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Bayesian Dynamic Borrowing (BDB) designs are being increasingly used in clinical drug development. These methods offer a mathematically rigorous and robust approach to increase efficiency and strengthen evidence by integrating existing trial data into a new clinical trial. The regulatory acceptability of BDB is evolving and varies between and within regulatory agencies. This paper describes how BDB can be used to design a new randomised clinical trial including external data to supplement the planned sample size and discusses key considerations related to data re-use and BDB in drug development programs. A case-study illustrating the planning and evaluation of a BDB approach to support registration of a new medicine with the Center for Drug Evaluation in China will be presented. Key steps and considerations for the use of BDB will be discussed and evaluated, including how to decide whether it is appropriate to borrow external data, which external data can be re-used, the weight to put on the external data and how to decide if the new study has successfully demonstrated treatment benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) have garnered great interest for supporting drug research and development (R&D) by medical researchers and regulators in recent years. The application and development of RWD/E in drug regulatory decision-making have been vigorously promoted in China. This study seeks to provide a broad overview of how RWE has been contributing to drug regulatory decisions in China. In this paper, we review the development of RWD and RWE, summarize key elements that promote application of RWE, introduce relevant methods and guidelines, elaborate on the opportunities and challenges of RWE in regulatory decision-making in China, and put forward suggestions to promote the application of RWE in China's regulatory decision-making and to further facilitate innovative drug evaluation and regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important natural resources, water resources are related to the future survival and development of human beings. In recent years, the problem of water resources security has become more and more prominent, and it is urgent to study water resources security. Taking 30 provinces and cities in China as an example, this paper constructs a water resources security index system from three aspects of resource supply, social economy and ecological environment, and innovatively proposes a new evaluation method. Specifically, considering the influence of subjective and objective factors on the weighting of indicators, the best–worst method (BWM) and the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method are used to determine the subjective and objective weights of each indicator, and the two weights are unified in combination with the principle of maximizing variance. After that, the combined weight was applied to the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, and a new fuzzy multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) method of combined weighting was finally developed to evaluate the water security status in China. This avoids the error of the traditional single-weight method evaluation to a certain extent, and also conducts other relevant empirical analysis. The research method developed in this paper provides a new idea for dealing with multi-criteria optimization problems in complex systems, and the research results provide a theoretical basis for ensuring regional water resources security and promoting coordinated development among regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grouting is a fundamental technology in engineering construction, and its grouting quality evaluation is a critical scientific problem. Proper and reasonable grouting quality evaluation is vital to ensure engineering safety. Standard research on grouting quality evaluation does not consider the uncertainty in the evaluation process and lacks multi-index comprehensive analysis. Because of the above problems, this paper puts forward a comprehensive evaluation method of grouting quality based on FRES-VFS. Firstly, based on the systematic analysis of relevant factors affecting grouting quality, the comprehensive evaluation of grouting quality is divided into three parts: the groutability before grouting, the rationality of design and construction, and the quality evaluation after grouting. Then, twelve indexes, such as the number of joints in the rock mass, the opening degree of the joint in the rock mass, the water permeability before grouting, the water–cement ratio of grout, the grouting pressure, the design parameters, the hole position, the borehole deviation rate, the construction parameters, the permeability, the compactness, and the durability after grouting, are selected to construct the rating index system. Secondly, the weight of each index in the index system is calculated based on the fuzzy rock engineering system (FRES) method. Furthermore, considering the uncertainty in the comprehensive evaluation of grouting quality, the uncertain mapping between evaluation grade and evaluation index is established using variable fuzzy set (VFS) theory. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation method based on FRES-VFS is applied to the Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station grouting project in China, which provides a new idea for the comprehensive evaluation of grouting quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematics curricula from many countries have emphasized conceptual understanding as more important than the mastery of isolated skills. However, researchers and educators have used different measures to access students' conceptual understanding of mathematics. Thus, it seems necessary to further explore whether and to what extent different measurement techniques could lead to coherent findings. Therefore, this study compares the techniques that are commonly used in school settings with those proposed by researchers as effective in addressing conceptual understanding. Specifically, this study compares three techniques used to assess the quality of the conceptual understanding of triangles, conducted among a class of grade 8 students in China. The