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Background: Sport-related concussion is a public concern with between 1.6 and 3.8 million sport- and recreationrelated injuries occurring annually. An estimated 65% to 90% of concussed athletes show oculomotor disruption such as difficulty with saccades, accommodation, smooth pursuit, and fixation. A rapid number-naming saccade test, the King-Devick (K-D) test, has shown promising results as part of a multifaceted concussion assessment tool. Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the two versions of the K-D in collegiate aged (18-24) athletes to determine the agreement between versions. A secondary purpose was to investigate the association of K-D scores with sport, sex, use of glasses or contacts, and age of the athlete. Study design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Division 1 NCAA collegiate athletes across ten sports were recruited to participate in baseline concussion assessments at the beginning of their respective athletic season. Correlations and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of K-D scores with sex and age. Results: One-hundred and nine athletes (69 males, 40 females; mean age =20.40±1.38 years) were baseline tested. There was excellent agreement (ICC=0.93, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.95) between the paper and computer version. Preseason K-D scores were statistically different (r2=0.873, p<0.05) with athletes scoring a mean of 37.58 seconds on the paper version (95% CI, 36.21, 38.96) and athletes scoring a mean of 41.48 seconds for the computerized tablet version (95% CI, 40.17, 42.91). There were no significant differences in sex, sport, or use of glasses noted for both versions. Age differences were identified; eighteen-year-old athletes took statistically longer than their peers for both K-D versions. Pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences between 18-year olds up to the age of 21-year-olds (p<0.05) for the computer version and statistically significant differences between 18-year olds up to 22-year-olds (p<0.05) for the paper version. Conclusion: This study supports the use of either version of the K-D test as a potential part of a multifaceted concussion assessment. The age of the athlete influences scores and therefore a K-D baseline should be repeated annually for collegiate athletes. Clinicians should not substitute K-D versions (computer vs. paper) in comparing baseline to a post-concussion K-D score as the scores are quite different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate and the heaviest disease burden in China. In recent years, lung cancer has shown a high incidence trend, seriously affecting the health of the population. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of lung cancer incidence in 2019 and the trend of incidence rate from 2010-2019 in the tumor registration area of Gansu province, in order to provide a reference basis for the development of lung cancer prevention and control strategies in Gansu province. Methods By analyzing the cases of lung cancer incidence in the tumor registration area of Gansu province in 2019, we calculated the incidence rate, medium incidence rate, world incidence rate and other related indexes; we used Joinpoint to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) for trend analysis. Results In 2019, a total of 3757 new cases of lung cancer were reported in Gansu province, accounting for 14.96% of all new malignant tumors. The incidence rate, medium incidence rate and world incidence rate and world rate of lung cancer were 40.52/105, 25.78/105, 25.86/105; and the cumulative rate of 0-74 years old, and the truncation rate of 35-64 years old were 3.23%, 40.03/105, respectively. The incidence of lung cancer rises with age, and is high in the age group of 40 years and above, and the incidence peaks in the male and female populations in the group of 75 years and above, and the group of 80 years and above, respectively. The crude incidence rate of lung cancer in the tumor registration area of Gansu province from 2010-2019 showed an overall increasing trend, and the rate of increase was relatively fast, with an APC 5.39% (P<0.05); Separately, according to gender, urban and rural areas, the incidence of lung cancer in all populations showed an increasing trend, and the APC of male, female, urban and rural populations were 4.98%, 6.39%, 6.26%, and 4.64%, respectively (all P<0.05). According to the trend analysis of lung cancer incidence rate by age group, only lung cancer incidence in the age group of 65 years and above increased at an annual average rate of 4.15% (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence rate of lung cancer in the tumor registration area of Gansu province from 2010 to 2019 shows a rising trend year by year, and there are differences in the incidence of lung cancer in people of different genders, regions and age groups, so comprehensive prevention and control work should be carried out for the key populations of lung cancer incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many applications of agent-based models (ABMs), an agent’s age influences important decisions (e.g. their contribution to/withdrawal from pension funds, their level of risk aversion in decision-making, etc.) and outcomes in their life cycle (e.g. their susceptibility to disease). These considerations make it crucial to accurately capture the age distribution of the population being considered. Often, empirical survival probabilities cannot be used in ABMs to generate the observed age structure. This may be due to discrepancies between samples (e.g. when empirical survival probabilities are calculated across the whole population, but only a subpopulation is being modelled) or models (between the survival model underpinning the ABM and the statistical model used to produce empirical survival probabilities). In these cases, imputing empirical survival probabilities will not generate the observed age structure of the population, and assumptions such as exogenous agent inflows are required (but not necessarily empirically valid). In this paper, we propose a method that allows for the preservation of agent age-structure without the exogenous influx of agents, even when only a subset of the population is being modelled. We demonstrate the flexibility and accuracy of our methodology by performing simulations of several real-world age distributions. This method is a useful tool for those developing ABMs across a broad range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an etiologically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that eludes a single explanation or cure. Epidemiological studies reveal risk factors, relevant comorbidities, and behavioral correlates to reach a better understanding of ASD. To contribute such data from an understudied ASD population, this paper presents epidemiological data from a Turkish sample of individuals with ASD (n = 911, 748 boys (82.1%) and 163 girls (17.9%) between 1 and 18 years of age). Average age at diagnosis was 31.06 ± 11.88 months, and the male-to-female ratio was 4.6:1. Three in 4 individuals with ASD had obsessive behaviors, and 1 in 4 had allergic conditions, inappropriate sexual behaviors, self-harming behaviors, and harmful behaviors towards others. One in 3 received a dietary treatment for at least 3 months; almost half received vitamin supplements; the majority (70%) did not experience constipation; and 2 in 3 were picky eaters. This