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This paper aims to reconstruct and analyze tiie legislative framework of migration that affected Italy after 1945. Being Italy one of the most important European immigration countries, while continuing to be a country of emigration, we will take into account both the policies of emigration and of immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the mobility of Italians after 1945 presents various elements of interest, from the historical ones linked to the reconstruction of phenomena of great importance in the evolution of our society, to those connected to the forms that these components of migratory movements have assumed after the end of mass emigration. The work is divided into three chapters. The first two are devoted to a reconstruction of the dimensions and main characteristics of emigration and internal migration in the period between 1945 and the oil crises of the early seventies. Finally, in the last part of the paper, attempts were made to grasp the most recent developments in the migration dynamics of the Italians, considering internal and international movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the emigration regulation in Italy between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. After mentioning the first administrative deeds concerning emigration, the author examines the norms enacted to face the expatriations, highlighting the "police character" of such a legislation and the central role assigned to the emigration agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reductions of fertility that have produced very low or even negative levels of natural increase in a growing number of countries have transformed international migration into a major determinant of population change. This paper reviews trends in natural increase and net migration at the regional level and analyzes the contribution that net migration has made to the population growth of major world regions. It shows that net migration has had a greater impact in increasing population growth in regions of immigration (Europe, Northern America and Oceania) than in reducing it in regions of emigration (Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean). Among countries with net migration equivalent to more than half of natural increase, the number with positive net migration has been increasing more rapidly than the number with negative net migration, indicating again that migration has had a greater impact in increasing population growth than in decreasing it. An analysis of the relationship between rates of natural increase and net migration rates shows that that relationship is weak and cannot validate the claim that emigration increases as natural increase rises. The paper concludes that, as more countries experience very low or even negative levels of natural increase, migration will become increasingly crucial in determining both the direction and the magnitude of population change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the matchmaking process of arranged marriages in the migration context. The focus is on general features of arranged marriages rather than differences among different ethnic groups. It is highlighted the importance of recognising the shift from the "consensually" arranged marriages - as from the home country of the parents - to the "forced" arranged marriage, as from the Western migration country. The paper draws attention to the issue of considering all marriages involving children as forced marriage. Some mental health and clinical issues related to forced arranged marriages are also depicted and the paper calls for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses European legal protection of refugees and asylum seekers' family ties, including same-sex relationships. It first describes how legal norms and policy, if implemented discriminatorily in the country of origin, constitute grave violations of basic human rights (e.g., prohibition of free marriage), grounding claims for international protection. Then, considering the beneficiaries of international protection, it focuses on their right to family life (including family reunification and unity) in EU law, which lays down a strict definition of family members, without reference to same-sex couples. In order to protect beyond the strict "family members" criteria, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights comprehends other ties (e.g., same-sex couple living in a stable relationship). Following this approach and taking into account cases on article 8 ECHR, it explores which family ties are considered worth of protection and therefore cannot be split apart through expulsion/return measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How much does mobility influence family relations in the Argentinean Andean highland? To what extent does the high number of both single mothers and female single parent domestic units depend on patterns of migration? This paper investigates the connection between dynamics of migration, domestic structures and the high presence of single mothers in two neighbour highland shepherds' communities in the provinces of Salta and Catamarca, North West of Argentina. Ethnographic data, such as reconstructions of family relationships and transcriptions of stories of life, will help us to point out the multiple effects of migratory mobility on personal affective relations, that is, familiar and pair relationships, but also relations between the shepherds, their animals and the places of their ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing EU "refugee crisis" is drawing public attention on the brutal forces of war, persecution and exploitation, which are at the origin of contemporary displacements. However, the humanitarian governance of forced migration is now more than ever embedded in the construction of powerful moral imaginaries, which tend to depict "real refugees" as speechless and passive