three techniques were a definition-example-nonexample test, a concept-mapping task, and a traditional paper-and-pencil test on the operations of the concepts and their relationships. The results show that these techniques provide complementary, rather than convergent, insights into students' conceptual understanding. Their strengths and limitations in addressing students' conceptual understanding were identified. The findings not only provide information for researchers, educators, and classroom teachers in identifying alternative techniques in assessing conceptual understanding but also a more holistic view of students' conceptual understanding when different perspectives of this understanding are made explicit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to assess India's performance in generating the required quantity and quality of employment for its growing population since independence in 1947. But the exercise is set in a longer period that covers India's population growth since the turn of the twentieth century (1901) in relation to its ability to generate employment. The half-a-century preceding independence, despite a slow population growth, was a disaster in generating employment and any signs of structural change. Detailed analysis of the issue since independence shows that there was indeed a demographic burden more than the world average as well as its comparator Asian countries such as China and Indonesia. While employment generation with reference to growth—employment elasticity—was quite impressive during the first four decades of independence, it almost collapsed ever since the adoption of neoliberal economic reforms in 1991, thus entering a phase of 'jobless growth', a phenomenon that is shared by China in a more vigorous form. This has led to what may be called an exclusion of working age people from not just employment but from labour force indicating the emergence of 'discouraged workers' in a larger set that we called underutilized labour. But what about those who are included in the workforce? Does it ensure an escape from poverty for those at the bottom? Our estimates show that the pace of reduction in the incidence of poverty is so slow that a significant share of households is still below the international definition of extreme poverty. We attribute this to the quality of employment characterized by a high incidence of informal sector employment as well as low wages measured by the share of workers not receiving a recommended subsistence wage. The absence of any kind of social security to an overwhelming share of workers adds to this situation of absolute poverty. Finally we examine the question of poverty from the point of manifold inequalities by dividing the households in the economy in terms of their employment, educational, rural–urban, and social group statuses for estimating predicted probability of being poor. The results bring into sharp focus the huge variation in predicted probability that shows households with low education, disadvantaged social group status, casual nature of employment, and living in rural areas at the bottom end of the scale. These results bring out the imperative for creating more employment with better quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper selection of a renewable energy project (REP) is the key to give play to regional resource advantages and optimize the energy consumption structure. As a complex multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problem, the choice of REP involves many influencing factors such as economy, society, and environment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a social network MCGDM framework based on social network analysis (SNA) and hesitant probabilistic fuzzy set (HPFS). Firstly, the HPFS is introduced into the social network and constructs the hesitant probabilistic fuzzy trust function to represent the trust relationship between decision-makers. Secondly, the trust propagation operator of the hesitant probabilistic fuzzy trust function is constructed using the idea of conditional probability; then a dual feedback mechanism including opinion modification and weight adjustment is proposed to improve the group consensus level. On this basis, a social network MCGDM framework for REP selection is further proposed, and the SNA method is applied to the selection of REP for the first time. Following this, a case in Zhejiang Province, China, is presented to prove the rationality and effectiveness of the framework. The results show that the proposed hesitant probabilistic fuzzy trust function can better reflect the trust relationship between decision-makers and better describe the process of trust transmission, which is of great significance for solving the MCGDM problems such as REP selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical TODIM method solves problems by expressing the attribute values as crisp numbers, thus incurring information loss. This paper, noting the ambiguity and fuzziness of information especially in a probabilistic hesitant fuzzy environment, develops a TODIM dynamic emergency decision-making method based on hybrid weighted distance. This method is suitable for emergency decision-making as it supports the rapidity and evolving nature of emergency responses, and accommodates the uncertainty of the external environment. A case study of a huge fire in China is used to validate the proposed method. The proposed TODIM method outperforms the methods proposed by Gao et al. in Int. J. Fuzzy. Syst. 19(5), 1261–1278 (2017) and Zhang et al. in Syst. 61, 48–58 (2014), suggesting its appeal in dealing with fuzzy information during emergency decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of vigorously promoting the construction of ecological civilization, the importance of constructing the "non-waste cities" becomes increasingly prominent. Taking 39 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone as the research objects, this paper establishes a new evaluation index system for "non-waste cities," and proposes a multi-source, heterogeneous and multi-attribute decision-making method for the comprehensive evaluation of "non-waste cities." Specifically, the evaluation index system of "non-waste cities" is constructed from four aspects: economic