Search

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the quality of graduate papers in physical education departments in several Chinese colleges. According to the author, the papers have quality problems. Forged data and experiments and loosely designed topics are some of the problems identified by the author. Measures on quality monitoring are recommended by the author.

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which discusses the correct quoting of papers in academic sports periodicals in China. The study has based on the practical work in sports publishing in the country. Its discussion highlights the concepts of keywords and subject words, quoting principles, existing problems of quoting, and attributive factors for quoting subject words in academic sport periodicals.

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrating ideological and political education into the curriculum increases the value and cultural genes contained in the college PE curriculum, calls on PE to return to the meaningful world, and effectively encourages students to transform rational cognition and value identification into behavior and habits and actively participate in the cause of building China into a leading sporting nation and in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Through logical reasoning, narrative analysis and other research methods, this paper systematically discusses the endogenous mechanism and narrative path for integrating ideological and political education into PE. The research shows that the ideological and political education via PE in colleges and universities urgently needs to identify the essence of the original relationship between the ideological and political elements of PE courses, grasp the dual attributes of the "meaning world", pay attention to the science of PE knowledge, and emphasize the cultural connotation of "knowledge understanding". Therefore, based on the thinking direction of "what are the ideological and political resources of the curriculum, "how to tap into the ideological and political resources of the PE curriculum" and "how to improve the effectiveness of the ideological and political resources of the PE curriculum", this paper puts forward that the high-quality development of the ideological and political resources of the PE curriculum in colleges and universities should go from the "fact world" to the "meaning world", and actively construct the narrative discourse of the times; it should go from "knowledge teaching to "value leading", comprehensively improving the curriculum chain; it should also go from "reflection and exchange" to "knowledge understanding", facilitating the narrative path for ideological and political education via PE, and transforming the PE learning experience into personal growth and action consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the methods of literature review, historical research, expert interviews and so on to explore the source of sports thoughts in China's universities and the historical evolution of university sports thoughts in modern China. University sports thoughts in modern China not only originated from Chinese traditional sports, but also were deeply influenced by western sporting culture. University sports thoughts have the characteristics of "endogeneity" and "dependency". Focusing on the historical evolution of sports thought of 23 domestic universities with a history of more than 100 years, including Tsinghua University, Peking University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, this paper explores the background, content, and characteristics of sports thoughts in China's universities at different historical stages, and summarizes relevant experience and implications from the evolution of university sports thoughts in the past 100 years. Conclusion: 1) The development of university sports in China must adhere to the inheritance of the traditional sports thoughts of the Chinese nation, and must be integrated into the world sports development pattern. 2) The development of university sports in China must adhere to the inheritance of the sports ideas and practices of the previous generation of educators and sportsmen. 3) The development of university sports in China must adhere to the new system of university sports at a new stage in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To better solve the problems in global table tennis umpire training, such as inconsistent training methods, a sole experience-based teaching model, and the lack of technology adopted during the training process, this study integrates video technology, VR and Hawk-Eye into teaching penalty for illegal serves, the most difficult problem in table tennis umpire training. A new path and new thinking are put forward for training international table tennis umpires, with a view to contributing to consistent penalty for illegal serves in competitions at all levels around the world. This paper uses literature review, field investigation, questionnaire and expert interview to study and analyze the current status of umpire training of the International Table Tennis Federation ( ITTF ) and its associations. The theories regarding service rules are further sorted out based on time sequence and the characteristics of references to simplify the types of fouls, and to standardize the umpire hand signals for illegal severs and penalty procedures. Besides, video teaching is used to consolidate relevant theory foundation; VR is adopted to improve the practical competence for judging serves, and Hawk-Eye is employed to improve the accuracy of penalty for illegal serves. This paper holds that integrating information technology into umpire training can help umpires construct a theoretical framework, gain more experience and improve the accuracy of penalty for illegal serves from the perspectives of finding of facts, accurate judgement and good communication. This study aims to achieve global consistency in penalty for illegal serves. In the future, global consistency should be developed from the aspects of simplifying the service rules, building a global training platform and improving the quality of umpire training by ITTF associations, so as to cultivate skilled professionals to promote the healthy development of table tennis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the "14th Five-Year Plan" for sports, China proposes that the overall development of sports should create a new climate featuring strong leadership by the government, social vitality, a well-regulated market, and active participation by the people. In this context, this paper, from the perspective of the "state-society" relations, analyzes the relations among the power, discourse and institution of the government, society and market when they participate in the governance