paper presents data on the age of diagnosis, gender ratios, accompanying behaviors, and dietary interventions in Turkish individuals with ASD, which are topics of current research interest about ASD. Such data from non-Western populations may supplement epidemiological knowledge gained from Western populations to help reach a more comprehensive understanding of this condition with many unknowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Nigeria, adolescents in urban slums are increasingly at risk of adverse sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes. However, little is known about how individual factors predict parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues in a resource-poor urban setting in Ibadan. Thus, this study investigated individual factors associated with parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues in urban slums of Ibadan, southwest, Nigeria. This study is part of a larger project that explores the socio-ecological factors influencing parent-adolescent communication on SRH issues in selected slums in Ibadan, Nigeria. Within this broader framework, this paper relies on the quantitative data obtained in 10 selected slums. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire [scripted on open data kits (ODK)] was utilized to collect data from a sample of 796 parent-adolescent dyads. Six SRH topics were investigated to describe the issues discussed. Analytical techniques utilized include; frequency counts, chi-square, and multinomial logistic regression. Parent-adolescent communication regarding SRH issues is not uncommon in urban slums of Ibadan but characterized by indirect communication, threat and warning. Parents and adolescents' age, gender, marital/relationship status, educational attainments and religion played influential role in parent-adolescent communication regarding SRH issues. These factors were identified to be significantly associated with the pattern of parent-adolescent discussion of SRH issues. Age-specific SRH education should be available to adolescents and parents need to be educated on appropriate SRH information and the best way to engage their adolescents on SRH issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children with cochlear implants (CwCIs) constitute a heterogeneous population. A multitude of factors influence their spoken language development. There is evidence that CwCIs follow similar trajectories in language development as typically developing (TD) children but there is a lack of research on specific types of skills. This study aimed to (1) map the trajectory of receptive and expressive language skill development of a representative group of CwCIs and (2) evaluate the impact of age at switch-on (ASO) on skill development. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the language outcomes of 44 CwCIs with ASO between 11 and 45 months (M = 26.02 SD = 8.31). These children were tracked for the first two years following implantation. Clustered bar charts were used to compare specific types of skills acquired by CwCIs with ASO ≤2 years versus >2 years. The results suggest that CwCIs generally acquire receptive and expressive language skills along a similar sequence to TD children, but there is individual variability relating to specific skills. However, the language outcomes of CwCIs are ultimately the result of a complex interplay of demographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jezikoslovlje is the property of University of Osijek, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to analyze how cultural difference plays a different role in overseas tourists of different age groups. It examines how perceived cultural differences affect the perceived value of tourists from different age groups, in their travel abroad and, consequently, their satisfaction. The paper is based on self-determination theory (SDT) and develops a structural equation model (SEM) between tourists' cultural needs, perceived cultural differences, perceived value and satisfaction. Through textual analysis, questionnaires and interviews, this paper conducts three studies to empirically analyze the relationship between cultural difference variables related to overseas tourism and tries to explore the influence mechanisms of the cultural differences. The effects of cultural SDT needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness have different effects upon different age groups. Cultural factors play a significant role in influencing the experience of young tourists, but not in older tourists. The possible reasons why cultural differences play different roles in different groups of people are also explored. • The perceived cultural differences have no direct effect on perceived value in the context of overseas tourism. While the moderating effects of perceived cultural differences are confirmed. • Satisfaction of self-determination theory needs has no effects on the elderly groups. Conversely, among the younger group, the effects are significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background:With the high consumption of medications due to multimorbidity, understanding the quality of drug use for vulnerable nursing home residents is essential. The paper's aim is to investigate the association of potentially inappropriate medication use based on Beers criteria and specific potentially inappropriate medication groups with unplanned hospitalization in nursing home residents. Methods: This retrospective cohort study consisted of 234 newly admitted consecutive residents aged 65 years and older to one highly accredited nursing home. Cox proportionally hazards regression using stepwise forward method was used to compute hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between medication use and time to first hospitalization. Results: Out of a total of 234 subjects, 56% of the residents had been hospitalized at least once within one year of nursing home admission. Sixty-four percent of the residents were taking at least one potentially inappropriatemedication. When accounting for both polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication factors, use of two or more potentially inappropriate medications was significantly associated with an increase in hospitalization (HR 2.110, 95% CI 1.358-3.278, p = 0.001). Several combinations of potentially inappropriate medications involving anticholinergic agent were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization in certain subgroups. Further study with a larger representative study sample is warranted to confirm these findings. Conclusion: Routine medication review for potentially inappropriate medications should be performed for all nursing home resident at admission. Special attention should be paid to residents with use of two or more potentially inappropriate medications due to association with higher hospitalization risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe a group of symptoms characterised by behavioural changes, loss of cognitive and social functioning brought about by progressive neurological disorders. There are estimated to be 850,000 people living with dementia in the UK and estimates indicate that this will increase to one million people by 2025 and two million by 2051. Left undiagnosed, dementia can have an insidious and devastating impact on the outcomes for patients and their families. However, we know more about its causes and some of the factors that may increase a person's risk of developing the condition. This paper is the first in a series relating to dementia that will follow two families through their progression with dementia and considers the recognition and initial cognitive tests that can be used in a primary care setting. Each of the papers in the series will build upon our understanding of both families, as they face different issues and scenarios over the life course of the dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Iron overload in β-thalassemia major leads to oxidative damage to tissues, which may have an important role in the onset and progression of oral diseases. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary oxidative stress indicators, total protein, iron, and pH in children with β-thalassemia major and their relationship with the status of dental caries in comparison with healthy children. Materials and Method: In this case-control study, 68 β-thalassemia major and healthy children, who were age- and sex matched, were selected. Two mililiters of saliva was collected from each child. The pH was measured using pH meter paper. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as salivary lipid peroxidation index, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total protein, and iron were measured by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 22 software with Pearson and independent samples t-test. Results: TBARS, TAC, iron and dmft index in the β-thalassemia major group were significantly higher and pH was significantly lower than the control group (p< 0.001). The total protein difference between the two groups was not significant (p= 0.081). Conclusion: Considering the higher salivary TBARS in the β-thalassemia major group, oxidative stress can be considered as a risk factor for dental caries in children with β-thalassemia major. Prescription of antioxidant supplements especially natural antioxidants in the diet of children with β-thalassemia major is recommended to reduce oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a global disease with at least 2.8 million people dying each year as a result of being overweight or obese according to the world health organization figures. This paper aims to explore the links between obesity and mortality in COVID-19. Electronic search was made for the papers studying obesity as a risk factor for mortality following COVID-19 infection. Three authors independently selected the papers and agreed for final inclusion. The outcomes were the age, gender, body mass index, severe comorbidities, respiratory support and the critical illness related mortality in COVID-19. 572 publications were identified and 42 studies were selected including one unpublished study data. Only 14 studies were selected for quantitative analysis. All the primary points but the gender are significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality. The age >70, [odd ratio (OR): 0.17, CI; 95%, P-value: <0.00001], gender [OR: 0.89; CI: 95%, P-value: 0.32], BMI > 25 kg/m2 [OR: 3.68, CI: 95%, P-value: <0.003], severe comorbidities [OR: 1.84, CI:95%, P-value: <0.00001], advanced respiratory support [OR: 6.98, CI: 95%, P-value: <0.00001], and critical illness [OR: 2.03, CI: 95%, P-value: <0.00001]. Patients with obesity are at high risk of mortality from COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the distribution of older people by living arrangement has changed and that old-age mortality differs by living arrangement. However, how these changes affect the total number of deaths has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to differentiate the effects on mortality of the change in the distribution of the population and the change in mortality rates associated with each type of living arrangement. METHODS: Continuous observation of the population aged 60 and older for the period 1991-2012 in Belgium provides a unique opportunity to analyze changes in the population and in mortality by living arrangement. A simple decomposition method is used to examine to what extent these changes have influenced the total number of deaths. RESULTS: population by living arrangement and the age-standardised mortality rates by living arrangement have changed remarkably. The overall effects of these changes on the total number of deaths offset each other, whereas the distribution of the number of deaths by living arrangement displays a large variation. CONCLUSION: This paper shows important changes in the distribution of the population and in mortality rates by living arrangement but only limited change in the total number of deaths. An important change occurred in the distribution of the population by their last living arrangement before death. CONCLUSION: This paper highlights long-term trends in population and mortality rates by living arrangement in older age and also the distribution of the last living arrangement before death, which has important implications concerning care of the most elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tree age is introduced for global and national oil palm suitability assessment. • Other regions have lower proportion of suitable area than Southeast Asia. • Differences in industrial and smallholder oil palm are less obvious than expected. • Market factors and local policies play important role in oil palm production. Oil palm is the dominant global oil crop due to its high productivity and diversified usage in many sectors. Since the late 20th century, oil palm cultivations proliferated in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Latin America. However, global market factors, different national and regional policies, and smallholder versus commercial planting regimes in different areas lead to significant differences in economic benefits and environmental problems from deforestation and loss of biodiversity. We investigated changes in global and national distributions against suitability and indices of tree age distribution change for industrial oil palm (IOP) and smallholder oil palm (SOP). Spatial and temporal change analyses show that: i) For most tree ages, the proportion of global oil palm planting in suitable areas was less than 50%, but the impact of temporal regimes, from possible market factors and local policies, on planting structure should not be neglected; ii) Central America, South America, and West Africa were less suitable for oil palm cultivation compared to Southeast Asia. While, as two dominant oil palm planting countries, Indonesia and Malaysia had relatively low planting suitability, with 39.23% of Indonesia's IOP, 44.85% of Indonesia's SOP, 30.90% of Malaysia's IOP and 18.77% of Malaysia's SOP in highly and most suitable intervals; iii) There exist clear differences between IOP and SOP in terms of suitability, planting structure and spatial expansion patterns; iv) Hysteresis effect exists between latecomers (countries in West Africa and Latin America) and forerunner (Indonesia and Malaysia) in terms of spatial expansion; v) The spatial expansion patterns of oil palm planting centers have obvious scale effects for both IOP and SOP, with clear inter-country and intra-country differences. This paper reinterprets the global distribution of tree age and spatial expansion pattern and recommends scientific strategies to guide site selection and planting structure that enable oil palm cultivation for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nosileftiki is the property of Hellenic Nurses' Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the epidemiology and public health