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It is a text book for corrosion engineers and scientists studying to PhD level and would be useful for scientists and engineers to use as a reference manual. Chapter headings include: Corrosion Thermodynamic and equilibrium potentials Electrode kinetics Corrosion types Corrosion environments Determining corrosion rates Optimal material and surface selection for corrosion protection The book could be of interest to readers with no background in corrosion as each section covers the basic principles and continues on to the complex science involved in the corrosion process. It not only covers the corrosion of metals but also the degradation (corrosion) of other materials. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Paper and paperboard incorporate a large variety of use in today''s global society. Packaging is among them. The fields where paper and paperboard are adopted in the form of packaging include food and beverage, tobacco, electric and electronic equipment, machinery, construction materials, furniture, etc. But once the packed product is consumed, what happens to the packaging? What happens to the tons and tons of paper and paperboard packaging? The answer is waste accumulation. An increasing problem of waste generation has become associated with paper and paperboard packaging. Recognizing the challenge, various nations, especially EU member states have adopted packaging policies contemplated to deal with the issue. Among the policies instituted, environmental taxation has received comparatively little attention both in terms of application and investigating literature. Applied in the form of weight basis charges, the tax policy aims at reducing the demand for the subjected products. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the environmental taxes applied on paper and paperboard industrial packaging in the case of Denmark. Using a panel data analysis, the investigation focuses on the taxation impact on the import trade flow of paper and paperboard packaging entering into Danish territory. Gravitational regression model analysis is adopted to judge on the trade pattern. Results reveal that environmental taxes were effective in reducing the quantity imported of paper and paperboard. The reasons that might have stimulated the positive implementation are also emphasized as a remainder for future applications of the policy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: To make the pension system robust to population ageing, Denmark will increase the statutory retirement age in tandem with national life expectancy. By universally increasing this age, this pension indexation policy might amplify known inequalities in mortality, such as those between people in different living arrangements. OBJECTIVE: We aim to quantify inequalities in mortality before retirement age by living arrangement over time and to estimate whether an increase in the retirement age could disproportionately affect disadvantaged groups. METHODS: We estimate the probability of dying between ages 50 and 65/67/70 for several cohorts of Danes living in different household types, stratifying by socioeconomic status. To give a more complete picture, we also calculate equivalent age for each sub-group. RESULTS: In Denmark considerable mortality inequalities exist depending on living arrangements, and they are becoming larger. Across all the dimensions of mortality we examine, single individuals cumulate a clear disadvantage. An increased retirement age would increase absolute and (for single individuals) relative differences in pre-retirement survival, adding to the widening trends across cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Relying on the national average to set the statutory retirement age risks maintaining these subpopulations' disadvantage. While early retirement schemes exist in Denmark, they mostly impact people based on their occupation. We highlight that other characteristics are strongly tied to mortality and should also be considered. CONTRIBUTION: This paper falls within a project developed and directed by Jim Vaupel from 2019 until his death. He believed that the Danish pension indexation policy risked unfairly damaging specific groups. The results of this paper show that by neglecting existing and widening inequalities, this might indeed be the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adjustment of government redistributive policies in Scandinavian and Mediterranean countries following changes in income inequality over the period 1980–2021. Design/methodology/approach: The authors first modelled the time-varying dynamics between income inequality and redistribution and then used a non-linear framework to test for the existence of asymmetries and cointegration in their long-run relationship. The authors used two complementary measures of inequality – the share of total income accruing to top percentile income holders and the ratio of the share of total income accruing to top decile income holders divided by that accumulated by the bottom 50% – and computed redistribution as the difference between the two inequality indicators before and after taxes and transfers. Findings: The authors found that the sign of the relationship between income inequality and redistribution is mostly positive and time-varying. Overall, the authors also found evidence that the impact of increases in inequality on redistributive measures is higher than that of decreases. Finally, the authors obtained a significant long-run relationship between both variables in all countries except Denmark and Spain. These results hold for both Scandinavian and Mediterranean countries. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper to account for the potential existence of non-linearities and to examine the asymmetries in the adjustment of redistributive policies to increases in income inequality using alternative income inequality metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nordic Nursing Research / Nordisk Sygeplejeforskning is the property of H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard) AS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Approximately 22% of the existing dwellings in the EU were built before 1946. In Wrocław, Poland ca. 21% of all dwellings in multifamily houses are protected for their heritage value. For such a significant share of the residential building stock pursuit of sustainability through amenity improvement is inevitable and will gain pace with the EU endorsed Renovation Wave. The discourse about the scope of renovations should be extended to consider an improvement of historical housing's spatial quality without compromising its heritage value. Balconies are perceived as an indispensable part of new-built apartments; however, they are scarce in tenements built at the turn of 20th century. Adding balconies as a part of retrofitting is common in Germany or Denmark, but rare in Poland. By analysing heritage preservation practices in Chemnitz, Copenhagen and Wrocław, this paper aims to understand how retention of heritage value shapes local approach to adding balconies. Semi-structured interviews (18) were conducted with heritage conservation officers and other stakeholders. The results revealed a shared recognition of balcony's role as an element contributing to heritage housing preservation through enhanced usability. Factors that impede balcony additions in historical tenements in Wrocław were identified for different tenure types, followed by recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Denmark and Sweden index their statutory retirement ages to life expectancy. When lifespan increases, so does retirement age. This policy does not consider demographic heterogeneity in life expectancy, e.g., between migrants and non-migrants, posing possible issues for pension policies that index retirement age to life expectancy. OBJECTIVE: To understand how mortality inequalities between migrants and non-migrants interact with the indexation of statutory retirement age in Denmark and Sweden. METHODS: We used Danish and Swedish registry data from 1988-2018, and included individuals aged 50+. Migrants were classified as European-born or non-European-born. We calculated the probability of dying before retirement age, remaining life expectancy at retirement age, lifespan inequalities after retirement age, and the likelihood that a nonmigrant would outlive a migrant. We also classified the Danish-born population into four income levels and compared them to migrant groups. RESULTS: Non-European-born migrants had the survival advantage in both countries, but equal or higher lifespan inequality at retirement. Sweden had a proportionally larger migrant population, but Denmark's was more diverse. The probability that a non-migrant would outsurvive a migrant was 40%-50% in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: The healthy migrant effect was observed in both Denmark and Sweden. Despite mortality advantages, migrants do not contribute to increasing life expectancy in Denmark or Sweden. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the literature on mortality differences between migrants and non-migrants in Scandinavia. The novel contributions of this paper are the consideration of the socioeconomic status of non-migrants in Denmark, and the calculation of probabilities that migrants will outsurvive non-migrants, all within the context of pension policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the stock market, volatility is a term used to describe the degree to which the prices of assets oscillate and determines the level of risk or uncertainty. The foremost objective of the present analysis is to model the behaviour of the Denmark stock market using data from December 20, 2016, to September 20, 2023. Through the application of GARCH family prototypes which, include GARCH/TARCH, EGARCH, Component ARCH (1,1), and PARCH. The analysis used a sample number of 1668 daily observations for OMXC 25 or OMX Copenhagen 25 Stock Index representing the Denmark stock market. We used some statistical techniques such as Phillips-Perron and Augmented Dickey Fuller tests, Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin test statistic, The ARCH Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test, PARCH model. We utilized the E-Views 12 Econometrics package. This empirical investigation adds to the corpus of financial econometrics and emphasizes the importance of precisely and painstakingly modelling the behaviour of stock markets. Our ability to forecast market movements and make informed decisions in a turbulent financial climate will be improved by the findings and research methodologies covered in this paper, which will serve as a solid foundation for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent debate on megaprojects (MPs), greater attention is devoted to the functioning of the interorganizational and multiactor networks that are one of the most innovative features in recent years. The complexity of these structures brings out governability issues for an MP's management. Mutual recognition and consent become elements capable of inaugurating more collaborative processes and practices to reduce organizational and management criticalities in MPs. This paper focuses on a neglected relational dimension, namely legitimacy. We argue that legitimacy is instead the central dimension that attributes effectiveness and capacity for action to the organizations involved. Legitimacy regulates the relationship between various organizations--and especially--between organizations and the public sphere. Institutionalist theory assigns a central role to legitimacy in the construction of social processes, defining it as a generalized form of social acceptance toward an actor, an idea, or a project. In this paper, we hypothesize that the legitimacy attributed and "held" by the stakeholders is a crucial element in countering three critical aspects of MPs, namely the uncertainty, complexity, and conflict acting on the construction of public consensus and the quality of relationships between the participating stakeholders. We verify our hypothesis by analyzing a cross-border MP, the Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link between Germany and Denmark. The paper concentrates on the mechanisms with which stakeholders can acquire legitimacy using the Eriksen discursive legitimation scheme. These mechanisms are different (evidence-based, public participation, and legislators' command) and produce different outcomes in terms of increasing or containing these three criticalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper responds to the call for more agency in transition Studies, to earlier studies of wind power in transitions, as well as to the 'market-as-practices approach'. • Our study provides new insigths to the making of Denmark's emblemic wind power market, by studying the role of agencies and market devices in framing and temporarily pacifying wind power across three domains: 1) the socio-political domain where discursive devices enabled the valuation of wind power and coalition-building, 2) the domain of action where devices framed the economic price-setting models for wind power investors, and, 3) domain of action where devices framing wind power's integration into the electricity grid-infrastructure were made. • The paper brings attention to dynamics of ' framing-overflowing-reframing'. Exploring the role of material devices in "framing" and pacifying the wind, the paper explores dynamics/"overflowing" of the framings, contributing not only to sustainability transition studies but also market studies. • We show how governing sustainability transitions and spurring environmental innovation necessitates a shift from understanding markets neither as niches nor as mainstream, but as market agencements working through market devices that frame and pacify some goods with peculiar economizations and as 'legitimate'. This paper contributes to a renewed understanding of markets in transition studies by focusing on how unknown things must be 'framed' and pacified in order to be attributed some 'value' that makes them 'matter'. We empirically analyze the making of a market agencement for wind power deployment in Denmark. Using an analytical framework of framing and pacifying, we trace three entangled 'domains of action' associated with the employment of (a) sociopolitical devices to enable the discursive valuation of wind power, (b) economic devices to develop price-setting models for investors, and (c) technical devices to facilitate grid integration, thereby framing wind power as socio-politically, economically, and techno-scientifically 'valuable', respectively. This market agencement has consistently produced concerns (i.e., overflows) requiring constant re-framing. We discuss how the lens of markets-in-the-making can contribute to transition studies. By showing how the domains of action entangle and 'overflow' onto each other, this study demonstrates that the relational lens of socio-technical agencements can help shed additional light on the dynamics and agency of markets in transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the introduction of Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) in Denmark and its potential as a pedagogical tool used throughout Danish education culture and particularly in Danish primary schools. The first active Danish users of and trainers in VTS in the country provide purposive qualitative interview data through structured e-mail interviews focused on their experiences with VTS and their impressions of this pedagogical tool in the Danish education culture context. The analysis of this qualitative data indicates that VTS is highly and widely adaptable to Danish education culture which, like other Scandinavian education systems, is based on bildung didactic principles. In their contemporary manifestation, these principles value the emancipation of the individual and the promotion of democratic learning processes. The introduction of VTS is still a work in progress in the Danish context and is not yet formally used in the school system. However, it is precisely there that a rich vein of opportunities exists for VTS in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the spillover impact of US unconventional monetary policy and uncertainty factors on the time-varying co-movements between the US stock market and 14 advanced countries' bond markets, as based on monthly data from January 2002, to October 2015, and utilising the conditional nonlinear quantile regression approach. The empirical results reveal that US unconventional monetary policy has an asymmetric positive effect on stockbond market co-movements, with a nonlinear effect in France and Denmark and a strong effect in the UK and Finland. Further, US bond market uncertainty has heterogeneous effects on stock-bond market co-movements, with a nonlinear effect in France and Denmark and a strong effect in Finland and Sweden. In addition, default risk spread positively influences stock-bond market co-movements across most countries for all quantiles. In contrast, stock-bond market comovements negatively and symmetrically respond to the US stock market uncertainty in most countries. Finally, stock-bond co-movements exhibit mixed responses to US economic policy uncertainty across countries. Our results have valuable implications for international investors who allocate capital across developed countries' stock and bond markets. Our findings provide important information for financial communities with regard to diversification and hedging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the professionalisation and performance aspects of Airbnb hosts in rural regions in Denmark, Iceland, and Norway. More specifically, based upon the professionalisation of hosts, which represents a proxy for the scale of their entrepreneurial engagement, the host landscape in the rural regions is investigated, resulting in different host profiles, including individual