of youth sports. The Chinese government's efforts to improve the physical health of the youth have generally shifted from omnipotent governance, authoritarian governance, law-based governance to a multiple approach to governance. The main characteristic is that in the governance of youth sports, the "state" and "society" have always been in a dynamic game in terms of power, discourse and institution, which don't harmonize well with each other. As a result, the government, society and market have been unable to overcome the dilemma of fragmentary contradictions and conflicts in the current collaborative governance. In order to improve the governance of youth sports and develop a new governance model of coordinated development and collaboration, this paper, under the value orientation of "stronger nation and stronger society", explores the approach to the governance of youth sports from the aspects of optimizing the power structure, establishing a discourse system and improving the governance system, with a view to shedding light on sound governance of youth sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a key driving force behind sport governance modernization, the local governments are responsible for undertaking the mission of realizing the goals of national sport governance. Research on the local governments' role in sport governance is therefore highly relevant to modernizing sport governance and building a leading sports nation. By literature review and logical analysis, this paper analyzes the implications of sport governance by the local governments, and finds that it encapsulates both the governments' will and people's sports rights. The paper goes on to further analyze the theoretical logic, historical logic and realistic logic behind sport governance by the local governments, which proves to be the proper performance and inevitable action of the local governments to practise the socialist system in the new era. On this basis, this paper puts forward the following path choices for China's sport governance by the local governments: take further steps to build leading sports provinces; further apply and standardize the soft means for sport governance; optimize the allocation of urban and rural public sports resources; promote sport governance to meet people's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacred imagery is the result of the fusion of martial arts culture and traditional Chinese culture, and it is also the fundamental driving force for the continuation of the martial arts culture. As an important part of the culture genes of martial arts, sacred imagery refers to the sacred emotions and concepts held by people living in a specific social and cultural field space. The establishment of such emotions and concepts benefits from the reconstruction of local traditions and abstract symbols. This paper adopts the paradigm of qualitative research and uses the methods of participatory observation, in-depth interview, ethnography etc. to study the construction of sacred imagery of the martial arts culture and the spatial implications generated by the memory of martial arts culture. This paper holds that: 1) The overflow of the structural tension between tradition and modernity is the key to distinguishing and constructing martial arts culture in the current consciousness. 2) The external boundaries and internal divisions of ethnic groups can solidify and stabilize the memory of sacred imagery of martial arts culture. The segregation and the order patterns derived from the patriarchal system provide a field space for the transmission of sacred imagery of martial arts culture. 3) The establishment of the "sacred imagery" of traditional martial arts culture is to implant Chinese philosophical thoughts and culture into the memory system of martial arts through the cultural myths of "heaven, earth, king, elders, teachers" and the mythological cultural elements of "god, ancestor, soul, fate, wizard". The establishment, strengthening, continuation and popularization of this belief system depend on the six interlinked elements of "classics, preachers, believers, temples, statues, ceremonies". 4) The "emotional embedding" derived from the "communicative memory" enables the martial arts culture's inheritance and substitution to go beyond the superficial body skills and enter the "sacred space". The fusion of "communicative memory" and "cultural memory" constructs the sacred cultural narrative of traditional martial arts, which expresses the memory of ethnic groups through physical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

:The proposal of developing the Beijing-Zhangjiakou sports culture and tourism belt presents both opportunities and challenges for the development of both cities. Previous studies have paid little attention to the natural geography of ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region. This leads to inadequate understanding and utilization of local sports culture and restricts the sustainable development of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region. From the perspective of ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, this paper reviews the sports culture accretion in the studied area throughout history, providing material and non-material cultural resources for tourism revitalization. This paper holds that the aforementioned belt is a tourism-culture stretch based on the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry and centered on integrated sports culture, mainly including prairie sports culture, winter sports culture, military sports culture and hiking culture. To tap the sports-related cultural resources and to promote the sustainable development of the belt, it is necessary to focus on the features of the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, explore the implications of sports culture, revitalize the sports culture accretion, and develop a sound brand identity for the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at expounding the main subjects widely discussed at the second China International Strength and Conditioning Conference, the theme of which is Leading-edge Theory and Practice in Strength and Conditioning for High Performance Sports, and 16 experts are invited to discuss strength training, speed training, load monitoring, movement function, sport-specific strength and conditioning and the art of coaching etc. Among them, the focus of strength training is on the energy metabolic pathways of soft tissue stiffness training and resistance training for athletes requiring jumping and change of direction. The focus of speed training is on the maximum speed test and training strategy as well as the application of speed data in team sports and strength training. The focus of load monitoring is on the classification