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The problem identified by the researcher and addressed in this study is associated with the nature and the structure of the ministry for which the work is done. The ministry has two branches, a religious community and a philanthropic organization. This latter is actually the original one. It is composed by believers from different congregations who are united to make disciples for Christ. The problem is that communication and fellowship among ministry leaders is very slow and that negatively affects the implementation of the Great Commission. Otherwise, the purpose of this DMin Thesis Project is the improvement of the quality of action for an interdenominational ministry for Great Commission enhancement. At the heart of the project research is the intent to enhance the skills of the leaders and bring them together for the progress of the gospel. The project addresses the spiritual disciplines of fasting and prayer in the perspective of giving oneself as a living sacrifice for Great Commission effectiveness. The project was developed through training sessions, interviews, and surveys. All the investigations and efforts put together resulted on two major conclusions: (1) Fasting and prayer brings people closer to God and helps them to address their shortcomings with confidence and authority; (2) fasting and prayer develops faith, humility, anointing, resilience, holiness, self-esteem, love, charity, integrity, faithfulness, interaction, fellowship, and unity and fuel commitment of believers to ministry.

Rasguño y sentido representan conceptos mágicamente enlazados en un ejercicio radical: el dibujo. Este encuentra en sus plasmaciones más crudas y carentes de mediaciones su sentido cabal, introductorio e iniciático. La cruz estaría entre ellas. Y hay dos figuras capaces de hacer vibrar como nadie, al respecto, el diapasón de nuestra pulsión plasticista: Eduardo Chillida (1924-2002) y Antoni Tàpies (1923-2012). Los paralelismos de su trayectoria podrían ayudarnos a reconocer algunas de las dimensiones inalienables de todo encuentro con el signo en nuestras labores creativas.

This project explores the meaning of reconciliation to the Father through the sacrifice of Christ. At its fundamental level, the gospel contains the most radical example of reconciliation, where the offended is the party to reestablish contact. Vertical reconciliation is to be the precursor to horizontal reconciliation. The problem is that the body of Christ is far too divided. This division takes on a number of forms within the church, none of which is biblical. As the capstone project of an M.A. in Music and Worship degree, the purpose of the study is twofold. The first is to examine how the call to be ministers of reconciliation is to govern the Christian’s daily behavior. The second is to consider the role of music in this calling. The method of this study is a Worship Program Recital, or a Lecture Recital, with an emphasis in conducting. In order to relate biblically to God, men and women must appreciate His character, while acknowledging the standard required to know Him. The gospel is the framework for life, and ACCESS RESTORED is one lens through which to understand and apply it.

Saint Manuel Gonzalez Garcia was a bishop of Spain in the first part of the twentieth century. While his writings on the Eucharist are manifold, relatively little has been researched in terms of his Marian thought. Viewing the original Spanish texts of his published works through a Mariological lens reveals profound insights into Mary as the Immaculate Mother. Narrowing the scope of the various aspects of Mary's Divine Motherhood found in Saint Manuel's writing, this thesis focuses on those of Mary as efficacious helper, intercessor, and teacher. There is a goldmine of Mariological insight waiting to be uncovered in the writing of this recently canonized saint.

The basic question of this dissertation is, “Why a crucified God?” The history of this question is traced through strategically chosen increments in Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, and Lonergan. Each contributes in some important way to the development of a tradition that focuses on the choice of divine love and wisdom to answer evil through the justice of the cross rather than by coercion. In light of these earlier transpositions and Lonergan’s own development, this dissertation examines the meaning and justice of the cross, as epitomized in Lonergan’s Law of the Cross, and re-contextualizes this law in relation to our collective responsibility in and for history. This teleological re-reading of Lonergan’s soteriology brings to the forefront that a fitting remedy to the problem of a dis-ordered love is a re-ordering and (re-)ordered love, not coercive power. According to Lonergan’s Law of the Cross, the intrinsic intelligibility of redemption is the transformation of evil into good by love. This love, caritas ordinata et ordinans, is understood by analogy with the antecedent offer of diffusive friendship and by analogy with sacramental penance. The restoration of right order through the cross is fitting because, if the laws of nature and history are not suspended, retaliation would only multiply the objective surd. The constructive part of this dissertation further specifies ontological conditions for the fittingness of the cross by bringing the lex crucis into dialogue with Lonergan’s general theory of historical process. In continuity with the emerging world order (as subject to classical, statistical, dialectical, and genetic laws), the cross manifests an orderly communication of divine friendship to sinners. Correspondingly, the justice of the cross regards, not retributive justice, but the possibility of justice among sinners. This possibility, it is argued, is inaugurated by Christ’s transformation of suffering into the means of a new finality in history, the probabilities of which are decisively shifted in the cross event and concretely realized through the emergent agape network, the higher integration of the human good of order through the whole Christ, head and members, by the power of the Holy Spirit. The justice of the cross, then, is an emergent agapic justice which proceeds from the dynamic state of being in love with God as its principle and is realized in a dialectic unification of all things in Christ, constituting the “cruciform” transformation of human (inter-)subjectivity and the recovery of human progress as ordered to the eschatologically definitive reign of God.

