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Copyright of Soziale Welt is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the attitudes of German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe toward the monetary policies of his times, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The author surveys in particular how Goethe's assessment of paper money changed over time, specifically against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and their economic and financial effects. In this context, he also discusses Goethe's understanding of the causes of inflation, his dissatisfaction with Austrian fiscal and monetary policies during this time, and Goethe's advocacy against the introduction of paper money in the Duchy of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach in Germany, where he served as privy councilor, following his reading of an essay on the subject by Swiss economist Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi.

The article discusses the history and activities of the Louise-Otto-Peters-Gesellschaft, a learned society established in Leipzig, Germany, in 1993 to study the life, writings, and activism of 19th-century German author and feminist Louise Otto-Peters. The author outlines the difficulties of collecting the personal papers, letters, and manuscripts of Otto-Peters, which are housed in various different archives, libraries, and repositories in Germany. Information about the goals of the society's founder, Johanna Ludwig, the publication of a yearbook, and conferences organized by the society is also provided.

Copyright of Zentralblatt fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The initial question for this paper came from a research interest in the earliest photographs which were used at the Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica before the Photographic Collection was founded. Based on three concrete examples we address in this paper the application of visual media in the early Institute's publications with particular regard to photography and in comparison to other periodicals and publications, including also technical issues and science-historical and -philosophical discourses. We indicate the reciprocal competition and completion of the early photographs - especially in comparison to drawings - in the visual media plurality of the 19th century, the advantages or otherwise their use In publications and the intentions of the archaeologist in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a special focus on processes of artistic transfer between the Apennine peninsula and other regions in the Mediterranean and beyond, this paper sheds new light on haloes and gold grounds in thirteenth-to fifteenth-century Italian painting. By means of case studies, it analyzes both (1) the role of haloes and gold grounds within the specific logic of the images, and (2) the impact of imported artifacts (their techniques, decoration, and materiality) on Italian panel painting as well as the complex interplays between imports and local production. Elucidating the intersections, frictions, and fields of tension between visual and material culture, this paper contributes to discussions on transmedial and transmaterial dynamics, transcultural art history, and the multireferentiality of gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culmination of Medieval Emperorship or Ruler with Two Faces? The Early Years of Henry 111's Reign in the Light of Contemporary Sources. - Up to the 1950s, the rule of Henry III (1039-1056) was characterised as the summit of imperial glory of the German kings for the entire Medieval period. Since Egon Boshof's pathbreaking research in the 1970s, however, it has become common to differentiate between a good, or even brilliant, first half of Henry's reign and a troubled second half, from which his son and successor Henry IV inherited at least some of the problems that predominated during his own rule. This paper argues that such differentiation does not stand up to scrutiny. Rather, it has resulted from a reliance on sources written twenty or thirty years after Henry III's death, which bore in mind all the problems of Henry IV's reign while looking back on his father's early years as the 'good old days.' By contrast, contemporary sources, namely Hermann of Reichenau (who died in 1054) and the Annales Sangallenses maiores (whose final part going up to 1044 was written very shortly thereafter) do indeed criticize the king's actions from the early 1040s on. Consequently, it seems much more likely that the problems of Henry III's later years did not emerge suddenly but were in fact already present from the beginning of his reign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of liberalization and individualization in the society of the 1960s deeply and permanently weakened denominational identity, at least for the following generations. Catholics of the 1968 generation who experienced these changes during their adolescence used the newly gained opportunities within church and society to make decisions for themselves and claim autonomy. They transformed their identity, which had been shaped by institutional Catholicism, while at the same time often maintaining their religious attachment to the Church. It was only the children born around 1970 to that previous generation, and who were as a whole socialized within the Catholic milieu, that individuated themselves by relinquishing their religious attachment to the Church or becoming completely indifferent to religion. As a result, a Catholic religious type eventually emerged which, in terms of structure and awareness, was analogous to that of cultural Protestantism. This paper argues that the Catholic milieu, a milieu that still showed a degree of cohesion during the 1960s, gradually dissolved within the dynamics of generational relations - that is, within the interaction of society, milieu, and family, as well as of the adolescent peer group. The paper is based theoretically on a developed version of Mannheim's generational approach, which links the individual level with the socio-historical situation. I therefore view the dissolution of the Catholic milieu as a change in the dynamics of generational relations, and present the transformation of the Catholic milieu's attachment to the Church from a micro-perspective - namely, through case studies involving the 1968 generation and their children. All in all, the paper argues that, with the dissolution of the milieu of Catholicism, dogmatic