level, environmental pollution, resource consumption, and waste utilization. Considering that there is the characteristic of multi-source heterogeneity for the attribute values (that is, real numbers, interval numbers, and fuzzy linguistic variables coexist), the multi-source heterogeneous data are uniformly converted into two-tuples, and then a new two-tuple entropy weight method is proposed to determine the weights of evaluation attributes. Moreover, combining the traditional grey relational analysis method with TOPSIS, a multi-source, heterogeneous and multi-attribute decision-making method based on two-tuple mixed correlation degree (TTMCD-MSHMADM) is proposed to evaluate the "non-waste cities," and an empirical analysis is made for the 39 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone. The result gives a theoretical basis for the formulation of sustainable economic development policies in the Yangtze River Economic Zone, and provides a decision reference for selecting the demonstration cities of "non-waste cities." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to address the growing inequality in wages between skilled and unskilled workers and between male and female workers in India due to a growing import surge from China. The study on wage movements of skilled versus unskilled workers helps us to understand how imports from India's largest trade partner have contributed to relative factor returns in the country's most abundant factor of production. The consideration of wage divergence between male and female workers helps us in determining how significant China's trade is in addressing gender inequality in India's labour market. Our analysis reveals that the import surge from China has minor effects on the growing wage difference between skilled and unskilled workers. However, the effect of the Chinese import surge on wage divergence between male and female workers is significant. The existing literature on the effects of international trade on India labour market is largely silent on the considered aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the second largest pharmaceutical market with a great potential for future growth, China has drawn much attention from the global pharmaceutical community. With an increasing government investment in biomedical research, the domestic biopharmaceutical (biotechnological) companies in China are turning their attention to the development of innovative medicines and targeting the global market. To introduce innovative products to Chinese patients sooner, to improve the efficiency of its review and approval processes, and to harmonize its regulatory science with international standards, the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has initiated a series of major changes to its policies and regulations. This paper presents a snapshot of China’s pharmaceutical market, and research and development status, and introduces technical guidelines pertaining to clinical trials and new drug applications. The recent wave of ground-breaking reforms in CFDA’s regulatory science is discussed. Examples of clinical trials and new drug applications are provided throughout the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients’ prioritization is a complex multi-criteria decision-making process in the hospital management. The linguistic variable is a preferable way for health experts to evaluate patients. In addition, experts may provide a rich linguistic expression or some linguistic terms in healthcare decision-making processes. Compared to the traditional fuzzy tools, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) have better applicability in quantifying such linguistic evaluation information. This paper establishes a projection-based multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method with HFLTSs and demonstrates its use in the context of patients’ prioritization. In the novel MABAC method, the classical MABAC method is integrated with the projection-based difference measure, which is defined to depict the difference between two HFLTSs comprehensively. Moreover, the Bonferroni mean is also included in the extended MABAC method to reduce the influence of inherent interdependence among criteria. To explain the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conduct a practical case study that is related to patients’ prioritization in a hospital of China. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis and a comparative analysis are carried out to verify the rationality and stability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour market outcomes in the developing countries are nowadays often posited as the effect of globalisation. This paper examines the 'compulsions' of globalisation and the State's benign responses to the otherwise destabilising factors. The 'compulsions' basically come from the new international division of labour, which has rendered low wage economies as India's close competitors. Second, during the last 15 years, accumulated external reserves of the developing countries, as a whole, grew rapidly, having its impact felt on the domestic labour market. Third, depending on the 'nature' of the labour markets that the host countries could offer, while the currency rate remained stable, foreign investment has reshaped itself. Fourth, the huge agricultural productivity gaps between India (or, China) and the OECD, coupled with the open trade policy have greatly influenced the labour supply situation. This paper then examines the mechanism by which these countries negotiate with the 'compulsions'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative research papers have generally concentrated on reform measures taken by China and India relating to the product market only. But the labour reform exercises in the two countries are worth comparing, which we do in this paper. The pre-reform institutional frameworks, the reform debates, the political aspects of reforms, the popular response to reform measures, and the problems and the intricacies involved in them are dealt with in this paper. There exist radical differences in the extent of rigidities in labour market, nature of industrial relations systems, the reform strategies, the political management of reforms, etc. between the two