Abstract: Transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are a broad set of tools that enable the generation of molecular complexity by coupling together molecular pieces. This is done by the use of activating groups on the molecular pieces and a metal-based catalyst. These methods are widely used in synthetic chemistry, including (but not limited to) the production of materials (such as polymers), pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Typical cross-coupling reactions involve the coupling of nucleophilic partners to electrophilic species. Alternatively, oxidative cross-coupling reactions, which enables the coupling of two nucleophilic reactants, have undergone significant developments since their initial discovery over a century ago. The functional group selectivity of these transformations is in complement to established nucleophile-electrophile cross-coupling reactions, due to the reactivity profile of the metal catalyst used and the conditions employed therein. Oxidative cross-couplings to generate carbon- heteroatom bonds are well established. Less work has been conducted into the development of carbon-carbon forming reactions under mild oxidative conditions. Decarboxylation reactions of carboxylic acids, to generate both carbanions and carbon- based radicals, have been extensively utilized in synthetic chemistry. These reactions have been demonstrated to occur under a variety of conditions, utilizing both metals catalysts and organocatalysts, and undergoing both one and two-electron chemistry. The myriad of initiation methods for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids makes these functional groups an attractive source of radical and nucleophilic carbon centres. However, typical conditions to initiate decarboxylation are quite harsh, usually consisting of elevated temperatures above 100C. This thesis will cover two reactions that merge the areas of decarboxylative chemistry and oxidative cross-coupling reactions, in order to facilitate the arylation reactions of sp3-carbon centers. Organic molecules containing at least one fluorine atom play an important role in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. This is due, in part, to the unique properties that fluorine can impart onto a molecule. These unique properties drive the demand for the develop of synthetic methods to generate molecules containing carbon-fluorine bonds. Copper(II) triflate mediated the synthesis of alpha-aryl-alpha-fluoro acetates by the oxidative decarboxylative coupling of arylboroxines and arylboronic esters with monofluoro malonate half esters. The reaction proceeded with good to excellent yields across a variety of substrates under mild conditions. Functional group tolerances included electrophilic moieties that would be prone to reactions under traditional coupling conditions, such as aryl halides and Michael acceptors. Diarylmethanes are found in many biologically active compounds and tailored pharmaceuticals. Recent work into synthesizing these molecular templates focused on the generation of benzyl anions by decarboxylation of ortho or para-nitrophenyl acetates and their use in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The conditions for this process are quite harsh, utilizing temperatures in excess of 100C. With temperatures as low as 35C, we have developed a copper(II)acetate mediated reaction to generate diarylmethanes by the oxidative coupling of ortho-nitrophenyl acetates and arylboronic esters. This reaction exhibits exceptional chemoselectivity, as it is tolerant towards electrophilic functionalities such as aryl-halides, Michael acceptors, and aldehydes, as well as protic functionalities such as secondary amides and primary alcohols. The utility of these diarylmethane molecules was further exemplified in functionalization work that diversified both the nitroarene and the methylene position of these molecules. We proposed a mechanism for this reaction centered on a decarboxylation event preceding the oxidative carbon-carbon bond formation.

The objective of the thesis is to see how Pedro Calderón de la Barca treats the devotion of the cross in two of his plays: The devotion of the Cross and The exaltation of the Cross. The intentionality of Calderón when writing plays is to make God known, religious pedagogy, while at the same time he educates in the religious aspect to the audience that attend the plays, and follows the theatrical directives of the Society of Jesus. His works are a continuous battle in order that his characters may obtain the salvation of soul. Calderón echoes the artistic style that accompanies the reformist desire within the Catholic Church: this is the Baroque style. Through his works, Calderón shows us the different ways in which a Christian can find the cross. Don Pedro writes his plays addressing all audiences –everyone has a soul– with the intention of making God and his doctrine known. He does so by leaning in the spirituality of the cross, which at that time is in full swing. «If anyone wants to follow me, let him renounce himself, take up his cross, and follow me» (Matthew 16, 24).

Dancer, Er, by E. Alexander Munson, is a personal account of an extraordinary journey through names and how we find home within them; the narrator struggles with his identity as family, language, asthma, hero arches, hero complexes, and dreams that turn into nightmares, all spiral together to create an unparalleled trip through the social and reclusive construction of this Wanna-be-Wolf, and/or the collective unconscious run rampant. There remains a question as to whether the dreams described have been random manifestations of the ego or messages from something more on the spiritual side of things. But as the narrator explores the many manifestations of God and the self, he finds the patterns in his dreams to either be uncanny, if not prophetic, in their constant appearances and indications, but also chaotic at times, much like other miracles, or mental abnormalities, depending on who is talking. Such miracles eventually lead the narrator to find purpose as a Water Protector against the Dakota Access Pipeline and the projects that reflect it. This story is not yet realized as the future of our world and ourselves, extraordinary or otherwise, are still at stake in the battle between life and the black snake. Advisor: Jonis Agee

Salvation Triptych is a three movement composition for choir, winds, strings, and percussion. The texts include the traditional Kyrie and two Christian texts from the 4th-5th Centuries: The Word of the Cross by Paulinus of Nola (trans. Helen Waddell) and two stanzas from a hymn by Ambrose of Milan. Movement I: Kyrie involves the greatest musical forces (SATB choir, flute, oboe, bassoon, bass clarinet, violin I and II, viola, cello, bass, timpani, gong, chimes, and wood block). Due to the brevity of the text, the choir entries are relatively short and temporally separated, allowing this longest of the movements to unfold slowly and organically. Movement II: The Word of the Cross is for SSAATTBB a cappella and is sectional, corresponding tonally and structurally to the changing thoughts and emotions of the text. Movement III: Jesu labantes respice is the most intimate of the movements, for baritone soloist accompanied by alto flute, oboe, bass clarinet, cello, and bass. The lyric contrapuntal setting draws to a conclusion on a solitary fading pitch, reflecting resolution and patient expectation.

Crosses made in metal, paint, or stone stand at a singular intersection of past, present and future in the early medieval period. The historical cross of Golgotha is the source of such manufactured crosses’ form and power. Most also represent the theology of the Cross through their form and decoration, describing the soteriology of the crucifixion and anticipating its consummation at the end of time. As manufactured crosses recount the past and look forward to the eschaton, they concurrently function in the age of the Church, offering specific, contemporary points of access to all the larger cross-sign represents. In its multivalent identity, the cross’ status as the Church’s central sign reflects the Church’s own temporal position, simultaneously commemorating sacred history, functioning in the present day, and preparing for the Second Coming. Although rarely recognized, the Church-time form of the cross—which I term the “instrumental” cross—is often a discernable component of early medieval cross-objects and images. I argue that we can recognize the instrumental cross among the commemorative and proleptic aspects of the sign because a formal and conceptual language developed to articulate it. In its instrumental form, the cross becomes the sign of the Church in its role as mediator between Christians, Christ and the eschaton, affirming the indispensable place of man-made artwork in that project. The instrumental cross, in turn, signals the instrumentality of the many artworks into which it is incorporated. It plays a particularly important role in manuscripts. In the first half of the dissertation I define a class of visual strategies that communicate the instrumental identity of the cross. I treat works in many media in Chapter 1 and focus on manuscripts in Chapters 2–3. The second half of the dissertation concentrates upon the case studies of four complex, hitherto neglected gospel codices from ninth–tenth century western France. In each, the deep relationship between Church-time cross and gospel book drives a pictorial program that is crafted to define a specific codex as an manufactured instrument, made to integrate its community with the larger project of the Church for which the cross-sign stands.