faith decreases significantly, but that this is not necessarily accompanied by dissolution of the Christian faith. There may have been a discontinuation of religious socialization since the 1970s and 1980s, but at the same time the authoritarian style of raising children that had been prevalent up until then has also changed with the stronger recognition of children as people in their own right. As a result, the overall generative quality of the relationship of socialization has improved, which has a positive impact both on the capacity to form attachments and on people's orientation towards the common good. I argue that if young people have gained a certain basic trust in life within their primary socialization, and if they have had the experience of growing up protected, then related to this is the (unspoken) requirement to use these resources. Young people respond with a willingness to give and dedicate themselves unconditionally and to commit themselves (at least) temporarily. By helping others, they find an answer to the question of the "meaning of existence," an answer that is also, in practical terms, embedded in a wider "us," and that also therefore transcends the acting individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gesnerus is the property of Schwabe Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zentralblatt fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A conference paper about the term of Christian art, its history, and research situation is presented. It discusses the purpose of art according to the policy of the Catholic church, with special attention to the statements of Pope Benedict XVI. and Pope Paul VI., the relationship of art and Christianity, and Christian values. Several photographs of art exhibitions and installation in churches are presented. Other topics mentioned in this article include the history of the Catholic church of the 19th and 20th century, the Japanese artist Noriyuki Haragushi, and the U.S. artist Jack Pierson.

The paper describes the internet project "Digitalisation of Prussia's official press". It was funded by the DFG. The project deals with the "Provinzial-Correspondenz" (PC, 1863-1884) and the "Neueste Mittheilungen" (NM, 1882-1994). Both papers were founded in an immense political crisis; both papers were important propagandistic instruments of Otto von Bismarck. The project enables access to a central source material of the late 19th century. It works on commentaries for subjects, persons and locations. Condensed abstracts offer surveys for both correspondences. A systematic index provides navigation from topic to topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with four texts relating to different topics, including religion, marriage, widowhood, and princely government, written by Princess Elisabeth von Braunschweig-Calenberg, who succeeded in implementing the Lutheran Reformation in her territory as a guardian regent for her underage son Erich II. The texts are analyzed against the background of their author's Lutheran confession and the changes concerning expectations and demands towards women, in particular in regard to their status as wives, mothers, and widows brought on by the Reformation. On the one hand, this article examines the unusual fact of female authorship and seeks to explain this fact referring to the political status of the Princess, as well as her Lutheran confession. On the other hand, the Princess' view on typical feminine roles is extracted from her texts and compared with the ideal Lutheran role model, as well as with her own doings, such as the activity of writing for a wider readership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the question of whether kings enjoyed a special status in twelfth-century theological and historiographical concepts of crusading. It is remarkable that in the campaigns of the Second and Third Crusades, kings played a key role in crusading, whereas early twelfth-century chroniclers celebrated their absence in the First Crusade as a manifestation of God's will. In the historiographical concepts of Baldric of Bourgueil and Guibert of Nogent, those who fought the First Crusade formed a fraternity inspired by the Holy Spirit rather than an ordinary army led by a king. This interpretation seems to be part of their creation of a new model of Christian life for the bearer of arms who become "miles Christi." There is no specific interest in the king in this context. In the second half of the twelfth century, critics of the Crusades referred to this concept and created a spiritual model of crusading that excluded kings. So did Peter of Blois, who concluded that it was not kings, princes, and the rich who were chosen by God to free Jerusalem but the humble and poor in Christ. This notion was taken up by the preacher Fulk of Neuilly and the Children's Crusade. Pope Innocent III sympathized with their theology of the poor, but his concept of crusading did not exclude kings. He imposed crusading as a duty on all the faithful, so that in his own model of crusading kings enjoyed no special status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gesnerus is the property of Schwabe Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the first decade of the 20th century Russians enjoyed a predominant position on Mount Athos. There were more Russian monks than Greek, their monastic establishments had turned into flourishing economic enterprises, flooded with pilgrims, the mainstay of the venture. The intention of this paper is to study the origin and the social, cultural and political bases of this apparent success, to trace influences of governmental and ecclesiastic bureaucracies, and to find out, if there were attempts at transforming this position of soft power into a firm stronghold of imperial politics. The infrastructure organised for providing transport, shelter and food, as well as the pilgrims' temporal and spiritual experiences were points of equal interest. Besides the rich scholarly literature, the main sources used for this study were published correspondences, diaries and memoirs, materials from contemporary periodicals, and especially the travellers' and pilgrims' reports. After Russia's defeat in the Crimean War Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich had conceived the encouragement of pilgrimage to Mount Athos as part of a wider scheme for regaining lost imperial positions in the Christian East. Yet open hostility of the Greek, and more covert opposition of the Russian monks