize for her paper, "From Actions to Impressions: Cognitive Attribution Theory and the Formation of Corporate Reputation." Sjovall's paper draws upon cognitive psychology theory to understand how people form opinions about companies. According to her being considered a good corporate citizen is the result of a consistent and recognizable long-term management effort. In addition to that Sjovall provides four suggestions for those responsible for corporate reputation management.