Este texto ofrece un estudio de la soteriología de Ratzinger a partir de sus textos teológicos hasta su elección como Romano pontífice (2005). Desde el principio, Ratzinger ha considerado la misión de Cristo como un aspecto inseparablemente unido a su persona, denunciando la separación entre cristología y sotetiología, entre ontología y misión. La persona es en jesús el punto de encuentro entre encarnación y redención. Para ello, parte de una renovada concepción de la persona en la que el "estar-en-y-con-el-otro" es su forma de "estaren- y-consigo mismo". La pre-existencia es condición de la pro-existencia de Cristo. En diálogo crítico con la teología protestante, desarrolla su propia teología de la cruz; trata asimismo del sacrificio, de la expiación y de la realización a través del dolor-amor. Termina con una alusión a la relación entre cruz y eucaristía.

The incidence of adolescent overweight in the United States is growing at epidemic proportions contributing to increased mortality and morbidity. Lack of physical activity (PA) is identified as one of the primary causes of overweight in adolescents. Efforts have begun to identify what determines PA in youth, and how this information can be used to develop effective interventions. Self-efficacy (SE), as well as physical activity self-definition (PA SD), has been consistently related to PA participation, but the role of PA social support (SS) among youth is unclear. This correlational cross-sectional comparative study examined sources of PA SS reported by adolescents, as well as the role that SS in conjunction with SE and PA self-definition play in PA participation of two cohorts of Caucasian and African American adolescents (N = 109) in the last grade of elementary school (grade 5) and the first grade of middle school (grade 6). Adolescents ranked mother, father, and brother most frequently as the three most important sources of PA SS. No adolescent reported nurses or doctors as important sources of PA SS. PA SS was correlated with PA SE (r = .37, p < .01). PA SE was significantly correlated PA SD (r = .39, p < .01). These findings support previous reports. When the relationships were examined among SS and PA, SS and SE, and SE and PA, only the relationship between SS and SE was statistically significant (p < .01). Therefore, the assumptions to examine if self-efficacy mediated the relationship between SS and PA were not met. The path analysis for the model, showed a statistically significant relationship between SS and SE for boys and girls (p < .05 and p < .01, respectively), between SS and SD for girls only (p < .05). The results of this study indicate that research needs to understand interactions among SS, SE, SD, and PA to be able to develop strategies to enhance physical activity in adolescents. However, these findings are limited by a number of factors, including a relatively small sample size, unequal racial and grade distribution, as well as, measures that may not be relevant for boys and girls from the inner city, as well as poor reliability for the SE measure.

Gerontological research indicates that social relations often improve health and increase chances of survival. Because social relations among older adults are particularly heterotypic, it is important to take a pattern-centered approach by examining types of social networks and their mental and physical health implications. Limited existing social network research has focused primarily on structural aspects of social networks (e.g., network size, frequency of contact). The present study uniquely includes structural, functional, and evaluative measures of social relations to derive network types, and examines the impact of these network types on health in three different countries. Using two samples of older adults (60+) from the United States-Japan cross-national survey (N = 504 and 472, respectively), Social Relations and Mental Health over the Life Course (Antonucci & Akiyama, 1993), and one sample (70+; N = 511) from the Berlin Aging Study (Baltes et al., 1993), cluster analyses were conducted separately for the United States, Japan, and Germany in order to derive social network types for each country. Common network types across countries included diverse, restricted, friend-focused, and family-focused. MANCOVAs (controlling for age, gender, education, and race) revealed that individuals in diverse network types had better physical and mental health than those in restricted network types in all three countries. However, countries also varied in the forms, prevalence, and implications of the network types. For instance, the family-focused network type was most prevalent in Japan but least prevalent in the US. In Germany, a unique network type characterized by the absence of a spouse and high levels of support emerged (Unmarried/Supported). Individuals in this network type had the worst mental and physical health of those in all other German network types. In contrast, American individuals embedded in a functionally restricted network type (Unsupported/Negative) had the worst mental and physical health. Interestingly, Cox regressions revealed that this network type had lower mortality rates compared to a more structurally restricted US network type (Unmarried/Non-friend). Findings were interpreted in light of theories of social relations (e.g., the theory of functional specificity; Weiss, 1974) and the multidimensional approach taken, with an emphasis on cultural similarities and differences.

The drive for higher efficiency in very large industrial gas turbines (IGTs) used in power generation applications has led to the need for directional solidification of large cross-section components, such as turbine blades, used in the hot gas path sections of the IGTs. The Bridgman directional solidification technique, which is currently used to produce these components, has been optimized for much smaller aero-engine components. The scale-up of this technique to produce large parts has resulted in numerous problems, and consequently low casting yield, which can all be related to the limited cooling capability of the Bridgman process. In this dissertation, a higher cooling efficiency process, liquid-metal cooling (LMC) using Sn as the cooling medium, has been evaluated for improved capability to cast large cross-section components. A series of castings were made for direct comparison using both the conventional Bridgman and the high thermal gradient LMC processes. Casting conditions were selected to simulate the state of the art for the Bridgman method and to assess the limits of casting with the less familiar LMC method. The experiments were evaluated through thermocouple analyses of casting conditions and post-casting analyses of grain defects, microstructural features, and mechanical behavior. Additionally, a finite element model of the solidification process was developed to further elucidate casting conditions. The casting parameters and elements of the LMC process that had the greatest influence on casting conditions were determined. Results indicated that the LMC process is capable of significantly enhancing cooling efficiency during directional solidification of large cross-section components. The enhanced cooling allowed much faster solidification withdrawal rates and resulted in substantially refined cast microstructure. The LMC process eliminated freckle-type defects in all cases and considerably reduced other casting defects under optimal conditions. It also was determined that the location of the solidification front during the LMC process is a crucial parameter that must be controlled to produce a high quality casting. Additionally, a floating thermal baffle used with the LMC-Sn process was established as an indispensable element of the LMC process.

