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Today, with the rapid development of network information technology, the micro-lecture plays a role in the teaching activities is becoming more and more important. The short and efficient teaching content of micro-lecture can be downloaded rapidly, expediently, and repeatedly, which improve the learning efficiency and independent learning capability. The clinical training of thoracic surgery elementarily remains at the scrabble stage. We require continuous reform and introduce new modes of teaching, which compatible with the development of society and the study habits of novice, to enhance the effectiveness of clinical training. In this paper, the concept, characteristic and advantage of micro-lecture was discussed, and the feasibility of application of micro-lecture in thoracic surgery teaching was also discussed. Our aim was to promote the application of micro-lecture in the clinical training of thoracic surgery reasonable and extensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates education reform during the Spring-Autumn and Warring States periods through the perspective of the evolution of the medium for writing. Though bamboo and wood slips had been used as the medium for writing as early as in the Shang Dynasty, their popularity did not come until the productivity in making those slips had been substantially raised because of the widespread use of iron tools. The popularity of bamboo and wood slips used for writing promoted the spread of government-collected classics among the common people, who consequently got access to the schooling which had been confined to the noble class. In addition, it also helped transform the education from focusing on skill-training to acquiring the new form of text-based instruction, thus ushering in the new chapter of education based on text reading and lecturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China rural areas, education can effectively improve farmers' overall personal qualities and help them promote their productivity and income level as well. Besides, education has strong spillover effect because the education that a farmer gets has a positive impact on other people around him/her. Despite a wide range of existing researches, few empirical analyses in recent years have been made of the rate of return to education from the perspectives of industry or gender with first-hand data. In calculating educational spillover effect, there are two difficulties, one of which is that it is hard to set up an analytical framework of spillover effect of education in rural areas, and the other one is that it is hard to collect data related to the spillover effect of rural education. Based on the latest data from 100 villages of 10 provinces across China, this paper attempts to evaluate the educational returns of agriculture and non-agricultural industry and of male and female residents by applying the Mincer Earnings Function. In addition, it tries to define and analyze the spillover effects from the perspectives of the same village and the same industry via Lucas Model of Human Capital Spillover. The results show that education has great effect not only on farmers' income, but also on the income of other groups related to farmers. (1) Education has greater impact on their non-agricultural income than agricultural income. Ceteris paribus, a farmer will increase his non-agricultural income by 5. 61% compared to 4.28% increment in his agricultural income if he receives one more year of education. (2) Men will gain higher rate of return to education than that of women in rural areas, whether it be agricultural or non-agricultural income. To a man, each one-year further education received will increase his agricultural income and non-agricultural income by about 4. 85% and 7. 18% respectively. As far as a woman is concerned, the effect of education on her income is not significant. (3) There are significant spillover effects of education in rural areas. That one year of education added to all the farmers in the village will increase the average farmer's income by 6. 21%. When added to all the farmers in this profession, the average farmer's income will increase by 8.13%. The research highlights of this paper are the analysis of the return rate of education from the micro perspective by using first-hand data from July, 2010 to July, 2011 of rural household surveys in one hundred villages in ten provinces across China, i. e. Heilongjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Shanxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Hainan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guizhou. This paper also tries to obtain external evidence of education from different perspectives, i. e. from the redefinition of rural groups and from the analysis of the effect of education levels of rural groups on their income, in order to minimize wrong conclusions caused by inaccurate definitions of rural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the initiation of the "reform and opening-up policy", China's preschool education policy and administration system have experienced a dramatic change from the enterprise/community based service system to the current social-oriented service system. This change has led to shortage of pre-school services and hence resulted in numerous problems of the pre-school education in China, such as insufficient supplies, low quality of services, and low coverage rate among vulnerable groups. It fails to meet the soaring social demands and expectations for preschool education, which has then become a social issue. This paper analyzes the Status of preschool education services, and reveals that establishing a national public preschool service system, to be based on the wide recognition of its positive external effects and the government responsibility, is