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This paper examines the decline of the fraternity of St. George in Nottingham between 1459 and 1546. It uses the guild's accounts in conjunction with Nottingham's rich surviving documentary materials to investigate the financial management of the fraternity by its officers. It argues that the officers were adept at negotiating shifting economic conditions by switching between various revenue streams. However, this adroit management did not stem the tide of membership decline. It discusses the role of religious reform in the guild's ultimate demise. It investigates why the decline in membership started long before any moves towards state-sponsored religious reform in the 1540s. It examines the impact of key individuals upon the guild's history. It argues that, for a more nuanced view of the decline of fraternal organizations in this period, a recognition of individuals' impact upon institutions needs to be incorporated into our understanding of institutions' influences upon the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, the global commercial surrogacy industry was valued at approximately US$14 billion. This paper explores the issue of surrogacy to reveal how international human rights standards and labor laws treat reproduction as work, building on previous scholarship analyzing similar framing at the grassroots level in Mexico. I argue that the failure to recognize surrogacy as labor is rooted in three lacunae: (1) contemporary policies and practices around surrogacy globally pay little attention to the well-being and rights fulfillment of surrogates themselves, particularly the economic rights of surrogates; (2) the stigma of surrogacy as sexualized care work results in neglect of the labor rights of surrogates in mainstream economic rights discourses; and (3) relevant international rights law has not yet addressed the economic rights of surrogates, nor has it effectively articulated the interdependent relationship between economic rights and reproductive rights. Lastly, I discuss where reproductive rights and economic rights overlap in existing human rights conventions and standards and what possibilities these offer for articulating the interdependence of reproductive and economic rights and for advancing the labor rights of surrogates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business digitization is a priority process these days both at the enterprise level and at the economic level. This digitization action is both an opportunity and a priority and must be completed quickly by businesses that want a quick efficiency of their activity but also a better positioning on the market in which they exist. At the same time, all the organizations that come into contact with the companies must in their turn be able to respond through their actions to a digitalized economic environment. This paper is the object of study of a project financed by "Constantin Brancusi" University of Targu Jiu and aims to present some aspects related to the concept of digitization, the ways and opportunities of financing, the current state of digitization of the business environment in Romania and perspectives of digitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines telecommunications industry. We present insights from a highly influential paper. Here are the highlights from this paper: This paper researches the cord cutting phenomenon occurring in the telecommunications industry. An analysis of changes in the number of subscribers of telephone, satellite TV, voice, cable, and broadband companies has been compiled. Some of the reasons that cord cutting is occurring include increasing prices of services, new technology that provide multiple ways to obtain services, changes in viewing habits, and government policy changes. A discussion about the future of the industry suggests that live content TV and 5G technology will further impact the number of subscribers. For our overseas readers, we then present the insights from this paper in Spanish, French, Portuguese, and German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines strategic innovation. We present insights from a highly influential paper. Here are the highlights from this paper: IKEA, a giant furniture company, has engaged in sustainability practices and reached substantial achievement. However, we found that there are several aspects of sustainability that IKEA can work to reduce ecological footprint and stay as a strong and unique leader in sustainability in the furniture industry. Our paper firstly reviews IKEA's current sustainability practices, followed by the literature review on other furniture companies' sustainable approaches of selecting and using raw materials. We found that IKEA could make sustainable transitions in materials to reduce their environmental impact and make strategic investments to maintain its leadership in industry. Solutions, implementation, and possible impediments are discussed. For our overseas readers, we then present the insights from this paper in Spanish, French, Portuguese, and German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines business opportunities through the internet. We present insights from a highly influential paper. Here are the highlights from this paper: The World Wide Web created a connection from computers to networks. The next evolution that followed connected people to the Internet and to other people. The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as the third wave in the development of the Internet. IoT interconnects devices, people, environments, virtual objects, and machines. IoT is expected to revolutionize and change the way all businesses, governments, and consumers interact with the physical world. In the exploding world of IoT, there is much to learn and an overwhelming amount of research to be done. The objective of this paper is to go beyond