This study assesses the influence of diverse policy actors in the state reading policy domain, and compares the patterns of influence across eight states. Guided by the social network perspective, I raised five hypotheses regarding the influence structure of the state reading policy domain. The data used for testing the hypotheses came primarily from structured interviews with 320 participants from eight states, which were supplemented by archival documents. I coded each interview transcript and archival document for relationships among state reading policy actors regarding reading-related issues, and created a sociomatrix accordingly for each state reading policy network. The sociomatrices served as the input for network analyses. My analyses reveal that the state reading policy networks were highly differentiated in terms of actor influence. In all the eight states, government actors were generally significantly more central---based on both degree centrality and closeness centrality---and prestigious than nongovernment actors. Moreover, there existed substantial between-state variations in the distribution of actors' centrality values. I also found that contrary to expectation, teacher organizations were not the most influential nongovernment actors in six of the eight state reading policy networks based on actor centrality results. Further, my study reveals that all the eight state reading policy networks were of a core/periphery structure, with the network cores occupied by both government and nongovernment actors. Finally, visual representations of the state reading policy domain indicate that in all the eight states, government actors tended to interact directly with other government actors, and single-issue interest groups tended to interact directly with other single-issue interest groups. The interactional patterns of general interest groups, however, were not as consistent across the states. The findings of this study not only offer a structural understanding of the state reading policy domain, but also have important implications for policy actors who wish to influence reading policy. This study also contributes to educational policy research by demonstrating how the social network perspective can serve as a useful lens to understand educational policy processes.

The present study examines the same and cross-sex friendships of African American men and women and the patterns of self-disclosure of revealing feelings, expressed emotionality, and topics of advice seeking and giving within these friendships. Using multivariate statistical analysis and regression analysis the present study examines the relationship between the forms of discussion African American men and women have with their male and female friends and their perception of the support they receive from their friends. The results of this study suggest that men and women differ with regard to whom they share feelings, with women reporting greater sharing of personal matters, and sharing of revealing feelings than their male counterparts. Additionally, women tend to share more with their female friends than men do with their male friends. Men show a tendency to turn to female friends for personal advice and to share revealing feelings. Although men and women share feelings discriminately with their cross-sex friends and same-sex friends, both types of friendships were considered supportive.

African American friendships have received little attention in the psychological literature. This study examined the ways in which African American men and women share their feelings in their same and cross-sex friendships. Participants (N = 306) completed measures of friendship quality, relationship stress, communalism and affective sharing. Results indicated that women shared more feelings than men in both their same and cross-sex friendships. In addition, both men and women reported higher levels of affective sharing in their friendships with men than in their friendships with women. For women, friendship quality was the only significant predictor of affective sharing in both same and cross-sex friendships. The closer the women felt to their friends, the higher their reported levels of affective sharing. For men, friendship quality and partner status were significant predictors of levels of affective sharing in their friendships with men. Single men and men who felt closer to their male friends, reported higher levels of affective sharing in their friendships with men. Age, friendship quality and social communalism were all significant predictors of affective sharing in men's friendships with women. Younger men, men who felt closer to their male friends and men who were lower on measures of social communalism reported higher levels of affective sharing in their friendships with women. In addition, income was found to moderate the relationship between family communalism and affective sharing in men's friendships with other men. Though there was no relationship between family communalism and affective sharing for the lower and middle income men in the study, there was a relationship between family communalism and affective sharing in same-sex friendships for higher income men. For higher income men, as reported levels of family communalism increased, so did levels of affective sharing.

The evidence that lead may adversely affect bone metabolism and depress the immune system makes lead a potential risk factor for periodontitis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of association between lead blood levels (PbB) and periodontitis. This study included individuals from 20 to 55 years old (n = 8801) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1989--1994). The proposed objective was investigated through the analysis of the association between PbB with the average attachment loss (AVLOSS), with the extent and severity of periodontitis as well as with the extent of bleeding on probing (BOP). These associations were investigated adjusting for the major confounders using multiple linear regression analysis, multinomial logit model or logistic regression as appropriate. Statistically significant correlation between PbB and AVLOSS was only observed among individuals with established periodontitis (AVLOSS ≥ 1.5mm). The ORs comparing individuals with extensive periodontitis (≥20% of sites with ≥4mm of attachment loss) with those without periodontitis for moderate (3--7mug/dL) and high lead exposure (>7mug/dL) were respectively 1.72 (95%CI: 1.02--2.91) and 2.57 (95%CI: 1.32--5.01). Similar findings were obtained for the analysis of severity of periodontitis (defined as individuals with ≥1.5 mm of AVLOSS). The association between PbB and BOP was only observed among males. Only the OR for the effect of high levels of lead comparing extensive BOP with moderate and no bleeding on probing was significant 1.60 (95%CI: 1.10--1.32). However, the test for trend was statistically significant for both males and females. Although this study shows significant associations, the interpretation of the findings should be made carefully: (1) this is a cross-sectional study, therefore, causality cannot be inferred; (2) PbB is strongly associated with socioeconomic factors (SES) and this association might have increased with the decline of lead exposure in the US, making PbB a good marker for individuals with sustained low SES and living in poor neighborhoods. Therefore, this study showed statistically significant positive association between PbB with periodontitis and gingivitis. However, further studies are necessary to confirm our results and to elucidate the role of SES related factors in this association.