essential to the achievement of the related goals set up by the National Middle/Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010-2020), and is also consistent with the evolution pattern of the Chinese public service system. Furthermore, this paper provides policy recommendations on government input and action priorities, and makes statistical predictions on preschool service coverage trend, and discusses the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed government interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greatly impressed by the conflict between Yang Guangxian (1597-1669) and the Jesuit missionaries in the 1660's, the Kangxi emperor began to learn Western science. He not only learned mathematical sciences diligently in his spare time but also used it as a tool to control people. As an alien knowledge system, European science played a significant role in his political life. Based on two observations of the sun's shadows in 1668 and 1692, this paper tries to explain the reason why the Kangxi emperor began to learn Western science and how he showed off his ability in front of the Han Chinese officials using newly acquired scientific knowledge. Relying on Chinese, Manchu and European sources, this paper will give a detailed description of the observation of the sun's shadow at summer solstice in 1711 in its social context. This will help to explain why the Kangxi emperor used science as a tool to control European Jesuits and launched the calendrical reform in 1713. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes, in the context of their surroundings, the process through which high school students who came from China in and after the 1970s (Chinese newcomers), rebuild their hopes for the future, which were at one point destroyed by their coming to Japan, and make career choices. Chinese newcomers originally have their own life plans, based on school education and their life experiences in China. Coming to Japan is an interruption of their plans for the future. How do they rebuild a future outlook and pursue a desired career in Japan? It seems that, because newcomer students are at a disadvantage in terms of Japanese language, they are not able to maximize their academic ability, and tend to enter low-level high schools. How does this affect their school life and their academic career? And what kind of support do they need? This paper considers this issue, using the case of Chinese newcomers who were assisted by career counseling activities, at a lower track public commercial high school. The following two points are made clear. First, through their school experiences in China, the Chinese newcomers were imbued with the value that studying should come first and that grades are everything. They had an achievement based future outlook, under which future happiness is seen to depend on good grades and a high academic background. While they wished to go on to university, they were confronted by the anti-school culture in the high school, where studying is not highly valued, and came to feel friction, conflict, and denial. Their desire to go to university declined. In other words, school life in the high school did not offer them a way to achieve what they want in the future. Secondly, university student volunteers helped newcomer students to regain the hopes that they had lost after entering the commercial high school, and encouraged them to go on to university. Student volunteers acted as role models, embodying the pro school culture that Chinese newcomers originally had, and encouraged them to continue to be diligent and to make efforts. Specific information on universities given by teachers is also an important source for making the career choice to go on to university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of social class and a variety of attitudes regarding society and education on attitudes toward educational expenditures. In Japan, the rapid rise of educational participation rates has been strongly supported by household expenditures. The scale of private funding is very large in comparison with other countries, and not only high income parents, but also low income ones, make expenditures for their children's education. Therefore, the following question arises: what motivates Japanese people to give education to their children? Previous research on economics and the sociology of education has focused on investment and consumption. However, considering that the motives for educational expenditures are complex and are influenced by a variety of characteristics of parents, including attitudes on society and education, this paper investigates attitudes toward educational expense using data from the 2003 National Survey on Work and Daily Life. In order to identify significant patterns in many variables, decision tree analysis is used as a data mining techniques. Following a brief introduction of decision tree analysis, the technique is applied to delineate the key features that distinguish between people who are eager to pay their children's educational expenses and those who are not. First, the data indicate that many people believe that parents should pay for nearly all of their children's educational costs. Second, decision tree analysis reveals that the most important factor influencing the payment of educational expenses is not the benefit of education, but rather the recognition of educational inequality in contemporary Japanese higher education. People who perceive educational opportunities as being equal are more willing to pay for their children, because they believe that there is stiff competition for educational credentials. Third, investment and consumption are important factors for people who believe there is educational inequality. As a result, the motive for making educational expenditures depends on attitudes toward