response of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the Nordic region. The data on cases and deaths due to COVID-19 were drawn from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The data on age- and sex-wise cases, deaths and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and public health interventions in the Nordic region through November 10, 2020, were obtained from respective countries' health ministries. Sweden accounted for 60.59% of cases (162 240 of 267 768 cases) and 81% of deaths (6057 of 7477 cases) in the Nordic region. The incidence rate for the Nordic region was 989.59 per 100 000, varying from 327.30 per 100 000 in Finland to 1616.51 per 100 000 in Sweden, and the mortality rate for the region was 27.63 per 100 000, ranging from 5.3 per 100 000 in Norway to 60.35 per 100 000 in Sweden. The case–fatality ratio of the Nordic region was 2.79%. Females were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than males (52.30% vs 47.66%), while males had a greater proportion of deaths (54.7%) and ICU need (71.99%) than females. It is imperative to continue with social distancing, mandatory masks, testing, prohibition of mass gatherings, isolation of confirmed cases, and preventing the importation of cases from other countries to avoid the further resurgence of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Paper-based estimated food diaries are often used in research to collect dietary data, despite this method being burdensome for both participants and researchers. Such food diaries are often time consuming, labour intensive, and rely on participant literacy and therefore may lead to greater rates of under-reporting. Methods This study assessed the validity of the ‘ Boden Food Plate’ , a novel web-based electronic application, compared to a paper-based three-day estimated food diary. Participants were also asked to rate their satisfaction with the new electronic diary. Sixty-seven participants with overweight or obesity completed both the electronic and paper-based diaries at two different time-points. Results Baseline BMI of participants (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) was 30.4 ± 2.9 kg/m 2 , body weight was 87.6 ± 13.4 kg, and age was 42.3 ± 7.7 years. Fifty four percent (n = 41) of the cohort were female. Bland Altman plots for total energy, and percentage of total energy intake from fat, carbohydrate, and protein, indicated wide limits of agreement between the two methods of dietary data collection, and in some analyses there were a few cases that did not lie within the 95% confidence intervals. Approximately 70% of participants rated the electronic food diary as easier to use and more fun when compared to the traditional paper-based estimated food diary. Conclusion Innovative and visual dietary collection applications such as the ‘Boden Food Plate’ provide an enjoyable and interactive means of measuring nutritional intake in a time efficient manner. Further validation studies incorporating micronutrient analysis and to improve the applications validity are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To investigate the impact of workplace factors on burnout in New Zealand registered nurses (RNs). Background: Nursing is characterised by chronic workplace stress. Research examining the role of workplace factors (ie practice environment and bullying) in shaping burnout is scarce. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 480 New Zealand RNs. Burnout was self-reported using the CBI, while practice environment and negative acts in the workplace were selfreported using PES-NWI, and NAQ-R respectively. The STROBE checklist was used for this paper. Results: For every point increase in PES-NWI, there was a decrease of 6.82, 12.62, and 9.86 points in personal burnout (PB), work-related burnout (WRB), and client-related burnout (CRB) respectively after controlling for demographic and job-related characteristics. For every point increase in NAQ-R, there was an increase of 0.47, 0.50, and 0.20 points in PB, WRB, and CRB respectively after controlling for sample characteristics. These two factors explained for 18.4 percent, 27.6 percent and 12.4 percent of the variation in PB, WRB and CRB respectively. The prevalence of high PB, WRB and CRB was 50.8 percent, 46.5 percent and 16.0 percent respectively. Conclusion: Workplace factors are associated with burnout in RNs. Health-care organisations and nurse leaders have a duty to provide safe and healthy workplaces that cultivate positive outcomes for nurses and patients. Future efforts to reduce workplace stress and burnout in nurses will need to include initiatives that reduce high workloads, provide greater job flexibility and autonomy, increase collaboration and reduce bullying and harassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the effect of an integrated prospective payment program (IPP) on knowledge of hospice care and willingness to participate in hospice care among family members of patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV). METHODS: Between November 2013 and April 2014, we used paper-based survey questionnaires from 64 institutions to evaluate knowledge, willingness, and related factors among the main caregivers of patients on PMV regarding hospice care and to determine whether their decisions for the patients were affected by the IPP. RESULTS: The average ages of the respondents and patients on PMV were 51.9 y and 70.8 y respectively; 70.6% of the respondents knew about the Hospice Palliative Care Act (HPCA), and 42.3% of the medical staff had introduced hospice care-related information to patients and caregivers in Taiwan. Among the caregiver respondents, 67.6% agreed to write a letter of intent regarding the choice of hospice care or limited life-sustaining treatment. In total, 66.2% (16.1 = 50.1%) of the respondents agreed to hospice care for their family members (ie, the patients on PMV) when the condition was terminal. The factors of greater HPCA knowledge among the patients on PMV were IPP participation, female sex, and coma status. Factors leading to higher levels of HPCA knowledge included age > 65 y being married, higher income, awareness of the law, and being introduced to hospice care by medical staff. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of hospice care knowledge were unrelated to willingness to participate. HPCA knowledge was greater in the IPP group than in the non-IPP group; however, there was no significant difference in the willingness to agree to hospice care. It is recommended that individuals be encouraged to express their medical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land expropriation-induced resettlement (LEIR) is an emerging land phenomenon manifested in Chinese cities to accommodate urban transformation and outward expansion. The resettlement has forced affected rural dwellers to leave their villages and be resettled to high-density urban neighborhoods. By employing surveys with relocated villagers from two different types of LEIR neighborhoods in suburban Shanghai, this paper extends the acculturation discourse to examine villagers' life transformation in resettlement neighborhoods. Our study addresses three research questions. First, what are the general acculturation patterns manifested among resettled villagers during their life transformation in LEIR neighborhoods? Second, how do individual acculturation outcomes vary by socio-demographic attributes of resettled villagers? Third, how do villagers' acculturation