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This study expands on sociological concepts of transborder ties through a case study of Armenian diaspora members in the United States and Canada. Building on migration scholars who note that ties to the homeland do not dissolve after an individual migrates, this paper asks the questions of if and how transborder activism can promote feelings of belongingness amongst several generations of immigrants and explores how to qualitatively measure the effectiveness of activism done by nonlocal individuals. This paper draws on virtual ethnographic interviews that were conducted in the span of the 20182019 academic year with Armenians in the diaspora. The respondents of this study hold membership ties to diaspora youth organizations, such as the Armenian Youth Federation (AYF), and others are participants of Birthright Armenia, creating a diverse sample of Armenians who can speak to the experience of being in the homeland. This study is particularly important as it seeks to better understand how the Armenian 2018 Velvet Revolution was successful in being peaceful. By relying on literature that focuses on the role of globalization and technology, the responses in this study help to explain the impact of social media's role in influencing international social movement participation. This paper intersects concepts of social theory, politics, anthropology, and technology to add to current immigration dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent influx of Syrian refugees into Canada over the past few years has encouraged scholars to analyze the integration process of this population into the host society as well as the different challenges that they may face. Women with children, in particular, have been the focus of many studies since they constitute the largest proportion of displaced people. Scholars have focused significant attention on the geographical aspect of forced migration, and the consequences of refugees' movement across space. However, they have not addressed the idea of the "future" for refugee populations who are forced to settle and to build a new life in a new country. In this paper, I attempt to connect scholarship on forced migration and cultural concepts of the future in order to examine the temporal dimensions of forced migration. Using semi-structured interviews with 41 Syrian mothers who have recently arrived in Canada, this paper investigates refugee mothers' conceptualization of their (and their children's) future in Canada. More precisely, I argue that forced migration and the status of "refugeeness" heavily shape newcomers' perception of time in general, and of the future in particular. I find that mothers deliberately "foreclose" their own timeline in order to focus on their children's future in Canada. Moreover, a sense of "scrambled timeline" is emergent: mothers cannot separate their future projections from the present nor from the past. Finally, key cultural and religious orientations to the future further shape mothers' perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that nearly 25% of female undergraduate students in the U.S and Canada experience rape or sexual assault, sexual violence on campus remains a pressing issue. Contextualized within the increasing prevalence of social media campaigns, more inquiry is required concerning the ways in which digital technology has impacted the nature of women's safety work. Through mapping incidents of gendered violence happening on and around the McGill campus during the 2016-2017 school year, this paper examines how the textually mediated forms of social intervention deployed by McGill (e.g. safety emails) compelled women's collective investigatory work via digital technology. Given that each "general" safety email sent by McGill was in response to a violent and gendered local event, it is critical to attend to how the institutional emails are crafted as acts of prevention, obscuring each incident. Having combed through various public social media platforms including Facebook and reddit, this paper traces the online safety work that women do to find out and tell each other information relevant to their safety when the institution will not. I contend that social media platforms not only visibilize the women's safety work, but how the university offloads responsibility from the institution onto the individual. Through examining the women's use of digital technology in their personal and collective safety work, the paper illuminates harmful gaps between institutional responses to gender-based violence on university campuses and the actual safety work that women are doing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have found forms of disciplining outside of penal-carceral environments in settings such as classrooms, competitive sport and in historical religious contexts but little attention has been paid to the pervasiveness of disciplining in one of the most regulated everyday settings to be found - roadways. In this paper, we argue that despite the commonly held belief in Canada as a multicultural and in roads as democratic spaces where all are treated equally, it is in one of Canada's most diverse areas, the GTA, where we can expect to find that a panoptic gaze, whereby drivers are evaluated by other drivers, scrutinizes some groups more than others. Traffic is when you start to feel the stress, muscles tighten, you start to get annoyed easier, and you notice the other drivers that are selfish. And that starts to annoy you, if you see somebody using an on-ramp when they already were on the highway to pass other cars, so you've gone to the head of the line. Where you wouldn't do that if you were at McDonalds, you wouldn't walk from the back and then walk to the front and start ordering because everyone would say something. But when you're in your own little box with the windows up, you feel like you have the power to be rude and selfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has multicultural education developed differently in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, politically and culturally similar countries? I address this question with a historical and comparative study of how these three nations responded differently to the same global institutional trends. I show how not only did the existing institutional and ideological architecture of each country filter how it adopted the logic of pluralism that spread multiculturalism throughout the Anglo-American world in the 1960s and 1970s but that the resulting institutional settlement in each country was in turn unsettled by the neoliberal market logic that reshaped national education systems in the 1980s and 1990s, in turn altering domestic multicultural policies. Overall, this paper shows that not only do nation-level differences shape institutional change but do so through the accumulation of solutions to particular framings of domestic problems in the context of the global institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As workers struggle to combine work and family responsibilities, discrimination against workers on the basis of their status as caregivers - also known as family responsibilities discrimination - is on the rise. Although both women and men feel the pinch, caregiver discrimination is particularly damaging for women, as care is intricately tied to gendered norms and expectations. In this paper, we explore how work and caregiving clash through in-depth analysis of caregiver discrimination cases resolved by Canadian Human Rights Tribunals from 1985 to 2016. We identify the issues involved in disputes, the nature of discrimination experienced by women and men, and how gendered norms and expectations about work-life facilitation inform disputes and case outcomes. We find that although women are both more likely to bring claims of caregiver discrimination and obtain favorable outcomes, the experience of bias and legal interpretation of claims is highly gendered. Women bring claims involving both implicit bias on account of their caregiver status as well as