The purpose of the study is to measure the difference in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help between American and Japanese college students and to identify possible predictors associated with the attitudinal differences. Three hundred American and 300 Japanese participants completed a survey questionnaire. The study demonstrated the degree of difference between Japanese and American undergraduate students, and analyzed whether, or how, the variables of nationality, sex, past experience with the profession of psychology (direct experience), knowing a close person who previously sought professional psychological help, and internal health locus of control were related to attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. The present study found Japanese participants to be less likely to have favorable attitudes toward mental health services than American participants. Female participants had greater positive help-seeking attitudes than male participants in the United States. Sex was not found to be a predictor among the Japanese participants. Past experience of seeking professional psychological help and knowing a close person who had sought professional psychological help were found to be predictors of help-seeking attitudes in both Japan and the United States.

This dissertation examined the theoretical and empirical implications of Adam's (1978) inferiorization construct for cross-group discrimination research, that is, research that attempts to identify similar themes and patterns across the reported experiences of historically stigmatized groups. The theory of inferiorization states that culturally stigmatizable characteristics are always associated with an interpersonal and institutional communication that one is somehow inferior to a dominant cultural group, cultural image, or community ideal. This dissertation had three goals: first, to show how the inferiorization construct applies to psychology's discrimination literature and delineate its theoretical properties; second, to describe an empirical study that demonstrates how inferiorization can be measured and used to investigate the experiences of social discrimination in college student samples of ethnic minorities, women, gay men and lesbians, and people with disabilities (total n = 263); and third, to relate these experiences to measures of self-perception to examine psychological correlates of inferiorizing experiences. Inferiorization is described as a function of the confluence of stigmatizable personal characteristics, a specific context, and associated cultural myths, an operational definition used to construct items for the Inferiorization Questionnaire. Findings of the empirical portion of this dissertation show that each group, in several contexts, reports the direct or indirect implication that their personal characteristics (that is, race, gender, sexual orientation, or disability) have disadvantageous meaning with respect to some important contextual or cultural ideal, demonstrating that a common aspect of intergroup discriminatory processes is the subjective experience of the inferiorization of salient differences. Consistent and unique relationships were found between an increase in the frequency of inferiorizing experiences and diminished self-perception. The inferiorization perspective is discussed as a theoretical framework that successfully incorporates and illuminates the shared and unique aspects of the various simultaneous reports of discrimination from stigmatizable social groups.

To achieve the high precision required in contouring machining applications, advanced servo-control algorithms are continuously being sought. In the conventional approach, the servo-controller is designed for each moving axis independently, regardless of the motion of other axes. This uncoupled control approach may result in degradation of contouring performance, although good tracking performance for each individual axis is achieved. The principal objective of the thesis is to develop a control architecture called the cross-coupling controller (CCC) to improve contouring accuracy in multi-axis machining systems. The CCC method is based on constructing a contour-error model in real time and utilizing it in the determination of the control law that reduces or eliminates the contour error. Many researchers have implemented the CCC method and proven its superiority for linear cuts on two-axis systems. The existing CCCs, however, are not effective in dealing with nonlinear contours. Moreover, cross-coupling controllers have never been developed for more than two axes. The current research extends the CCC method to general nonlinear contours and general multi-axis systems. Two-axis, three-axis, and five-axis cross-coupling controllers for general nonlinear contours have been proposed in the thesis. The proposed 2-axis CCC includes an improved contour-error model and a PID control law. The 3-axis CCC extends the 2D contour-error model to a 3D model. For the 5-axis CCC, the elimination of the orientation error as well as the elimination of the contour error are chosen as the two controller objectives. Consequently, the 5-axis CCC consists of a contour-error model, an orientation-error model, and a PID control law. In addition to the proposed CCC method, other servo-control algorithms, such as PID-controller, ZPETC, and IKF methods, have been evaluated based on their abilities in error-source rejection and their limitations in machine tool control. The evaluation, which is supported by simulations and experiments, shows that the CCC method provides the best contouring accuracy. The proposed CCC architecture extends the design of interpolators in the following way: more complicated nonlinear contours can be accurately controlled by the CCC method, and therefore, we may design new interpolator algorithms to generate these contours, which are usually approximated by lines and/or circles on current CNC systems. Accordingly, multi-axis interpolators have been proposed, which are capable of interpolating general nonlinear contours.

A series of reagents have been developed which can interact with nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on proteins by a consecutive sequence of Michael reactions to form intra- and intermolecular cross-linked structures. These reagents are derivatives of citraconimide having spectroscopic probe residues on the imide nitrogen and water soluble or spectroscopically active leaving groups at the 4-position. These absorbant and fluorescent functions allow the monitoring of the progress of the cross-linking reaction and facilitate the identification of the cross-linked polypeptide chains. The cross-linking mechanism involves Michael addition by a sulfhydryl group to the double bond of the citraconimide ring followed by retro-Michael displacement of the 4-substituent, unmasking a latent double bond which can undergo a second Michael addition by another sulfhydryl group. In this way, a nonhydrolyzable, reduction-resistant link is created between two sulfhydryl groups. The covalent bridge constructed is three carbons in length (about 3.4(ANGSTROM)) and thus has the potential for insertion between two SH groups of a reduced disulfide bond, relinking the sites of the protein. The mechanism of the process was established using alkyl mercaptans and glutathione as models of protein residues. The intra- and intermolecular cross-linking ability was demonstrated using partially reduced soybean trypsin inhibitor, bovine serum albumin and aldolase. A homologous series of n-methylene bis(4-thiocitraconic anhydride) derivatives were designed to specifically cross-link amino groups in proteins under mild reaction conditions. The variable length bridge between the two reactive ends permits one to vary the length of the cross-link and to investigate the influence of cross-linking distance on the types of cross-links formed as well as potentially determine the distance between the two amino groups. A significant feature of these reagents is that the cross-links are cleavable under mild acidic reaction conditions to aid in the identification of the cross-linked peptides by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This technique would be extremely useful for the analysis of multiprotein complexes. The n-methylene bis(4-thio citraconic anhydrides) have been tested as acylating reagents with ribonuclease, lysozyme, soybean trypsin inhibitor and calmodulin.