single- and multiple-listing hosts, and small and large tourism companies. The paper subsequently estimates the service quality performance of Airbnb hosts in relation to their professionalisation in rural regions through a u-shaped relationship, with the professionalisation influencing the performance evaluation of the hosts by the users. This twofold empirical analysis amends the extant literature, as it provides both a more nuanced and more comprehensive description of the nature and scale of Airbnb host engagement in rural regions, and points to the vast entrepreneurial opportunities for private households and companies on the platform. • Airbnb hosts in rural regions attract new travellers and amend a "thin" accommodation infrastructure. • This paper explores Airbnb host profiles in rural regions through a professionalisation-performance relationship. • The study finds multiple host profiles: individual (single- and multiple-listing) and commercial hosts (small and large tourist companies). • Individual hosts are important for a high service quality for Airbnb guests in rural regions, commercial hosts receive lower performance values by guests. • The different profiles point to various opportunities for private households and local businesses on Airbnb in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore children's perspectives on wellbeing at school through a multimodal, qualitative research design. Forty-seven students from Years 2, 4 and 6 in a public school in Denmark shared their insights regarding their own wellbeing in school through written accounts and videos, as well as other articulations such as drawings, paintings and Lego models. The analysis makes use of an "extended" conceptualization of wellbeing at school, which integrates four entangled dimensions: being, belonging, becoming and agency, with aspects of the whole-school material and social environment. The analysis shows that children experience wellbeing as an embodied, multifaceted phenomenon embedded in the school context but also connected with their lives outside of school. Furthermore, the analysis points to the importance of relationships at school for wellbeing but also the significance of teacher guidance as well as the sense of safety and trust facilitated by the school staff. School facilities, workload, rhythms, time schedules and numerous transitions also play pivotal roles in student experiences of wellbeing. Finally, the findings demonstrate that in students' views, their involvement in and consequential influence on decision-making at school as a whole is decisive for their sense of wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Denmark, many rural schools have been closed since 2000. These school closures have often resulted in heated debates between local politicians and the local population. Locals have feared that closing their school would have adverse effects and lead to local population decline. Meanwhile, previous research has found mixed evidence on the population effect of rural school closures. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the existing literature by looking at the case of Denmark. The paper analyses the local population effects of the simultaneous closure of eight village schools in 2011 in the same peripheral municipality in Denmark. The case study offers a quasi-experimental setting, and the population effects are estimated through an ordinary and a flexible difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis. Overall, the results show clear evidence of a negative population effect of rural school closures. The ordinary DiD analysis shows a population decline of 7.6 percentage points during the 10-year post-closure period. The flexible DiD analysis points to long-term effects, as the population decline first becomes statistically significant from the sixth year following the closures and onwards. To qualify the results of the econometric tests, we report findings from interviews with local people carried out in 2015 in four of the eight rural communities. Among other things, findings from interviews point to lock-in effects in terms of social capital and housing markets, which helps to understand the dominance of long-term population effects from school closures. • Eight village schools in the same peripheral municipality in Denmark were closed simultaneously in 2011. • A mixed methods approach is used to examine the population effects of the school closures. • The population development would have been 7.6 percentage points more favourable if the schools had not been closed. • Long-term effects: The population decline first becomes statistically significant from the sixth year after the closures. • Findings point to lock-in effects in terms of social capital and housing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic post-mortem examinations of animals are carried out on suspicion of violation of European and national legislation. In Denmark, and probably also in other countries with large-scale cattle production, cattle are regularly submitted for forensic assessment. Unfortunately, only few studies of forensic pathology in cattle are available. This paper presents a retrospective study of forensic case files on Danish cattle from January 2010 to December 2021. The case files were characterized with respect to types of lesion, age assessments of lesions and other parameters such as age and sex. A total of 118 forensic case files had been archived and related to 132 cattle (14 weeks–20 years of age; 68% female, 30% male and 2% unknown sex) with 228 lesions. Locomotor disorders constituted the majority of lesions. However, cachexia/emaciation, skin ulcerations and overgrowth of cornual horn were also frequent. Most lesions were chronic (91%) and age assessments for more than 2 weeks were stated for 79% of the lesions. This indicates that in Denmark at least, there is a need to consider how cattle with locomotor disorders are treated in a timely manner in order to avoid prolonged futile treatment and, thereby, suffering. Grossly visible reparative granulation tissue and new bone formation were present in lesions of 1–2 weeks and longer duration. However, all age assessments were stated in broad time intervals due to the lack of scientifically based forensic studies of age assessments of lesions in cattle. Therefore, to improve age assessments in forensic cattle cases, studies concerning the chronology of tissue reparation in cattle are warranted. We also present a guideline for the forensic examination of cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nordic Nursing Research / Nordisk Sygeplejeforskning is the property of H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard) AS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Transition dynamics and agency are insufficiently considered in sectors with complex configurational set-ups. • We introduce the concept of the contestation axis. • Considerable agency can play out along other axes than the typical niche-regime axis. • We analyze contestation axes in the waste sector in Denmark. • Circular economy visions trigger agentic processes between multiple socio-technical configurations. Research in sustainability transitions increasingly acknowledges that the structural characteristics of socio-technical systems differ. However, little attention has been paid to the specific transition dynamics that can result from this structural variation. In response, this paper develops a framework for studying transition dynamics that takes the structural characteristics of socio-technical systems and their influence on agency into account. We introduce the concept contestation axis to highlight alternative potential interfaces between functional solutions in a socio-technical system. We argue that considerable agency and frictions between actors can play out at other axes than between established regimes and emerging niches. Our conceptual framework is applied to a case study in the waste sector. We explore how the growing influence of the circular economy triggers misalignment between multiple socio-technical configurations in the Danish waste sector. In the case, we zoom in on three actual frictions that have manifested along different contestation axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Quality Registries (CQRs) were initiated in order to compare clinical outcomes between hospitals or regions within a country. To get an overview of these CQRs worldwide the aim of this study was to identify these CQRs for gynecological oncology and to summarize their characteristics, processes and QI's and to establish whether it is feasible to make an international comparison in the future. To identify CQRs in gynecological oncology a literature search in Pubmed was performed. All papers describing the use of a CQR were included. Administrative, epidemiological and cancer registries were excluded as these registries do not primarily serve to measure quality of care through QI's. The taskforce or contact person of the included CQR