society and education. On the other hand, the group that showed most strongly negative attitude is people who believe that educational opportunities are closed by family income and that their own subjective social status is low, and that education does not play a central role for achieving high income and social status. This finding suggests that at present, educational costs are very heavy, and that if the burden of tuition fee and other educational expenses clearly brings an awareness of educational inequalities according to family income, many people will perceive education as being meaningless for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the use of "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" as the basis for University Entrance Examinations. Though the phrase "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" itself was first articulated in the 1997 report of the Central Council for Education (Chuou Kyoiku Shingikai), the concept itself came into existence immediately after the postwar period. In fact, "comprehensive evaluation" was merely an excuse for avoiding having to add the score of Japanese Scholastic Aptitude Test (Shingaku Tekisei Kensa, used from 1947 to 1954) into the total score of the University Entrance Examination. Moreover, the term "multi dimensional evaluation" appeared in the outline of the University Entrance Examination (Daigaku Nyugakusha Senbatsu Jisshi Youkou), as it is proposed in the first report of the National Council on Educational Reform (Rinji Kyoiku Shingikai) in 1985. In fact, the report of the Central Council for Education (Chuo Kyoiku Shingikai) in 1971 stated that "Comprehensive and Multi dimensional Evaluation" was scientifically valid as a basis for University Entrance Examinations. The report is famous as the only report based on evidence, and is generally known as the "1971 Report" (Yonroku Toushin). In the interim report, the Central Council for Education stated that follow-up surveys by the National Institute for Education and the Educational Test Research Institute (Nouryoku Kaihatu Kenkyujyo) had proven that a "Comprehensive and Multi-dimensional Evaluation" could be a valid selection method for predicting a good Grade Point Average after entrance to university. However, the two surveys cited contained simple statistical errors. The first, survey by the National Institute for Education, failed to control for the "Selection Effect." A "Selection Effect" is a "restriction in range problem," caused by cutting off the distribution at the passing grade. As a result, there is a tendency to misunderstand the fact that, in actuality, academic achievement tests on University Entrance Examinations have little relationship with Grade Point Average after entering university. To tell the truth, this problem had been pointed out as early as 1924 by Japanese psychologists who were interested in Entrance Examinations. In the second survey, by the Educational Test Research Institute, the inevitable nature of multiple correlation coefficients was ignored. As the number of independent variable increases one by one, the multiple correlation coefficient necessarily reaches the maximum of 1. In this paper, the follow up research data from the Educational Test Research Institute is recalculated using a multiple correlation coefficient adjusted for the degrees of freedom. The conclusion is different from that reached by the Central Council for Education. This demonstrates that there is absolutely no scientific ground for the use of "Comprehensive and Multi dimensional Evaluation." In other words, it is not necessarily correct that putting a lot of effort into University Entrance Examinations and using anything more than academic achievement tests as reference for University Entrance Examination will lead to more students gaining good grades after entering university. If this mismeasure of academic achievement is not properly recognized, the number of university students who cannot achieve even low basic competence level will surely increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Normal University is the property of Beijing Normal University, Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Normal University is the property of Beijing Normal University, Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1957, the late well-known economist Alexander Eckstein who was sent from the United States to Taiwan to investigate academic conditions there, reported that Taiwan was a "cultural desert". Eckstein's view was shared by many Chinese scholars. But Eckstein's report was made 27 years ago. Taiwan is no longer a cultural desert. The United States and the Republic of China have had a history of more than 20 years of fruitful academic cooperation. In this paper we treat a number of themes which contributed to Taiwan's evolving from that cultural desert: 1) The establishment of the Chinese National Science Council under the support of the American Agency for International Development. 2) The financial assistance of U. S. private foundations to R.O.C. academic circles. 3) Sino-American cooperation which helped scientific and technological development in Taiwan. 4)The returned students who helped to build up academic standard in Taiwan; and. 5) Finally, an overview of American academic influence in Taiwan. This paper was originally delivered at the Conference on US-ROC Relations: From the White Paper to the Taiwan Relations Act (Sept. 23-24, 1983) held by St. John's University in New York, and published by the American Asian Review to which those who are interested may refer to for the original English text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Normal University is the property of Beijing Normal University, Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the schooling reform in different provinces of the mainland China from 1978 to 1982, years of schooling in primary and middle schools increased. However, one unintended effect of the reform is that the number of the people attending middle school declined; the number of female attending middle school declined even more than that of male;and the average years of female's education increased less than that of male. This paper takes the schooling reform as an instrument for observing children's education with that of their parents. 