the hype and explore basic issues related to IoT technology, including its promises as well as its pitfalls. This study discusses potential strategic benefits of this technology as well as its risks and limitations. It highlights its evolving technologies and trends and their impact on the world of tomorrow. Also, it reviews IoT's potential economic impact and explores many factors that may contribute to its successful adoption and deployment. Finally, this study explores IoT's potential application in various industries. For our overseas readers, we then present the insights from this paper in Spanish, French, Portuguese, and German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Setting up a business with Champignon mushrooms in the countryside is innovative, adaptable to the current context and can be developed by any investor who has financing options. The business is advantageous due to the peculiarities of mushrooms, which do not need special growing conditions, do not require the existence of an actual agricultural land, grow and are harvested in cycles and waves, ensuring a quick circulation of finances and can be capitalized within agritourism guesthouses. The paper presents the economic and nutritional importance of mushrooms as a low-calorie food, the biological peculiarities and the ecological and environmental requirements, the technology of culture systems, the stages of culture installation, as well as the economic analysis of the establishment and exploitation of a mushroom culture on an area of 804 m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design demands achieving a balance between creative and routine activities. This balance is vital to ensure the survival and prosperity of design entrepreneurs' businesses. This paper examines how design entrepreneurs enact individual ambidexterity to carry out both creative (exploration) and routine (exploitation) activities in their own businesses. Empirically, it draws on interviews with 23 designers who founded micro businesses, where they carry out design, production, marketing, and sales activities. Our findings show that individual ambidexterity was smoothly enacted to handle design and production tasks in an intertwined fashion, thus reaching a compromise between exploration and exploitation, while it was hindered by the contradiction between 'the sales mindset' and 'the creative mindset' designers encountered when faced with marketing activities. On the other hand, 'the business mindset', which primarily belongs to the non-creatives' world, was considered as valuable and essential for a creative professional choosing an entrepreneurial career path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, gamification has become increasingly used, its benefits being also recognized by a large cluster of e-Commerce providers and consumers. By applying game mechanics and techniques to non-game contexts, gamification certainly has the potential to devise more compelling and enjoyable experiences for customers, motivating them to complete desired actions and behaviors. The current research aims to highlight the advantages, challenges, and future trends of gamification integration in e-Commerce, starting by emphasizing the interest on the analyzed topic from the scientific research perspective and subsequently offering a better understanding on the phenomenon evolution. However, in order to achieve the stated research objective, the process implied approaching three well-known and easyto-understand analysis tools, namely the SWOT, VRIO and PESTLE instruments, applied from the company's perspective, relative to the general framework. Finally, the paper examines the future trends of gamification in e-Commerce, mainly considering the tech evolution, but also the different generations characteristics. Emerging technologies such as AI, AR/VR, wearables, IoT, blockchain, and others were mentioned as instruments that can be used to create even more immersive and personalized gamification experiences for customers. Overall, the present study demonstrates that gamification represents a long-term valuable strategy for e-Commerce platforms looking to increase customer engagement and loyalty. However, successful gamification requires careful planning, user testing, and ongoing optimization to ensure that it aligns with business goals and customer needs. The future of gamification in e-Commerce will be driven by emerging technologies that can create even more customer-shaped experiences, characterizing gamification as an essential stratagem for e-Commerce businesses aiming to stay ahead of the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept and practicalities of sustainable business development attract increasing interest of general public, companies, legislators, activists, academics and many others. Our understanding of what constitutes sustainability is evolving, especially nowadays when the pandemic and digitalization caused major shifts globally. In such conditions, it is no wonder that managers and business owners may face difficulties in implementation and evaluation of sustainable practices. Therefore, The objective: of the paper is to examine theoretical foundations of the concept of business sustainability and propose an up-to-date model for its appraisal. The paper is divided into two primary parts in addition to introduction and conclusion. The first part is dedicated to the examination of the terms 'stability' and 'sustainability' universally and in business environment. The second part includes description of our suggested evaluation model of economic, social and environmental sustainability perspectives using relevant indicators. Methods/Analysis: the research includes review of academic literature and empirical research on the topic of business sustainability and analytical consolidation of existing approaches to its appraisal. Findings: theoretical contribution to