outcomes influence their current residence preferences? The results indicate villagers' stronger inclination toward rural village culture than urban neighborhood culture. For the socio-demographic attributes, we find that older villagers are more likely to maintain their original culture; villagers with higher education levels better adapt to urban neighborhood culture; multi-generation living benefits intercultural learning and exchange; and pre-resettlement conditions influence villagers' acculturation. We further contend that an increase in the probability of a villager's residence preference for LEIR neighborhoods aligns with an increase in that person's adherence to urban neighborhood culture and/or a decrease in that individual's continuity of rural village culture. Comparing the results collected from the two types of resettlement neighborhoods, we posit that socio-spatial mixture and diversity facilitates villagers' urban integration. Finally, we suggest long-term institutional supports to be continuously provided to resettled villagers for building adaptive resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : The null hypothesis significance test (NHST) is a commonly applied statistical method for detecting effects in science, despite it being repeatedly criticized. Detractors argue that by focusing exclusively on NHST results, scientists fail to consider descriptive results, potentially leading to misinformed policy makers. They also point out that the influence of sample size on statistical power is often overlooked. This paper investigates whether this critique holds true in sport science research by analyzing the conclusions in publications about the relative age effect (RAE) – an effect manifested in biased birth date patterns. Method : In an extensive content analysis, 7,247 samples listed in 647 sources were recorded and analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results : Findings show discrepancies between NHST results and birth patterns. Authors in RAE research rely more heavily on NHST results than on birth patterns to draw their conclusions regarding the presence of a RAE. In addition, findings indicate that NHST results are influenced by sample size, birth pattern, and the interaction of both. This interaction leads to a RAE more often being suspected in large samples than small samples, even though birth patterns are more evenly distributed in large samples. Conclusion : As large samples are more likely to represent recreational sport and small samples are more likely to represent elite sport, the strong orientation towards NHST results for conclusions can lead to misinformation about the location of substantial RAEs. Applications in Sport : Similar reliance on NHST results and potential misinformation are also to be expected in other topics in sport research, where characteristics like elite status tend to accumulate in certain sample sizes. Decision-makers in sport should contextualize research findings. Researchers should use NHST appropriately and carefully and combine it with other statistical measures.Key Words: null hypothesis significance testing, birthdate effect, metascience [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies documented inconsistent findings of cohort differences in attitudes toward migrants. Some research has shown that younger people tend to be more welcoming toward migrants compared to older people; however, other research has shown the opposite. This suggests that the way different generations perceive migrants may depend on the specific local contexts in which they live. In this paper, we compared attitudes toward migrants in Hong Kong and Shanghai under the "one country, two systems" framework, using comparable data from the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics and Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey. We found a sharp contrast in the attitudes toward migrants between Hong Kong and Shanghai. Compared to older people, young people in Shanghai were more friendly to migrants, yet young people in Hong Kong were more resistant to migrants. Our study identified disparities of generational gaps in attitudes toward migrants of the same ethnicity within one country. The relatively more positive attitudes toward migrants of younger cohorts (compared to people born before 1960) in Shanghai could be explained by educational level and life satisfaction. The relatively more negative attitudes toward migrants in Hong Kong could be explained by identity. Our empirical analyses suggest that local contexts matter in explaining generational gaps in attitudes toward migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study aimed to identify perceptions of older adults toward technology usage, as well as to examine the amount and purpose of smartphone usage by clinicians during practice. Literature Review. Current research in the area of smartphone usage in health care focuses on novel applications or programs, which may improve how students learn or clinicians practice. Studies have investigated smartphone use by physicians, nurses, and medical students; however, there is little research on how physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapy assistants (PTAs) use these devices. Subjects. This study involved the survey of 29 adults older than 50 years, observation of 11 PTs in various outpatient clinics, and a survey of 190 PTs and PTAs. Methods. Phase 1 consisted of the distribution of a paper survey to older adults (age ≥ 50), with the purpose of measuring their perceptions toward smartphones, both in general and in a health care setting. Phase 2 involved direct observations of PTs during practice to identify current patterns of technology usage in the clinical setting. Phase 3 was completed through the distribution of a nationwide electronic survey to PTs and PTAs with the purpose of determining perceptions, demographics, and usage behaviors of clinicians regarding smartphone usage during practice. Results. The results of this study showed that older adults are not comfortable with their health care providers using smartphones during their appointments. Observations revealed that clinicians are using their technology for personal reasons (61% of uses) more often than professional reasons (8%). A national survey found most clinicians report using their smartphone for personal reasons in a typical day and primarily during lunch breaks. When asked whether workplaces had formal policies/rules/guidelines regarding cell phone use at work, 47% said "yes," 38% said "no," and 15% said "I don't know." Of those who said "yes" or "I don't know," 80% said that the rules were not strictly enforced. Discussion. The clash between perspectives of older adults toward technology use and the usage patterns of clinicians is an issue that is likely to persist in the coming years as technology continues to grow in popularity and scope within our personal and professional lives. It is vital that clinicians, educators, and students are aware of these concerns so that we may communicate more effectively and optimize personal, academic, and professional interactions. Conclusion. Physical therapists and PTAs should be cautious when using their smartphone with older adults during their treatment sessions because older adults may not feel comfortable with this practice. Further research is needed to determine how smartphone use in physical therapy may be impacting patient care. In addition, future studies examining the benefits