2SLS estimates illustrate that one year's increase in father's or mother's years of education is associated with 0.36 and 0.59 year's child's increase in education respectively, which suggests that the maternal effect is stronger than the paternal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive rural-to-urban migration started from 1990s has many social consequences. The educational development of left-behind children is of great academic interests and policy debates. Under the DID research design, the paper finds that the gender of the migrator does matter for the children's achievement. Father's migration has no impact on the children's performance, but mother's migration does have negative effects. The left-behind children who were taken care by mothers outperform their counterparter who were taken care by fathers. Furthermore, the migrators' coming back is not able to increase their children's performance. These findings shed light on the relevant policies regarding the educational development of left-behind children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on prefecture-level data generated from the national 1% sample survey on population in 2005, this paper uses both OLS and IV techniques to estimate the impact of education on regional gender wage differences in urban China. The result shows that regional gender wage differences and gender discrimination in labor markers tend to reduce as the average educational attainment of labor force increases, and regional gender wage differences tend to reduce as female workers' educational attainment increases relative to male workers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous researches on parent-involved education reveal that this approach is able to promote children's quality in learning, social and cognitive development. However, profound empirical analysis also suggests that it is not the more the better; on the contrary, involvement with low quality would give rise to many severe problems. Therefore, the quality issue has become a big theme for researchers, educators and parents, and even turned into a trend for the study. The present paper analyzed the reasons why it has been receiving increasing attention, and then summarized six properties: structuralization, self-autonomous support, attention process, positive affect engagement, both parents' involvement and willingness to let children experience and accept. To better the relevant quality investigation, the authors put forward a series of measures for the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the institutional ethics of higher education is aimed at a scientific understanding of the goodness of higher education systems. From the perspective of the past, the present and the future institutional changes, this paper analyzes the multiple dimensions of institutional ethics in China's higher education--centralization reflects the administrative ethics of China's higher education institutions before the reform and opening up, and attachment to politics expresses the goodness of tools; decentralization embodies the administrative ethics of China's higher education institutions after the reform and opening up, and efficiency follows the market ethics; and in the future the freedom of China's higher education institutions is the goodness of purpose, democracy reflects the future administrative ethics, and justice highlights the social ethics. By questioning institutional ethics in China's higher education, the lost spirit of university might be regained and the effectiveness of higher education systems might be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese higher education has been faced with the dual challenges of system adjustment and regional balance since it was characterized by "late development and exogenous form." During 1927 1937, due to the grim situation at home and abroad, Nanjing Nationalist Government took a series of educational reforms to build the modern higher education system, laying the foundation for organizational structure and system standardization. In this process, the system reference and the structural adjustment in the development of higher education became the focus of attention. From the emergence of Peiping University to the establishment of Northwest Associated University, the transition epitomizes the localization trial of the institutional transplant and qualization efforts of regional distribution in the development of China's higher education system reform. In 1927, Cai Yuanpei and others advocated the French reform of University District System, "committed to getting rid of political control over education and pursuing the academic education" and "academic studies," which provided new system resources for the development of Chinese higher education, and led to the establishment of Peiping University in north China. However, the system was controversial in the implementation confined by times and finally ended up with the abolition of the University District System. "In the brief process, it embodied the tension between reform and tradition, between university and society. In addition, it provided a reflection and a beneficial reference for the "localization" of China's higher education system. At that time, China experienced imbalanced development in politics, economy and culture, which resulted in the concentration of higher education