Search

With the development of science and technology,people need to access a large number of scientific and technological information quickly,and scientific paper is one of the main ways to carry scientific and technological information.As an important part of scientific paper,abstract is an effective tool for readers to retrieve literature.Therefore,the quality of abstract affects the retrieval rate of paper directly.However,due to the lack of writing experience,the quality of abstracts written by many authors is not high.Automatic generation of summary for scientific paper can help the author grasp the important content of paper more effectively,so as to write high-quality abstract.At the same time,the automatically generated abstract can also control the number of words in the abstract,which can bring more content to readers and help them understand the paper better.Generating automa-tic summarization for scientific paper can help author write abstract faster,which is one of the research contents in automatic summarization.Compared with common news document,scientific paper has the characteristics of strong structure and clear logical relationship.As far as the mainstream abstractive summarization such as encoder-decoder model is concerned,it mainly consi-ders the serialized information in the document,and rarely explores the text structure information in the document.For this reason,according to the characteristics in scientific papers,this paper proposes an automatic summarization model based on the hie-rarchical structure of "word-section-document",which uses the association between word and section to enhance the level of text structure and the interaction between levels,so as to screen out the key information in scientific paper.In addition,a context gate unit is extended to update the optimized context vector,thus capturing context information more comprehensively.The experimental results show that the proposed model can effectively improve the performance of the generated summarization in the ROUGE evaluation method.

Objective To establish a simple and rapid paper-based extraction method for human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA and to evaluate the method. Methods The plasmid containing HPV type 16 gene fragment was employed as the test subjects, and then 6 different paper materials were compared and selected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). Then, according to the efficiency of nucleic acid extraction and the optimal binding area, a convenient paper strip was designed. Finally, the designed paper strip was applied to extract HPV DNA from 18 clinical cervical exfoliated cell samples (13 positives and 5 negatives), with its performance being evaluated after comparing with the conventional boiling method. Results The qualitative filter paper with a nucleic acid binding zone of 2 mm×10 mm could successfully extract HPV DNA from clinical cervical exfoliated cells. When this test strip was used for DNA extraction, all the 13 high-risk HPV positives were successfully detected out of the 18 clinical samples, which was consistent with the results of the conventional boiling method. In addition, the extraction time of the test strip was less than 1 min for each sample, with a detection limit of 8×102 copies/mL and relative standard deviation of 1.15%. Conclusion Our paper-based rapid extraction for HPV DNA does not require pipetting, heating and centrifugation, and the eluent can be directly used as the PCR template for amplification, which greatly simplifies the extraction process of HPV DNA from clinical cervical exfoliated cell samples.

Carbon paper is one of the most commonly used materials for the gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and its performance is the premise to ensure the stable operation of the cell. In order to improve the structure and properties of carbon paper and make it better meet the performance requirements of fuel cell, this study was conducted to press different amounts of graphite plates in the carbonization process to control the applied pressure and analyze the microstructure evolution and mechanism of carbon paper under different pressure. In addition, the effects of applied pressure on the in-plane resistivity, pore size distribution, surface roughness and mechanical properties of carbon paper were also studied. The results show that applying pressure helps to restrain the cracking of resin carbon, reduce the generation of cracks and improve graphitization degree of carbon paper to a certain extent. Furthermore, with the increase of applied pressure, the surface roughness of carbon paper is reduced gradually, while the average and maximum apertures also decrease. When the applied pressure reaches 3600 Pa, compared with the samples without pressure, the in-plane resistivity of carbon paper decreases from 17.15 mΩ·cm to 12.79 mΩ·cm, the tensile strength and flexural strength are improved by 150% and 82.9% respectively.

This paper proposes a method of establishing a time reference without a free paper time scale. The core idea is predicting and steering each atomic clock versus external reference time scale, respectively.Each clock can obtain a time scale steered by the external reference time scale. Then, the time reference is a weighted average of the steered time scales. The new method avoids the problems resulting from the correlation of the paper time scale and the time difference of each contributing clocks of traditional methods. Moreover, prediction algorithms and steering algorithms can be optimized according to different clocks with different characteristics, respectively. At the beginning, this paper briefly describes the basic principles of traditional methods and their weaknesses. Then, the basic principle, the theoretical advantages and the design principles of the prediction algorithm, steering algorithm and weighting algorithm of the new method are described in detail. An experiment shows the weakness of traditional methods. A simulation shows the traditional method and new method performances, and also preliminarily validates the excellent performances of this method.