caused the failure of a program, fairly successful in Palestine, on Mount Athos. Instead, the Russian monks could develop a network of their own, satisfying the pilgrims' temporal and spiritual needs right from their starting points in Russia up to the "Celestial Queen's terrestrial appanage". According to the regulations of Mount Athos all these services were provided free of charge. With donations of the pious from all layers of Russian society, however, the "Russian Athos" turned out a to be tremendous economic success, independent of government subsidies and influences. Governmental offices and ecclesiastic hierarchy with few exceptions kept a distrustful distance from this achievement of Russian civil society, which Greek jealousy nicknamed "peasants' empire". Far from making use of this cultural asset in the Eastern Mediterranean, the bureaucracy of the established church, helped by official diplomacy, initiated the collapse of the "Russian Athos" even before World War I, and the Bolshevik seizure of power broke its lifeline connecting it with Russian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper inquires into some of the myths that surround Frederick II. One of these is the notion of "modernity," which since Jacob Burckhardt has been attributed to the person of Frederick as well as his reign, including his economic and agricultural policies. The latter aspect is questioned here. Starting with an extraordinary document, the Quaternus excadenciamm, which details the use made of manors that had fallen into the hands of the crown, the author asks whether the sources reveal innovative farming methods inspired by Frederick's court. The answer is negative, notwithstanding rather coherent insights into the factors influencing agricultural productivity shown in some royal mandates. The assumption of Frederick's modernity is subject, at least in the field of his agrarian policies, to a double error. What is often asserted is not confirmed by the records, and what is attributed to him is startlingly anachronistic - the idea of rationalizing society and economy in a sense characteristic of much later times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bibliotheksdienst is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout the last years, the arrival of big mining projects in Argentina has sparked important conflicts and resistance in, up until now, unexplored cities and towns. This article argues that these circumstances have modified experiences of space. It suggests that not only does territory become filled with conflict, but also that conflict becomes impregnated with territory. Taking this analytical framework, the article proposes an approach in order to explain the emergence of territorial disputes from two different plot lines. The first line of inquiry refers to the particular nexus between territory, capital, and the state, which sustains a certain ideological and symbolic definition of space. The second line of inquiry recounts social struggles as instances of dispute with the nearest powers. Social struggles are frequently inscribed by the contradictions between territory, capital, and the state, but in their clear antagonism to dominant discourses, they also test and challenge the symbolic construction of space. This paper's insights come from the authors' empirical research in Argentina over the last four years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal for Sociology of Education & Socialization / Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung & Sozialisation is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the problem-solving capacity of river basin cooperatives in German water policy in historical and current cases. The article builds on institutional theory and refers to the most important Water Framework Directive (WDF) of the European Union in 2000 and works back to the emergence of the first agencies in Germany around 1900. The article shows that these agencies organized a sophisticated institutional compromise between different groups of water users such as mining companies and public authorities. The Prussian state set up a complex legal framework of representation and negotiation of conflicting interests, as the article shows with the cases of the Schwarze Elster and the Erft cooperative. The second part of the paper discusses the problem-solving capacity of these old institutional structures for today's problems such as environmental degradation and urban shrinkage. It states, by analyzing the cases of the Erft and the Rur cooperatives, that the complex mechanisms of financing and decision-making provide protection of water resources and broad agreement amongst the actors involved. The cooperatives are expanding their activities in the context of the WFD and can be regarded to be an appropriate instrument of water policy in the early 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a conceptual history approach and an analysis of some classic texts of political thought, this article investigates the shifts in the meaning of the political concept of "resistance". It shows that this concept has undergone major changes throughout its history. Firstly, it was transformed during the "Sattelzeit" (1750-1850). Originally "areactionary" term, it became a broader more "progressive" concept which could be used more easily as an instrument of political mobilization and ideological contestation. It also started to reflect the modern concept of time as processing history. Secondly, in the subsequent period (since 1850), the concept of "resistance" became romanticised, individualised, culturalised and subjectivised. As a result, it became a diffused concept. Finally, the closing section of the paper examines contemporary tendencies toward the depoliticization and aestheticization of "resistance". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie is the property of Audio Engineering Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses an English folding screen decorated with a collage of paper cut-outs and other design elements associated with the British arts and crafts movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Background information on the history of furniture design, collages as an art form, and the 19th-century historical context of industrialization and consumer society is provided. The motifs and composition of the collage are described and analyzed as indicators of historical and social aspects of interior design for the middle class in Victorian Britain.