A precise measurement is made of the cross section for the process $e\sp+e\sp-$ $\to$ hadrons from data produced by the LEP $e\sp+e\sp-$ collider and collected by the L3 experiment at CERN during 1990. A total luminosity of 5.01 $pb\sp{-1},$ which corresponds to approximately 107,000 hadronic events, was recorded at seven center of mass energies scanning across the Z$\sp0$ peak. Fits of the cross section to analytical formulae yield: $M\sb Z$ = 91.191 $\pm$ 0.010 $\pm$ 0.02 (LEP) GeV, $\Gamma\sb Z$ = 2.500 $\pm$ 0.017 GeV, $\Gamma\sb{\rm had}$ = 1.732 $\pm$ 0.027 GeV, and $\Gamma\sb{\rm inv}$ = 0.517 $\pm$ 0.018 GeV. The number of light neutrino species is determined, assuming lepton universality, to be: $N\sb\nu$ = 3.10 $\pm$ 0.11, where the value $\Gamma\sb l$ = 83.6 MeV is taken from a separate L3 analysis of lepton data,$\sp{\lbrack 1\rbrack}$ and the ratio $\Gamma\sb l/\Gamma\sb\nu$ = 0.502 is taken from the Standard Model. The mass of the top quark is estimated in the framework of the Standard Model (with $M\sb H$ = 300 GeV) to be: $m\sb t$ = 172 $\pm$ 68 $\pm$ 18 (Higgs) GeV.

A much-investigated topic is attempted control of the witness by the attorney during direct and cross-examination. Since the witness is not always cooperative, the attorney uses verbal strategies to make suggestions and give information to the jury. These verbal strategies are based on the same premises as those used in conversation. Jurors have no expertise in formal verbal interaction per se, but they have the ability to make inferences because of their knowledge of the rules and rights of conversation, with which all competent speakers are familiar. Attorneys use a number of features in an utterance to make implications, such as stress, intonation, pauses, and tone of voice. Since a written transcript does not include these features, I taped a trial, transcribed it, and developed symbols to indicate these features. Attorneys also make implications through other features of the utterance, such as question structure, lexical choice, and overuse of words and phrases, as well as features of the discourse as a whole, such as topic change, repetition of question, response to witness' answer, and repetition of witness' answer. These were also examined. I dealt strictly with cross-examination because it presented richer opportunities for implications in this trial. I first analyzed the trial to determine the purposes of the defense attorney. Two main goals, impeachment of testimony and impeachment of character, and a number of sub-goals were posited. I then examined particular sequences in order to isolate the verbal strategies used. Conclusions were checked in two ways: examination of the closing argument, when the attorney is free to address the jury directly; and conversations with the attorney after analysis had been done. An important finding is that a transcript made from tape recordings is a far more accurate indicator of the true meaning of attorney utterances than the official transcript. However, appeals are based wholly on the official written transcript. This is significant because, since it only conveys part of the meaning of an utterance, use of a written transcript alone might lead, at best, to erroneous interpretations and, at worst, to miscarriages of justice.

p-Nitrophenyl 3-diazopyruvate (PNPDAP) has been developed as a reagent for the modification of proteins, and as a synthon for organic synthesis. PNPDAP alkylates primary and secondary amines to form 3-diazopyruvamides in high yields. 3-Diazopyruvamide derivatives have been formed from a wide variety of amines including aromatic amines, amino acids, and peptides. 3-Diazopyruvamides undergo photolysis and Wolff rearrangement at 300 nm to produce a ketene amide which efficiently acylates nucleophilic species to form malonic acid amide derivatives. PNPDAP was made available to a number of researchers and has been found to be an efficient photoactivatable cross-linking agent. Metal-catalyzed decompositions of 3-diazopyruvamides to produce carbenoids were not found to be synthetically useful. Lewis acid catalyzed addition of hydroxy nucleophiles to the diazoketone forms 3-aryloxy-, 3-alkyloxy-, and 3-acyloxypyruvamide derivatives. Cyclization of a 3-diazopyruvamide tripeptide by formation of the aryl ether bond of a cyclopeptide ring skeleton failed. 3-Diazopyruvamides react efficiently with hydrochloric acid to produce 3-chloropyruvamides which rapidly alkylate thiol nucleophiles. Reactions aimed at the development of 3-chloropyruvamides as affinity labels and cross-linking agents were investigated. A model 3-chloropyruvamide cross-linking agent could be cleaved after reaction with p-thiocresole, by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. A family of hetero-bifunctional, photoactivatable 3-diazopyruvamide cross-linking agents was synthesized from amino acids. A cleavable, photoactivatable cross-linking agent as synthesized from cystamine. All of these reagents and the 3-chloropyruvamide reagent were reacted with rabbit muscle aldolase to form dimeric cross-linked species.

This study explores the social construction and cinematic representation of gender in Chinese New Cinema from a cross-cultural perspective. Western theories of gender and narrative are used to analyze four films--two by male directors and two by female directors--in relation to Chinese cultural history. Male and female filmmakers differ in their representation of women in ways which reflect cultural contexts as well as cinematic resourcefulness. In Zhang Yimou's Ju Dou, representations of women reveal a desire to reassert a repressed male subjectivity and sexuality. Framing woman in the foreground displays a humanistic concern for exposing social oppression, but the gendered perspective which relates women to men conveys a longing to recover a lost masculinity. Hu Mei's Army Nurse, by contrast, employs a first-person, voice-over narration to render the inner workings of a female subjectivity which registers self-sacrifice before the authority of entrenched social position. Gender identity becomes a repeated scene of shifting and multiple meanings in Chen Kaige's Farewell My Concubine and Huang Shuqin's Woman Human Demon, which both portray the traditional use of cross-sex impersonators in Chinese opera. The character of the concubine in Farewell demonstrates how symbolic castration, corporal punishment, and theatrical costume and make-up can transform biological maleness into a gendered female role by authenticating the projection of external power on the personal body. In Woman Human Demon, however, self-representation reveals a split self: failed identities as daughter, lover, and wife mark a haunting search through the ghostly mask of the non-woman, even non-human. A self-reflexive narrative uses the opera persona to explore a woman's inner conflicts and address the external crises which bedevil her. Chinese new films open themselves to critical readings based on Western film theories, yet, arising from a critical context with distinct social and cultural codes, Chinese films in turn challenge the prevailing theories. This study seeks to make connections between Chinese films and Western theories while respecting the differences inherent in each, and to create alternative approaches for a better understanding of Chinese New Cinema. The detailed readings of particular films exemplify a cross-national approach to Chinese cinema.