subjects, substantially devoid of wills, personal aspirations or desires. In an attempt to contrast the pervasive de-politicisation of forced migrants' life trajectories this article seeks to contest the by shedding light on the role of intimacy in the shaping of the struggle for freedom and mobility, as well as of claims to the right to settle. Drawing on the ethnographic account of subjective experiences of an Iranian refugee encountered during my fieldwork in Bologna (Italy) in 2011,1 show how affective relationships - experienced or sought, existing or missing - can play a crucial role in imagining and concretely enacting the flight from oppressive regimes, as well as in taking the decision to settle in a specific national context. Through an analysis of the transformative nature of intimate relationships, this paper sheds light on the multiple connections between political subjectivity and affectivity in forced migrants' life paths in contemporary Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at analysing gender inequality in occupational mobility of Argentines immigrants in Spain. The data source is the Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, 2007 (ENI: National survey about immigrants, 2007). The paper verifies the hypothesis of the existence of a "U" shape trend in labour mobility from the last job position in Argentina to the last one registered in Spain through the survey. Results partially refuse the hypothesis. After emigration, immigrants experiment a downward mobility that is not balanced by a following ascending mobility. Because of their starting better position, the initial downward mobility among women is more intense, as the upward mobility in Spain, even though it doesn't compensate for the status loss, due to emigration. Gender and ethnic origin appear as the more significant stratification factors in the human capital endowment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at illustrating a language learning ideal space for immigrants considering their social, linguistic and professional needs. The work is based on the fact that having a language background is crucially important for the integration of immigrants in the job market. The language learning space illustrated in this paper aims to respond to the specificities of the global and modern world. For this reason, our ideal classroom should be a four-dimensional space respectively with four specific purposes: traditional classroom, mobile classroom (on-the-job training), virtual classroom and autonomous learning. This ideal teaching space, consisting of four training areas in addition to the epicenter (base of operation), should be considered as a unitary path in which each dimension cooperates with each other in the perspective of language-professional lifelong learning in the global world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight and criticize two rival interpretations of citizenship. First, the concept of citizenship as «security system»: in this case, citizenship functions as an inclusion/exclusion mechanism, in order to protect nationals from aliens. The result of this political discrimination is a paradoxical form of spatial segregation of migrants, included in the territory of a State, but excluded from the recognition, reserved only to nationals. Second interpretation is the cosmopolitan concept of citizenship, intended as a solution to the «exclusive- inclusion» effect, generated by the first interpretation. The cosmopolitan thesis is simple: there is no segregation because every person on this planet, as a human being, is entitled to be a citizen of the world. Actually the effect, in this case, is not the expected realm of equal respect: at the global level, only highly-skilled migrants enjoy the title of citizen. The others, classified as non-“marketable" entities, are excluded again. In the final section, the paper tries to sketch a concept of citizenship from the Brazilian experience of slums: what is at stake here, especially in Paraisopolis, is the possibility to build a concept of citizenship from the bottom of civil society to the top of the institutions. This means rethinking citizenship as a result of the practice of participation, always embedded in an urban space and conceived as a fundamental right of defence against segregation. Since, from the point of view of this «right to the city», every person, national or migrant, has the political opportunity to say in common the meaning of being a citizen in a plural society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Italian Community of Bedford (England) from a historical perspective: this community was broadly studied in the 70s and 80s by different scholars for its historical, sociological and anthropological features, related to the fast development, the high percentage of Italians on the whole local population, to their displacement, and to the strong in-group ties. From the 90s, the interest for this community has decreased, with the result that a study on today's Italian Community and on the contemporary migrations is missing. This paper, which is part of the International Research project entitled "The Italian identity between local identities and globalization", aims at providing a synchronic study on the Italians of Bedford, and their behavioral and cultural habits. Another aim is to analyze the role of the ethnic associations, such as the Italian Church, the Italian school, and the other meeting places, and the Italian social networks. This paper is based on the results of an ethnographic fieldwork I've gathered from February 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the various stages of the relationship between Albania and Italy from 1900 to 2000, with Italy occupying a privileged position. The first part of the article recalls the principal moments of the Italian presence in Albania, focusing on Fascism and its pervasive control on both the Albanian trade and administration between 