were asked to participate and share information on registered items, processes and indicators. Five nations agreed to collaborate: Australia, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden established a nationwide registry, collecting data on multiple tumor types, and various QI's. Australia and Italy included patients with ovarian cancer only. All nations had a different process to report feedback results to participating hospitals. CQRs serve the same purpose to improve quality of care but vary on different aspects. Although similarities are observed in the topics measured by the QI's, an international comparison was not feasible as numerators or denominators differ between registries. In order to compare on an international level it would be useful to harmonize these registries and to set an international standard to measure the quality of care with similar indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Willingness to pay for BECCS in Denmark and factors influencing it are investigated. • Willingness to pay is linked to the view of BECCS as necessary for mitigation. • View of BECCS as a necessity reveals either support or reluctant acceptance. • Preference for renewable energies revealed by respondents unwilling to pay. • Age, views on climate change and sustainability of biomass influence WTP. Most climate change mitigation scenarios rely on negative emissions technologies like bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). However, little is known about public support for BECCS. This paper gauges Danes' willingness to pay (WTP) for biomass with carbon capture and storage and examines factors influencing it. Denmark is a suitable case study given its reliance on biomass and negative emissions to achieve climate targets. Results from a questionnaire-based survey indicate a mean WTP of 3072 DKK (412 EUR) per household per year. This correspondents to a 12% increase in heat and electricity expenses. The need for negative emissions is the main stated reason for WTP. This may be interpreted as reflecting either support for, or reluctant acceptance of, BECCS. Results show that being younger, being concerned about climate change and believing that it is mainly caused by human activity, and believing in the mitigation potential of biomass and that sustainability is a precondition of its use have a significant effect on WTP. Public views on BECCS are complex but must be acknowledged if discussion of the role of BECCS in the decarbonisation agenda is to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the sense of place and belonging among refugees settled in small towns in Denmark and the role local, rural communities can play in encouraging it. The entry point for creating a sense of place and belonging is rooted in their new everyday lives, the extent to which, and in what form, this is linked to the new small town in which they live, and to what factors might inhibit or promote these links and sense of belonging. The paper is based on 43 interviews conducted in 2016/2017 with refugees and members of local communities in seven small towns, as well as other key formal stakeholders. The results show that several structural factors can have a detrimental effect on the sense of belonging in a small town; for example, a lack of cheap rented accommodation, combined with a busy everyday life, affording little free time to spend in the town, and the fact that the refugees are often originally from cities and would have preferred to be settled in one. They are uncertain how to behave in a small-town setting and make the most of it. Their links to the local community are via social relations with other migrants and committed local volunteers. Volunteers can play an important role in helping refugees navigate their new everyday life and help them counter many of the problems of living in an unfamiliar and rural environment. If refugees are to settle permanently in these communities, structural challenges such as the lack of rental accommodation must be addressed; something that local communities cannot do on their own. • Lack of cheap rental housing and big city backgrounds challenge refugees' sense of belonging. • Local belonging also means local social relations to other migrants and active local people. • Local engagement plays a key role in ameliorating the drawbacks of being resettled in a small town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of ICTs, including social media platforms, has the potential to substantially affect the technological mix that underpins rural sociability. Little is currently known about the practices of technology use emerging from this novel situation. The paper takes steps to address this gap by applying a Foucauldian-inspired mundane technologies perspective to investigate the technosocial configurations for rural sociability after the introduction of social media platforms. Empirically, a mixed-methods approach including a quantitative phone survey and qualitative online ethnography, focusing on community groups on facebook, is used to study three small areas in the Danish countryside. Results show how rural residents employ a mix of embedded and disembedded technologies to inform themselves about social life in their area. Embedded technologies include noticeboards at grocery stores, village halls, and other meeting places; free weekly newspapers, brochures and leaflets delivered by mail; face-to-face interaction (in public spaces, at the workplace, and at home). Disembedded technologies include community websites, mailing lists and newsletters, text messaging chains, and social media platforms. Importantly, technologies are used in complementary combination and a large majority of residents use several technologies. Social media platforms play a major role, but results do not suggest that they have replaced previous practices. Rather, the paper finds that they should be viewed as additions whose integration in the technology mix contributes to an on-going process of incremental reconfiguration. Rural sociability, then, has not been fundamentally reworked by the arrival of social media, although it has brought some changes of note, including the attenuation of local digital divides, the emergence of a new arena for social control, and an unprecedented external visibility of social life in the countryside, where outsiders may gain fragmented glimpses of the local gossip and goings-on. • Study of technosocial configurations for rural sociability in the Danish countryside. • Social media platforms need to be studied in the context of the local technology mix. • A Foucauldian technology concept is combined with Serres' notion of parasites. • Reappraisal of third place sociability from a mundane technologies perspective. • Social media have not radically changed the local embeddednes of rural sociability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of smartphones in facilitating the journeys of predominantly young, male Syrians following the onset of the civil war. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with Syrian refugees who have reached Denmark but are at different stages of the asylum process, it traces the multiple disruptions they have experienced and delves into the ways in which they navigate in their search for a better life. Their smartphones are shown to be vital tools in a myriad of ways at all stages of their physical and existential journeys starting from their lives in Syria and then Turkey, the boat crossing to Greece, overland through Europe, seeking asylum and settling into Denmark. The concept of 'chronic disruption' is developed to capture the ways in which refugees are constantly facing new hurdles in their lives, which smartphones play a key role both physically and existentially in their attempts to overcome. This paper makes an original contribution to migration studies by bringing together an analysis of the role smartphones play as part of migration infrastructure , both in facilitating access to the migration industry and shaping migrants' journeys , aspects which are rarely brought together in one study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impacts of CO 2 capture methods on Denmark's future energy sector have been assessed. • The capacity of RES must be increased to meet the demands of CO 2 capture processes. • Choosing cryogenic method results in a 45% reduction in annual investment costs. • Using cryogenic method with energy storage cuts variable costs in energy sector by 2.5%. Utilizing CO 2 capture technologies is an essential part of achieving a future carbon-neutral Society. So far, amine-based technologies, which are the most mature post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies, have been predominantly applied in large-scale CO 2 capture applications. However, the cryogenic process has also been proven to be a potential CO 2 capture technology suitable for large-scale applications. Cryogenic carbon capture offers two potential advantages over amine-based technology. First, the efficiency is