claims over the practical challenge of seeking accommodations for care, while men's claims are largely restricted to accommodation-based disputes. In adjudicating cases, tribunals are more likely to see women - as compared to men - lacking credibility when making their claims, demonstrating the extent to which legal actors question the competence and legitimacy of female complainants. In contrast, men struggle in demonstrating the legal basis of work-family interference, often failing to convey how paid work seriously interferes with their family responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I investigate how gender and heterosexuality shape undergraduate women experiences and participation in the "physical" spaces of hookup culture, such as nightclubs and house parties, at a mid-sized university in Canada. Through focus group discussions (N=21), I illustrate the shared practices, social norms, and potential risks for undergraduate women who participate in the university hookup scene, which are often articulated as homosocial "girls' nights out." Undergraduate women take on different roles during their nights out to seek enjoyment as a group while also helping to keep each other safe. I examine how gender beliefs and sexual norms shape undergraduate women's discussions of the grey areas of harassment and negotiating sexual consent as they navigate these spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper explores how the BDSM (Bondage & Discipline/Dominance & submission/Sadism & Masochism) subculture successfully challenges the monogamous relationship norms of broader American culture by creating a culture where participants are expected to be in consensually non-monogamous (CNM) relationships. Background: Although many adults are neither married nor cohabiting, monogamy remains a fundamental normative building block of romantic relationships in American culture. I argue that the demographic composition of the BDSM subculture, along with its socially stigmatized position as a sexually deviant community, perfectly place it to challenge monogamous norms. Methods: This study uses data collected from extensive insider ethnographic observations, 70 in-depth interviews with BDSM participants in the mid-Atlantic US, and an internet convenience sample survey in 2017 with over 1,300 respondents from the US and Canada in the BDSM subculture. Results: The BDSM subculture has become "polynormative," meaning that the particular CNM practice of polyamory is expected there, the majority of participants prefer it, and increasing involvement in the BDSM subculture is associated with an increasing preference for polyamory. Polynormativity in the Scene de-emphasizes classic polyamorous subcultural rhetoric of "orientation" in favor of an attitude that anyone can do polyamory if they are self-aware and communicate effectively. Conclusions: The Scene has been extremely successful at undoing monogamous relationship norms, but its polynormativity creates problematic pressures against monogamy for some participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using France and Canada as comparative cases, this paper explores the impact of national context on the economic incorporation of Muslim minorities. Based on highly comparable large-scale surveys (Trajectoires et Origines in France 2008-09, the Canadian National Household Survey 2011), we consider the effects of social welfare regimes - corporatist-statist in France and liberal in Canada - and immigrant incorporation 'models' - republican secularism in France, multiculturalism in Canada - to explain patterns of Muslims' household incomes. Québec, which pursues a intercultural 'model', is analyzed as a hybrid case within Canada. Taking account of differences in Muslims' origins, timeof- arrival/generation, and education, we find that setting-specific patterns of Muslim disadvantage apply similarly to all minorities. Despite skill-selective immigration in Canada, immigrant disadvantage generally is greater there (including in Québec) than in France; but trends in Canada are more positive for those in the country longer, and especially for the second generation. Net of human capital variables, Muslim-specific disadvantage is similar across settings, suggesting a similarity in religion-based discrimination; however notably this disadvantage is less for second-generation Muslims in English Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education in Canada is in the process of transformation as the growing popularity of online and distance education programs has led many postsecondary institutions to adopt alternatives to traditional in-class courses. While distance education has been praised for its accessibility and its ability to offer flexible, round-the-clock alternatives to in-class instruction, there are those who believe that online education has largely served as a net to catch traditionally marginalized students--students who go on to struggle with the unique challenges of these loosely structured programs. Moreover, researchers have not yet adequately evaluated the returns associated with these programs to determine the viability of these educational pathways. Drawing on Statistics Canada's 2013 National Graduates Survey, this paper examines the earnings and education-to-job match of recent graduates who pursued more than half their degree via distance education at Canadian postsecondary institutions. The results of these analyses indicate that pursuing a university education through either distance or traditional programs yields similar earnings and employment outcomes, when controlling for the other variables in our models. At the same time, it does not appear that distance education has become populated with marginalized students who are otherwise unable to enroll in traditional education institutions, as previous research suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2013, Toronto city council passed a motion on "Undocumented Workers in Toronto," which reaffirmed the city's commitment to providing services to all residents regardless of their immigration status. This marked the first such 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' (DADT) sanctuary policy for undocumented migrants in Canada. In this paper, I analyze the gendered politics of DADT policies, particularly for undocumented women seeking access to shelters and anti-violence against women services. The politics of service provision are complex in such cases, given that support against gender-based violence is often funded by multiple arms of the state. Drawing from qualitative interviews with thirty service providers in Toronto who work with women in cases of gender-based violence, this research analyzes both the benefits and limitations of DADT when centering the experiences of women with precarious immigration status. The findings also show how some service providers responded to the policy's limitations by adopting organizational-level practices that sought to re-imagine the city as a postnational space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminism is understood to be not only about equality for women as a group, but also about personal empowerment, which is captured by the slogan "the personal is political." Scholarship on feminist identity has demonstrated that those who self-identify as feminist share a set of social attitudes, though this group has become more heterogeneous over time, comprising a wide spectrum of people who have liberal, moderate and even conservative views, who support a broad spectrum of social change goals not only for the advancement of women as a group, but also for reductions of social inequalities of race, sexual identity, and concerns for the environment and children. As the identity "feminist" becomes more accessible to a wider array of individuals with a broader agenda, is its capacity to engender personal empowerment diminished? Previous research suggests that, for women at least, a feminist identity offers many social psychological benefits, including improved body image, interpersonal assertiveness, and