1939 and 1943: something which allowed numerous Italian companies to work safely and profitably and prompted many Italians to move to that country. The second part of the paper analyzes the commercial and collaborative agreements between the two countries and underscores how migration has the power to transform both the arrival and the departure societies, by renewing the ancient bond between the two countries. The third and final part of the paper focuses on the current situation and analyzes the size and characteristics of the Italian living in Albania or currently active as entrepreneurs in the country, the Albanians living in Italy, the arbëreshë communities still located in different regions of southern Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyses specific aspects of the Istro-Dalmatian exile towards Australia in the years after WWII. After providing a brief historical outline, this paper aims at investigating the repercussions of these events on the sense of identity of the people directly involved in this experience. Identity is here understood, following Adriana Cavarero's interpretation, as figural unity of the picture left behind by life-stories. Accounts as well as literary texts written by Istro-Dalmatian women are taken into exam. The first section of the paper is focused on stories and memories of the refugees collected by Viviana Facchinetti and published in Storie fuori dalla storia (2001). The second part of this article concentrates on the analysis of literary texts written by Silvana Gardner, Australian author born in Zara (Zadar). The common thread bringing together this analysis and the selected texts is the necessity to provide a space of exposure that can make the existence of these stories visible. In this perspective, women's narrations are privileged because of the low degree of public exposure they suffered until recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the results of a research studying the aspects of the social practices of citizenship, and the construction of identities by young immigrants; the analysis of the social wellness and integration of the participants. To analyze the social participation and wellness of the interviewed we haven't used indicators elaborated by other researches or by previous theoretical studies: we chose, instead, to build our own indicators accordingly to what the participants indicated during the interviews as the most relevant aspects of their everyday life. This paper finds that participation in the relevant processes of the host society requires neither uncritical engagement in its cultural forms nor full sharing of the meanings of cultural symbols. Social participation is effected through a series of processes of negotiation and mixing of symbols, meanings and cultural forms, through intercultural communication, both in school and in dealing with their peers. As categories like "integration" and "adaptation" seem to oversimplify the degree of participation, this paper wants to stress the variety of meanings, expectations and problems encountered by young immigrants, on the path to integration accordingly to their autonomous self-expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Gatt-Rutter's paper examines an example of perhaps the most common type of text in the Italian Australian literary corpus, the achieved life as a canonical subject of life writing, analysing the cultural and social issues related to the writing of the biography of Sebastiano Pitruzzello from Sortino in Sicily. Pitruzzello, who began his Australian experience as a welder, went on to become a noted cheese manufacturer in Victoria. As Gatt-Rutter makes clear, the life story and success of one migrant become the symbol of the larger Sortino diaspora, including the formation of a distinctive community in Melbourne whose ties with the hometown are ongoing and dynamic. This paper gauges the relative weight of uniqueness and representativeness, of ethnic belonging and (post)modern openness and the determinacy of the historical moment, focusing on some differences from the expected pattern, as well as the epic resonances of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joseph Pugliese's paper proposes a strikingly innovative area in the field of Italian Australian studies by investigating an aspect of a long-term but largely unexplored cultural dichotomy represented by the Italian presence in Australia. Traditionally the minority of Australians who have displayed interest in Italian culture have done so exclusively in relation to Italy's institutionally promoted high culture while the majority of Italian migrants in Australia embody a complex and heterogeneous cultural tradition that has developed in their region of origin over many hundreds of years. Pugliese examines the different ways Southern Italian migrants in an Australian context have mapped their own non-hegemonic cultural assertions against representations of the Italian nation by its own high cultural agencies. The concerns of this paper pivot on the point of intersection generated by the visual politics of using copies of Michelangelo's David to represent Italianness within an Australian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1999, repatriation was considered the most appropriate solution to the Kosovo refugee crisis. After the conflict, an impressive number of refugees returned to Kosovo from neighbouring countries and the participation of refugees in EU governments' return schemes was without precedents. These considerations are still used to support the claim that all refugees wish to return and is used by politicians to argue in favour of their own repatriation policies. Therefore, the analysis of the complexities surrounding this specific case can be helpful when studying the role of repatriation as the best solution to refugee crisis in the European context and the impact of asylum policies on refugees' decision vis-à-vis return which are currently