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The article presents an in-depth analysis of the archives of the Brown family, collected at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. In it the business activities of the family from the 18th to 20th centuries are charted. Comments are given highlighting the historical value of the papers, citing their remarkable comprehensiveness for such a long period. Issues addressed within the collection include records of business conditions and transactions during the Revolutionary War, the transitions in international business networks after the war, and the family's Western frontier land speculation ventures during the 19th-century.

This report includes the description of the five papers presented at the section The Politeness in the interpersonal and professional relationships. of the national conference Communication, Culture, Identity, organized by the Department of Modern Languages and Business Communication, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing trend towards computerization and competition in supply chains results in uncertainty and quick variability that make the decisions difficult for both levels of retailers and manufacturers. In this paper, two Bi-Level Stackelberg Models (BLSMs) are developed under non- and agile conditions in the presence of strategic customers. Our main novelty approach in this paper is to consider both levels competing with each other in a sequential game to determine the optimal production and order quantities and prices with and without agile abilities. In addition, both proposed models are simplified singlelevel using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) approach. Then, they are remodeled by a Robust Optimization (RO) technique due to existing uncertain parameters. To have a better assessment of the models' efficiency and applicability, they have been implemented in a real case and finally, the results are compared and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oikos: Lithuanian Migration & Diaspora Studies is the property of Lithuanian Emigration Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The level of interest in entrepreneurship among policy makers, researchers, academics and businessmen has significantly raised in the last decades. During its evolution, the concept of entrepreneurship has been embedded in many various schools of thought on entrepreneurship. As entrepreneurship is interdisciplinary, it puts together knowledge and combines concepts from different fields of study and schools of thought. The aims of the paper are to briefly define the concept of school of thought and to exemplify its use in the field of entrepreneurship. The paper is based on a quantitative research method. It shows that the existence of the schools of thought on entrepreneurship proved to be beneficial for the development of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tolerance, equality, and universal love are all strategies that veil the reality of the relationship between the Self and the Other. Whether in the writings of Slavoj Žižek, Arthur Miller, or Jacques Lacan, the definition of "reality", as they explain, is something hidden with all sorts of false claims about the "real". The real is ugly, and reality is just an illusion that conceals the ugly truth. Each of these writers establishes that the self is living in an illusion that does not transcend the nature of itself in order to find out that the ugliness of what is really there. To Žižek, the concept of the "real" Other includes all his/her traumatic vulnerability, weakness, and imperfection. He argues in "Love Thy Neighbor, No Thanks!" that the access to the Real is possible, but threatening. By answering the question of "Who is the neighbor", Žižek refers to Lacan by stating that "the neighbor is the real". Loving the Other or the "neighbor", thus, is an experience of aggression and trauma. With the same line of thought, Arthur Miller deals with the paradox of the real in Death of a Salesman by portraying the life of Willy as having an illusion of himself as a successful business man that everybody respects but he's actually not that successful. Understanding Willy's background and life portrays the truth of what is the "real", for the reader understands that Willy is not what he claims to be. His "real" life is ugly, and he's just hallucinating that he's successful. This paper suggests that the concept of reality and illusion in the texts are explained by the use of dialogue which gave the characters a distinctive voice that acted as a persuasive force. I will explore how conversation is used effectively by the main characters in Death of a Salesman to suggest that the "real" is the "ugly". Also, I will illustrate the concept of reality vs. illusion in Death of a Salesman by drawing on Slavoj Žižek's "Love Thy Neighbor, No Thanks!" where he explains the "real" through the use of several examples. My aim is to acknowledge the persuasive force that lies behind the conversations illustrated by both authors in their texts, and to examine how this force is powerfully used in order to convince the reader of the reality of an object. This persuasive force was used as a key to communicate knowledge of certain concepts through certain techniques the authors used in their texts, which had an impact on the different definitions and notions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudos da Linguagem is the property of Revista de Estudos da Linguagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to carry out a preliminary analysis of the Romanian female entrepreneurs’ behavior. In order to reach this aim we studied the specialized literature which tries to define the entrepreneur, the feminine entrepreneur, to identify the women’s motivation to become entrepreneurs, the required skills, as well as the potential