activism. In this paper, I extend theories of the personal benefits of feminist identity for women to sexual behavior. Using original survey data from the Sex in Canada research project to assess the relationship between self-identifying as a feminist and sexual behaviours. Results show that those who call themselves a feminist differ in their sexual behavior from those who do not. This suggests that, as feminist identity broadens politically, it continues to impact personal, even intimate, choices for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rise in the displaced population numbers, refugees' transnational lives, sexual minority refugees, in particular, have remained at the margins of transnational migration studies. In this paper, based on 35 interviews with gay Iranian refugees in Canada, I argue for refugees' agencies and against the rhetoric that represents refugees as passive and inherently welfaredependent. To this end, I focus on refugees' transnational lives and analyze their agency in managing ties with their families back in Iran as well as building social ties with policy-makers and human rights activists in Canada. I connect transnational, forced, and queer migration literature to the broader body of social theory by drawing on Bourdieusian social theory and argue that it is necessary to deploy de-nationalized methods of inquiry to account for intra-group diversities as well as the social relations and symbolic ties that stretch beyond national borders in bringing social groups together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When is employment discrimination acceptable? The notion of a bona fide occupational requirement is central in both the United States and Canada to determining the legal permissibility of discriminatory choices by employers. There are grounds on which employees or potential employees cannot be legally discriminated against, such as sex, race, religion, age, and disability. However, employers are free to make employment decisions that discriminate so long as those decisions are based on an employee's ability to meet a bona fide occupational requirement. This paper explores the evolution of what constitutes a bona fide occupational requirement in Canadian case law, focusing on the period 1982 to 1992. This paper describes the boundaries that were drawn between acceptable and unacceptable discrimination, and highlight how those decisions were subject to two particular social influences - changing public conceptions of risk and safety and changing public moral and aesthetic preferences. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federalism as a form of territorial organization for politics often involves conflicts about which level of government can craft policy in specific areas. Such conflicts are particularly prominent in multinational federal systems, that is, federal systems where a significant number of citizens identify with a nation distinct from the one projected by the central state. Our paper will focus on social policy and make two arguments about its relationship with sub-state nationalism within federal structures using the cases of Canada and Belgium. First, it will suggest that social policy is particularly likely to become the focus of political and jurisdictional battles in the context of multinational federalism because it represents a potent tool for constructing and consolidating national identities. Nationalist mobilization over social policy is occurring in both Flanders and Québec despite ideological and programmatic differences between the two movements. Second, the paper will argue that the structure of federalism and welfare arrangements will heavily condition the likelihood and extent of decentralization. In Canada, the competitive nature of federal/provincial relations and the Beveridge-style welfare arrangements explain why there has been decentralization of social policy towards Québec whereas consensual decision-making and the Bismarckian welfare arrangements has meant no such outcome for Flanders in Belgium. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of the expansions in the duration of paid parental leave benefits in Canada from 25 to 50 weeks in 2000 on the post-birth employment patterns of women with young children. To do so, it compares changes in labor market outcomes before and after the 2000 expansion for a sample of women with young children in Canada to a comparable sample in the United States. The analysis draws on two large representative data surveys, the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, and the U.S. Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate whether the 2000 expansions were associated with an increase in the length of time before mothers return to work after the birth of a child. The analysis also examines whether the paid leave expansions further affected maternal employment in the year after their child reaches age one. To control for differences in underlying trends in each country, it uses a "difference in difference" approach that uses women with children age 3-4 as a comparison group in each country. The paper finds that the 2000 expansion was associated with a substantial increase in the duration of time that women remain at home following child-birth in Canada relative to the U.S, and that this increase was larger for more economically advantaged groups of women. Despite the large increases in time at home, there is little evidence that there was a decline in women's relative employment rates after their child reached age one. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with the assertion that surveillance is applied differentially by the Canadian state, and that this differential application has a racialized character, this paper argues that the federal Office of the Privacy Commissioner (OPC) be transformed into a larger agency for the regulation of surveillance. Presently, the efficacy of surveillance regulation is limited and the OPC represents the best foundation upon which to build a new regulatory body. However, in its current capacity and with its mandate fixated upon a very narrow, individualistic understanding of privacy, the OPC would have to undergo significant transformation. This paper identifies key areas for transformation by highlighting the limitations of current institutional, legal, and policy frameworks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many topics addressed within the rich scholarship on gender and work, a growing area of interest concerns differences in the entrepreneurial activity of women and men, as well as differences amongst women entrepreneurs themselves. Studies from a variety of countries note both a dramatic influx of women into the small business sector over the past two decades, as well as significant gender differences in the types of businesses and organizations women and men create, their motivations and business approach, and their economic success. However, while patterns of inter- and intra-gender difference in entrepreneurship are well documented in many countries, the reasons underlying them are less well understood. In an effort to contribute to our understanding of this issue, this paper explores the links between women's motivation and entrepreneurial success, using Canada as a case study. The analysis draws on The Survey of Self-Employment, a national survey of 3,840 Canadians that was conducted in 2000 by Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada. Using three broad categories of motivation based on existing research -- classic, work-family, and forced- the paper examines how prevalent these motivations are amongst Canadian women, and how motivations are linked to the types of businesses women build and the economic rewards they receive. The findings suggest considerable diversity in the motivations and success of women entrepreneurs. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are several studies of the impact of employment of health professionals in large bureaucratic organizations, there has been significantly less research conducted that is both theoretically oriented and undertaken from an explicitly comparative perspective across professions, health care systems and cultures. In a previous paper we developed a conceptual model of the dynamic relationship between professions, organizations and clients based on an extensive review of the classic and contemporary literature on professions and organizations. In this paper we present comparative qualitative data gathered on the work experiences of health care professionals in Canadian, U.S. and French hospitals. We specifically elaborate on a typology of influence of clients on the orientation of health care providers to the community or to the bureaucracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to map and explain three different perspectives for understanding the relationship between economy and society: mainstream economics, economic sociology and Canadian political economy. Each paradigm provides a distinctive way of interpreting economic phenomena due to differences in the topics they tend to study, their theoretical propositions, how issues of uncertainty and information are viewed, their relationships to other social sciences, and the existing anomalies in each paradigm. The relatively new paradigm of economic sociology has distinguished itself as an addition to, or in conflict with the rational, axiomatic mainstream neoclassical economic paradigm, offering a variety of studies emphasizing the social construction of markets. Despite its success in the United States and elsewhere since its inception in the early 1980?s, economic sociology remains conspicuously absent from Canadian sociology. It is argued this may be in part to the dominance of a now emaciated ?Canadian political economy? paradigm rooted in historical Canadian economic subordination and dependency to the United States, the 1960?s student movement, and Marxist fervor that characterized much 1970?s social science. Canadian political economy distanced itself from mainstream sociology by focusing on issues of elite rule, class struggle and resistance. Today, the sophisticated and relatively militant neo-Marxist theorizing that characterized early political economy has given way to a ?softer?, less class-based political economy. Theories from economic sociologists are used to interpret these socially constructed ?markets of ideas.? The paper concludes by exploring future possibilities for the study of economy and society in Canada, and in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore the historical role of the Catholic Church in integrating waves of immigrants in Canada, the United States and France in the 20th century. In my dissertation, I argue that examining how the Catholic Church responds to a particular conjuncture, such as large-scale immigration, can lead to new institutional forms within the Catholic Church that then disseminate into other areas of political and social life of civil society. This paper explores how, in the 20th century, the Catholic Church?s response to waves of immigrants led to different types of social, political and pastoral institutions in the United States, Canada and France. For each country I study, I examine how the National Catholic Bishops? Conferences have attempted to present guidelines about the issues immigration presents for the Catholic Church and for society as a whole. I also explore how the Catholic Church has set national guidelines for ministry to immigrants, and how these guidelines demonstrate particular views about how immigrant integration should take place. When migrating across national borders, an individual is required to change his citizenship. However, the Catholic Church is a universal institution, and so its members are automatically part of the church in the new place where they migrate. Although immigrants? membership in the Catholic Church cannot be questioned, how they exercise this membership is likely to differ after migrating. Are immigrants expected to assimilate, adopting the culture of the host society Catholics? How has ethnic plurality in the Catholic Church been conceptualized? How have policies been developed by the Catholic Church to implement concepts of assimilation or pluralism in its own institutions? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration is often assumed to be a key condition leading to ethnic conflict. However, in both immigration studies and ethnic studies there is an inadequate theorization about the relationship between immigration and ethnic conflict, and there is little systematic cross-national comparative evidence on this relationship. This paper is a step toward filling these gaps in the literature. In contrast to the "inevitable hypothesis" that assumes ethnic conflict as a natural outcome of immigration, we propose a "conditional hypothesis" that contends that only under certain conditions will migration and contact generate conflict between groups. These conditions include, but are not limited to, group direct competition for scarce resources, unequal allocation of socioeconomic resources and political power, ethnic and cultural policy based on ethnic/cultural superiority or inferiority, and perceived threats from other groups especially those with a large size and lower-class backgrounds. The historical and contemporary evidence from selected major immigration countries reviewed in this paper seems to give little credence to the inevitable hypothesis but lend substantial support to our conditional hypothesis. It is evident that when these conditions are present, so is ethnic conflict. This is particularly true in the USA, Canada, Australia, and Germany. In contrast, in Japan none of these conditions is present, and hence we see little conflict along ethnic lines. In tandem, the conditional hypothesis and the contact hypothesis suggested by psychologists grasp more completely the role of migration and contact in relation to ethnic conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a broad notion of access to health care, one that goes beyond entitlement to a doctor's services to examine how aspects of the doctor-patient relationship and the medical consultation can function as barriers to health care. Using data from a Canadian study into the health work of people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs), the paper examines issues of health care delivery from the perspective of PHAs who looked after their health and consulted doctors from positions of social and economic vulnerability. The emphasis is on identifying various barriers to access and the "best practices" that diminish or eliminate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in Canada and non-ratification of the Protocol in the United States on the Climate Action Network (CAN). CAN is a longstanding transnational coalition of environmental organizations committed to effecting policy in order to mitigate the impact of dangerous climate change. This paper assesses the network theoretical impact of Canada's ratification and the U.S.'s non-ratification on domestic-level NGO relations and activities through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a network analysis of CAN relations within both contexts from 2001 to 2006. Data reveal that CAN Canada became more cohesive and institutionalized as a coalition during this time period, whereas US CAN remained a diffuse coalition and engaged in consensus mobilization as well as collective action mobilization post-Kyoto. This paper offers theoretical insights into the role that international agreements have on domestic-level inter-organizational networks and activities. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how two contrasting academic discourses on gentrification- generally thought of one the one hand, as the American perspective (revanchist); and on the other, as the Canadian perspective (emancipatory) - reflect what is happening within one of the Chicago community. The paper is an effort to examine these perspectives empirically, as they occur on the ground, and to further inform the theoretical debate on the nature of gentrification within the context of an intensive community case-study. Following a discussion of the emancipatory and revanchist perspectives, the case-study community and specific stories of its urban renaissance are presented. It argues that the gentrification that has taken place in the case-study community is simultaneously BOTH emancipatory and revanchist, a simultaneity that is is important for the further conceptualization and refinement of the very varied process that is gentrification. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe 300-plus years during which the Dënesuliné (Chipewyan) have been involved in the global luxury trade in non-human animal pelts have meant a myriad of changes in their lives. This paper looks at one of these---changes in Dënesuliné families, in particular, but also those of other northern Dene peoples. More specifically, it focuses on how the fur trade increased the temporal and spatial separation of adult men from adult women and other family members and on some of the effects of this family fracture on the emotional, interpersonal, and work lives of family members. In the view of many northern Dene and other Native peoples around the world, counteracting the lingering impacts of colonial incursions like the fur trade on Indigenous families is critical to the healthy futures of their societies. The paper is based largely on as many relevant Indigenous sources and voices as I could access; reports of the Canadian government and private consultants, and works of White academics---anthropologists and historians especially. It is part of an empirical chapter of a book manuscript on the global production and consumption of luxury products, a story in which Indigenous peoples play a central role. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTBeginning in the 1500s and continuing to this day, North American fur trappers have constituted the front-line production workers in the global luxury trade in non-human animal pelts. Throughout this period the fur industry and fur trappers have marked the economies, politics, geographies, and cultures of the U.S. and Canada in significant ways. Although the fur trade industry as a whole has been the focus of a good deal of research, very much less attention has been paid to fur trappers themselves, upon whom the entire enterprise has depended. This paper focuses on White male fur trappers in North America and how race, class and gender have long been entangled with the work they perform. It explores the sometimes contradictory and problematic, but nonetheless revealing conceptions and realities of fur trapping as both a brotherhood and a test of manhood in a war against nature. The paper concludes by extending its race, class, and gender analysis from fur producers to fur consumers. This work is a portion of an empirical chapter of a book manuscript on the global production and consumption of luxury products, of which North American furs are one of two case studies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the determinants of successful aging receive much attention from researchers, few studies in Canada and elsewhere have considered the newspaper portrayals of seniors who do or not age well. Yet the mass media constitute a significant component of the social context in which aging is experienced and understood. To make meaning of aging and its various experiences, and to transmit them from one generation to the next, the society draws on various cultural and media products such as novels, films, paintings, and media texts and images. Through thematic analysis of 146 articles featuring older adults in various contexts including family, work, civic engagement, social policy, health care, consumer market, and leisure published in The Globe and Mail in 2004-2006, this paper deconstructs stereotypes of successful aging. Findings from this study suggest that media discourses of successful aging perpetuate exclusion of marginalized adults and provide the cultural legitimization for persistent social inequalities in terms of gender, class, age, and health status. This paper sheds light on intra-generational media ageism whereby some older adults, particularly older women, are blamed for failing to age well, while the structural determinants of late-life disadvantage are made invisible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines organizational characteristics and presents a specific case of Japanese community unionism (region-based community unions and regional labor councils), and contrasts the Japanese case of community unionism with the conceptual framework of community unions based on cases in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and the UK. The paper shows that, although there are some common features, one of the important differences of community unionism between Japan and other industrialized countries is the weakness of coalition-building between unions and community-based organizations in Japan compared to other countries. The paper argues that the forms of community unionism are mediated by political and institutional contexts of labor movements, and that the partisan nature of the Japanese labor movement and the relative under-development of civil society explain the difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress in the workplace has multiple causes. However, for the purposes of this paper, how work is organized constitutes a significant condition in determining the scale, longevity and intensity of stress encountered by all ranks of employees in any particular company. The experience of continued and excessive stress in the workplace can result in either individual physical and/or social psychological responses. Excessive stress in the workplace can also lead to collective responses such as 'collective stress disorder' and at times wildcat strikes. This paper reports on the impact of health and wellness programmes on twelve Canadian companies as one corporate strategy aimed at alleviating stress in the workplace. Data is derived from a large Canadian Business and Labour Centre's (CLBC) survey on the impact of local health and wellness programs in alleviating organizational-related causes of stress. In addition to health and wellness programs, data derived from interviews with senior Human Resource staff and consultants revealed the importance of discretionary or 'down' time as a constituent response to how individual employees located at different levels of the organizational hierarchy handle excessive stress in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most academic scientists in Canada, as in the U.S., are dependent on federal research funding. Despite this, the effects of funding arrangements on the organization of research have not been systematically examined. Concern about autonomy in academic science has focused primarily on constraints on the choice of research topics and the content of research. Based on findings from over 70 work history interviews with graduate students, postdocs, technicians and professors in the biomedical sciences done during an ethnographic study of biomedical labs at leading Canadian research universities, this paper argues that the dependence on competitive standard federal grants creates a limited form of autonomy for biomedical scientists because it limits the choices available for organization of research in their labs. The paper builds on an earlier paper (Salonius, forthcoming), which showed that an increase in competition for federal grants in the 1980s led biomedical scientists to change their work and organizing practices in order to have a better chance to stay funded; applying for multiple grants (instead of relying on the renewal of one grant), and recruiting trainees (graduate students and post-doctoral researchers) as research assistants, instead of technicians, as in the past. In this paper, findings show that the current dependence of biomedical scientists on competitive grants is associated with the full incorporation of trainees' research into the production of faculty research, such that the scientific