institutions in the Republic of China and uneven distribution in departments, disciplines and regions. To improve this situation, the Ministry of Education of the Nationalist Government paid more attention to practical disciplines, department abolition and building new colleges in the inner land, but the reform showed limited effects. With the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, colleges and universities located in North China were in predicament and the massive westward migration of colleges and universities created an opportunity for higher education adjustment. Although it was passive under the threat of the War, it contained profound underlying causes and social needs. After this adjustment, the inner requirement of the efforts of the Nationalist Government to promote higher education balance was realized, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent development of higher education pattern in Northwestern China. Centered on the development of Northwest Associated University and displaying the institutional transformation of Chinese higher education, the paper aims at a study of the historical basis for the formation of China's northwestern higher education pattern and reflecting the conflicts and integration of the internal tradition of university development and social reality, based on the localization and equalization of higher education development, reforms on University district system, "the shift of higher education focus after September 18 Incident and the stipulation of the wartime education policies after "July 7th Incident. " [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to mechanical fault in high dimensional feature extraction problem, this paper presents an adaptive choosing neighborhood of manifold learning algorithm. The algorithm based on manifold local curvature estimation of tangent space, can make of all sample points adaptive selection of neighborhood. Adaptive selection of neighborhood algorithm applied to the Hessian locally linear embedding ( HLLE ), the improved HLLE in the neighborhood graph is constructed to ensure the local linearity, thus ensuring the Hessian LLE reduction performance. Eventually the adaptive HLLE is applied to the rolling bearing of four kinds of fault feature extraction, extracted from the sample of low-dimensional feature and recognition accuracy results show, adaptive HLLE algorithm in neighborhood selection on parameter selection has a stronger robustness, extracting mechanical fault low dimensional feature more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has witnessed a rapid development in the individual charity donation cause; it is therefore necessary to launch a profound investigation of the behavior per se. The paper adopts the Tobit Model to study the influence of the social economical status of China's urban citizens upon their charity donation behaviors. The statistic results show that there is a positive relation in between. That is, those who own a bachelor degree donate more than those who do not; however, the influence may vary according to donation domains. Meanwhile, the increase of income may also lead up to increasing the amount, but those who have less income may donate more than those who have the average income, which suggests a U model between the donation amount and the work income. Furthermore, profession and donation also have a positive relation, which may result from the "working unit people'" effect that still exists in China. That is, institutional mobilization factors maintain a salient force in donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional research about people's educational investment only focused on benefit from education but ignored the risk. There are differences in expectation hypothesis about educational choice in the literature. Hypothesis imposed on individuals might lead to incorrect inferences, as researchers decided the key elements from variable individual information without knowing their thought. Thus, using individual expectation data might have more real results than the hypothesis. This paper investigated the postgraduate attendance decision on wage expectations, and risk from the data of "attitudes to the post-graduate education survey" in 2007. The results showed that the expectations significantly affect the students' educational choice, but the reflection from risk to educational choice were different, which are earning risk does not influence postgraduate attendance decision and subjective risk has significant negative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students developmental orientation refers to a series of direction services provided by schools to promote students to have an all-round and personalized development, an idea that has been widely practiced in numerous countries and areas, and become one of the three functions of school education. The initial student orientation starts from occupation guidance. And after several decades of innovation and advances, it has experienced great changes and extension in content, ideas, models and personnel. In China, even though there are so far some explorations, there are still a lot of issues in high schools that demand solutions, such as lack of the relevant policies and laws, weak in scientificality, and fragile in professionality. This paper aims to put forward the relevant measures for the problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise on educational consumption has become an important sign of China's economic and social development. Currently Chinese people's investment in educational consumption is gaining more and more social identity; however, various potential crises do hide against Chinese people's high social identity of educational consumption. Aimed at the actual situations of China's social identity of educational consumption, this