This dissertation focuses on the evolving image of the attorney in American popular television and culture. Drawing on an interdisciplinary approach that combines the author's interests in law, English literature, television studies, history and cultural anthropology, this work examines the role that the lawyer-statesman ideal plays in reinforcing the distinctions between public and private space and the contested ways lawyer images on television both reify and critique these distinctions. Special attention is given to the pivotal role domestic lawyers had in framing popular perceptions of lawyers in light of a gradual transformation of American culture from modern to post-modern conditions. After an examination of the theoretical implications of the lawyer in Modernity, the strategies of lawyer representation is placed in the context of a late nineteenth century American culture in which lawyers were seen as a threat to Victorian values that strictly separated public and private spheres. This research focuses on novels by Wharton and Howells, newspaper advertisements, historical accounts of lawyer scandals, and proceedings of the American Bar Association. Having charted the historical antecedents to the lawyer image, this work next addresses the ways in which many of these same cultural tensions resurface in the ways lawyers are depicted on primetime television. While a 1950s drama such as Perry Mason casts the lawyer-statesman as a manly crusader for absolute truth, a lesser-known sit-com like Willy both supports and subverts this ideal in its parody. In the 1960s, the lawyer-statesman ideal showed up in programs like The Defenders, The Young Lawyers and Men-At-Law which depicted the experienced lawyers as father-figures to young lawyers. More recent lawyer programs such as Kate McShane, L.A. Law, and Ally McBeal use women attorneys, with varying degrees of success, to critique the modern myth of the public-minded lawyer. Also considered is the impact that Court TV and other network coverage of trials has had on the breakdown of the lawyer-statesman ideal in the 1990s. Appended to the main body of the dissertation is an annotated videography of programs either about law or featuring a recurring lawyer that appeared in primetime since 1948.

This dissertation explores the ethnopsychology of Mexican-Americans by examining the psychometric characteristics of measures used to evaluate the value orientations of this population. One hundred thirteen Mexican-American participants from the Midwest responded to a survey including two value orientation measures and an acculturation measure. The data are analyzed with two primary goals in mind. The first goal was to explore the convergent validity between the value measures (Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Scale and Diaz-Guerrero's Philosophy of Life Scale). The second goal focused on investigating the effects of gender and acculturation level on the respondents' value orientations, as measured by the tools mentioned above. Results indicated that the original value constructs of the CDS and the PLS did not replicate for this sample. The new factors that emerged were analyzed and interpreted as possible representations of value domains expressed by the current Mexican-American sample. Neither the original factors nor the new emerging factors indicated significant convergence with respect to each other. Regressions on the new factors of the CDS and the PLS reveals several significant gender x acculturation interaction effects. Limitations of the study as well as its potential implications for intervention and research are discussed.

Because DNA structural motifs exist in vivo as part of DNA molecules that are too large for biophysical characterization, it is necessary to incorporate the motifs into smaller constructs to carry out biophysical measurements. Our laboratory has developed a technique to stabilize small DNA constructs by introducing disulfide cross-links site-specifically. This thesis presents the results of NMR studies describing the structural and dynamic consequences of introducing these cross-links into DNA. A number of interesting findings made possible by the disulfide stabilization of DNA constructs are also presented. Structural studies of a 21-base-long DNA hairpin and a disulfide cross-linked analog reveal that the cross-link does not perturb the structure of the hairpin. The base-pair lifetimes and ratios of apparent dissociation constants for corresponding base-pairs in the two hairpins were determined by exchange rate studies. The cross-link does not alter the base-pairs opening dynamics of base-pairs that are not frayed. Additionally the small cross-link is more effective at stabilizing the stem against fraying than is the larger five-base loop. A cross-link introduced into an intramolecular triplex is shown to stabilize the triplex to increased pH and temperature. The cross-linked construct exists as a structurally homogeneous triplex under physiologically relevant conditions (e.g., pH 7.4, 155 mM Na$\sp+$, 37$\sp\circ$C), unlike the uncross-linked triplex which is predominately in the duplex conformation under these conditions. The cross-link allowed the first measurement ever of Hoogsteen and Watson-Crick base-pair lifetimes within a triplex. Both types of base-pairs open and close within a stable triplex. The Watson-Crick base-pair lifetimes are extended relative to a duplex. A novel protocol was devised that allows NOESY cross-peak intensities to be corrected for the use of a short recycle delay. Evidence is presented that this protocol will also be useful in protein structural determination when the magnetic fields and the size of proteins being studies are increased. It appears that stabilizing oligonucleotides by incorporating the cross-links presented here does not lead to structural perturbations and results in increased stability. Thus disulfide cross-linked oligomers such as those presented here should prove generally useful in studies of DNA thermodynamics, structure, and function.