perception and development of the conditions of business stability and sustainability, and evaluation model including specific indicators across the three primary sustainability directions. Application/Improvements: the research is useful to general public, but is of special interest to business leaders interested in implementation of sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence and COVID-19 in business and economics are not researched so far. In view of this, we conducted a bibliometric analysis on the scientific literature published, with the aim of highlighting the current state of research. Through this research we aimed to answer the following questions: How many scientific papers on artificial intelligence and COVID-19 have been published in economic journals? What are the most cited papers on artificial intelligence and COVID-19? What are the most frequent keywords in published documents on artificial intelligence and COVID-19? The data were extracted from the Web of Science database, collections Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Emerging Sources Citation Index, and for analysis we used the biblioshiny for bibliometrix package from statistical R software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the involvement of women in business during the Late Middle Ages. Our research has focused on the activities undertaken by women living in the most important economic centres of the Crown of Aragon, taking into consideration the contributions made by female historians who have carried out their studies in other areas. The research hypothesis is that mothers and wives took over businesses in critical periods with such efficiencythattheybecaniea threat to the interests of their merchant fathers and husbands. To demonstrate this, unpublished records preserved in the Historical Protocols Archive of Barcelona, the Historical Notarial Protocols Archive of Zaragoza, the Crown of Aragon Archive, and the Archivio di Stato di Prato have been studied together with other published references. Data arising from these files demonstrate that, in the absence of men, women carried out efficiently the management functions of the companies. Wives, widows, and daughters of merchants, were independent women that actively participated ill running the family businesses. The increase in women's involvement was at the root of men's unease and provoked a strong reaction from the male market sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Business is one of the basic social activities necessary for the maintenance and growth of the collective body. No doubt business has brought immeasurable wealth and prosperity. But a few decades ago it has been notice that; degradation of moral values in business makes employees unethical. This is mainly because of their motive to get more and more profit and it will push them to perform untrustworthy activity. This kind of mind set makes them mischief towards societal values and morality. This paper will mainly focus on how benefit parts have started to corrupt qualities in the longing to profit and high rivalry situations. It too predicts that the roots of trust, loyalty, and understanding have begun to tremble and there is a need for some kind of ethical steps which will help to sustain the organisation. This paper is reasonably useful for society as caring, sharing and involvement of affection and trust among the purchaser and merchants will absolutely accommodating to maintain esteems, morals and ethical qualities. This paper mostly deals with the two questions. Firstly it discusses the role of ethics in business? Secondly how ethics will helps to sustain business? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EVERY BUSINESS IS MANAGED WITH THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING GOODS AND SERVICES NECESSARY TO SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS OF CUSTOMERS, FOR OBTAINING PROFIT, ADDED VALUE. PROSPEROUS BUSINESS GIVE US A HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING, QUALITY OF LIFE, DEVELOPMENT. BUSINESS PROCESSES ARE THE STAGES THROUGH WHICH AN ORGANIZATION GOES TO OBTAIN THE FINAL PRODUCT FOR SALE. THE STUDY OF BUSINESS PROCESSES IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OBTAINED DEPENDS ON THEIR GOOD DEFINITION, ELABORATION, COORDINATION. EACH ACTIVITY OF THE ORGANIZATION, WHICH REQUIRES THE DEFINITION OF A FIRST STEP, BUT ALSO A LAST, FINAL STEP, IS CONSIDERED A PROCESS. OPTIMIZING BUSINESS PROCESSES, THEIR GOOD DEFINITION AND STRUCTURING BRING BENEFITS SUCH AS: EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES, REDUCING RISKS, INCREASING PERFORMANCE, MANAGING RESPONSIBILITIES. BUSINESS PROCESSES HAVE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS, DIFFERENT PURPOSES, CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACTIVITIES. THERE ARE OPERATIONAL BUSINESS PROCESSES, SUPPORT PROCESSES, MANAGEMENT PROCESSES. BUSINESS PROCESS MODELING USING THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE (UML) IS A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF A PROCESS, OF A BUSINESS, OF THE STRUCTURE OF AN APPLICATION, OF A DETAILED SPECIFICATION OF A SYSTEM. MODELING SURPRISES THE ACTIVITY OF THE ORGANIZATION, ALLOWING THE ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF ALL THE CHANGES NECESSARY TO OPTIMIZATIONS, MAINTAIN, RESTRICT OR DEVELOP ITS BUSINESS. THE PAPER PRESENTS THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS MODELING USING THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE (UML) AND REALIZED THE MODELING OF A BUSINESS USING THIS STANDARD MODELING LANGUAGE BY COMPARISON WITH A CLASSIC MODELING (AN ORGANIZATION CHART OF A MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business and basketball organizations, although different from the point of view of their activity, have various similar characteristics. One of these characteristics is the fact