similarities and differences between female and male entrepreneurs. In the case study we elaborated in this paper, the percentage of women-entrepreneurs from the total number of entrepreneurs who set up a new business represents the independent variable. We used as dependent variable quantitative variables expressed in percentages which describe the situation of newly founded enterprises one year into their set up (active, inactive and liquidated), the size of the newly founded enterprise (0 employees, 1 to 49 employees, and over 49 employees) and the type of employment (employers, full-time employees, part-time employees). The data we used are annual, refer to a period of time ranging from 1995 to 2013, and were gathered by the Romanian National Institute of Statistics. The conclusions show that the percentage of Romanian women-entrepreneurs is in tight link with the percentage of active companies one year into their set up. As regards the size of the company, we noticed that women-entrepreneurs own companies with fewer employees. And when referring to the head-office of the company, we notices that it is not influenced by the increase or decrease of the percentage of Romanian womenentrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present the result of the research on the topic of “sustainable development issues at the enterprise level and its impact on non-financial reporting enterprise”. The research was conducted among the Czech companies throughout the current year (2013). The results illustrate the impact of sustainable development lead business to business processes and explain how sustainable business is understood by the businessmen themselves.In this paper the issue of sustainable development has been introduced, the text concentrates on the identification, characteristics and the comparison of “the sustainable enterprise” concept and closely discuss the principles of the sustainable entrepreneurship – in other words entrepreneurship in accordance with the sustainable development principles. Results of conducted research entitled “Problems of sustainable development at the enterprise level and its impact on non-financial reporting of the enterprise” among Czech enterprises are presented and more closely discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the relationship between the Party-state and private businessmen centering on the Party member recruitment process at the Party organization established by Zhejiangcun's Wenzhou migrant private businessmen. This analysis revealed that private businessmen Party members at the grassroots level have been conducting Party member recruitment in a way that maximizes their personal interests but falls within the guidelines set out by the CCP's Central Committee, including the high political standards for Party members emphasized in the recent Xi Jinping era. By illustrating the dynamics surrounding the Party member recruitment process for private businessmen based on internal Party documents and interviews with Party officials, this study provides a novel insight into an aspect that has so far resisted analysis due to the limited availability of information and presents a unique case for understanding the dynamics between the Party-state and private entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juan Mencarini Pierotti (1860 - 1939) was a Spanish employee of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service of China from 1881 to 1912 and later a businessman in the import-export sector with base in Shanghai. Parallel to his professional career, Mencarini pioneered in the history of postage stamps in East Asia, contributed to learned societies with articles and lectures, and was reputed among the foreign community of the treaty ports as an accomplished amateur pictorialist photographer. Based on previously unexamined repositories, contemporary press records, and the cataloguing and analysis of over two hundred photographs, this paper analyzes Mencarini's preserved corpus of photographs as well as his participation in the creation of the first associations of amateur photographers in Shanghai and Fuzhou. Mencarini's photographs captured human types, examples of craftsmanship and agriculture, and architectural landmarks of the area of Fuzhou, and reveal a generic Western imperialist gaze that articulates visual and textual discourses to support knowledge production and commercial opportunities, leaving room for the exploration of the aesthetics of pictorialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the analysis is performed for Romania where, after 50 years of communism, the free market economy, based on the free initiative of entrepreneurship, has been returned. The implementation of a scientific management generating performances that can lead the sector of SMEs to the requests of the Lisbon Strategy, cannot be completed without the existence of welltrained entrepreneurs, capable to improve their skills in modern management, thus leading to competitive results in a highly competitive market. Therefore, we consider in our paper some relevant indicators such: the evolution of new founded enterprises, the entrepreneur's socio-professional profile, the entrepreneur's level of education and new enterprise foundation rate. The analysis performed by this research allows us to formulate, synthetically, strengths and weaknesses in the entrepreneurial evolution for the period 1995-2011. Also, this study reveals the dependency between the economic growth, measured by GDP, and the rate of newly founded enterprises. The dynamic of new companies provides information both on the crisis ending and the resumption of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of changes in perspectives regarding male entrepreneurs in female-dominated sectors of the society. Two trades which hitherto were believed to be absolutely preserved women occupation (hair braiding and bean cakes/buns frying) were considered. The study was carried out using both personal observation and distribution of questionnaire to respondents. The data gathered were tested and the results revealed that males who are engaged in FRB do so in order to be gainfully employed and the male entrepreneurs in the women sectors actually earned income which reduced unemployment, and also helped in increased standard of their living. They were actually competing favourably with their female counterparts and are becoming accepted in the society as their services (hair braiding) were sought after even much more than those of the females. The paper also discusses the benefits associated with the change in role and what the society stands to gain in the nearest future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Engineering Series / Analele Universităţii Constantin Brâncuşi din Târgu-Jiu. Seria Inginerie is the property of Universitatea Constantin Brancusi din Targu-Jiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to examine similarities and differences between Bulgarian female and male entrepreneurs with regard to a number of personal characteristics, characteristics of their ventures, and characteristics of the environmental context, in which they operate. A sample of 501 companies (282 maleowned and 219 female-owned) with a single owner is used in the present study. Data have been analyzed using a binary logistic regression. The differences in entrepreneurship identified in this paper are strikingly similar to those reported in the literature in Western countries. This could be explained with the presence of similar gender inequalities and deeply structured processes of female subordination in capitalist, command and transition economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Small businesses have received limited attention from those researching corporate reputation. This paper addresses this gap by examining the development of corporate reputation within a small business in New Zealand. The longitudinal case study locates three distinct stages of corporate reputation building as Hubbard Foods Ltd. grew from small beginnings in 1988 to a firm that now employs 128 people and has a 21% share of the New Zealand cereal market. First, the values of Dick Hubbard, the company founder, were important at start-up as the entrepreneur and the company were viewed as one entity. Second, as the company began to grow, the creation of a family culture and socially responsible company behaviours were key to the reputation building process. In 2004, Dick Hubbard stepped into the political arena and placed the day-to-day running of the business in the hands of an experienced CEO. In this third stage, his and the company’s reputations parted. However, the corporate reputation of Hubbard Foods continued to thrive, even though the founder’s own reputation came under close media scrutiny and intense political pressure. The reasons for the persistence of the company’s good name appear to be related to the constant retelling of a corporate “story”, which captured the core values and competencies that resonated with staff, customers, and other stakeholders. The three-stage model introduced in this paper provides a useful framework for future research into the development of corporate reputation in small businesses. Implications for reputation management are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper traces the development of characterizations of Matthew Boulton in a wide range of texts from the late eighteenth century to the present and the way that those characterizations are tied up with depictions of his partner James Watt. I explore the origins and evolving functions of the overshadowing of Boulton by Watt in the nineteenth century. I argue also that, since 1900, the ideological value of their partnership as an exemplary instance of the mutual dependence of the inventor and the 'entrepreneur' has further clouded the realities of their individual qualities and their relationship. In suggesting that Boulton was more of a natural philosopher, and Watt more of a businessman, than is usually granted, the paper seeks to rebalance our estimation of Boulton and his achievements in the bicentenary of the year of his death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the practice of franchising as a strategy by which entrepreneurs can expand their venture and make substantial return from their investments. The paper tries to explore the extent to which franchising is being practiced in Nigeria and the resultant effect of franchising on the national economy. The study was done by taking intensive study of Nigerian business world to see the extent of the practice of franchising system of business. The result of this study shows that franchising is not well known or practiced in Nigeria. Only a handful of business entities such as the Nigerian Bottling Company and some fast food companies have been engaged in franchising. The paper recommends that government should create a greater awareness of the franchise strategy so that more investors will be aware of it and invest in it. This will create more employment opportunities, reduce poverty level, and ultimately improve the Gross Domestic Product of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful entrepreneurs are often inclined or required to explain themselves and their motivations to others. In telling their stories, these entrepreneurs often create an aura of charismatic leadership of the type that Weber describes as having the `gift of grace' (Khurana, 2002). Their life stories and the images they make or allow to be made by the media celebrate their almost spiritual status and allow others to understand the mental models that frame their success as entrepreneurs. This paper explores the image-making of celebrity entrepreneur Richard