paper first explores the important role Chinese people's psychological behaviors play in China's economic development and social harmony from social, psychological and cultural perspectives, and then attempts to evaluate the rational and moderate development trend of China's educational consumption. Guiding Chinese people in formulating the concept of rational and moderate educational consumption could contribute favorably to the cultivation of talents and the healthy, harmonious as well as sustainable development of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new teaching goal advocated by College English Course Teaching Requirement in 2007, the use of multimedia technique in English teaching, the use of multi-modal language, and the application of muhi-modality discourse analysis and Muhiliteracies Pedagogy, all these make College English need an approach which develops muhimodality integrated skills. This paper analyzes the possibility of Pedagogy of Multimodal Integrated Skills based on the combination of teaching approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from Han-learning to Song-learning was a profound cultural change in academic field in Tang and Song period of change. This change varied with process and features in different regions. In this paper, Song-learning rise and development in Taizhou were investigated. Through the investigation, it can be found that Song-learning rise and development in Taizhou were closely related to the movement-to-South of political cultural center in the transition of two Song. From features of development phase, North Song was the development period of "Studying of the righteousness principle" of Song-learning in Taizhou, which had deep ties with the school of stability; South Song was the development period of "Studying of the nature principle" of Song-learning in Taizhou. Under the deep influence of Zhuxi, three academic standing like a tripod pattern eventually appeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two evaluation models of fuzzy theory are studied by the application of fuzzy theory in the comprehensive quality of university teachers. According to the results of the relative experiment, it proves that the application of fuzzy theory can more effectively solve many problems like how to identify, analyze and process the problems of engineering technology and how to analyze and test the problems on education , society and human science, which are hard to be solved in traditional ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children during the period from birth to 18 months, who cannot communicate with others through the social verbal medium, are called pre-language children. Children in this period show great potentials for development in terms of their social properties as well as their natural properties. Therefore, education in this period will be very fruitful, which should indeed be based on constructing an effective communication system for them. This paper, therefore, intends to explore how to construct a non-verbal communication system for pre-language children with regard to its material basis, content, characteristics, and mode construction, hoping to optimize the early education quality in this period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year 2001, the mainland China initiated a top down curriculum reform. Armed with the notion that the educational action is determined by the concept of education, the government and educational experts have carried out a large-scale teachers' training program, intending to imbue the trainees with "new concepts of education". Based on an analysis of the interviews of primary school teachers, this paper argues that what exerts a real and lasting influence on a teacher's classroom action is his understanding of the "effectiveness" of his classroom action, which is influenced by his tacit knowledge acquired in his early age, by his long-time cultivated educational habit, and by the collective knowledge environment of his organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semi-active suspension system with Magnetorheological (MR) dampers can improve the ride comfort and handling performance in vehicle and is inherent safe and reliable. Electrical power steering system (EPS) is developed rapidly due to its portable and flexible operations as well as stable steering performance. The coordinated control of these two electric control systems arises in order to improve the ride comfort and ensure the steering stability in cornering situation. In this paper, a prototype MR damper is designed and manufactured. Its dynamic characteristic is tested by the experimental setup. The model for the MR damper and equations of motion for the full vehicle including corner, vertical, yaw, roll and pitch motions are established to develop a kind of new coordinated control strategy. The semi-active suspension systems are controlled by four independent fuzzy controllers and the electrical power steering system (EPS) is controlled by another robust controller. The state of motion in vehicle is estimated to perform their coordinated control and reach global optimized overall performances. The numerical simulation results show that the coordinated control strategy is effective and successful in improving the overall performances such as rapid electrical power steering and good body post regulation. The overall performances of the coordinated control are much better than that of the conventional individual subsystem control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a striking symbolization of urban and rural integration, teachers in schools for migrant workers' children are both psychologically yearning for the urban life and physically sojourning in the urban area. However, they hardly identify themselves with the urban community. As a result of this