that leaders can be found in both business and basketball teams. In addition, leadership is a much-researched aspect in both areas. The article focuses on servant leadership as it can help coaches and business leaders become more effective, it can allow them to help develop others more efficiently and thus, it can help them in gaining the trust of their followers, which can then lead to an improvement on the part of the team's performance. That is why the aim of this paper is to provide an insight into how and why servant leadership can be considered an important characteristic for basketball coaches, business leaders and their respective organizations. By undergoing a literature review analysis on the topic of servant leadership in basketball and business, various similar aspects between coaches and business leaders have been identified. The results show that basketball coaches and business leaders are more easily followed, trusted, and respected if they apply a servant leadership style. More so, as some researchers pointed out, this servant leadership characteristic of basketball coaches and business leaders is yet to be fully accepted as a model for successful leadership in sport and not enough research has been undergone in order to examine how servant leadership affects the organizational culture. This can be considered as the main reason why further research on the topic is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the majority of kidney transplants are living donor transplants. The transplant law in India only permits donation from first degree relatives, spouses, grandparents and altruistic donation without any commercial intent. Donation that happens other than first degree relative require to go through the process of authorization by a committee that determines their intent of donation. In spite of the requirements that are clearly laid down in the Act, fake and fraudulent activities have been reported to make donations happen with a commercial intent. This paper is an attempt to inform and empower clinicians and transplant coordinators and give them the requisite skills that would help them to identify fraudulent relationships, detect discrepancies in the documents and help ensure that the hospital and the doctors follow the law of the land and not fall prey to fake documentation that has a commercial intent of donation. Sample cases have been studied based on their coordination and different ways of approaches to detect falsification of documents and tutoring of the donors by the family members or broker. It was seen that with the right approach that included thorough donor-recipient interrogation, close scrutinization of documents and keenly observing the donor-recipient relationship including their body language and attire, various discrepancies could be identified. All transplant teams should include a well-trained Transplant Coordinator who is alert to every case of a living donor recipient pair and makes a thorough assessment of the relationship by observing, interviewing and scrutinizing the documents of relationship to exclude fraud. Some recommendations have also been drawn up to minimize the risk of fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: New products are vital to the success of firms and represent opportunities for business growth and development. The transition from the idea to the launch of a new product represents a process as complex as it is interesting for a firm. This is especially true for banking products. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how much a bank strategy influences the development of new banking products and whether customer preferences have an impact on the launch of new products by commercial banks. Methodology: Regression model, correlation, KMO and Bartlett's test will be used to analyze the impact of independent variables on the launch of new products on the market. Results: The results of this research show that the strategy of Kosovo commercial banks influences the creation and development of new products. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that commercial banks do not lack strategies which have the launch and creation of new products as their element. Banks also take into account customer and society requirements regarding the development of new products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching Business English is intimidating for the inexperienced teacher because of the huge quantity of professional terms that need to be introduced in the lesson and of the difficulty to grasp the real meaning and use in various contexts. Numerous materials and textbooks which have recently appeared on the market due to the globalization of the business world are extremely useful and seem to offer great support, facilitating the teacher's work and creating a feeling of comfort and relief. In fact, it is a matter of teaching students to deepen their language skills in order to use them successfully in business contexts, not about teaching Economics in English. However, at a certain moment, students may get used to the comfort of being "trapped" in this "business English routine" and may react surprisingly when asked to get out of this warm atmosphere. Students in business are not mentally structured to explore their imaginative skills; they are rather centered on the practical side of the issues they have to solve. Therefore, learning how to think outside the box is a matter of effort and dedication. For the teacher, it is mainly a struggle to make students understand the importance of developing the creative aspect, of generating original and exciting ideas. It's not common to demand creativity from technical English students but it's surely a challenge which needs to be dealt with great care. The present paper is about attempting to exceed some limits and see the reactions and feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]