Branson, who has achieved strong ties of identification with employees and loyalty to his brand, creating a business with the appeal of a sort of secularised religion-the Virgin-Branson brand. As a case study, the paper details a number of themes that Branson emphasises, the communication strategies that he uses to target various demographic groups, and the narratives that he constructs to express the leadership/followship relationship with employees and customers. The paper draws on media coverage, Branson`s biographies and autobiographies, including the images that he chooses to be used to explain himself, and two interviews he gave, one in 2000 and the other in 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses migration trajectories and cohabitation patterns of Vietnamese population in Slovakia. It starts with brief introduction on origin of Vietnamese in Slovakia and distinguishes two different waves of migrants. After analysis of the 2001 Census data it turns to authors' own survey on Vietnamese traders in Slovakia. The concluding part of the paper explores likely future of Vietnamese in Slovakia after its accession to the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is the first in a series of papers analyzing the phenomenon of Brazilian small ventures internationalization and comparing it with internationally accepted models. The data collection methodology consisted of in-depth interviews conducted with 40 Brazilian businessmen using the snowball sampling technique. The results indicate an inadequacy to explain small business Brazilian entrepreneurship completely, through the Uppsala model. The ventures' dimensions found in the in-depth interviews include the reasons for starting a business, the relations with the local Brazilian communities, as well as the host community. The results point to a phenomenon closer to immigrant entrepreneurship than business internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the relations of business and politics is of profound importance. The paper aims to analyze business-related connections among people within the network of FIDESZ, the currently leading political party in Hungary. The authors study the business networks within the boundaries of FIDESZ and identify the most influential businessmen using network research methodology. The main hypothesis, reflecting common knowledge, is that Lajos Simicska is a central point within this business network. The database of ahalo.hu has been used as the main source of data. First the sample FIDESZ business network is analyzed, followed by an analysis of the four biggest business communities identified in it. The article is concluded with the identification of the most influential businessmen of these. The findings of the article fail to support the main hypothesis: according to our findings (1) Péter Kiss, (2) Zoltán Varga, (3) Antal Nagy, (4) Márton Szabó, (5) János Bertalan, (6) Zsolt Nyerges, (7) Lajos Simicska and (8) István Töröcskei are considered to be the eight most influential businessmen of the FIDESZ network (and not Simicska is the most important). Qualitative research carried out in parallel to analyze the business activities of the aforementioned businessmen reveals that the current research can only partially point out the most prominent members of the FIDESZ business network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dynamic approach which could better track the performance of EIP was proposed. • The approach combined ecological network theory, input-output analysis, and environmental economic analysis. • The approach highlighted the function to track the change of symbiotic network structure and reflect the EIP performance change derived from that. • A simplified EIP transition case in Kawasaki eco-town, Japan was demonstrated to test and verify the approach. • The approach was expected to be a more practical tool for businessmen to manage EIP transition activities. Eco-industrial park (EIP) is systematic innovation based on industrial symbiosis (IS). Monitor and track the benefit of industrial symbiosis is critical to EIP performance evaluation. Numerous evaluations were applied based on sustainability indicators. However, dynamically track the contribution of IS from the network perspective, and incorporate the sustainability indicators, are few reported. This paper combines ecological network method, and environmental & economic analysis to dynamically monitor and evaluate the EIP performance. The proposed method presents the IS expansion as the development of EIP. The change of observed environmental and economic flows in the park level is further analyzed to account the indicators. Our method aims to report the benefit that derived from the development of IS better. Kawasaki eco-town, Japan, was applied to demonstrate the developed approach. Results highlighted the approach could effectively track EIP performance based on IS expansion, and attract policymakers and businessmen to EIP transition activities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing importance of environmental issues requires efforts in different area of research and application. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) offers great potentials for the improvement of ecological performance of manufacturers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the stakeholders’ pressures on green supply chains, and to develop a taxonomy framework that can be used for green supply chain decision makers based on the characteristic dimensions for the green supply chain. The taxonomic framework is developed through (i) analysis of different dimension of green supply chain found in existing empirical work or case studies recorded in the literature, (ii) identification of key stakeholders’ pressures that influence green supply chain management initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]