Whisker multiwalled carbon nanotubes (WMWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Paper fibers were used as matrix material, WMWCNTs and MWCNTs as functional material. Paper fibers were mixed with dispersed WMWCNTs and MWCNTs by speed-cutting procedure in water. Then the composite papers were fabricated by vacuum filtration method. The electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor was tested by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge. The testing results indicate the supercapacitor has a maximum capacitance of 120F/g at a scan rate of 1mV/s and has a specific capacitance of 51.5F/g at 0.4A/g. The maximum energy density and power density reach 63.7Wh/kg and 3.99kW/kg respectively in the current range of 0.4-1.4A/g.

Nano silicon and multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) composites were used as active materials, paper fiber as substrate, MWCNTs as conductive agent, MWCNTs conductive paper was obtained to replace the copper foil current collector and applied in silicon based lithium ion battery. The morphology and the electrochemical performance of the composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM), galvanostatic charge-discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) tests. The results indicate that the lithium ion battery with MWCNTS paper/nano silicon composites reaches a specific capacity of about 1000mAh/g after 50 cycles in the current density of 80mA/g, and has good cycle stability even in the high current density of 2000mA/g.

In recent years, some scholarly journals have indicated that they accept rewritten or extended version of a conference paper as long as new content are added to the journal article manuscript and that the original conference paper is included in the references. The extended publishing of conference papers now becomes topic worthy of investigation. This study analyzed the extended works of the conference papers from three major conferences in the fields of information management, i.e., Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)’s ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (ACM EC), ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (ACM KDD), and ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (ACM CIKM). Papers from the 2011 meetings were used as the sample to understand to what extent conference papers have been extended into journal articles and other forms and the lag between conference and journal publishing. It also examined the differences between the conference papers and their extended versions (i.e., journal papers) by comparing the changes in authorship, references, article length, tables, and figures. It reveals the current practices of extending conference papers for journal publishing in the information management fields and may help us understand the contemporary scholarly publishing behavior. (Article content in Chinese with English extended abstract)

Aiming at the problem of poor image contrast and loss of visual information on electrowetting electronic paper display， this paper proposes an image hierarchical mapping technique based on human visual system. Firstly, the image is decomposed into the base layer and the detail layer, and the brightness of the base layer is enhanced. Then, the enhanced image is partitioned by Weber-Fechner law to realize the partition logarithmic mapping, and weighted and merged with the detail layer as the output image. At the same time, in order to achieve precise modulation of the electrowetting display, the brightness is local linearly stretched. The experimental results show that compared with traditional mapping methods, the entropy value of the algorithm in this paper is closer to the original map, the PSNR,SSIM and UIQI values of image evaluation index are respectively improved by 0.2~0.6，0.07~0.4 and 0.1~0.6. The method makes the relationship between the corrected voltage and brightness more linear, increases the image details on the electrowetting electronic paper, improves the contrast, and the overall visual effect is better.

International audience; Public diplomacy is known as the "sunrise" of emerging interdisciplinary research. It provides an arousing widespread interest in academia. The marginal nature of the discipline seems to have made public diplomacy a large-sense concept. As an academic term that emerged in the United States, public diplomacy has its pedigree regarding theorization, conceptualization, and institutionalization. This article reflects on public diplomacy's conceptualization process and its different stages from etymology and ontology. It aims to discuss public diplomacy's theoretical basis and ontological paradigms in different historical periods of international political evolution.

[Purpose/significance] This paper aims at getting a comprehensive understanding for the quantity and OA ratio of OA papers, and making a preliminary evaluation of these papers. [Method/process] In this paper, we utilized Web of Science Core Collection as the data source and took the four dimensions: publication years, research areas, countries/territories and organizations. We investigated papers published in high-quality academic journals that recorded in WoS from 2002 to 2016. Then, we analyzed and interpreted the changes and trends of OA papers. Finally, we took Nature as an example and analyzed the quality of OA papers from the perspective of citation per paper and highly-cited papers proportion. [Result/conclusion] The number of OA papers in the world have been increasing year by year, especially in China. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the institution which has the largest number of papers recorded in WoS, the number of OA papers took the first place in 2016, but the OA ratio still lagged behind major European and American institutions. The OA practice in the field of biological and medical sciences is superior to other research fields.