countries. The differences are explained in political and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the data from various sources, the paper depicts the labour market developments in different regions of China and identifies fast growing regions (FGRs). It estimates region-wise labour demand elasticities both for short and long run. It finds that the Chinese economy has not transformed its growth pattern from an input-based one to a productivity-based one. Lastly, the paper argues that as the advantage of China in labour supply disappears, diminishing returns to capital will sooner or later occur if the sustainability of economic growth is not based on higher productivity. Sustaining rapid economic growth would require a fundamental transformation of the growth pattern in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines trends, determinants and policies in rural non-farm (RNF) employment in India and China. In both countries, there has been rural transformation in the post-reform period. However, the growth in RNF employment is much higher in China as compared to India. There has been diversification in rural India but it has been slow particularly for females. The results for India show that higher education, higher income, formal vocational training, higher number of SCs and OBCs households, etc., increase the odds of participation in RNF work. The paper also discusses the policies needed for the growth of non-farm sector in rural areas. It argues for a two-pronged strategy for the promotion of RNF sector: one for skilled and other for unskilled. China offers many lessons on rural diversification for India. However, there are problems in China regarding employment creation and social sector. With nearly 9 to 10 per cent economic growth, China and India are in a better position financially now than before. However, there is some unwillingness to spend on pro-poor public investment and services in both the countries. There is a need to focus on pro-poor policies instead of concentrating only on foreign direct investment and corporate sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the data of China's Urban Employment and Social Protection Survey 2010 (CULS3) has been adopted to evaluate the dibao programme in China through the use of the RD and matching methods. The analysis of the programme leads to the following conclusions. Firstly, the dibao programme has limited effects on alleviating poverty as per the available data. This may be due to the dibao programme's mis-targeting. Secondly, the health status and living condition of a household are the factors affecting dibao programme's targeting. Thirdly, the dibao programme may change the expenditure behaviour of a household, but since the subsidy offered under this programme would lead to a reduction in the food expenditure rate of a poor household, the Chinese Government ought to provide food coupons and not merely cash transfer to the poorest households to help them avoid facing a food shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to measure the vulnerability in urban labour markets by introducing a new form, wherein job security and social security have been included as two components for measuring vulnerability. The empirical analysis shows that the overall quality of jobs in the urban labour market is quite low. The result also points to significant gaps in employment quality between the migrant and urban local workers, while the major difference between them stems from the disparities in social protection. Thus, increasing the coverage of social protection, especially for migrants, is of great importance for achieving inclusive growth under the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian children, including Chinese children, perform better than their English-speaking peers in cross-national mathematics studies. This superior Asian performance is attributed to several factors including cultural beliefs, educational systems and practices, and the Chinese number naming system. Given the limited empirical evidence on pre-school mathematics learning in Chinese societies, the outcomes of Western studies are often borrowed and adopted in curriculum planning in Asian schools. The study reported in this paper investigated the performance of Hong Kong Chinese pre-school children based on Western studies involving English-speaking children, and examined the relationship between the Chinese number naming system and children's performance in number and operation concepts. Data were collected from 299 pre-school children aged between 3 and 5 years. The learning sequence of the children in mastering number and operation concepts was established using the Rasch Model. This study provides empirical evidence for the feasibility of borrowing lists of mathematics concepts from studies of English-speaking children to serve as a reference for school-based curriculum planning in a Chinese-speaking context. However, it is not enough to establish the relationship between children's performance and the Chinese number naming system. Classroom instruction and cultural beliefs in mathematics learning are also important in explaining children's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By all accounts, China's economic growth in the recent years has been an astounding one. However, one of the major issues of concern that has emerged in a context of the very impressive growth performance, for almost three decades now, is the well-being of workers in the country. Even though there is not much theoretical support or hard evidence to connect economic performance to labour market flexibility, policy makers, almost everywhere in the world, including in China, appear to be persuaded by such a connection. This paper focuses on some issues related to the well-being of labour in contemporary China; in particular we take a look at the relevant labour-related policies and their implications for employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2000 and 2006, China and India emerged as the primary exporters of apparels in the world. This period also noted a significant improvement in employment performance, as reflected in the poverty reduction trends. A discourse on globalization led by women's organizations, feminist economists, and