and effectiveness of specific clinic guidelines and policies on technology use in the workplace may help to ensure that PTs and PTAs are maximizing technological utility and limiting negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying Andersen's health care utilization model, this paper shows the prevalence of immigrants' medical and dental tourism and associated factors. An analysis of the 2003 New Immigrant Survey data shows that about 17% of immigrants received medical care in a foreign country, whereas about one-third obtained dental care outside the United States. Latino immigrants have a higher prevalence of both types of tourism than their Asian counterparts. Race, level of education, and health insured status are commonly associated with medical and dental tourism. The findings contribute to the scarce literature on immigrants' health care utilization and medical and dental tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to review the recent literature related to asthma, COPD, pulmonary function testing, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Topics covered related to asthma include genetics and epigenetics; exposures; viruses; diet, obesity and exercise; exhaled nitric oxide; and drug therapy ( agonists, macrolides, tiotropium and monteleukast). Topics covered related to COPDinclude childhood disadvantage factors and COPD; vitaminDdeficiency and COPD;-blockers and COPD; corticosteroid therapy during COPD exacerbations; oxygen administration during pre-hospital transport of patients with COPD exacerbation; and prognosis of patients admitted to the hospital for COPD exacerbation. Topics related to pulmonary function testing include methods and techniques; predicted values; natural history, pulmonary function in health and disease; and the COPD controversy. Finally, the paper includes the following topics related to ventilator-associated pneumonia: the tube, the intubation route, and the cuff; mechanical ventilation; the bundle; and cost. These topics were chosen and reviewed in a manner that is most likely to have interest to the readers of RESPIRATORY CARE [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: This was to review the literature published, to point out shortcomings and to suggest areas in need of improvement concerning the diagnosis and prevalence of MIH. METHODS: A broad search of the PubMed database was conducted. Relevant papers published in English were identified after a review of their titles, abstracts or full reading of the papers. Papers were selected if the number of children with at least one first permanent molar affected by demarcated opacities could be deciphered. Targeted publications were critically assessed by the author concerning examination criteria, selection and character of the study groups, examiners' calibration and result presentation. RESULTS: The initial search revealed 414 papers of which 24 met the inclusion criteria. A wide variation in defect prevalence (2.4 - 40.2 %) was reported. Cross comparison of the results of the various studies were difficult because of use of different indices and criteria, examination variability, methods of recording and different age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Further standardization of study design and methods is needed to make the results comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Numerous geriatric patients develop colorectal disease. Elderly patients are often considered high-risk surgical candidates. Enhanced recovery after surgery (E.R.A.S.) has been proven to be beneficial for patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of an ERAS protocol in older patients that underwent colorectal surgery compared to younger patients.Method: In the period between January 2010 to December 2015 a total of 589 patients underwent elective colorectal surgical interventions treated within the E.R.A.S pathway: 211 patients younger than 65 years, 175 patients aged from 66 years to 75 years, and 203 patients older than 75 years. End point of interest were postoperative complications, 90-day mortality, length of hospital stay and readmission within 30 days.Results: Significant differences between the three groups were observed for comorbidities (p:0.001); in particular older patients had significantly more diabetes, renal, cardiac, and respiratory diseases, ASA (p < 0.001), presence of malignancy (p < 0.001). However there were not differences between the groups in surgical procedures (p = 0.095), operative time (p = 0.823), anastomotic leakage (p = 0.960), hospital stay (p = 0.081), readmission rate (p = 0.904), 90-days mortality (p = 0.183) and morbidity (p = 0.973) in accordance with Clavien-Dindo classification. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age in E.R.A.S. pathway is not a predictive factor of morbidity, readmission within 30 days and 90-day mortality.Conclusion: There was no significant difference in morbidity, 90-day mortality, length of stay or readmission rate in patients aged over 75 years compared with younger patients. Old age does not represent a contraindication to the implementation of the E.R.A.S protocol in patients that underwent colorectal surgery. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD TO THE EXISTING LITERATURE?: In the literature there are not many studies that address the impact of older age in the treatment of colorectal disease in an ERAS program. The aging of the population raises new questions in the management of the colorectal surgery in the elderly. ERAS pathway has been proven to be beneficial for patients, which results in a reduction of postoperative morbidity. Compared to what is reported in the literature this study confirms that ERAS program in colorectal surgery can be applied in older patients with no significant difference in morbidity, 90-day mortality, length of stay or readmission rate compared with younger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 1993 paper, Noble and Crerar suggested, based on the age and sex distribution of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) longbones from four Attawandaron Iroquoian sites around the western end of Lake Ontario, that the contact-period Attawandaron were managing local deer populations, in response to the aboriginal trade in hides. Having observed similar patterns of differential preservation of elements and epiphyseal fusion at nearby Iroquoian sites that are not ascribed to the Attawandaron, and which pre-date the hypothesised trading period, we argue that these patterns may instead relate to bone density and/or vulnerability to taphonomic effects of late-fusing epiphyses. We further support our argument through age profiles based on dental eruption and wear. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Approximately 500,000 infants are born prematurely each year in the United States. Immunization of infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) set a precedence for future immunizations.Purposes: The objectives of this study were to determine the current rates of immunization and identify variables associated with immunizations of NICU graduates who were aged 60 days or older at time of discharge.Methods: This descriptive pilot study utilized retrospective paper medical record review in one tertiary children's hospital. The relationships between immunization status and study variables were examined using t tests and logistic regression.Results: Of 43 infants discharged at least 60 days of age or older from the NICU, 74.4% were fully immunized in accordance with American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations. Significant predictors were age at discharge for immunization and steroid use for nonimmunization.Implications For Practice: Immunization needs to be a priority in order to give NICU infants every advantage regarding their future health status. Nurses need to implement hospital policies ensuring immunizations of NICU graduates.Implications For Research: Future studies should focus on samples from diverse hospitals and levels of NICUs. Qualitative studies exploring and describing parent and provider knowledge of current AAP guidelines will strengthen our understanding of potential barriers to immunization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the characteristics of Hungarian migration into the UK, the distinctive features of different migrant groups, and the chances for perceived individual success. The study is based on an on-line study conducted in 2014, using a large sample, albeit a non-representative method of data collection. By presenting the results related to migration to the UK, one can have a broader picture on present day migration starting from Hungary. The study demonstrates that migration from Hungary is neither a straightforward, nor a mono-dimensional process: migrants abroad form a diaspora in a transnational environment that maintains several links to their country of origin. Professional development, fulfilling individual potential, and career-mobility all play a very important role in migration. A significant number of migrants consider migration a success, and experience upward mobility while changing their places of residence. Venturing out from the ethnic “niche" seems to bring better networking resources and more openness, which further contributes to migrants' success. There seems to be a strong correlation between success in the new country and the frequency of visits to the country of origin: this might be exploited by a dynamic diaspora politics that regards migrants abroad an important resource of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Metabolic Syndrome (METs) definitions vary and diagnosis takes into account consumption of medications commonly prescribed for conditions defining METs. This paper evaluates the potential differences in population characteristics using two different methods of defining METs, with and without the adjustment of the effects of pharmacotherapy on biochemical and blood pressure (BP) measurements Methods: This was a cross-sectional study utilizing the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research (MELoR) cohort comprising urban community-dwellers aged ≥55 years. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire during home visits where medications were reviewed. Health impacts assessed included heart disease, stroke, body mass index (BMI), peptic ulcers, arthritis, and number of medications and comorbidities. Risk factors and health impacts associated with METs were determined by Poisson multivariate regression models using a binary and count dependent variables.Results: A total of 891 participants with a mean (SD) age of 68.6 (7.3) years were included. The prevalence of METs vary from 52.7% to 35.1% depending upon the definition used. The risk factors associated with METs were increasing age, ethnicity, lower education levels, BMI, stroke and medication use. Male gender was considered a risk factor following modification for medication usage using a count model. The drug-modified model removed marginal candidates prescribed medications used for specific conditions which defined METs who did not meet the criteria once their BP or biochemical parameters were modified for the effects of medication-use.Conclusion: The IDF definition for METs that makes allowance for treatment for each specific condition can lead to an overestimation in the prevalence of METs in population studies. Not including those medicated with normal results conversely underestimates the prevalence of METs. We have therefore proposed adjustments to BP and lipid measurements based on pooled mean effects from published systematic reviews to mitigate bias in future research on prevalence of METs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Odonto Ciencia is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a research paper which focuses on older people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Explored is the association between the functional and cognitive decline of the studied patients. Mentioned is the use of advanced activities of daily living tool to facilitate the study.

Backgound: Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder and it is associated with medical and psychiatric comorbidities. In contrast with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, which predominantly affect females, BED is common in both genders. This paper explores gender differences in BED using, to our knowledge, the largest sample of males published to date. Methods: Data from 408 women and 54 men who were participants in nine double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials and two open-label trials of medications for BED were pooled. Using participant level data, men and women were compared on demographic, psychiatric, and general medical variables and treatment outcomes. Results: Men and women with BED who enrolled in pharmacotherapy studies were similar on most variables, including age of onset of BED, severity of BED symptoms, and treatment response. However, men were older at study entry, had lower levels of depressive symptoms, and a greater frequency of lifetime alcohol use disorders. In addition, men had significantly higher body mass indices, significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and were taking more prescription medications for diabetes and dyslipidemia. Conclusions: While our results support findings of similarities between men and women with BED, they also suggest that men who participate in pharmacotherapy trials are older and have lower current depressive symptoms but have more alcohol use disorders and more metabolic dysregulation than women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying effective means of communication between patients and their health care providers has a positive impact on patients' satisfaction, adherence, and health-related outcomes.Objective: This study aimed to identify the impact of patients' age on their communication and technology preferences when managing their health. We hypothesize that a patient's age affects their communication and technology preferences when interacting with clinicians and managing their health.Methods: A mixed methods study was conducted to identify the preferences of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Results were analyzed based on the patients' age. Grounded theory was used to analyze the qualitative data. Patients were recruited based on age, gender, ethnicity, and zip code.Results: A total of 104 patients were recruited: 34 young adults (19-39 years), 33 middle aged (40-64), and 37 senior citizens (>65). Young adults (mean 8.29, SD 1.66) reported higher computer self-efficacy than middle-aged participants (mean 5.56, SD 3.43; P<.05) and senior citizens (mean 47.55, SD 31.23; P<.05). Qualitative analysis identified the following three themes: (1) patient engagement (young adults favored mobile technologies and text messaging, middle-aged patients preferred phone calls, and senior