In order to improve quality, the effect of different modifying methods of Calcium carbonate (PCC) on reconstituted tobaccos in paper-making process was also studied, including direct addition, combining with starch and retention aids, modification with starch, and modification with tobacco stem fiber and starch. The results show that: 1) Direct additon, many calcium carbonate particles are relatively evenly distributed on the surface of base-sheet, but only small amounts of calcium carbonate particles affixing to fibers inside the base sheet. 2）Combining with starch and retention aids, calcium carbonate particles are distributed evenly in the whole base sheet. 3) Modification with starch, form large aggregates between calcium carbonate particles, which lead to a serious imbalance of PCC aggregates distribution in the base sheet. 4) Modification with tobacco stem and fiber starch, small pieces of PCC agglomeration are formed and the distribution of PCC agglomeration is relatively uniform in the base sheet. The retention of tobacco furnish and Calcium carbonate of these base sheets are improved gradually, which are prepared by four methods about mentioned. The pilot experiment results show that compared with old processes (direct addition), the deliveries of tar, CO and TPM in mainstream smoke of the sheets with new processes (modification with tobacco stem fiber and starch) have been brought down. The Calcium carbonate content of these sheets with new processes is improved significantly, from 6.3 % to 10.8 %, the Calcium carbonate retention of these sheets reach up to 72.0 %. Conclusion: The method of modification with tobacco stem and fiber starch can effectively improve the retention and distribution of calcium carbonate.

Call for Papers and Author Guidelines (Chinese), Journal of China and International Relations, Vol 4 No 2 (2016)

通过塑造一种全新的空间和尺度想象，资本及其权力便可经过“二手空间”的中介而实现全球范围的流动，最终改变（甚至摧毁）各个地方每条街道的日常生活。为了避免这样的状况及其恶化，我们应当首先反思类似《宣言》这样的二手空间观，然后从我们的身边和脚下出发去构想自己的空间观念。只有当我们认识到地方本质上就是种种全球/全局性过程的交错所在（a global sense of place），开始从本地出发去探索这些更广阔的、超越了本地尺度的空间属性，用比较的方法重新审视别人和自己，我们才可能真正把握空间和生活的密切关联，才可能发现和对抗萦绕四周的社会和空间不义，才可能重写多元且动态的城市宣言。

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide. It has been associated with many diseases, including allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, asthma, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, cystic fibrosis, immotile cilia syndrome, immunodeficiency, airway infection, otitis media and dental diseases. Due to the complexity in clinical manifestation and classification of rhinosinusitis, and their associated etiology and pathophysiology, evidence based consensus on diagnosis and treatment is important in order to enhance the effectiveness of available treatment and the quality of life of the patients. Since patients with rhinosinusitis may consult a wide range of clinicians, including otolaryngologists, allergists, pulmonologists and paediatricians, clinical guidelines or consensus with the evidence based diagnostic and treatment scheme for rhinosinusitis for different specialists are very important. The first European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EP3OS) was published in 2005 by the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology in the Journal of “Rhinology”, and the updated versions were published in 2007 and 2012 in the same journal. EP3OS 2007 had been endorsed by many international medical societies, including WHO (e.g., InterAirway document), and the full document was translated into more than 15 languages, and its contents have been widely endorsed, as some chapters were significantly enriched, as extensive up-to-date information on epidemiology, predisposing factors, pediatric aspects and randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled studies in the treatment of rhinosinusitis were added, and it encourages further clinical and basic research in this field in the future.

JCIR中文版征稿启事及来稿规范 Call for Papers and Guidelines for Contributors, Journal of China and International Relations, Vol 2 No 2 (2014)

This paper reviews iPRES2007 digital preservation international conference comprehensively, introduces the development of policies, strategies, planning and infrastructures of digital preservation, related management issues, technology researches and practices, certification and assessment, etc. It also analyzes and summarizes experiences and lessons existing in practice, discusses problems that we have and brings forward the important concerns for the next phase of digital preservation.

Aperture-type and patch-type frequency selective surfaces (FSS) were prepared by using carbon fiber paper containing carbon fiber. Using honeycomb as the matching dielectric layer, microscopic characterization of carbon fiber distribution in carbon fiber paper was performed by stereo microscope, the reflectivity of the composite FSS structure was tested by a vector network analyzer. The influences of unit shape, carbon fiber content in carbon fibre paper and carbon fiber length on the wave absorbing performance of aperture type FSS and patch type FSS were studied with the same matrix area ratio of carbon fiber paper. The results show that in the range of 2-18 GHz, the absorbing properties of aperture-type FSS and patch-type FSS are related to the content and length of carbon fiber in carbon fiber paper, and has nothing to do with the shape of the unit. At 6-18 GHz, with the same the ratio of the matrix area of carbon fiber paper, the shape of unit, the length and content of carbon fiber in the carbon fiber paper, the absorbing properties of aperture-type FSS are better than that of patch-type FSS.