higher and thus the energy penalty is lower. Next, the flexibility of system integration is also higher, and thus the technology carries the potential of better balancing variable renewable electricity productions. By using the software tool EnergyPLAN and dedicated scenarios of achieving a carbon-neutral Denmark, this paper quantitatively estimates these benefits. It is observed that, from a system perspective, utilizing cryogenic technologies to capture 90 % of CO 2 emissions in 2045 can reduce the demand for wind power by approximately 47 %, leading to a decrease in annual system costs by nearly 45 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposes a constructivist approach to the spatial organization of TIP • Views scale as continuously produced and contested by actors • Rescaling is highlighted as an additional source of transformative potential • Assumes that rescaling processes are likely to vary across different contexts Recent attempts to conceptualize the multi-level governance of transformative innovation policy make strong arguments in favour of pursuing societal challenges at the subnational scale. This article suggests, that these recent efforts risk falling into a scalar trap, because they rely on a theoretical assumption about the policy effectiveness of the subnational scale. In response, the paper proposes a constructivist approach to the spatial organization of transformative innovation policy. The constructivist approach views scale as continuously produced and contested by actors. Moreover, it suggests that rescaling may be an important aspect of multi-level governance of transformative innovation policy because it has the potential to alter the influence of actors in the prevailing socio-technical system. The approach is illustrated with an empirical analysis of waste management in Denmark where a transformative innovation policy has recently been introduced, rescaling decision-making away from a traditionally strong subnational scalar arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing energy needs of society can be met with one or more microgrids working in conjunction. A need of a trading and scheduling mechanism for energy exchange among microgrids for sustainable development of the consumers is required. Game theory techniques have been widely utilised to study this interaction among microgrids. This paper seeks to analyse the different game theory-based energy trading techniques to elaborate on such models' efficiencies. The study is based on renewable energy generation and consumption in Denmark. Lexicographic egalitarian solution is proposed as a bargaining solution for two participating microgrids in an energy trading game. A comparison is performed between the proposed model and conventional techniques for inter-microgrid trading. The proposed bargaining solution depicts a fairness index of 0.974 compared to 0.946 for the Nash solution and 0.954 for the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution. The results of the proposed study provide a better insight into the various aspects of energy sharing algorithms and will help improve the utilisation of green energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of taxation has steadily increased in the EU member countries, largely reflecting an expansion of the public sector. Many countries in the European Union have adopted measures to reduce the level of taxation, but the tax burden in the Member States of the European Union is high. The mix of fiscal policies is very different from one country to another, and this is because fiscal policy is an element of national sovereignty. In the paper, using statistical data at the level of the European Union, the degree of taxation will be highlighted, comparative studies will be carried out and conclusions about the fiscal burden registered in each Member State of the European Union will be highlighted. These calculations will be made using a series of indicators from the literature. The general objection of the paper is that in the Member States of the European Union the level of taxation varies according to the degree of development of each Member State and varies according to the fiscal policy promoted within each country. The structure analysis of the tax system adopted by each member state of the European Union in the paper highlighted the fact that at the level of the developed countries the tax systems are focused on direct taxes and the less developed countries apply tax systems focused on indirect taxes and contributions large social. For example, in the year 2016, with regard to tax revenue structure, in Denmark the share of direct taxes in GDP was 30.2%, indirect taxes in GDP was 16.5% and the share of compulsory social contributions in GDP was 0.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses a case of mobilisation for 'small tourism' where a coalition of actors in distant rural communities unite to cope with limited possibilities in ways that are meaningful to them. The theoretical bases for the analysis are resilience theory and the concept of geo-social position, the latter of which implies a reorientation to an 'earthly' commitment to the environment where people live 'down to earth' (Latour, 2018). The case study focuses on the coastal hamlet of Lildstrand, a marginal place in Northern Jutland, Denmark, whose permanent population and fisheries are in decline. Since 2017, a coalition of locals and second-home owners have mobilised for several parallel initiatives, including a series of development workshops and other events, a master plan for Lildstrand 2030, plans for the extension of a national park, new small-scale tourist designs, mass-media presence, and various lobbying for development. It is a case of citizen-driven tourism where a coalition of actors enthusiastic about the place seek slow and modest tourism activities, drawing on resources belonging to the area and its natural and cultural heritage. Key findings include how engagements emerged from familiarity with, detailed descriptions of, and plans for the local environment, and how the coalition managed to come about by uniting voluntary work across permanent and temporary residents as well as other actors committed to developing the location. Common to the commitments of this coalition is the relationship and engagement with the local environment as a common good. We suggest that the making of the coalition should be understood as a configuration of a geo-social position that is central in driving the mobilisation. This research illuminates general conditions and possibilities for the development of rural communities in peripheral regions. There is a need to collect knowledge on how different types of tourism can be used to help actors address local needs in such areas. • 'Small tourism' uses existing resources to develop a local community. • Need resilience practices to develop the common good of local environment. • Engagement in 'small tourism' concerns the liveable place. • Locals, 'second-homers', and others need to form a common geo-social position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to financing is crucial for farmers to ensure competitiveness and to facilitate change. A better understanding of how farmers can access funds could help farmers to remain profitable and to adopt more sustainable farming practices. However, most of the academic literature discussing agricultural financing depicts farmers' access to funds as impersonal and universal – emerging from the idea of "optimal financial behaviour". This paper takes a different approach and introduces the concept of "financial subjectivities" to show how financial markets are constructed as locally embedded reinterpretations of the financialisation of agriculture that guide local agro-financial relations. We examine financial subjectivities in Latvia, Denmark and the UK respectively to understand how stakeholders co-constitute contextually embedded relations between farmers and banks and to assess processes of agro-financial relations in specific national contexts. The cases illustrate different relationships between banks and farms. In Latvia, agricultural crediting has developed comparatively recently and is heavily supported by government intervention; in Denmark, agriculture has undergone a period of financial crisis, and farmers are struggling to refinance and remain profitable; meanwhile, in the UK, relations between farmers and banks are well established but increasingly strained as agricultural producer returns on investment yield less profit. Each case thus reflects historical development trajectories and the regulatory engagement of agro-financial relations, asserting the importance of embedding analysis of agricultural financing in specific socio-political contexts. • Most farmers do not have resources to make the investments needed to ensure the competitiveness of their farm. • Financialisation is a global phenomenon which is maintained by actors that are global in their nature and foci. • Financial relations