civil society, however, pointed two aspects of the process: the increased labour force participation of women, and unequal distribution of employment with women concentrated in low quality, casualized and informal work. Against this backdrop, this paper interprets gender-specific features of labour market, with attention to the apparel industries in China and India. While examining labour market trends and determinants of gender differentials in employment and wages in the informal and formal economies of the apparel sector, we illustrate two major deficits: gender equality and decent work in achieving just an inclusive growth. Our conclusion suggest that the ability of women and men to take advantage of the opportunities depends on their being included on terms of equality and dignity as a crucial part of the economic environment and institutional conditions in global value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a survey data conducted in five large Chinese cities, this paper examines the duality of urban labour markets during the transition in China and decomposes the components of the earnings differentials between migrant workers and urban local workers. The empirical results show that nearly 15.62 per cent of the hourly earnings differentials between migrant workers and urban local workers are due to the interoccupational earnings differentials, while the remaining is caused by intraoccupational earnings differentials. Also, the unexplained portion of the hourly earnings differentials between migrant workers and urban local workers is 55.62 per cent, which can mostly be regarded as discrimination against migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat and Fudan University, Shanghai, China This paper discusses differences in the approaches taken by India and China in various processes in the economy and that are linked to the growth of informal employment. It further discusses the informalisation process in the two countries, which is very similar to the extent that an increasing proportion of the population is in private enterprises with flexible contracts and minimum social security coverage. However, while most of the Indian workforce was informal since the early years, the phenomenon is as recent as 1996 in China. About a quarter of the workforce in China is now in private enterprises, though much of this is supported by the government or by foreign firms. Another nearly 7 per cent are self-employed. The Chinese workers still have the advantage of basic literacy and numeracy and a capacity to follow basic written instructions, which is required for quality control in manufacturing. This might be one of the reasons for her success in scaling up manufacturing, besides the state support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing industry in China has experienced a rapid output growth since the 1990s. In the meantime, the increasing expansion of manufacturing goods export and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow has been witnessed during the same period. Correspondingly, manufacturing employment is expected to grow at a similar magnitude. The aggregate statistics, however, did not show the similar growth pattern in terms of manufacturing employment. We call this phenomenon as "jobless growth puzzle". This paper attempts to explain this puzzle observed in the manufacturing industry. Economic restructure has caused a sharp decline of manufacturing employment in the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), which triggers a sluggish job growth at the aggregate level. In fact, the expansion of non-SOEs manufacturing sector has contributed a high employment growth. Changes in regional comparative advantage have driven a spatial re-allocation of manufacturing employment that also attenuates the net growth of manufacturing employment. A rapid rise in wage rates resulted in a dynamic adjustment of manufacturing employment in recent years. These changes that determine aggregate manufacturing employment have important policy implications to the development of labour market in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact on labour markets in advanced countries with the integration of the two giant fast-growing countries, China and India, with the liberalised global economy. It highlights the pioneering contribution of the distinguished Harvard labour economist Richard Freeman, who is a leading figure in the changing American intellectual and political opinion on this subject. Freeman suggests that even if trade with the South has not previously disadvantaged North workers, the doubling of the global labour force with India and China's recent integration with the international economy may have profoundly unfavourable repercussions for them. Two major points of constructive criticism of the Freeman thesis have been emphasised here: (a) the lack of analysis of the relevant demand-side variables; and (b) inadequate recognition of the inherent economic strength and dynamism of the US economy and its innovative large corporations. These should, contrary to Freeman, enable the US to maintain its technological leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reforms of 1978 transformed the Chinese economy and it has increasingly become a market-oriented economy, but with distinct Chinese characteristics. Along with the continuing importance of State Owned Enterprises and Township and Village Enterprises, the private sector too has developed significantly in recent years. The private sector, especially now has an additional, role to play in the labour market. Self-employed enterprises too have emerged significantly. Self-employment in both rural and urban areas is increasing rapidly due to a distress situation, and as a consequence of dislocations due to the development strategy. Of late, trade too has manifested wide-ranging ramifications as far as employment is concerned. In this context, this paper tries to look at recent labour market trends, and the roles of private sector and self-employment enterprises in the Chinese economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mathematical performance of Chinese students, from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, is widely acclaimed in international comparisons