Radiopharmaceuticals means radionuclide preparations or labeled compounds for clinical diagnosis or therapeutic use. Radiochemical purity is one of the important judgment indexes to measure the quality of radiopharmaceuticals, which directly affects the clinical effect, it is very important to accurately determine and strictly control the radiochemical purity. In this paper, by querying and analyzing Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020, European Pharmacopoeia 10.2, US Pharmacopoeia 43-NF38, and the related literature, making a analysis and summary on the characteristics, separation principle and application of commonly used radiochemical purity determination methods, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), paper chromatography (PC), electrophoresis (EP) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which would help to establish a more scientific and reasonable standard of radiopharmaceuticals quality standards and to provide technical reference.

For the issue of limited filtering accuracy of interactive multiple model particle filter algorithm caused by the resampling particles don't contain the latest observation information, we made improvements on interactive multiple model particle filter algorithm in this paper based on mixed kalman particle filter algorithm. Interactive multiple model particle filter algorithm is proposed. In addition, the composed methods influence to tracking accuracy are discussed. In the new algorithm the system state estimation is generated with unscented kalman filter (UKF) first and then use the extended kalman filter (EKF) to get the proposal distribution of the particles, taking advantage of the measure information to update the particles' state. We compare and analyze the target tracking performance of the proposed algorithm of IMM-MKPF in this paper, IMM-UPF and IMM-EPF through the simulation experiment. The results show that the tracking accuracy of the proposed algorithm is superior to other two algorithms. Thus, the new method in this paper is effective. The method is of important to improve tracking accuracy further for maneuvering target tracking under the non-linear and non-Gaussian circumstances.

Using the Internet for natural disaster management and civic participation is now a hot issue in communication and disaster studies, but in the related literature the effect of digital poverty on people’s risk information seeking is largely neglected. This paper argues that a high risk population of climate disaster suffers from both social vulnerability and digital poverty, and therefore it is difficult for the Internet to become the most effective source of disaster risk information. Using the 2016 Taiwan Communication Survey, the data analysis shows that vulnerable people in Taiwan rely much more on TV rather than on the Internet to access disaster information for typhoons and floods, because of their digital poverty.

In Japanese, the predicates of "question word +でも" usually need to be in the positive form. On the contrary, the predicates of "question word +も" are primarily in the negative form. However, after investigating the errors of Chinese Japanese learners in acquiring "interrogative words +でも", this paper finds that it is not necessary to use "interrogative words +でも" as long as the predicate is in the affirmative form; sometimes it is necessary to use "interrogative words +も". By comparing the differences between "question words +でも" and "question words +も", this paper mainly examines the errors and reasons related to "question words +でも". This paper's research results will help promote the further development of Japanese teaching. Japanese learners misuse, on the one hand, because they confuse the semantic difference between "question words +でも" and "question words +も" and do not grasp the meaning of the question words themselves; on the other hand, they do not consider the "question words +でも" and "interrogative word +も" serve as what components in the sentence.

Taking Léon Wieger’s Rudiments de parler chinois, dialect du 河間府, 1ᵉʳ volume as the core and referring other French sinologists’ works as supplement, this paper studies the French sinologists’ interpretation of the composition of substantives in Chinese in the second half of 19ᵗʰ century. At the same time, this paper compares the views of Westerns with the view of Chinese linguists in the early 20ᵗʰ century to suggest the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western scholars’ understanding of Chinese word formation. We argue that Western scholars generally use word classes as the categorical basis when exploring constructions, and pay more attention to the meaning, lexicality, and variation of the components. However, Chinese linguists, except for Ma Jianzhong, who still insists on the approach of French sinologists, do not place much emphasis on the influence of word category on word formation, but focus more on the interrelationship between components. The influence of the French sinologists of the 19ᵗʰ century is almost non-existent.