of training load and the purpose and significance of monitoring. The movement session mainly discusses the concept and application of functional training. Sport-specific strength and conditioning mainly focuses on the physical fitness training methods for swimming and ice sports. The art of coaching mainly introduces the purpose and application of coaching language. Combined with a literature review by resorting to Ebsco, Ovid and CNKI, this paper summarizes the key points raised at the conference, and is therefore valuable and significant for the reference of research on strength and conditioning training and the practice of strength and conditioning for high performance sports in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colleges and universities are important platforms for the inheritance and development of Tai Chi (Taiji Quan). However, for a long time, Tai Chi teaching at colleges and universities has not explored its own way, thus facing various difficulties. Through literature review, expert interviews, logical thinking and other research methods, this paper analyzes and reflects on the status quo of Tai Chi teaching at colleges and universities. On the basis of pointing out the errors in the teaching mode of Tai Chi at colleges and universities, this paper puts forward the correction strategies: Tai Chi teaching should base itself on serving the purpose of achieving quality education for college students by inheriting the fighting culture of martial arts. The teaching objectives include: mind-body building, attacking and defense skills and cultural communication. Tai Chi teaching should restore the basic technical system of Tai Chi practice, build a teaching content system that both integrates exercises and pushing hands into routine teaching, and reflects the traditional culture and philosophy of Tai Chi. In terms of teaching methods, we should: focus on core techniques; focus on strength practice; explain practical use; focus on resistance training; strengthen specific physical fitness ; focus on skill practice. In terms of evaluation methods, we should develop a correct evaluation concept according to the thought of cultivating people, specify what to evaluate according to the education goals, and adopt various evaluation methods according to the teaching practice of Tai Chi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-ASEAN relations have entered a new stage of all-round development. As an economic and cultural belt, the "Betl and Road Initiative" (BRI) has played a role in promoting cultural exchanges and cooperation in China-ASEAN sporting events. This paper adopts the research methods of literature review, expert interview and field survey to discuss the status quo of China-ASEAN sporting events in the context of the BRI, the characteristics of China-ASEAN national culture, the cultural expressions of sportsmanship with distinctive Chinese features, and the strategies for promoting China-ASEAN sporting events and exchanges. The paper also analyzes the internal and external factors behind promoting China-ASEAN cross-border sporting events in the context of the BRI, and points out the future of high performance sports in the China-ASEAN region. Conclusions and suggestions; the ultimate goal of China-ASEAN sporting events and national cultural integration is to develop a healthy and sustainable development model for "connectivity, mutual learning, mutual integration and sharing"; it is proposed to develop a promotion mechanism and optimized strategies for the cultural connectivity of cross-border sporting events in countries and regions along the "Belt and Road", and jointly develop a vision for a "Community of China-ASEAN High Performance Sports". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revolves around the key research on "science and technology for the Winter Olympics, and takes "altitude training" for endurance winter sports in China as the research object. On the basis of fully understanding the current research status at home and abroad, we draw on experience from relevant research on winter and summer Olympic sports and adopt effective science-based testing and analysis methods to ensure scientific, leading-edge and innovative research results. After over 60 years of continuous attempts, China has made preliminary progress in research on hypobaric hypoxia (natural altitude) and normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude), but the research results are mostly limited to the study of hematological indicators and exercise capacity. This paper adopts literature review, tracking study, expert interview to systematically study the development in endurance winter sports in China. Based on the review of various altitude training models and the development features of endurance winter sports in China, the application prospects of various altitude training models are expounded. We also resort to some successful cases and training data of altitude training at home and abroad, and analyze load management of the two well developed altitude training models: the "W" and "M" models, with a view to promoting altitude training for endurance winter sports in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the arduous task of preparing for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games, this paper analyzes the performance gap between domestic professional cross-country skiers and international elite skiers, as well as domestic skiers' weaknesses and potential opportunities for breakthroughs. The paper also puts forward the idea of fully using science and technology to realize leapfrog development in skiers' athletic performance in a short term through unconventional breakthrough training. By analyzing the inherent demand for tech-supported implementation of breakthrough training for skiers' weaknesses, the focus of and approaches to using science and technology to facilitate training are proposed: 1) develop a supporting team of science and technology during the preparation for the Winter Olympics; 2) review and effectively apply the findings of quality research on "using science and technology for the Winter Olympics"; 3) learn from foreign training concepts and methods, and develop cross-country skiing training concepts and unconventional training methods suitable for Chinese skiers; 4) evaluate the characteristics of skiers' key competitive skills and weaknesses; research on and develop individualized and targeted tech-supported training; 5) resort to research experts at home and abroad, educate coaches and key skiers in science-based training principles and methods, and improve their relevant training capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Sport University is the property of Beijing University of Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)