questioning its "voluntary" nature. In light of that, this paper analyses the case of Kosovar refugees in the UK and Italy and puts into context the relative repatriation programmes developed in both countries. The first part of the paper looks at the international community's response to the refugee crisis and deals with the specific reception policies adopted in the UK and Italy. The second part considers the repatriation programmes set up in both countries for Kosovarsw and explores refugees attitudes towards the schemes focusing on the reasons of those who decided to remain in the country of exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decade Nigerian families have established a presence in Ireland, underlying a discernable contrast to previous patterns of male or single migration from Nigeria. Using the family photo album as a means of data elicitation in social research, this paper will argue that new familial and communal formations of Nigerian transnationalism in Ireland, attest to the reconfiguration of class and gendered politics in the domestic sphere, both in the sending context of Nigeria itself and in the receiving country. This tangible process forms an integral part of a broader change in traditional Nigerian family structures allied to the ongoing consequences of Nigerian modernity and the contingencies of transnational migration. A crucial effect of the peripheral position of the Nigerian community in Ireland, alongside its evolving everyday socioeconomic and cultural practices in the context of its interaction with the dominant host society as well as the sending country, is the political transformation of the community's transnational family dynamics. This paper will present three case studies highlighting the research potential of photographic images of the Nigerian family -- mediated through spoken narrative and processes of remembering -- as an archival and visually constitutive site of its structural transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main point of this paper is to estimate immigration, emigration and net migration rates classified by educational attainment and to measure also the magnitude of such a phenomenon for each of the twenty Italian regions during the period from 1980 to 2002. We take into account four educational levels: graduate, upper secondary, lower secondary and in a single class primary school and no title. The paper aims to give a data base to researchers of various disciplines first of all, albeit not exclusively, those of social sciences ones in order to pursue further works on this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2005 it will be 50 years that the Italian and the German government signed the first contract for the recruitment of Italian guest workers in Germany. More than half a million Italian citizens have been living permanently in Germany for several decades by now. Despite these facts, our knowledge about the quality of life of this part of the German population is not very well founded. Whereas the news media and commonly held belief regard Italians as very well integrated, the few scientific reports on the schooling level reached by Italian pupils and about the professional careers of members of the second and third generation reveal that many of them are disadvantaged in comparison with other parts of the population. This article makes an effort to explain these heterogeneous findings. Firstly, the paper aims at identifying the different experiences of the first and the second generation. Secondly, the paper tries to explain how the two different generations were coping with the difficulties and the new chances of the trans- national space that has developed as a biographical structure. Thirdly, the paper refers to the outcomes of an ongoing EU project on "The Chances of the Second Generation in Families of Ethnic Entrepreneurs" in order to explain the vast social inequalities between Italian inhabitants in Germany nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the analysis of brain drain and temporary migration of intellectual capital to and from France. Although it has not been possible to make a complete picture of flows, due to the lack of reliable figures, the paper examines the main characteristics and dimensions of the migration flows of scientists, engineers and enterpreneurs towards the Anglo-saxon countries still the most attractive area of destination. After a short analysis of the French research system, this paper discusses the difference between the present and past migration flows, underlining the choices of the young professionals generation. A section is devoted to the study of the reasons behind the outward flows -- mainly towards Anglo-saxon Countries -- and the inward ones -- mainly due to study committments of high qualified human resources coming in large part from Northern Africa. Some strategies aimed at decreasing the brain drain from France are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief analysis of the European situation of human resources for science and technology, the paper focuses on qualified migrations towards the two principal poles of attraction: United States and Canada. Both Countries present a strong tradition as destinations of immigration from Europe but in the last 30-40 years the quantity of migrants' flows from European Union countries has reduced, while the quality of such migrants, in terms of educational qualifications, has increased. The paper analyses the situation of Italian high qualified immigration in the two Countries as compared to the total immigration from European Union. Both temporary and permanent migration flows are considered as well as, whenever possible, occupation typologies. This analysis can contribute to the evaluation of the European role (and the role of Italy in particular) to the development of high qualified personnel and therefore to the overall innovation performance of the receiving countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the evolution of high qualified migrations in Italy since the relevance of this phenomenon has been remarkable. Using the Istat figures of migration movements of population, the authors examine the in-flux and out-flux of high qualified migrants in Italy -- i.e., those holding a graduate degree. The analysis highlights the net loss of the Country due to the exceeding number of expatriates on those who come back. An in-depht analysis is provided, using AIRE figures. Breakdowns by regions and country of destinations of high qualified Italian migrants are presented. The number of these migrants in recent years reached some thousands and it is increasing every year. The number of graduates leaving Italy is as well exceeding the number of Italian graduates that come back. The paper presents also the analysis of mobility of university students referring to both foreign students in Italy and Italian students abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Convention, when preparing the Constitution for an enlarged Europe, had to translate into legal and political praxis the new concept of post-national, cosmopolitan oriented citizenship, a concept which emerged in the debate of the 1990s. Modern culture established the citizen's status upon a model of solidarity based on likeness. It refers to those belonging to the same national community, defined by a real or alleged, cultural and historical homogeneity. It is now necessary to see whether the conditions to create new forms of civic solidarity exist, as to merge through dialogue the principles of similarity and difference. It is an issue that concerns the future of democracy, not just in Europe, but in the world, since globalization has produced global changes. The paper analyzes those changes, highlighting opportunities and risks. Many myths of the past are now put to test when reviewing the principles of public discourse and citizen's responsibility in a multicultural prospective. Amongst others, the paper criticizes the wrong, because anti-historical, conviction that the identity of nation states are based on memories. Lastly, the paper illustrates the definition of European citizenship within the project of the Constitution to emphasize its positive or negative aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the domestic work of foreign women through the prism of cultural complexity. The Author argues that, nowadays, the visibility of migrant women depends on structural changes in Western societies and on the increasing interest in reproduction process developed by gender studies. However this phenomenon must be studied through local perspective, in order to allow a better understanding of interactions between micro and macro phenomena. To demonstrate the advantages of this approach, in the first part the paper places the problem of migrant women in Italy in the larger frame of modern mobilities and relates it to past migrations. In the second part, a case-study done in the Vesuvian area (Neaples) is presented. Cultural dynamics between migrants and natives are analysed from the point of view of women from Western European countries who work as full or part-time domestic helpers. The research shows that, to do their job, these women have to acquire a new "domestic habitus". The Neapolitan case demonstrates that, to study recent migrations, the gender dimension must be introduced in order to integrate the various aspects of the migratory project and to measure the influence of economic factors according to the different situations and the relations that mobility has with sedentary life and reproduction sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the use of the Italian word expat in and out the Italian communities abroad, considering both the use of the migrants and that of journalists and researchers. The main aim of the study is to look at the relationship among (Italian) migrants with different cultural and social background, starting from the use of the word expat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based in the Encyclical Letter Spe Salvi, delivered by Pope Benedict XVI, and the pronouncements of Pope Francis, analyzes the recent Magisterium of the Church in the phases in which the theme of hope is applied to the worldwide phenomenon of migration. It emerges the unique perspective from which the Magisterium looks at migration, focusing especially the topics of hope that make up the goals to achieve, on one side, and those issues, on the other side, that seems hard to realize. The result is a reading that combines, in close symbiosis, Christian humanism and Theology, especially in the dimensions of Christology and Soteriology, where it appears that «a world without God is a world without hope» (Spe Salvi, no. 44). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of a larger research project that had the phenomenon of contemporary Greek diaspora in Italy as its object of study. In light of the lacking and fragmented literature on that argument, the author attempts to fill this scientific gap, making a contribution to the studies on the Greek diaspora abroad. In a field research on Greek second generation in Italy, among the issues covered is how Greek secord generation members relate to the Hellenic institutions and ‘sites of belonging' in Italy, by investigating the ways in which they use their ethnic resources and define their Greek identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration flows are a crucial point in the agenda of policy makers: they may generate tensions in the countries of destination and, in particular, in those segments of the society perceiving the arrival of immigrants as a threat to their economic and social condition. However, we must not forget that one of the key determinants of migration is the demand for labor in the receiving nations. Moreover, immigrants generally come to replace the natives in those jobs they shunned. This paper