This paper introduces the Japanese research status of Chinese scholar Luo Zhenyu in the form of a summary, which is divided into the following six aspects: first, Calligraphy Theory No.32: Luo Zhenyu Special Collection; second, Luo Zhenyu's visit to Japan and exchanges with the Japanese, third, the correspondence between Luo Zhenyu and his friends; fourth, Luo Zhenyu's participation in painting and writing activities and his collections; fifth, Luo Zhenyu's creation of oracle bone and Dunhuang studies; and sixth, others. The paper aims to broaden the reader's research vision and help scholars obtain more academic information., 内田慶市教授古稀記念号

Chinese teachers played an essential role in the Chinese learning of protestant missionaries who came to China. This paper discusses the importance of Chinese teachers in the Chinese study of missionaries according to the historical materials from the English periodical The Chinese Recorder. It is mainly reflected in three aspects: firstly, Chinese teachers played a great role in "curriculum learning"; secondly, they assisted missionaries in translating the Bible; thirdly, they help missionaries in compiling Chinese textbooks. This paper focuses on the views of Alvin Pierson Parker and O. F. Wisner to discuss the requirements of missionaries for Chinese teachers. These requirements include professionalism, good personal qualities of teachers, and regular replacement of teachers. Taking North China Union Language School and Nanking Language School as examples, this paper also discusses the training of Chinese teachers in Chinese language teaching institutions in China. This training emphasized the importance of "practice" for teachers.

As the last monk who went to Japan from China in Yuan Dynasty, Donglingyongyu was not only played a positive role in promoting the Buddhist interactions between China and Japan, but also made a great contribution to the spread of calligraphy to Japan in Yuan Dynasty. First of all, this paper investigates the life of Donglingyongyu, and finds out the reason why he did not fear difficulties and dangers and went to Japan to promote Buddhism. Secondly, it analyzes existing works of Donglingyongyu one by one, and discusses the origin of his calligraphy and the related calligraphy-thoughts. Finally, this paper examines the important role of the Yuan Monks in the calligraphy communication between China and Japan by focusing on Donglingyongyu., 内田慶市教授古稀記念号

XiaoXue concentrates on Zhuxi’s thoughts on children and beginner’s education, of which “Li” (禮) is the major method and “Jing” (敬) is the core purpose. In this paper, I would like to demonstrate the educational principle of “cultivating Jing through Li” in the contexts of the “Five Lun” (father and son, ruler and subject, husband and wife, elders and children, and friends) in XiaoXue-Minglun. Therefore, this paper can be regarded as an educational example of the principle of “unity of Li and Jing” in which “Li” is the path and “Jing” is the goal.

In recent years, the study of idioms has become a hot field. Most of the research results have chosen to examine idioms from the perspective of cultural and cognitive linguistics, and there are many pioneering achievements, which have opened a new perspective for later research. However, in previous studies, Chinese scholars have made a lot of achievements, whether they study Chinese idioms, or the comparison between Chinese and Japanese, while Japanese scholars' studies, especially the comparison between China and China, are relatively few. From the perspective of research scope, China scholars mainly pay attention to idioms containing animal words, while Japanese scholars mainly study idioms from the perspective of cognitive language, examining the influence of cognitive images on the meaning of idioms. This paper compares the cognitive models of Chinese and Japanese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, and explains the cognitive similarities and differences between Chinese and Japanese idioms from cognitive and cultural aspects. The full text is divided into three parts. The first part briefly introduces the basic concepts of Metaphor, Image Schema, Metonymy, reference point construction and Behavioral Frame. Among them, ""Metaphor"", ""Metonymy"" and ""Behavioral Frame"" are the main methods to analyze idioms in this paper. In addition, this part also briefly introduces the related literature of idioms with ""Hand"" in this paper. The second part, based on the first part, takes the idioms with ""Hand"" in Chinese and Japanese as the object, taking metaphor and metonymy as the main angles of analysis, and summarizes the cognitive patterns of idioms with ""Hand"" in two languages. Through analysis, we can see that the meaning expansion mode of idioms with ""hand"" can be divided into the following two steps, no matter in Chinese or Japanese: first, it is placed under the behavioral framework of ""Hand"", and ""Hand"", as a prop of behavior, can point to such elements as ""force"" and ""method"" in the framework through metonymy. These elements, through the second step of metaphor, expand their meaning to other fields. However, each language has its own unique characteristics, which can't be completely unified in one mode. Therefore, the third part mainly introduces the idiomatic expressions of ""hand"" in Chinese and Japanese, such as""手把手,手足"" in Chinese and ""手が空く"" in Japanese, which do not belong to the meaning expansion mode discussed in the second part. In addition, there is a case where, although the two languages have the same meaning, they choose of different body parts to present them, for example, Chinese ""金盆洗手"" and Japanese ""足を洗う"". The reason is also briefly analyzed and explained in the third part., 多文化社会研究, 9, pp.229-250; 2023