are locally embedded and locally reimagined. • Financialisation has to be renegotiated in diverse contexts as part of a broad set of development trajectories. • Financial subjectivities are locally embedded reinterpretations of the financialisation. • Banks play an important role in facilitating a shift towards more sustainable models of farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the epidemiology and public health response of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the Nordic region. The data on cases and deaths due to COVID-19 were drawn from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The data on age- and sex-wise cases, deaths and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and public health interventions in the Nordic region through November 10, 2020, were obtained from respective countries' health ministries. Sweden accounted for 60.59% of cases (162 240 of 267 768 cases) and 81% of deaths (6057 of 7477 cases) in the Nordic region. The incidence rate for the Nordic region was 989.59 per 100 000, varying from 327.30 per 100 000 in Finland to 1616.51 per 100 000 in Sweden, and the mortality rate for the region was 27.63 per 100 000, ranging from 5.3 per 100 000 in Norway to 60.35 per 100 000 in Sweden. The case–fatality ratio of the Nordic region was 2.79%. Females were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than males (52.30% vs 47.66%), while males had a greater proportion of deaths (54.7%) and ICU need (71.99%) than females. It is imperative to continue with social distancing, mandatory masks, testing, prohibition of mass gatherings, isolation of confirmed cases, and preventing the importation of cases from other countries to avoid the further resurgence of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture is an important perspective in intercultural relations and management. In the current context of globalization, cultural research represents in-depth knowledge of values, preferences, and behaviours in various contexts. Culture affects the way national, and especially international, relations are developed and maintained. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of national culture according to Hofstede's 6-D model and to analyze the national culture of Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Using Hofstede's 6-D culture dimensions and management practices, the conclusion explains why cultural management of Nordic countries plays a such important role according to comparative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore key municipal employees' experiences and perceptions of how to support socially marginalised men's healthcare needs. The paper is based on 21 interviews with employees and managers from different policy sectors in a large Danish municipality who either work purposefully with targeting services to men in general or offering services that socially marginalised men will encounter. The findings reveal that regardless of policy sector, the participants perceived that interdisciplinary cooperation across policy sectors was crucial because the socially marginalised men had intertwined social and health challenges. The German sociologist Niklas Luhmann's theoretical concepts of differentiation and independency was used in the discussion to offer insight into the way systems work and how society handles its own problems. Organisational structures such as functional differentiation with specialization, division of labour, and increased autonomy seem to challenge the cooperation across policy sectors. Personal interorganisational conditions such as personal knowledge emerging from previous collaborative relationships or personal relations, and not the policy sectors' integrated work programs seemed crucial. Currently affected the flexibility in services that supported socially marginalised men's healthcare needs. The findings from this study contribute to the current literature on organisational organisation by providing an important opportunity to advance the understanding of healthcare employees within the municipality, particularly regarding how healthcare is organised across varying professional practiceswithin different policy sectors in relation to supporting socially marginalised men's healthcare needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishery and tourism coexist in many harbors. Active fishing vessels may attract tourists, which may also provide income to hotels and restaurants. This paper analyzes whether fisheries affect tourism by investigating the effect of the presence of active vessels on overnight stays in coastal areas of Denmark. The analysis is based on monthly panel data from 2016 to 2021 divided into postal code areas. Estimating a double logarithmic model accounting for fixed effects, it is found that when the number of fishing vessels belonging to a harbor in a postal code area increases by 1%, overnight stays in the same area increase by 0.11%, and when the number of fishing vessels landing in an area increases by 1%, overnight stays increase by 0.08%. Our results suggest that tourism is significantly positively affected by having active fishing vessels landing in local harbors. This implies that by considering the interactive effects of fisheries and tourism when designing fisheries policy, society might attain economic gains, potentially resulting in a larger fleet than what would be optimal solely from a fisheries perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Paris Agreement's climate targets and the modelling community's scenarios of how to reach them, carbon dioxide removal is gaining increasing importance in national climate policies. This is also the case in Denmark – considered by itself and others a climate frontrunner – where biochar is envisioned to cover 10% of the 2030 reduction goal. However, apart from research experiments and test sites, biochar is at the time of research not employed in Denmark, raising the question how it came to constitute a large part of the national goal. This paper explores how biochar, as a method for carbon removal, comes into being as a relevant solution in Danish climate policy, and what this means for emission reduction efforts. Through document analysis, participatory observation, field visits and semi-structured interviews, I employ the framework of the dramaturgical regime and analyse how biochar is enacted as a climate solution through policy documents, conferences, media and network meetings. Here the concept of enactment indicates that different people's actions are not overtly coordinated, and the effects of such actions are not necessarily fully intentional, but they are nevertheless political. I argue that through different scientific, administrative, political, and media practices, biochar is enacted as a viable climate solution that enables the continuation of current forms of production and consumption. As biochar likely substitutes for emission reductions and is in risk of failing to deliver the anticipated amount of carbon removals, the enactment of biochar as a climate solution in Danish climate policy possibly constitutes a case of mitigation deterrence. • Biochar is enacted as a relevant solution in Danish climate policy. • This occurs in policy documents, conferences, media and network meetings. • Enactments enable a continuation of current forms of production and consumption. • Including biochar in Danish climate policy is possibly a case of mitigation deterrence. • Enactments can show how mitigation deterrence can come about as an emergent effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether place-based, internal resources are related to population growth in small rural communities. Presumably due to data unavailability, very few previous studies have tried to model population growth at the sub-municipality level so far. This paper attempts to fill some of this gap by using a unique parish sample ( n  = 489) to model population growth in rural parishes in Denmark during the period 2012–2017. The paper employs a capital framework approach and initially identifies six place-based stocks of capital that might be important to the population development in small rural communities. Moreover, the paper makes a distinction between rural parishes located in predominantly rural municipalities and rural parishes located in predominantly urban municipalities. Based on multiple regression analyses, initial levels of physical capital, economic capital and human capital were found to be related to population growth in rural parishes located in predominantly rural municipalities, whereas only symbolic capital (place reputation) was found to be related to population growth in rural parishes located in predominantly urban municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transnational Öresund region, created in 1999, comprises the urban regions of Malmö in southern Sweden and Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. Its spatial transformation has been marked by large-scale landmark architectural projects