unique experience, their life world is characterized by "mobility" , which offers us a valuable perspective of educational sociology to recognize schools for migrant workers' children and to understand the education there. In this paper, we attempt to describe their life world in the urban fringe and the features associated with their educational activities by conducting field work and interviews with migrant teachers in a school for migrant workers' children. Furthermore, we also aim to interpret the relationship between life world and educational practice in terms of rootlessness and the relation with money based on G. Simmel's concept of "the stranger" which may help us gain a more profound understanding of the dynamics and variety of education, especially the education provided by schools for migrant workers' children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writer of this paper believes that the lack of democratic qualities has become the most serious barrier to develop deeply socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. So training citizens with democratic qualities has become a necessity to break through the barrier. However, training citizens has to depend on education in accordance with China's actual conditions, and education is the only way to train citizens with democratic qualities effectively, speedily and steadily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the growing interest in English speaking in Korea, little attention has been paid to speech functions in designing and validating speaking test tasks. This paper addresses the mismatch between the intended and actually elicited speech functions from a speaking test so as to provide test developers and users with a clearer idea of why intended functions to be specified need to be carefully considered and, if necessary, revised in item development and rating process. This study begins with examining the communicative functions to be assessed in English speaking test tasks. It next analyzes the transcription data elicited from 15 Korean college students? and two native speakers? responses to 12 speaking test items. The features in predicted and unexpectedly elicited speech functions are discussed. It is found that there are some divergences between intended and actually elicited speech functions in both student and native speaker group. Follow-up research related to this study is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies three major features of postgraduate education at Wuhan University during Republic of China. Firstly, postgraduate education at that time demonstrated obvious maturity, which was characterized by the standardization of postgraduate enrollment, systematization of cultivation and institutionalization of academic degree conferment. Secondly, postgraduate education showed its conformity with the times, which satisfied the need of applied talents for the country and resulted in general enrollment in the fields of economy and engineering. Finally, postgraduate education was greatly influenced by foreign education in the aspects of educational modes and educational thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting equality in opportunities for receiving higher education is one of the major goals of higher education policy. In China, regional equality has been maintained by a quota system in which the government allocates the numbers of university entrants to each of the Regions (Sho). Through the expansion of higher education, however, disparities in the levels of participation among Regions have expanded in recent years, reflecting the differences in levels of economic development. How has regional inequality grown, and why did the quota system fail to prevent it? By analyzing the changes between 1992 and 2001, this paper attempts to answer these questions. In the first section, it is shown by analyses of macro data that there were fairly large differences by Region in the participation rate in 1992. Moreover, the expansion of higher education in the 1990s brought about significant increases in the regional gaps. The second section examines how the present quota system functioned during the course of expansion. It is found that the expansion of universities under the control of Regional governments has been instrumental in increasing the supply of higher education in the economically advanced Regions. Moreover, the national universities, which tend to be located in urban areas, increased the number of entrants from their own Regions. These factors collaborated to the increase in the regional growth disparities, From these observations, it is concluded that the existing quota system is unable to rectify the pressure of both the demand for, and supply of, opportunities for higher education that reflect differences in the level of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to discover a route for the resolution of "differences in scholastic ability," which are a serious problem in Japanese Education, using the idea of "Effective Schools". "Effective Schools" are schools which have relatively small differences in scholastic ability between social groups. This report looks at the continuation of effects of schools, and studies the characteristics of "Effective Schools" in Japan. In conventional studies on "Effective Schools" in Japan, seven characteristics are clarified: (1) Ordered child groups, (2) Mutual empowerment by students, (3) A school administration that values teamwork, (4) Connections between schools and outside organizations, (5) A positive school culture, (6) A system that encourages learning, and (7) Leadership. These were found in data from a single year, however, and were not based on data collected continuously. Therefore, surveys to date are inadequate. This report demonstrates the existence of "Effective Schools" and analyzes the