Through a comparison of Chinese and Japanese quantifiers for counting or weighing animals and the current status of research, this thesis attempts to summarize the basic status of Chinese and Japanese studies of animal quantifiers and the different characteristics of the two languages. The text is divided into three main parts. The first part is the introduction, which briefly introduces the relationship between Chinese and Japanese quantifiers, and analyzes the particularity of quantifiers. Due to the generality and richness of Chinese and Japanese quantifiers, a large number of quantifiers have overlapping objects and scopes of counting. In addition, we believe that the complexity and specificity of the use of quantifiers necessitates a systematic study of quantifiers. The second part of this paper consists of three subsections: Section 2, “Research on Chinese animal quantifiers”, Section 3, “Research on Japanese animal quantifiers” and Section 4, “Comparative research on Chinese and Japanese animal quantifiers”, which is the central part of this paper. This section focuses on a systematic examination of Chinese and Japanese quantifiers studies up to now, and sorting out the basic research status of Chinese and Japanese animal quantifiers and their remarkable characteristics. Through comparison, we find that the two languages share similarities in the use of quantifiers, but also have their own distinctive features. For example, both Chinese and Japanese simplify complex things, and use known and familiar things to recognize and represent unknown things. However, Chinese animal quantifiers tend to extract the physical features of animals to count or them, which is more abstract, while Japanese animal quantifiers, on the contrary, tend to use the specific part of body nouns to count animals, which is more figurative. In addition, the study of Chinese and Japanese quantifiers has evolved from the study of external grammatical expressions and pragmatic features to the analysis of grammatical and pragmatic aspects of specific noun-quantifier collocations, and developed to the present research process to explore the links between the forms of language encoding and cognition. It's fully reflects the cognitive process of Chinese and Japanese quantifiers research from surface to interior, from superficial to deep, and from concrete to abstract. The third part is the conclusion, which systematically summarizes the study of Chinese-Japanese quantifiers in a systematic way. We believe that there is a quite extensive study of quantifiers in both Chinese and Japanese. Whether from the perspective of grammar, pragmatics, or cognitive comparison, there have been very fine observations and analyses. Indeed, many convincing research results have been achieved. With the deepening of the comprehensive comparative study of quantifiers of the two languages, we believe that more promising results will emerge in the field of Chinese and Japanese quantifier research., 多文化社会研究, 9, pp.251-259; 2023

