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In the last few decades the consumption of luxury goods in the Ottoman Empire has become a very attractive topic for the researchers and subject of many studies. The paper addresses the aforementioned topic and presents the items which belonged to a high Ottoman dignitary stationed in Belgrade as a paradigm of wealth, luxury and life-style of the high Ottoman society. The Belgrade muhafiz Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1723-1784) served twice in the capacity of Grand Vezier in the Ottoman Empire (1774-1775, 1781-1782) and as a governor of the Belgrade fortress (1783-84), where he eventually died. The paper focuses on the luxurious items belonging to him personally and to his household while he was governing Belgrade. Two inheritance registries -- kept in the Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister's Office in Istanbul -- were used for the purpose of analysis. The belongings found at his Belgrade household when he died included pieces of jewellery, clothes, fur, weapons made of precious metals decorated with gems and other items. Most of the items were brought by Izzet Mehmet Pasha to Belgrade when he was appointed to the duty, but it can be assumed that they were mostly purchased in the Balkans, taking into consideration that his previous post was in Plovdiv. There were also items brought from the Western Europe, such as clocks, indicating aspects of economic and cultural relations between East and West and international trade routes passing through Belgrade. Consumption of the valuable and rare items as status symbols reflects the political power of the higher Ottoman class of Belgrade and social differentiation among the Ottomans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Normative rules of standard Serbian language are acquired during primary and secondary education through curriculum demands of Serbian language instruction, which takes place in three fields: grammar, orthography and culture of expression. Topic of interest in this paper is the quality of written expression of 6th and 7th grade pupils, in the context of all three fields specified to be mastered by the curriculum of Serbian language. Research comprised 148 primary school pupils from Belgrade. Linguistic analysis of spontaneously created written text was performed, in the conditions where it was not explicitly demanded form the pupil to write correctly. The results indicate that the majority of pupils make spelling and grammatical errors, meeting the condition for the basic level of mastering the knowledge in Serbian language according to the standards specified for the end of compulsory education. In addition to this, a considerable majority of pupils has a satisfactory level of culture of written expression. Pupils more often make spelling than grammatical errors. Seventh grade pupils are better than sixth grade pupils with respect to adhering to grammar rules and according to culture of written expression, while the mark in Serbian language and general school achievement of pupils correlate only with the degree of adhering to the orthographic rules. It was concluded that not only individual programs of support for pupils who make more errors are necessary, but also launching national projects for the development of linguistic competence of the young in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]