characteristics of schools in one city in Hyogo Prefecture, based on continuous data. The findings are as follows. To begin with, from an analysis of scholastic ability data, it is clear that the evaluation of "Effective Schools" is considerably affected by grade groups. In previous studies in this area, attention had not been given to the differences between grade groups, and this suggests a danger in relying on data for a single year. In addition, caution must be exercised in basing policymaking on data on scholastic ability performed in a single year. Next, while the results of the surveys varied greatly by grade groups in most schools, there were two schools (A and B) that were continuously effective. School A was unified several years ago. The teachers are building a new school culture, involving "watching and checking inside school" and "taking learning hours." On the other hand, School B is characterized by "good class atmosphere" and "self direction in learning." The two schools seem to have very different characteristics, but it can be pointed out that teachers of both are supportive in various aspects. Comparing these with the seven characteristics of "Effective Schools" in Japan, School A is a school that has (1) Ordered child groups and (6) A system that encourages learning (in School). By contrast, School B has (2) Mutual empowerment by students and (6) A system that encourages learning (at home). Moreover, both schools have (3) A school administration that values team-work and (5) A positive school culture. From those analyses, it can be hypothesized that "Teacher Culture" and "School Culture" are important factors in the study of "Effective Schools." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, regional disparities in education can be seen from the following six aspects. (1) Disparities between areas (disparities between cities or towns) (2) Disparity inside areas (disparities between elementary school areas) (3) Visible disparities (4) Invisible disparities (5) Disparities in school education (6) Disparities in social education Among these disparities, this paper focuses on disparities inside areas, invisible disparities, and disparities in social education. The reason is that these are the new disparities found in mergers between municipalities (a contemporary phenomenon in Japan), movements of population and the decentralization of power. In other words, under the decentralization of power, communities are called on to be economically and educationally independent from the central government, and these new disparities are related to the educational power of communities and to the power of social education connected to them. They are also related to the urgent educational issues that must be tackled together by educational officials, people involved in schools and social education, and local residents under the decentralization of power. The two principal directions for this task are as follows. (1) Cooperation between schools and communities by strengthening support from educational administration to schools and communities, and strengthening cooperation involving both school education and social education. (2) Improving the specialization of education in a broad sense. In other words, improving technical cooperation with specialists such as teachers, leaders of social education, medical personnel and welfare personnel. These points will be crucial determinants of the success or failure of education under the decentralization of power. In addition, the author uses data on administration in cities and towns in Shiga prefecture, which are familiar to him. Nevertheless, the manuscript consists of some guesses without actual evidence in some points; therefore it has in some sense the character of the presentation of a hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education of migrant workers' children includes two aspects: one is about migrant children and the other is about left-behind children. The education issues of migrant children are diversified. Besides migrant children's difficult schooling caused by household registration system, there are also three other problems such as migrant children's difficult schooling caused by inconsistency of education resources between their origins and destinations, discontinuous education process caused by their parents' unstable employment and weak family education caused by their parents lower education degrees and longer working time. The main cause of education issues of left behind children is lack of their parents' effective supervision and family care. The poor economic conditions of migrant workers in cities determine that the majority of left-behind children can't get rid of their left-behind status in a short period of time. The results of quantitative analysis indicate that the migrant workers' wages are decided by their education degrees and skills. But the migrant workers' education degrees and skills are comparatively low. Most of them haven't received training and are unwilling to receive vocational and technical training in future. Finally, based on the above issues, the paper proposes to consider the education system and education resources arrangement from the perspectives of urban and rural integration, and regional integration. A coordinating system with destination as focus and origin as complementation should be established. Schools and urban communities should play more important roles. Governments, and related companies and enterprises in both destinations and origins should attach great importance to migrant workers' vocational skills training, and improve their enthusiasm to participate in the vocational skills training by strengthening services and increasing input and policy guides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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