臺灣在 1987 年執行政治解嚴，之後進入新社會運動黃金十年。隨著 1988 年都市客家人發動「還我母語」大遊行，主張客語的媒體近用權，使得臺灣客家意識抬頭，並隨著本土認同激發出 1990 年代「新个客家人」運動的誕生。1990 年臺灣客家公共事務協會（HAPA）成立，主張與臺灣其他各族群齊心找回語言尊嚴的「新个客家人」，推動客家人對臺灣的認同，同時鼓勵客家人從隱形的弱勢狀況浮顯出來。本研究旨在指出「新个客家人」運動對於臺灣客家人的「現身」所產生的影響。研究方法以資料蒐集與分析，顯示過去三十年來因客家委員會對於「客家人」的定義採取血緣與認同並行的採定標準，因此臺灣客家人比例逐年增加。本研究例舉包括（1）血緣性的客家人重新認同自己的祖源文化、（2）藏身於非客家聚落中被現身出來、（3）策略性地選擇現身或不聲張的客家人、（4）刻意被強調與客家姻親關係的婚配移民等幾種類型，進行討論。結果顯示重拾客家認同者有可能為了更加確認自己的血緣性，產生了向華南甚至中原溯源的族譜考察，此與「新个客家人」強調臺灣本土認同間接產生矛盾；另外也有在尋根之後發現原來自己祖源並非客家。另外也發現由於「新个客家人」整體來說創造了較大比例的「客家人口數」，所以似乎也間接拉低了臺灣客語使用人口的比例。研究也發現，身分認同在逐漸去汙名的過程中，由於政府各類補助政策的催化，使得身分認同成為身分政治的策略，人們可以利用自己「部分的客家」，既呈現出身分流動的搖擺策略，卻又閃躲掉面對客家語言在「量的壯大」之下「質的稀釋」的責任。, In 1987, Taiwan exited the golden decade of the New Social Movement and entered the post-Martial-Law period. In 1988, urban Hakka people launched the “1228 Restore My Mother Tongue Campaign” on the streets ofTaipei, advocating for the use of public media. This raised Taiwan’s Hakka consciousness, and the local identity inspired the birth of the “New Hakka movement” in the 1990s. In 1990, the Taiwan Hakka Association for Public Affairs （HAPA） was established. It advocates working with other ethnic groups in Taiwan to regain a linguistic dignity—New Hakkaness—promoting Hakka’ recognition of Taiwan and encouraging Hakka people to overcome their invisible disadvantages. This paper aims to point out the impact of the “New Hakka movement” on the “appearance” of Taiwan new Hakkaness. Data which were collected and analyzed by the official shows that in the past 30 years, the Hakka Affairs Council has adopted a parallel standard of blood and identity to define “Hakka,” so the proportion of Hakka people in Taiwan has been slightly increasing each year. These increasing data includes 1）those related by Hakka blood re-identifying their ancestral culture, 2） those had assimilated into non-Hakka settlements and reappeared or being exposed, 3） those strategically choose to show up their hidden Hakka characters in public, 4） marriage immigrants who are deliberately emphasized their marriage relationship with Hakka, and other types. Some cases show that those who have regained their Hakka identity may have conducted a genealogical survey that traces their origins to southern China and even the Yellow River Basin in order to better confirm their own patrilineal lineage group, even if that is just a far-fetched, weak link. This indirectly contradicts the ideas of the “New Hakkaness,” which emphasizes Taiwanese identity. In addition, some such individuals whose clan settled in traditional Hakka village for a long time but discovered, after searching for their roots, that their ancestors are “not” Hakka. This paper found that the “New Hakkaness” makes up an increasing proportion of the Hakka population, which might impact the decline in the proportion of Taiwanese Hakka speakers. We also found that in the process of gradual de-stigmatization of identity, due to the catalysis of various government subsidy policies, identity has become a strategy in identity politics. People can use their own “some part of” factors of Hakka as a strategy but evade the responsibility of facing the qualitative dilution of the Hakka language under the quantitative growth., 台湾は 1987 年に戒厳令が解かれた後の 10 年間，「新社会運動」の時期に突入した。1988 年に都市で客家が「母語を返せ」デモ運動をおこない，客家語のメディア報道を要求するにつれ，台湾客家意識の覚醒が強調されるようになった。1990 年には台湾客家公共事務教会（HAPA）が成立し，台湾の他のエスニック集団とともに母語の尊厳を取り戻そうとする「新客家」が主張されるようになった。彼らは，台湾客家のアイデンティティを促進するとともに，客家に社会的弱者としての現状から抜け出していくよう鼓舞した。本論文は，「新客家」運動が台湾客家社会に与えた影響を論じるものである。ここ 30 年の間，政府機構である客家委員会は「客家」に「新」という文字を付与し，客家を広く定義するとともに，客家に対する肯定的なイメージを社会に広めてきた。それにより，台湾で客家人口の比率が増加する結果がもたらされた。その増加の背景には，祖先との血縁的関係を再確認したり，客家との婚姻関係を主張したり，戦略的に客家であることを公に発信したりするなど，複数のパターンがある。本論文は，そのような現代台湾のエスニック政策下における，エスニック・アイデンティティの弾力性を論じる。台湾では，人口統計上は客家人口が増加しているにもかかわらず，客家語の使用者が激減している。このことは，客家をめぐる新たな定義において客家語の重要性が低下した一方で，人々が客家であることを戦略的に使用しはじめたことと関連している。

This paper reviews Ryūkyū Mandarin textbooks. It has been more than 200 years since Motonao Narushima (成島司直 ; 1778-1862) described Ryūkyū Mandarin at the beginning of the preface of Ryūkyū Recorded Dialects (琉球録話) written in 1806. Japanese scholars have done extensive research on the corpus of Ryūkyū Mandarin. These scholars include Hiroshi Ishizaki (石崎博志 2001), Mitsuaki Endo (遠藤光暁 2011), and Takashi Takekoshi (竹越孝 2011), who have written detailed comments and summaries of prior research on the corpus of Ryūkyū Mandarin. Related research on the grammar of Ryūkyū Mandarin textbooks has been recognized by relevant Japanese scholars, and the results of the research have been remarkable. In contrast to Japanese academic circles, the research on Ryūkyū Mandarin in Chinese academic circles started very late. An exception is Changxi Fan (范常喜 2018), who conducted meticulous work on combing the existing research in the academic circles of China and Japan. In recent years, research on Ryūkyū Mandarin in Chinese academic circles is increasing ; dissertations, journal papers, and monographs are being published in rapid succession. While organizing the previous research above, the author found that some of the conclusions reached require further examination. Therefore, to clarify the research status of Ryūkyū Mandarin in China and Japan, as well as the specific differences in the respective results of the research, it is necessary to do a detailed review, which can provide reference and inspiration for future research on Ryūkyū Mandarin.