presents an analysis of female migration flows in one of the more marginal areas of the Italian region of Sicily, i.e., the Province of Enna. In particular, based on the data, the authors present the situation of female migration in this area, as well as the problem of their integration into the labor market. The analysis shows the care of the elderly being the most widespread sector where foreign workers are employed and points to the importance of seeing their presence as source of wealth, growth and development for the area of interest from an economic point of view, as well as from a socio-cultural perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the 1970s - characterised by a long period of xenophobic policies and Switzerland blocking the social and civil ambitions of inclusion of the Italian community - in 1982, the Italian football team won the World Cup in Spain. This apparently apolitical achievement was celebrated enthusiastically by the Italian community all over Switzerland. The proud, joyful and peaceful celebrations contributed to change the perception and the representation of the Italian community in Switzerland. In particular, this paper argues that the victory of the Mundial in Spain accelerated the process of inclusion of the Italian community in Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant political discourse on migrants' children in Spain, as well as in other countries, points at sport as a main resource for “integration" in the host society. The use of sport should promote the “suspension" of differences between the majority of the population and the existing ethnic minorities. The literature on migrants' sports practices shows that migrant minorities use sport as a tool for gaining visibility in the public space as well as for facing stigmatization. Up to now, however, few researches have focused on migrants' children. Besides, most of these studies looked at inter-ethnic relations, paying little attention to intergenerational relations between minors and adults as for the potential difference in terms of their transnational migratory projects. Drawing from a study carried out along three years with youth basketball teams boosted by a Latin American association in the city of Seville in Spain, this paper looks at migrants' sport practices through the lens of a “ritual analysis" and it shows how, thanks to basketball, teenagers gain visibility in the public spaces and they are able to re-define on the playground their interethnic, inter-generational and gender relations. Finally, this study illustrates how these young people transform the stigma into an emblem, reaffirming their own generational differences in relation to both adults and the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconstructs the history and the specific organizational forms of sports clubs networks promoted by the Italian-speaking community in Argentina. The analysis of the diachronic itinerary and of the differentiated profile of each sport discipline aims at clarifying the peculiar traits of sportisation within Argentina, especially in relation to the crucial social space represented by the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, where a large part of the Italian community settled since the late 19th century. The case studies investigated form a narrative of organizational stories through which it is possible to identify the main features of a peculiar strategy of integration and inclusion. In-depth historical analysis reveals recurring and fundamental aspects of the relationship between nationalization, migration, integration and sportisation such as: the role of communitarian leaderships as capable of developing a unifying mission; the institutionalization of the community through the constitution and/or the mobilization of social networks; the identity dynamics inside the group and sometimes even the metamorphosis of the original paradigms as a result of authentic paradoxes of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontier work is a very special type of migration that is in between internal migration, international migration and short-range commuting. If in theory cross-border workers are the residents of border areas who travel daily to work in the neighboring country, the reality is more complex. On the one hand, frontier work attracts to border areas people originally residing elsewhere; on the other hand, it absorbs workers living in more remote areas that because of high-speed trains can go from their houses to a workplace in another Nation. In this paper, we will deal with a number of cases linked to cross-borders work from Italy to France and Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the unaccompanied minors have become a stable component of the migration flow towards the EU, especially those fleeing from war contexts. Yet the literature on unaccompanied minors is - to date - still very limited and not exhaustive, unlike the literature on other groups of migrant minors, such as those migrating with their families or asylum seekers. The risk factors analysis is the perspective to which scholars have devoted most attention internationally. With respect to the UAM (Unaccompanied minors) condition, researchers substantially agree in deeming these minors at high psychosocial risk. Separated from family and from home country, they experience journeys very often punctuated by violence and deprivations, as well as difficulties in integrating in the new social context. After drawing a quantitative framework of the phenomenon in the EU countries, the paper presents the results of a qualitative research about the foremost critical issues on this topic. The failure of a European shared approach and the lack of durable solutions emerge as the most notable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper intends to analyze the issue of internal mobility in Italy on the basis of a statistical framework developed by the authors in the last