such as the Öresund Bridge linking the two cities and the mixed-use redevelopment of the Vdstra Hamnen (Western Harbour) district in Malmo in which the Turning Torso residential skyscraper sits. This paper examines two screen representations of the Turning Torso that have emerged from its construction to its current status as a go-to landmark used to denote the region. The spatial changes of Malmö have been documented by Fredrik Gertten, whose film Sossen, arkitekten och det skruvade huset (The Socialist, the Architect, and the Twisted Tower, 2005) maps the web of human and socio-political relationships surrounding the construction of the skyscraper. In the popular crime fiction television series Bron/Broen (The Bridge, 2011-), the gleaming fagade of the Turning Torso stands in stark visual contrast to the fragmented and broken welfare state society in which the drama takes place. By examining the socio-political context of the Turning Torso's development and its manifestation in the cultural sphere via screen media, this paper argues that these audiovisual texts articulate and critique the tensions between modern Scandinavian welfare state ideology and neoliberal trajectories represented by the Turning Torso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss how targets, policy instruments and accounting frameworks for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction need to be complemented and aligned, to achieve a more effective road to reduce the GHG emission. We focus on gaps in the policy framework presently adopted by countries that are parties to the UNFCCC, using as illustrative case study the meat tax recently proposed in Denmark. We argue that when the GHG reduction targets for individual countries are based on a territorial approach alone (such as in the UNFCCC framework), i.e. sum of emissions from production inside the country, whether or not consumed inside or outside the country, policy regulations directed at consumption, such as a meat tax, may not effectively target the national GHG reduction obligations, and thereby they may not be sufficiently attractive to governments. In particular, emissions derived from internationally traded goods are insufficiently targeted by territorially oriented policy frameworks because a country might reduce the consumption of an imported good without contributing to the national GHG emission reduction target. If consumption-based reduction targets were implemented, a reduction of GHG emissions due to a reduction of the national demand of meat would be revealed irrespective of whether the GHG emission reduction results from a decrease of domestic or foreign demand of meat. The paper also discusses the importance of the methodological approach to accounting GHG emissions at the country level. We argue that to reveal the effect of policy instruments such as a meat tax, on GHG emissions reduced, an alternative consumption-based accounting could favorably complement the traditional GHG accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine whether and, if so, to what degree car ownership preferences of different age cohorts are changing over time. This question is examined by estimating a joint discrete choice model for car ownership at the household level. To identify change with respect to period, age, and generation, while also controlling for a variety of confounding factors, a model with time-varying coefficients is formulated. The model is applied to multiple cross-sectional data collected in Denmark from 2007 to 2017. Results reveal a significant reduction in car ownership for young age cohorts (18–37 years) and an increase in the likelihood to own two or more cars for age cohorts between 58 and 67 years. The implications of these findings are exemplified and discussed by estimating different parametric functions to capture the evolution of preferences over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original structure of the Royal Arena in Copenhagen consisted of an in-situ concrete multilevel oval covered by a steel roof. The bowl initially included radial frames along the perimeter, interconnected in every floor by continuous slabs with the capacity to distribute lateral forces to four concrete cores with high lateral capacity. This lateral performance allowed the structure to withstand large lateral loads from the roof. Once the construction was ongoing, structural elements which had been planned as cast-in-situ concrete were substituted with precast elements, where possible, to prioritise costs and schedule. This caused a considerable loss of lateral capacity in the bowl, motivating an innovative redesign of the roof to meet the new requirements. This paper reveals the engineering challenges faced in the redesign of the steel roof in order to reduce lateral forces transmitted from the roof to the concrete structure. It introduces the concept of lateral bracing with free expansion. The roof shape, construction sequencing, and interactions between columns/frames and supports/cores were strictly analysed and optimised to achieve the required criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large suspension bridges are increasingly being exposed to greater fire risks as the volume of traffic carried by them increases. A serious truck fire in 2013 on the New Little Belt Bridge in Denmark threatened the integrity of the bridge due to fire exposure of the main cable at its lowest point. Compared to fuel tankers, the relatively high number of trucks carrying normal but flammable goods makes serious truck fires more likely. Such fires can lead to strength reduction or cable failure that could result in a reduction in bridge load rating and the need for long-lasting repairs. A concept and design for passive fire protection for main cables of large suspension bridges have been developed, tested and implemented. Two major Danish suspension bridges have been retrofitted with this design. The type and extent of fire protection are established through risk analyses, fire testing and investigations involving the cable steel, the fire protection material and the installation method. The extent of emergency preparedness and the timeline for fire-fighting actions are also taken into account. This paper describes a systematic approach to design, evaluate and provide fire protection systems for suspension bridge main cables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Marginalisation and Co-created Education (MaCE) project co-created proposals for an equitable education system through participative action research with students and young people. Academics and university students co-researched between one and five young people's educational experiences each using an 'Indirect Approach' (Bunting and Moshuus, 2017) This paper presents a critical contextual overview of 'Early School Leaving', introduces the Indirect Approach, and presents the findings from the first year of research across three countries in the light of the Equalities Literacy Framework. Conclusions are drawn from suggestions made by young people and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence supported by scientific analyses and historical documents that medieval plasters used for wall paintings in Denmark were, with high probability, produced by mixing quicklime, aggregate and water in an exothermic process, resulting in a mortar referred to as hot-mixed. This process enables the production of plaster with a very high binder content. Previous thin-section analyses were supplemented by recent analyses of samples collected from three medieval wall paintings in Danish churches. Also included in the analyses were plaster samples produced from hot-mixed mortar and samples produced from lime putty mortar. The analyses of the medieval plasters showed an average binder content in the range of two parts lime to one part aggregate. Moreover, lime inclusions, a characteristic of hot-mix, were found in all samples. SEM analyses showed a similar microstructure in the medieval plasters and the samples produced by hot-mixed mortar, while significant differences were found between the medieval plaster and lime putty samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a full-scale experiment where a newly-developed thermal insulating mortar was applied to four vaults in the medieval church in Annisse, Denmark. The intervention aimed to stabilize climatic conditions, mitigating potentially harmful processes that often contribute to deterioration and decay. Vaults are exposed to soiling by fine particulate matter, discolouration by micro-organic growth, and damage from salt decay, condensation and infiltrating water. The insulating mortar was specially designed to overcome deficiencies and challenges posed by traditional insulating materials. A highly porous aggregate, perlite, constituted the mortar's main component. Mixed in a ratio of 6:1 (v/v) with slaked lime, it was applied in a 100mm-thick layer. Upon setting, this layer was covered by a 10mm-thick layer of hair-reinforced slaked lime