China's Huaxia civilization has a long tradition of children and beginners' education. In the first part of this paper, I will examine the history of Chinese educational institutions. This education can be divided into various categories according to different classification methods such as the nature of educational organizations, organizational scope, student status, educational level, and teaching content. The article attempts to briefly elucidate the historical background of the ancient academic system and put the concepts of the name of each educational institution in historical context to understand the origin and relationship of each name. Classification can be divided into official and private schools. Depending on the dynasty, the terminology for schools included local schools such as xue (學), xiang (庠), xu (序), and shu (塾) ; and state or dynastic schools such as guoxue (國學 government schools), zhouxue (州學 provincial schools), xianxue (縣學 county schools), xiangxue (鄉學 local schools), cunxue (村學 village schools), and yixue (義學 free private schools). Students attended schools in accordance with their social class. The aristocracy and academically outstanding students enrolled in national imperial academies (guozixue 國子學), while students of ability from among the lower official class and commoners could attend simenxue (四門學 literally, school of the four gates). There were also different levels of education, such as mengxue (蒙學 primary schools that taught reading, writing, and etiquette), xiaoxue (小學 primary schools for noble families) and taixue (大學 national university). The content taught was also different ; most focused on martial arts, medicine, law, calligraphy, painting, arithmetic, etc. Although most subjects can be clearly categorized, there were others that were conceptionally in-between or interdisciplinary. Thus, they required differentiation in a progressive, systematic, and orderly manner. The second aspect covered in this paper is children and beginners' textbooks from various Chinese dynasties. The textbooks are an important resource for understanding the educational situation of children and beginners. The Song Dynasty was a watershed era in children and beginners' education that marked a leap in the development of the textbooks in both quantity and variety. Using the Song dynasty as a dividing point, I will explain the obvious differences in the style of children and beginners' education and textbooks between the pre-Song and post-Song dynasties. At the same time, I will examine in part universities and specialized education to outline the overall educational context of each era. In this way, I hope to provide some accuracy to the terminology of children and beginners' education in imperial China.

The study of Chinese characters formed an important aspect of Chinese learning for Western nationals who came to China in modern times. Researchers currently attach great importance to textbooks of character learning and compile lists of Chinese characters. Lyon’s 500 Chinese characters commonly used in Official mandarin and Moncrieff’s 2000 Chinese Characters list are typical exemplars. This paper utilizes the technique of comparative analysis to discuss the value and characteristics of such compilations of Chinese characters by individuals who visited China in the modern age. In so doing, it creates data statistics both from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives. First, the lists are compared with a typical character textbook titled Two Years’ Course of Study in the Chinese Language. Second, the paper also compares lists of Chinese characters created in different periods, relating them to contemporary Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education. The results reveal that the modern missionaries in China acquired a relatively comprehensive and accurate grasp of Chinese characters and that their understanding gradually intensified over time. The lists of Chinese characters compiled by missionaries in modern China differed in conception from textbooks of Chinese characters. However, both served the same purpose. The compilations of Chinese characters by modern missionaries evinced distinct objectives and features of their times and primarily considered the frequency and word-formation ability of the characters. The textbooks of Chinese characters were more systematic in their exposition and emphasized the construction of characters and the combinations of their parts. A high coincidence rate is observed between the two types despite this distinction.

[ABSTRACT] Haruyuki Sasaki (佐佐木春行), the second generation of the Kyoto antiquarian bookshop “Chikuhoro (竹苞樓)”, wrote the Sohon kantei zakki (宋本鑒定雜記), an important work in the study of private bibliography in the Edo period. There is one handwritten copy in each of Kyoto University Library and Iwase Bunko Library, this paper uses the two copies to compile and investigate this text. Most of the sohon (Song dynasty editions) recorded in this text came from the Five Great Zen Temples in Kyoto, and the collection process is clear, several editions still exist. Haruyuki examined in detail the taboos, format and the paper used in sohon, some of these methods were influenced by knowledge in Chinese literature, and some were inspired by Kariya Ekisai (狩谷棭齋) and other scholars in the same period, reveals the development process of bibliography as a discipline in Japan from the early modern period to the present day.