From 1926 musical shorts begin to appear commercially in the US as a support to talkies in the recently-built cinemas. Some of these shorts appear useful as a source for jazz research but have been rarely analysed, showing various forms of music and its presentation. With a yearly production volume of about 1000 titles (1926-1940) the musical shorts reflect the spirit of the time using respective performance and stage characteristics, and using serious as well as popular music. In this paper, eight film formats will be looked at systematically, belonging to the most established types of movies. Referring to the musical repertoire of the syncopated music of the musical shorts they can be divided into a first period (1926-1932), and then a more jazz-oriented second period (1932-1940). It is remarkable that the blackface activities correlate with syncopated music (ragtime, cakewalk, coon songs). The showing of social life makes up a large part of the programme: illusory fictitious scenes are staged, such as cabins in front of cotton plantations, a jazz club in Harlem, etc. An analysis of the representative Paramount musical short After Sehen (USA 1929) reveals both musical and visual characteristics of the first and the second period. As a result of the analysis musical shorts can be considered as a significant source for the research on popular music in the USA as well as a basic documentation of the different jazz styles at the time. Due to little material funds a search for these musical shorts should be intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jazz has been an integral part of the Austrian music scene since the postwar era and has found wide acceptance in the Austrian cultural landscape over time. This paper presents an overview of the most important developments and personalities in Austrian jazz history. The sources for this information include musicological texts on jazz in Austria as well as interviews with observers and active members of the jazz scene; online research is also of particular relevance, especially concerning more recent history. The first section, »From the beginnings to the end of World War II«, deals mainly with the early development of jazz until the Nazi era. The second, »Postwar and the 1960s« traces the beginnings of an independent scene and important Austrian expatriate musicians as well as discussing Graz as a stimulating force and academic institutionalization. The section »The late 1960s to the generational change of the late 1970s« deals with the Vienna scene as well as the influence of the »Vienna Art Orchestra« and its leading soloists from that period. The final section, »Stylistic pluralism - the 1980s to the present« examines various trends and musicians from the 1980s and 1990s as well as introducing the first generation of the new millennium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article on the previous research used in a 1952 paper on diversification published by economist Harry Max Markowitz is presented, describing the history of the development of diversification in finance, the rise of portfolio theory and hedging, and the increasing adoption of mathematical models and statistics for portraying the conditions and appreciation of investments. The genesis of Markowitz's ideas for modern portfolio theory found in the 1932 Cowles Commission and the Economic Society of 1930 are also presented.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung (ZQF) is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social network analysis is a useful tool for historical research on social networks. But the process of generating data for a social network analysis has hardly been discussed yet: How should qualitative, process-generated data be coded to be suitable for social network analysis? For historical research on eugenic networks in Austria from 1900 to 1980 sociological methods such as the content analysis and the social network analysis will be used. This contribution discusses the method of content analysis by focusing on the question how to narrow down networks and process-generated data and on the process of coding. The example used is the depiction of eugenic sterilization in scientific and non-scientific papers in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prolegomena: Journal of Philosophy is the property of Society for the Advancement of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on a conference at the Freies Musikzentrum (Free Music Center, FMZ) in Munich, Germany, which explored the human voice in music therapy from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Several papers were presented, including on the decline of public communal singing in Germany due to its exploitation as propaganda during the Nazi dictatorship, on the philosophical meaning of listening and silence, and on music therapy methods to treat loss of speech due to brain injuries.

The article discusses the history of the Bibliographie Nationale Française (BNF), the French National Library, from its foundation in 1811 under Napoleon, its expansion to other subjects beside bibliography after the World War II, and to its modern online databases. The library is the oldest national bibliography in the world. Other topics mentioned are new cooperation with other libraries, the use of microfiche to reduce paper costs, and the goal to preserve books as cultural heritage.