of mathematics achievement. However, in the eyes of the Western educators, the environments established in Chinese schools are deemed relatively unfavourable for mathematics learning. This paper reports on a study that investigates the characteristics of effective mathematics teaching in five Shanghai schools. Findings reveal that those characteristics include (a) teaching with variation; (b) emphasis of precise and elegant mathematical language; (c) emphasis of logical reasoning, mathematical thinking and proofing during teaching; (d) order and serious classroom discipline; (e) strong and coherence teacher-student rapport, and (f) strong collaborative culture amongst mathematics teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Evaporation plays an important role in water balance on the land surface. In Northern China, the evaporation series of the recent 115 years was reconstructed on the basis of Thornthwaite evaporation formula. The characteristics of the reconstructed series were analyzed using 10-year running mean filter, power spectrum method, and running t-text of abrupt changes on the paper. The results showed that there were remarkable interannual fluctuations with timescales of about quasi-8-year, 3-4-year, and quasi-2-year, and interdecadal oscillations with timescales of 57.5-year, quasi-23-year, and 11.5-year. Meanwhile, the abrupt changes of the evaporation series were also of interdecadal timescale. Either interannual fluctuations or interdecadal oscillations of evaporation were closely related to variations in air temperatures and precipitation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: The Nanwenquan (South Hot Spring) and Xiao quan (Small Hot Spring) in the Nanwenquan anticline are well-known attraction for their geothermal water, but currently, the two natural hot springs have hot flow naturally. In order to protect the geothermal water resource, the evolution of hydrodynamic field must be researched for the causation of the hydrodynamic field destroyed. The finite element numerical simulation was adopted and quantitative study on the geothermal water hydrodynamic field. The finite element model was set up to simulate the research sites, the simulated water level was compared with the actual water level, the feasibility of this model was proved when the simulated water level is approximate to actual one, and an applicable finite element model was obtained. The finite element model was used to simulate the evolution of the hydrodynamic field. This paper supplies a basis to exploit adequately and protect effectively the geothermal water resource, at the same time it is proved feasible in practice to apply finite element numerical simulation to quantitative study of the geothermal water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: The effects of waves on Surface Drag Coefficient (SDC) and surface mixing length were analyzed and discussed by carrying out three-dimensional current modeling for the Bohai Sea in the present work. A three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for regional and shelf seas (COHERENS) incorporating the influences of wave-current interactions was coupled with the third-generation wave model swan taking into account time-varying currents. The effects of waves on currents were included in the SDC, surface mixing length and bottom drag coefficient. Firstly, the formulations in Donelan were incorporated into the COHERENS to account for wave-dependent SDC. In order to compare simulation results for the wave-dependent SDC, the simulation for wind-dependent SDC was also carried out. Second, Wave-Induced Surface Mixing Length (described as WISML sometimes in this paper) was incorporated into the COHERENS. Four numerical experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of two kinds of wave processes. Generally, the values of time series of current velocity and water surface elevation given by the simulation with all of the three wave processes have a good agreement with observed data. The existence of WISML changes obviously current vertical profiles and the existence of the wave dependent SDC modifies the current field of both top and bottom layers with the wind-dependent SDC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: The stationary phase method in conventional Lighthill''s two-stage scheme to get the expressions of the velocity field was given up in this paper. The method that Ursell had used in deducing the elevation expression of ship wave was adopted, and an asymptotic solution of velocity field of ship waves on an inviscid fluid that is perfectly fit for the region inside and outside the critical lines was obtained. It is very convenient to be used in SAR technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: South to North Water Transfer Project in China is the largest project over centuries to solve the water shortage problem in vast areas of northern China. It comprises of three routes: the eastern, central and western route and this study mainly focused on the eastern route. As water quality is the key factor for the eastern route, this paper examined the main factors influencing water quality of the main route south of the Yellow River, by investigating the point source, non-point source (diffusive source) and internal source pollutions along the main eastern route and in its drainage basins, and assessing the current water quality in the waterways. According to the complicated and combined systems of rivers and lakes in this route, one-dimensional water quantity and quality model for rivers and two-dimensional model for lakes were developed to simulate the hydrodynamic and pollutant transport processes. The numerical method and model algorithm were described. The values of model parameters were estimated by using field-monitoring data along the main route and the inverse modeling technique. Established models were employed to predict the degradations of CODMn and NH4 +-N in the main stream, under the conditions of current pollution loads and different hydrologic conditions. Schemes were present for controlling total quantities of pollutants from point source and non-point source along the main route to secure water quality for the eastern route. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]