productivity of the professor depends on them, through several institutionalized practices; 1) delegation of the experimental work on projects to trainees as the trainees' main project, 2) sharing scientific credit with trainees 3) informal integration of scientific credit into the structure of training, which findings also suggest were not institutionalized before investigators became dependent on competitive funding. The main argument of the paper is that dependence on competitive standard federal grants, which leads biomedical scientists to attempt to obtain multiple grants, and if successful, gives them little choice but to delegate the experimental work on the multiple projects to others in order to get them done, means that they must organize research on an organizational basis (where someone designs the work and then recruits others to carry it out). The need to maximize productivity, given the allowable expenses on the grants, means delegation of this work to trainees, which findings suggest has resulted in significant changes to the structure of post-graduate training. On the basis of the findings, the paper that the current relationship between investigators with competitive grant support and their trainees is probably not best theorized as one of collaboration or even employer/employee, but through a more general theory of power: extending the application of principal-agent theory to the lab level may be useful in understanding the influence of competitive federal funding on the organization of research and training in the biomedical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that emotions should be considered as being structured. I show that emotional shifts take different forms over time that can be graphed in two dimensions. Approaching emotions as being structured over time allows theorists to shift between levels of analysis, and expand knowledge about emotions during medium-term time frames such as a week. This structural view can explain emotional changes from the micro to the macro level of analysis. I examine positive and negative emotions during week-long recruiting events held by a progressive movement called Reclaiming. There are three basic goals for the paper: 1) to describe how emotions are structured over the course of a week using data from Reclaiming's week- long Summer Intensive recruiting events, 2) to compare emotion structures between different events using data from six different events in the U.S. and Canada between 2004 and 2007, and 3) to discuss the impact of factors such as the presence a majority of street activists and adults-only versus all-ages groups on emotion structures. I also discuss how my findings compare to other studies of emotion structures present at social and religious movement events and long-term residential settings. The goal of these groups is to get the individual self to completely merge with the collective and to create positive emotions. In contrast to this, Reclaiming focuses on building up the individual self through a process involving intense negative and intense positive emotions that I refer to as an emotional arc of the week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social and moral meanings of money in the context of one of Canada's major retail banks. This paper examines the presentation of Canadian funds for deposit, withdrawal, and wire transfer, seeking to understand how professionals such as tellers, managers, and supervisors ascribe moral and social meanings to money. Money is revealed to hold moral and social value in a highly professional context, indicating to employees that the clients negotiating the funds may be involved in 'unusual' or 'illegal' financial dealings. This meaning is derived not only from the appearance of the financial instrument (cash, cheque, draft) but also from the transaction requested by the client (deposit, withdrawal, wire transfer) and by the client herself. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some of the strategies and success of the UNITE HERE! union in its ongoing Hotel Workers Rising: Lifting One Another Out of Poverty campaign in the United States and Canada. This unique campaign has generated national attention in both the United States and Canada about issues facing hotel workers, including how changes in corporate policies aimed at pleasing the consumer - such as the shift to "heavenly" beds - has had deleterious consequences for Room Attendants in terms of back injuries from lifting heavier mattresses. How successful has the UNITE HERE! been so far in terms of securing new contracts? What about in terms of organizing urban, suburban, and rural hotel employees? What barriers do unions face when organizing hotel workers? What does comparing union density rates in the hotel sector across cities reveal? After addressing these questions with available data and additional insights from fieldwork interviews with hotel workers and managers, this paper concludes by providing some recommendations for UNITE HERE! and policy makers interested in improving the fortunes of the working poor in the service sector. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines key issues emerging for workers and their unions with the increasing use of call centres and e-government processes to provide information and services to Canadians. The phenomenon of public service call centres and "virtual service" is located in the broader development of e-government, characterized by a greater reliance by governments to deliver information and services to the public through computer and other communications technologies. With the growing use of technologies in all levels of government, this paper studies ways in which work in the public sector is being restructured. In particular, the paper raises questions regarding standardized public service, local issues and the quality of information or service provided; work intensification; the likelihood of sub-contracting and privatization; and implications for workers and their unions within the public sector. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fair and equitable distribution of clean drinking water has become a complex and controversial subject matter for most governments and their citizens. In recent years Canada has seen a substantive rise in tainted water outbreaks particularly in rural areas. Walkerton, Ontario, North Battleford, Saskatchewan, and more recently, Kashechewan, Ontario, provide stark examples of the many distressing environmental and health problems associated with new forms of environmental governance within the neoliberal state. This had lead many scholars to conclude that neoliberalism and contemporary environmental and social injustices are different sides of the same coin, because integrated in demands for clean water and healthy communities are larger assertions for the restructuring of the current relationship between the economy, the environment, and the state. This paper critically examines the relationship between the state of drinking water practices in several First Nations communities in Southern Ontario and drinking water practices of the state (i.e. neoliberalism). I suggest that in Canada this form of governance represents a particular expression of environmental injustice, a form of state sanctioned capitalist expansion that increasingly dispossesses First Nations communities from resource entitlements and cultural practices while concurrently producing increased dependency on state apparatus. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada Wave One, this paper compares the labor market outcomes of recently-arrived immigrant engineers by the region of their highest education obtained abroad. The data suggest that immigrants who obtained education in the countries that have agreements with Canada on the accreditation of engineering degree are more likely to work in engineering or managerial occupations, and earn higher weekly wages when other factors are not controlled. In contrast, most of the internationally-educated engineers, particularly individuals educated in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, are in lower skill occupations and fare less well. However, once other factors such as language of instruction and presence of job arrangement are controlled, the effects of place of education on occupations become insignificant. In addition, the effects of place of education on earnings turn insignificant or barely significant once current occupations are controlled. Factors that may explain these findings include: devaluation of foreign credentials because of the language of instruction; systemic barriers that devalue education from particular regions; and limited access to highly-paid jobs. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion is a topic currently of interest to social movement scholars, since social movements diffuse in many forms and directions. This paper analyzes more than 1000 protests which occurred since 1970 in the two countries. It suggests that different modes of diffusion are operating in the US and Canada and explains the differences by the patterns of success the protests have had in each country as well as by the different social structural conditions relating to disability in each country. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of framing has been extensively used in the social movements literature. Nevertheless, most framing analysis focuses on social movement actors rather than on the media. In this study, we focus on media framing of forty-three instances of protest by Canadian Aboriginal Peoples. We analyze multiple years of data obtained from seven Canadian newspapers. We find four main framings, each with several themes: 1) political (political unrest and/or political struggle; factionalism; militancy; rebellion; colonial insurgency; warfare; and terrorism; 2) social justice (civil disobedience and defence of rights); 3) racial/psychological (racial tension/backlash; racial stereotyping/bias; and fanaticism); 4) legal (criminalism/deviance; self-defence; and legal) and 5) economic (financial gain; economic cost of protest). We also find considerable variation in the use of these frames across papers and across time- providing a concrete example of the dynamic nature of media framing. We argue that the variation in frames reflects, first, the fact that a large-scale a social movement has yet emerge, and second, the varied nature of the events themselves. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we make several original contributions to the literature on attitudes towards immigration. We apply theories about the role that cultural affinity, economic self-interest, and political orientation play on attitudes, to Canada. In addition, we assess whether attitudinal determinants are consistent across years, regions and cities. The study is based on analyses of an original dataset consisting of seventeen waves of Gallup data collected between 1975 and 2000. Contrary to much of the literature that supports the economic self-interest model, we find that for Canada, cultural affinity and political orientation are more important. In addition, we find that while some indicators of cultural affinity (education and first language) matter uniformly across time and place, this is not the case for other key characteristics such political orientation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about how women define quality health care. Our purpose in finding out about women-defined quality care was to contribute to the process of developing indicators of quality in health care, in order to improve it. It is based on discussions with 145 women in 26 different focus groups. These semi-structured interviews were conducted across Canada, with groups organized with a particular social location in mind. For these women, time in and for care are critical components in quality. They want the time they need to explain, to understand, to link their health issues to each other as well as to the context of their own lives. They want providers to have more time, more human resources for care. They want an emphasis on the interpersonal and emotional aspects of care, because it leads to better outcomes and to cost savings in the long run. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canada Research Chairs (CRC) Program is a $900 Million 21st Century initiative that endows 2,000 chairs in an attempt to make Canadian universities and research internationally competitive. This paper analyzes how the program has been implemented in the social sciences in its five-year history and some of its consequences. Informed by work in the sociology of science and professions, it emphasizes the importance of control of professional and scholarly standards for the empowerment of academic disciplines and its practitioners vis a vis the differing interests and foci of university administrators and bureaucrats, who are often given considerable influence over choosing which academics to endow. As an empirical test of professional control and cohesion, the entire population of CRCs in economics, political science and sociology are compared to random samples of non-CRCs in their respective disciplines. Logistic regression analyses suggest that CRCs as a group in all three disciplines (especially economics) publish and are cited more in core journals at significant level than the random sample of non-CRC. However, restricting the non-CRC sample to research universities diminishes coefficients, and renders some differences non-significant. More importantly, by removing a small proportion of 'stars' - roughly the top decile of CRC's in sociology, the top two deciles in political science, and the top thirty-five percent in economics - any differences between the publishing records of the CRCs and the non-CRC sample are rendered insignificant. Implications for public policy and the future prospects of the social sciences in Canada are then discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a national study on women's perspectives on quality health care conducted in 2003/2004 (n=145). The primary objective of this study was to develop empirically-based, gender-sensitive indicators of quality, based on the personal accounts of women in their interactions within the health care system. Women identified four key areas in which they wished to see policy change in health care: (1) invest in the health care system through an increase in personnel and services; (2) address the issue of comprehensiveness by broadening the contents of the health care basket beyond doctors and hospitals; (3) invest in prevention to address the social determinants of health; and (4) build on the strengths of the current system by encouraging changes that will lead to a better organized system that is more humane, appropriate, and responsive to the needs of diverse populations within Canada. We discuss the women's viewpoints and consider what can be done to make Canada's health care system more responsive to the needs of women and all Canadians, and we look at how the system can become more firmly rooted in the values of that have defined it since its inception, most especially, equity, fairness and solidarity ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of peace and conflict studies is still coalescing, despite the fact that the first undergraduate degree program in the United States was established in 1948. Almost sixty years later, the field still goes by so many names that core identity issues have not been resolved. The names of degree programs reveal various foci: peace studies; justice studies; conflict studies; conflict analysis; conflict resolution; conflict management; conflict transformation; and dispute resolution. This paper recounts the history of the field's development, and then charts and analyzes the curricular content of undergraduate degree programs in the United States and Canada. This is accomplished through analysis of the curricular requirements for those degree programs, as well as through comparative analysis of the syllabi for the required courses in those programs. This data allows us to identify whether and if core constructs have been established in this emerging discipline, and the degree of coherence that may be present in the field. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent years have witnessed serious backlashes against multicultural policies throughout the Western world. In Canada, by contrast, multiculturalism has not only survived an international climate characterized by financial recession, fear of terrorism, and security concerns. It even evolved into social imaginary that deeply impacts Canada's self-understanding as a nation. In this paper, I examine how the idea of Canada as a multicultural nation is (re)produced through the construction of boundaries with "American Gesellschaft (Society)" on the one hand and "Québécois Gemeinschaft (Community)" on the other. With the negative elements of these two social formations projected to the outside of Canadianness, multicultural nationhood is represented as the incarnation of a "just balance" between individual freedom and communal solidarity. In sum, Canadian multicultural nation-building is an example of how some great divides are created with the aim to bridge others. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant changes in the structure of research in the biomedical sciences in North America have parallelled increases in research funding in this area over the past few decades. A typical lab in the 1960s was comprised of a professor, and perhaps a technician or graduate student, but many labs now have 20 or more members, most of which are graduate students and postdocs. Despite the dependence of academic scientists in the U.S. and Canada on external research funding, no studies have examined the relationship between social organization of research and the structure of research funding. In this paper, evidence gathered from more than 70 in-depth work history interviews during an ethnographic study of the work of graduate students, postdocs, professors and technicians in biomedical labs at two leading Canadian universities in 2002 and 2003 shows how the changing structure of federal research funding over the past few decades was related to major changes in the social organization of work in biomedical labs. The findings suggest that the social organization of research where faculty members are dependent on external funding cannot be fully understood without examining the dynamic constraints and opportunities associated with that funding in specific institutional and historical contexts. Since the reaction of many countries, including Canada and the U.S., to the increasing commercial value of research has been to substantially increase funding in the biomedical sciences, it will be important to understand the processes by which changes in funding have affected the organization of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crises, such as natural disasters, provide a unique opportunity to examine how gender relations, and other structures of social inequality, such as race, class, and sexuality, are constructed. This paper focuses on the ways in which masculinities are constructed in the face of a catastrophic event, specifically a devastating wildfire that occurred in British Columbia (Canada) in 2003. A tri-level gender framework is used to examine how structural and cultural contexts are implicated in the ways in which firefighters constructed masculinity during this event. Field observations and in-depth interviews were undertaken with 39 people involved in the firefighting efforts. The findings indicate that (a) there was a relatively high degree of antagonism between groups of firefighters, (b) a hierarchy developed over the course of the event that was exacerbated by the media and related to masculinity issues, and (c) both social structure and culture figured prominently in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2 to examine the nature of unmet mental health needs in Ontario and how this is affected by sociodemographic, social support, health status and health behaviour. Acceptability is the most frequent type of unmet need and within this category, the largest proportion of people reported experiencing unmet needs because they "preferred to manage the problem themselves". There are differences in unmet need by geographic region. Compared to Toronto, most regions showed higher odds of reporting acceptability barrier (North, South West, Central South, Central West, Central East) and accessibility barrier (South West, Central East, East). There were no regional differences in reporting unmet mental health care needs due to service availability. There were also significant contributions from age, gender, income, some types of social support, health behaviours, health status, service usage, co-morbidity and mental disorders. Findings show that equity in meeting self-reported unmet mental health needs has not been achieved across all seven Ontario health regions. The most salient finding from our study is that although enhanced mental health services can be important, they are unlikely to eradicate perceived unmet need due to acceptability. There is evidence that an emphasis on some types of social support can buffer against acceptability unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the historical trends in attitudes toward homosexuality in Canada and the United States from 1981-2000, using data from the World Values Survey. At a historical moment when these two nations are moving in very different directions when it comes to lesbian and gay rights and the rights of same-sex couples, it is critical to consider whether, and to what extent, the populations of each country differ in their approval or disapproval of homosexuality. Attention is given to changing attitudes over time, particularly within age cohorts. While most change in social attitudes can be explained through the replacement of older, more conservative generational cohorts with younger, more liberal ones, I find that on the issue of homosexuality, there is a remarkable degree of attitude change within generational cohorts. Several possible explanations are discussed. I also analyze the gender gap in attitudes, both within and between the two nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American public policy with respect to private corporations is without doubt ?exceptional.? Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to James S. Coleman have noted Americans? unusual propensity for ?associating,? or organizing privately, without the assistance of the state. Most explain this particular feature of American social behavior as the result of either the unique ?norms and habits? of the American people or the absence of state-regulated bodies that might otherwise have performed necessary public functions. These perspectives overlook the role of corporate law in the history of American associationalism in general and the pre-revolutionary origins of American corporate law in particular. This paper explores the colonial origins of American corporate law and seeks to relate them to the 19th century proliferation of both for-profit and non-profit private corporations. Incorporation is, by definition, a legal privilege granted and protected by the state. Post-colonial American legislatures created the legal norm of ?freedom of incorporation? in light of their forebears? frustration with an English system in which corporate charters were rarely granted and in which colonial assemblies? right to grant such charters remained ambiguous. Two brief examples are discussed: the early colonial struggle to charter America?s first universities and the post-Revolutionary fight over the incorporation of state and national banks. The former case ? the colonial fight over the issuance of college charters, represents a key ?turning point? in the political development of the United States. In an effort to construct a new explanation of the long-standing differences between American and Canadian political culture, counter-examples from the history of Canadian legal and economic development are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]