years. The main goal is to review the use of some traditional measuring tools in order to simply and effectively explain migration dynamics between the various geographical areas at NUTS1 level in the last 40 years. Special attention is given to the internal mobility of the foreign population in Italy. Finally, this contribution includes an attempt to measure whether and how mobility along the South - North trajectory, in terms of intensity and direction of flows, can be explained by the territorial disparities measured by economic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a comparative way, this paper studies the Brazilian and Italian systems of protection for asylum seekers and refugees. These study cases are useful to understand two countries that have national legislation regarding such a matter, and both are part of International treaties regarding refugees. The challenges faced by the two countries concern the integration of the refugees and their lack of political voice. The Italian government may learn from the Brazilian model, i.e., its tripartite structure that allows the civil society's voice to be heard. On the other hand, the subsidiary protection existent in Italy could be a solution for Brazil with regard to the Haitian asylum seekers arriving within its borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article induces the topic of the special journal issue which presents research papers from a 2011 conference about global freedom of movement and justice for immigrants.

By using the findings of a field study concerning Greek student mobility in Italy, this paper makes a concrete contribution to the international and European debate on the study of transnational migration. It analyses the socio-cultural identity building process of Greek students in Italy, highlighting new forms of citizenship and cultural identities that often go beyond the perimeter of Nation-states and give rise to socialisation processes characterized by fluidity and syncretism. These new forms of citizenship and cultural identities, and the strategies through which identity is constructed in relation to others, involve the creation of transnational social spaces, the relations that Greek students maintain with their places of origin, the exchanges between the two sides of the Mediterranean and the way in which Greek students seek to reproduce social practices that recall the motherland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the relationship between second generation immigrants and deviant behavior. The burning question concerns the possibility of considering the condition of “second generation" as a condition that can promote the implementation of deviant behavior. To find an answer, different theoretical perspectives are taken into consideration. Sociology addressed this topic over the last century with different points of view: the paradigm of cultural conflict, the relative deprivation theory, the social control theory and the labeling theory. The presentation of each theoretical perspective is enhanced by research data from national and international literature. An analysis of the different paradigms shows the need to overcome the individual paradigms in favor of a reading that takes into account the complexity of this phenomenon. In fact this complexity concerns both the own concept of “second generation", in which you can find a universe of stories and fields, and the social, the environmental and the relational conditions in which young second-generation are living. In addition, the immigrant status of second generation must be interwoven with the condition of adolescence, which in itself is a condition at risk, both for young immigrants and natives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the results of several regarding the coping strategies of migrant adolescents in Italy. Distinguishing between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, the data highlight a prevalence of emotion-focused coping in second generation adolescents. Further investigation is needed in order to examine the relation between age, nationality, and coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are now rappers on the southern bank of the Mediterranean who rap about the adventures of crossing the sea to Lampedusa. Their lyrics help us better understand what happens on the borders. Seen from the working-class neighborhoods of Tunis, from the suburbs of Annaba or from the countryside of Khouribga, the border is not just a geographic boundary, but much more. It is a challenge and a test of courage to reach another land where one can achieve their dreams. To the point that from Morocco to Tunisia, migrants called harragas (those who burn their papers) travel without documents, recalling the legend Tariq Ben Ziyyad, the Arab leader, and now, thirteen centuries later, the legend of the conquest continues on the boats of the harragas. The point of view of the fathers also becomes clear in the lyrics, or more generally of the majority of southern Mediterranean society. Is it really worth it to risk one's life at sea? How many young people have already died? How many more will die? The thousands of poor who travel every year without documents make up a political avant-garde, and are the most important mass movement not obeying the unjust border laws. The songs that we suggest here are their soundtrack, in the hope that they will help us to rewrite a new concept of the border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the vast and complex landscape of contemporary human mobility in East and Southeast Asia, the phenomenon of international marriages - or cross-border marriages - has been catching the attention of several scholars for the last two decades. In the first part of this paper the author collected and compared the results of recent researches on international marriages in Japan, Republic of Korea (DRC), Taiwan and Singapore. In the second part the author focused on