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The article explores the life of students at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts during the 1895-1915 period. Dean Christopher C. Langdell instituted an academic ideology and structure that proliferated throughout the legal and professional education. He faced strong criticisms from students, alumni and faculty until his retirement in 1895. James B. Ames implemented reforms that Langdell introduced during 1870 to 1886. The Paper Chase emerged under Dean Ezra R. Thayer.

The article reports on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its development of a membrane which can absorb oil. The membrane is made of nanowires which can absorb hydrophobic liquids including oil from water. It can be used in cleaning up oil spills and other water pollutants. Francesco Stellaci who is leading the development comments that the material can remain dry after being left on water for a month. The oil that is absorbed by the membrane can be recovered through heating and evaporation since the nanowires are made of potassium manganese. The membrane is created with a technique similar to paper production.

Abstract: CO2 avoidance cost economics are an essential tool for analysis of the potential for future CO2 capture and storage (CCS) utilization. The CO2 avoidance cost is the CO2 tax at which the product cost is the same for either a fossil fuel plant without CO2 mitigation (but paying the CO2 tax) or the same fossil fuel plant that includes the added capital and efficiency losses of adding CCS (but avoiding most of the CO2 tax). The CO2 tax must be higher than this CO2 avoidance cost to justify the higher risks, capital, and lower efficiency of utilizing CCS. Understanding which issues impact CO2 avoidance costs the most is fundamental to economically encouraging the massive CO2 reductions enabled with CCS. SFA Pacific recently completed two similar economic analyses of coal-based power plant CO2 mitigation costs. Both analyses included the options of converting to lower CO2 emissions with natural gas (with and without CCS) and continued coal use with and without CCS. One analysis was for an existing coal-based power plant baseline as part of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Workshop and Report entitled Retrofitting of Coal-Fired Power Plants for CO2 Emissions Reductions . The second analysis was for a new coal-based power plant baseline as part of an analysis of CO2 mitigation options by the U.S. Business Roundtable entitled The Balancing Act: Climate Change, Energy Security and the U.S. Economy . However, the resulting CO2 avoidance costs for these two analyses were very different. Specifically, the CO2 avoidance cost was about twice as high for the existing coal power plant than for the new coal power plant baseline. There are basic technical and economic reasons for this big difference in CO2 avoidance costs. They are best explained by simply showing the costs and performance of each baseline without and then with CCS in simple, transparent, and consistent one-page models. This enables easy, insightful side-by-side direct comparisons. Since first developing a cost and performance economic screening model of CCS for our GHGT-4 paper in 1998 , SFA Pacific has continued to improve the model which focuses on objectivity by stressing transparency and consistency with easy to compare cases. SFA Pacific has clearly shown identical inputs for key items such as fuel costs, non-fuel operating costs, unit capital costs, contingencies, site location factors, cost indexes, and especially capital charges. This makes it easy to see that power costs for the existing coal power plant baseline can be very low when the power plant is old and most of the existing capital is already paid-off. This GHGT-10 paper presents the most updated SFA Pacific analysis of CCS retrofit for existing coal power plant CO2 mitigation. The paper focuses on showing and explaining why the CO2 avoidance costs can be much higher for the existing plants versus new fossil fuel power plants. CO2 taxes which are high enough to discourage new coal power plants with high CO2 emissions would likely have little or no impact on existing coal power plants. Until the over 1,200 GW of existing old coal power plants begin reducing their high CO2 emissions, there can be little net reduction in worldwide CO2 growth. Converting or replacing this large capacity of existing coal power plants is essential to obtaining large CO2 reductions . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes the focus area of the MIT-Portugal Programme that deals with Engineering Design and Advanced Manufacturing (EDAM). The EDAM initiative consists of two new post tertiary degree programmes plus affiliated research and industrial liaisons. The paper also discusses the Portuguese innovation and education trajectory and the challenges felt by Portugal as the world becomes more networked (or flat). Some quantitative statistical studies of Portuguese innovation and education metrics are examined to explore the needs for new initiatives such as the MIT-Portugal Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship education at U.S. universities formally began at Harvard University in 1947 with a single course and most significant efforts began in the past 30 years (Katz 2003). This paper provides entrepreneurship education profiles of top ranked programs, emerging campus-wide programs, and 1890 Land Grant Institution programs. Entrepreneurship Centers (ECs), typically in Schools of Business, are components of entrepreneurship education at many institutions. ECs have programs and services from research to academic instruction to community outreach and programming. This paper introduces a typology of ECs predicated upon their academic programs and community outreach. Detailed program information on and recommendations for the 1890 Land Grant Programs is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Excerpts from the Alfred H. Barr Papers are presented including a discussion of the implementation of a modern architectural building design for the new site of the Museum of Modern Art located in New York City, the hiring of Philip Goodwin as designer for this site, and the hiring of Gropius Andor Mies as Professor of Architecture for Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

• From measurements made by mobile low-cost air quality monitors, we develop three techniques to: • Identify and characterize PM 2.5 hotspots in cities. • Derive qualitative insights about the relative importance of local versus regional sources of PM 2.5. • Estimate PM 2.5 source signatures in different parts of cities. • We test these methods using two low-cost optical particle countersdeployed on trash-trucks in the city of Cambridge, MA. • We highlight the lessons we learned during this monitoring experiment. Air quality monitoring (AQM) is crucial for cities to develop management plans supporting population health. However, there is a dearth of measurements due to the high cost of standard reference instruments. Mobile AQM using low-cost sensors deployed on routine fleets of vehicles can enable the continuous detection of fine-scale pollutant variations in cities at a lower cost. New methods need to be developed to interpret these measurements. This paper presents three such methods. First, we propose a technique to identify aerosol hotspots. Second, we employ techniques published previously to assess the generalizable map of fine and coarse particle number concentrations, to understand qualitatively the contribution of local and regional sources across the region sampled. By using the raw number concentration of differently sized particles from the Optical Particle Counters (OPCs) instead of the noisier mass concentrations, we obtain more robust results. Third, in order to evaluate source signatures in cities, we propose another technique, in which we cluster the entire range of aerosol size-distribution measurements acquired. The properties of each cluster provide insight into the aerosol source characteristics in the sampling environment. We test these methods using a dataset we collected by mounting OPCs on two trash-trucks in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the student activities of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school conducted its annual Ocean Engineering Holiday Party which allows the students and faculty to mingle with one another. Three of the seven papers presented at the annual Student Paper Night were from MIT students. Some of the papers discussed an upgrade of MIT towing tanks and autonomous surface vessel design.

The article offers news briefs involving the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts on January to February 2007. A movie night was hosted in January by 13Seas, MIT Ocean Engineering Student's Association, that was attended by students and faculty. Its February affair revealed the launching of New England Section's Student Paper night participated by various maritime schools, as well as the election of MIT new sets of officer including Jordan Stanway as president.