mortar, which provided a supporting surface. The performance of the insulation mortar was monitored over four years. The moisture from the fresh mortar evaporated slowly during the first two years. Condensation within the insulation did not occur at any time. The thermal insulation reduced the temperature difference between the vault and the inside air, which will impede soiling by thermophoresis. The insulating mortar reduced energy consumption for heating by one third. These results show potential for this treatment in historical buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper evaluates the potential consumers’ response from the United Kingdom and Denmark to the introduction of certification for the sustainability and quality of seafood products. Broadly speaking, it was found that consumers were willing to pay a price premium for and buy more of hypothetically labelled products. Fifteen years on, drawing on the experience of the fisheries that have already actually been certified, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of certification and conclude that consumers are still willing to pay premiums for certified seafood products but few fisheries have in fact achieved the size of predicted price premiums or increases in sale volumes predicted and that the product and geographic variation is particularly marked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long tradition of scholarly work on corporate interlocks has left us with competing theoretical frameworks on the causes of interlock networks. Board interlocks are studied either as means to overcome the resource dependence of corporations or as a group cohesion mechanism of business elites. This contrast is due to an empirical divide of the literature where either the firms or the individuals are considered as decision-making bodies. In systematically ignoring the agency of the other group of actors, these literatures suffer from both theoretical and empirical biases in understanding the drivers of new interlocks. In this paper, we employ a relational event modeling technique that allows us to overcome this problem. The analysis of board appointments in Denmark demonstrates how in fact both personal and corporate considerations simultaneously drive the evolution of the corporate networks. The study of the duality of actors is essential for understanding the causes and consequences of corporate networks across time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, the concept of counterurbanization has been used within geographical and rural studies to denote the demographic revival and growth of rural areas. However, little is known about how contemporary urban-to-rural migrants actually search for their future residence. This is unfortunate, as the increased use of internet search tools may become a crucial facilitator for significant counterurbanization by providing families key information about hitherto 'forgotten' places where they can, better than in the larger cities, achieve the specific stocks, or 'configurations', of social, cultural and economic capital they desire. Therefore, drawing on Contextual Inquiry based, semi-structured interviews with 8 Danish families in various parts of Denmark in spring 2018, the purpose is to shed more light on how families with children in practice use what we term information capital , i.e. online and offline search strategies, in order to find their ideal rural place to live. In this way, information capital becomes a kind of 'auxiliary' capital, which allows various types of families to identify and achieve exactly the configurations of capital they desire and, by this, increase their life quality. Within a dynamic, Bourdieusian capital conversion framework, the paper shows how the families must 'sacrifice' capital in order to achieve desired forms of capital, that is, make trade off between various forms of capital, as for example trading off economic for social capital. • Urban-to-rural migrant families can be divided into three ideal types: Relation, Practical and Practical-Relation families. • Trade-off strategies: In relation to relocation, families traded off some forms of capital for others, e.g. economic for social. • Internet search tools should be seen as an important facilitator for counterurbanization. • In their search for a new rural location, both online and offline information capital became crucial for all families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Sweden and Denmark have each authorized 20 microbial plant protection products while Norway have only authorized four. • The paper explore possible explanations for these differences. • Regulatory and market differences could explain some of the differences. • The most important explanation are different safety judgments made in the authorization process. The EU has developed a Directive on Sustainable Use of Chemical Pesticides (2009/128/EC) (SUD) that aims to enhance the use of non-chemical alternatives to pesticides like microbial plant protection products (PPP). The number of authorized microbial PPP for plant protection has increased globally during the last decade. There is, however, variation between different countries. Sweden and Denmark have for example each authorized 20 microbial PPP while Norway has only authorized four microbial PPP. Norway has also received significantly fewer applications for authorization of microbial PPP than the other Scandinavian countries. We explore possible explanations for the observed differences. Our results show that that the regulations in the three countries had similar requirements for the authorisation of microbial PPP. The size of the market is somewhat smaller in Norway than in Sweden and Denmark, and could therefore explain some of the differences. We suggest, however, that the most important explanation is implementation differences in terms of different decisions made in the authorization process. By comparing the authorization process for three microbial PPP in the Scandinavian countries, we found that Norway used more time for the product authorization decisions. Norway assess the same types of microbial PPP more restrictively with respect to environmental aspects and especially human health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude and complexity of the different processes of decentralization that took place around the world in the last five decades, involving all types of states (unitary and federal, as well), has challenged the concepts and the traditional distinction among the forms of the States. Therefore, to get a more complete and comprehensive idea of the whole phenomenon it is necessary to return to a theoretical discussion about decentralization and this requires also comparative studies between federal countries and unitary countries. With this background, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, it discusses some concepts surrounding the idea of decentralization and the different aspect it encompasses; second, it measures and compares institutional and fiscal decentralization in two countries with very different institutional settings, Argentina and Denmark, through six indicators, in order to explore some causal explanations of the role of subnational units in the process of decentralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jurisdictions around the world are experiencing an increasing demand for formation of three-dimensional (3D) real property units, especially in the presence of vertical mixed-use developments. Since traditional real property formation is only in two dimensions (2D), jurisdictions are on different steps (levels) of transforming 2D real property legislation into 3D real property legislation. The objective of this article is to analyse and compare law and practice in jurisdictions that are on different steps of developing 3D real property legislation, but otherwise comparable in terms of societal development status. The predominant focus in academic literature is on formation of private 3D property rights. This paper has a somewhat different approach, focussing on formation and management of common property. The formation of common property is usually unavoidable in a vertical mixed-use development, e.g. due to a high degree of interdependence between layered and intertwined 3D property units. Legal aspects regarding common property formation and management have not been rigorously compared internationally. This article presents a comparative study including British Columbia (Canada), Denmark and Sweden. Each jurisdiction represents a unique step on the 3D transformation staircase where legal aspects regarding common property and management in each jurisdiction is analysed and presented. The results of the study can be beneficial for researchers and legislators as a tool to analyse 3D real property legislation. • First and second generations of condominium legislation. • Independent 3D property. • Management structure in a vertical mixed-use development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]