citizens preferred direct interactions with the health care provider); (2) patient safety (young adults preferred electronic after-visit summaries [AVS] and medication reconciliation over the internet; middle-aged patients preferred paper-based or emailed AVS and medication reconciliation in person; senior citizens preferred paper-based summaries and in-person medication reconciliation); (3) technology (young adults preferred smartphones and middle-aged patients and senior citizens preferred tablets or PCs). Middle-aged patients were more concerned about computer security than any other group. A unique finding among senior citizens was the desire for caregivers to have access to their personal health record (PHR).Conclusions: Patients of different ages have different communication and technology preferences and different preferences with respect to how they would like information presented to them and how they wish to interact with their provider. The PHR is one approach to improving patient engagement, but nontechnological options need to be sustained to support all patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We compare the ranking performance of 17 metrics in three distinct citation datasets. • We use expert-selected items (e.g., seminal papers) to assess the metrics. • Age biases of the evaluated metrics and the expert-selected items skew the results. • We argue for an evaluation procedure that explicitly penalizes biased metrics. • This allows us to uncover metric performance that is consistent across the datasets. Despite the increasing use of citation-based metrics for research evaluation purposes, we do not know yet which metrics best deliver on their promise to gauge the significance of a scientific paper or a patent. We assess 17 network-based metrics by their ability to identify milestone papers and patents in three large citation datasets. We find that traditional information-retrieval evaluation metrics are strongly affected by the interplay between the age distribution of the milestone items and age biases of the evaluated metrics. Outcomes of these metrics are therefore not representative of the metrics' ranking ability. We argue in favor of a modified evaluation procedure that explicitly penalizes biased metrics and allows us to reveal metrics' performance patterns that are consistent across the datasets. PageRank and LeaderRank turn out to be the best-performing ranking metrics when their age bias is suppressed by a simple transformation of the scores that they produce, whereas other popular metrics, including citation count, HITS and Collective Influence, produce significantly worse ranking results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total knee arthroplasty procedures are less likely to lead to successful same-day discharge among patients who are older, female, nonwhite, with a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or higher, living with primary hypertension, and living with other comorbidities, according to the results of a recent paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the advantage of the collaboration of music, audio, and hearing science communities to protect hearing and raise awareness on its value. It highlights the 47th conference of the Audio Engineering Society of Columbia College in Chicago, which featured paper presentations on efforts and concerns of reducing the severity of music-induced hearing disorders. The collaboration also helps accelerate change and share resources in the sector.

Our team has worked closely with First Nations, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) community partners and our local school board over the past 9 years to develop a range of strengths-based health promotion programs for FNMI youth. This article begins with a brief description of our school-based programming to provide context. Next, we identify challenges in conducting rigorous program evaluation and highlight the requirements of community-based research partnerships. Finally, we identify a number of factors that have helped us achieve a balance between the frameworks of rigour and community-based research partnerships. Throughout the paper we use examples from our projects to illustrate issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing population, poverty and low status of socio-economic development have put more pressure on available resources in India. It has also posed several policy implications, in which the basic need of healthcare provision is one of the prime administrative tasks for the respective state governments in India. Higher proportion of child and elderly population in total, and the resultant higher dependency ratio in a particular area/region, will necessitate a commensurate increase in public healthcare facilities and hence higher monetary allocation. If a province has comparatively higher fertility rate it would necessitate higher allocation for maternal and child healthcare services. In this paper an attempt is made to examine the relationship between dependency ratio and healthcare expenditure (medical, public health and family welfare), as well as the proportion of healthcare expenditure in the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in select four southern states of India. The analysis is based on available secondary data for various years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Asian students attending American colleges and universities report relatively low levels of physical activity participation, which may hinder their ability to realize their full human potential (i.e., cognitively, physically, socially). This paper reviewed the possible reasons underlying their generally inactive lifestyle, addressed the importance of promoting physical activity among Asian international students, and summarized key factors associated with their physical activity involvement on the basis of Welk's (1999) Youth Physical Activity Promotion (YPAP) model. Understanding the individual and contextual factors that influence the physical activity behavior of this fast growing segment of the student population within the American higher education system is an important step in order to ultimately design and implement efficacious physical activity programs for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Facta Universitatis: Series Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology & History is the property of University of Nis, Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses the topic of assistive technology (AT) to offer a direction for its future role within the rehabilitation profession. A brief overview of the five AT legislative acts to date is provided. Next, future considerations for AT are offered in the context of what we know within the U.S. and global communities followed by the imperative to apply AT evenly to all types of disabilities as well as all groups defined by various demographic dimensions. Recommendations for improving the viability of research efforts for AT are provided along with several strategies for mainstreaming its role within graduate rehabilitation education programs to develop a future workforce that has a more astute understanding of AT and a greater inclination to use it. The current status of AT in producing clinical outcomes is discussed. Finally, frameworks for involving key stakeholder voices to holistically evaluate the success of AT policy as well as measure its impact are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]