the case of Filipino women migrating to DRC for marriage with Korean men, adding to the recent available studies relevant information the author personally gathered during a research whose results were kept confidential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the general legal framework relating to the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation, at international level, European level, and particularly at Italian level. The crucial point is the condition of the victim, very often in such a vulnerable position, without permit to stay, legal information and assistance: the situation regarding labour exploitation in agriculture is extremely serious in various places in Italy. In this perspective, great importance have all the legal measures that can strengthen the effective social inclusion of the victim, with the necessary contribution of government and social actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the school in the integration process of second generation migrants is well known in sociology as in anthropology and in linguistics. In this paper, the role of school is investigated through the analysis of 100 interviews gathered with first and second generation Italian migrants emigrated in Bedford and Cambridge (UK), whose point of view reveals their efforts for combining their multiple and sometimes conflicting identities and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates whether Italy ensures respect for human rights and observance of the fundamental freedoms within the receiving system for asylum seekers. We asked asylum seekers as well as those whose asylum claims have been unsuccessful which crucial elements should be fulfilled to meet their expectations about protection and integration. After a review of their whole journey and the reasons to head towards Italy, we describe their living conditions in some reception centres after their arrival. Our study is based on interviews and unofficial conversations with migrants hosted at CARA (Centri di Accoglienza per Richiedenti Asilo - Reception Centre for Asylum Seekers) in southern Italy (Crotone) and. near Rome (Castelnuovo di Porto) and on focus groups with social workers active in those centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the major empirical relevancies on the brain drain phenomena. The researches by Carrington and Detragiache (1998), Adams (2003), Dumont and Lemaitre (2003), Docquier and Rapoport (2005), Defoort (2008) and Docquier, Lowell and Marfouk (2009). have been particularly useful to establish a methodology to quantify the brain drain in terms of outflows from Developing countries and inflows into Developed countries. However, on a preliminary basis, it may be noted that the lack of reliable data as well as the absence of a harmonic definition - at an international level - on “qualified migrants", makes it difficult modeling and analyzing this particular type of international mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of immigrants and their languages in Italy has radically changed the linguistic shape of the country and the linguistic behaviour of families. Even if immigrant languages have a remarkable contribution for multilinguism, recent surveys reveal Italy has not inherited from its linguistic history a propensity to learn languages. For that reason, it doesn't fill a good position in Europe concerning languages. Anyway, beyond the immigrant families, even the mixed marriages between Italians and Immigrants have contributed to the diffusion of multilingualism. This paper aims to provide analysis of the linguistic repertoire of the Cameroonian Bamiléké families in Siena. By analyzing how much Bamiléké and the other languages are known and used in those families, the survey reveal Cameroonians are more competent in French and Italian compared to Bamiléké languages, known mostly at the oral level. This fact, due to the poor education in local languages in Cameroon, and the effect of linguistic contact between Italian and Bamiléké lead Bamiléké families with the hope and desire to get involved in teaching and using their languages so that they could be adopted and promoted in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the consistent Italian migratory fluxes to Switzerland during the second half of the 19th century, there was also a small, but very active minority of political migrants: some socialist groups whom the Swiss Confederation provided an ideal ground for development, but also and above all, an arena for conflicts with the strong autochthonous Helvetian Socialist Movement. Officially, both political movements originated from the same international koiné, however, they were profoundly different in the way they interpreted the socialist ideals and had divergent views on operational practices. These controversies derived directly from age-old quarrels within the Socialism of the Second International as Maximalism vs. Reformism, Social Consultation and Dialogue vs. Class Struggle, Governing Aspirations vs. Irresponsible Opposition, Proletariat vs. Nation. The present paper focuses on the analysis of the Romande context, as the francophone region became for historical and economical reasons the core of Italian Socialism in Switzerland, it also discusses those idiosyncrasies that opposed the above mentioned socialist movements as for the role to be played by the working class in the crucial years between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.While Italian Socialism in Switzerland focused on revolution and maximalist opposition to sweep away the era of capitalists, of social classes, of private property and of national borders, Helvetian Socialism was uniquely concerned with reforms, aiming at empowering democracy and extending the rights to all social classes within historic national borders and with providing a system of individual freedoms, that should be guaranteed by the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]