This dissertation analyzes cross-dressing as a means through which texts (re)construct masculinity and femininity. The inversion of roles involved in cross-dressing calls into question the parameters of gender identity in specific historical contexts and may eventually produce new understandings of man and woman. At the same time, the texts under study in this dissertation reveal tensions between the rejection of essentialist models of gender difference, on the one hand, and their reinscription, on the other. Such tensions point to societal conflicts at cultural and political levels. Previous studies have focused on cross-dressing in seventeenth-century French literature solely as an effect of Baroque esthetics or as a dramatic theme and narrative device. This body of work has ignored cross-dressing as a site where competing understandings of gender are foregrounded and new notions are tested. Moreover, the majority of research on this topic centers on the theatre, and thus privileges almost exclusively the work of male authors. It overlooks the instances of cross-dressing in prose fiction by women. My study examines the representation of cross-dressing in one play (Corneille's Clitandre) and three novels (d'Urfe's L'Astree, Villedieu's Memoires de la vie d'Henriette-Sylvie de Moliere, and L'Heritier's L'Amazone francoise), two of them by women. The introduction to this dissertation evaluates the significance of the querelle des femmes, the reign of two female regents, and the Fronde in accounting for the prevalence of cross-dressing, and argues that the historical circumstances both signalled and produced ambivalence in seventeenth-century gender ideology. Each of the four chapters consists of a close reading of a symptomatic text informed by contemporary gender theory as well as research of a transvestism in the early modern period. My study shows that the inversion of gender roles entails a revision of, and hence a potential threat to, the normal hierarchy that defined relations of power between men and women in seventeenth-century France. It concludes, however, that the containment of the transvestite's threat is more pronounced in texts by male authors than in those by women, for whom the female transvestite could symbolize the dream of female autonomy in an androcentric textual and social world.

The study examined the perceptions, judgments, and explanations of various forms of deviant behavior among children and adolescents in the United States and Japan. A representative sample of fifth- and eleventh-grade children attending schools in Tokyo and Matsuyama, Japan, and in the Ann Arbor-Detroit metropolitan area was selected. The Japanese sample was composed of 82 fifth graders and 84 eleventh graders. The American sample had 80 fifth graders and 89 eleventh graders. In-depth interviews exploring concepts of psychological and social deviance were conducted individually with all students. Students were first asked to describe peers whom they considered to be notably different from most other children their age. Students then listened to four brief tape-recorded stories describing characters who were oppositional, depressed, school phobic, and aggressive. After listening to each story, respondents were asked to identify behaviors in the story that they regarded as strange or different, and explain what it was about this behavior that made it unusual. They were also asked to provide possible explanations for the deviant behavior. Additionally, students were administered a questionnaire assessing the perceived frequency of deviant behavior among their peers. Lastly, they were given grade-appropriate achievement tests in mathematics and reading. Results showed that, in identifying and explaining deviant behavior, American and Japanese students conformed to expectations based on an analysis of cultural values. Specifically, American students were more likely to view social withdrawal, and Japanese students were more likely to view misconduct in school as a key indicator of deviance than were students in the other culture. Also, to explain why an actor behaved the way he or she did, American students more often than Japanese students appealed to external, particularly family-related factors, and Japanese students more often than American students looked to internal factors related to the psychological reasoning of the individual. Contrary to expectations, however, American students more frequently than their Japanese peers used the notion of non-conformity to explain why a certain behavior was strange or unusual. Neither grade level, gender, or academic achievement proved to be a significant predictor of students' concepts of deviance.

Using a meta-analytic approach, this thesis analyzes historical trends and birth cohort differences in college students' self-reports of personality traits during the Great Depression and war era (1928-1945), the postwar era (1946-1967), and the contemporary era (1968-1993). Three of the most widely cited personality traits were examined: assertiveness/dominance, sociability/extraversion, and anxiety/neuroticism. All three have been studied and measured since the 1920s, and all three may be interpreted within the rubric of the Five Factor Model of personality traits. PsycInfo, the Social Sciences Citation Index, Dissertation Abstracts International, and a manual search were used to locate 385 studies reporting means on popular personality measures of assertiveness, sociability, and anxiety. As hypothesized, women's assertiveness scores mirror their social status and gender roles in each era: scores increase prewar, decrease postwar, and rise again in the contemporary era. There were no consistent changes in men's assertiveness scores. Again as hypothesized, men's and women's sociability/extraversion scores show a marked and linear increase in the contemporary era. Finally, women's anxiety scores increase during both the postwar and contemporary eras, while men's anxiety scores increase only after 1968. Correlations between personality mean scores and social statistics indicate that specific aspects of the social context in childhood and adolescence are related to personality traits in predictable ways. For example, overall figures on women's educational attainment are positively correlated with women's assertiveness scores. Suicide rates are positively correlated with anxiety scores for both sexes. Overall, these results suggest that changes in women's assertive traits are related to their changing status in society. Furthermore, sociability and anxiety have increased in response to the pressures and requirements of post-industrial American society.

We present a measurement of the tt production cross section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV by the DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. We observe 40 tt candidate events in single and dilepton decay channels with an expected background of 13.3 $\pm$ 2.2 events. For a top quark mass of 172 GeV/c$\sp2,$ we measure the ttbar production cross section to be 5.9 $\pm$ 1.8 pb. We have also performed a search for inclusive energetic diphoton events with large missing transverse energy at DO Such events are expected from pair production of charginos and neutralinos within the framework of the minimal supersymmetric standard model with a light gravitino. No excess of events is observed. A 95% CL exclusion region in the supersymmetry parameter space is presented. Lower mass bounds of 150 GeV/c$\sp2$ for the lightest chargino and 77 GeV/c$\sp2$ for the lightest neutralino are derived. Both the measurements are based on data from an integrated luminosity of approximately 106 pb$\sp{-1}$ accumulated during the 1992-1996 collider run.

Latent class analysis has been used in a wide variety of research contexts. One of the attractive features of the latent class model in these settings is that the parameters defining the individual multinomials are readily interpretable marginal probabilities, conditional on the unobserved latent variable(s), that can be of substantive interest. There are, however, settings where the local-independence assumption of the standard latent class model is not supported and hence it is useful to consider some form of local dependence. We consider a family of models defined in terms of finite mixtures of multinomial models where the multinomials are parameterized in terms of a set of models for the univariate marginal distributions and for marginal associations. The standard latent class model obtains as a special case. The EM algorithm (Dempster, Laird and Rubin 1977) is well suited for fitting latent class models by the method of maximum likelihood since fitting these models can be considered as an incomplete-data problem. Lange (1995a) proposed the EM gradient algorithm as a simple modification of the EM algorithm that retains the convergence properties of the EM algorithm without requiring iteration in the M step when an explicit solution is not available. However, it is often the case that the EM algorithm and the EM gradient algorithm converge at an excruciatingly slow linear rate. A new approach to improve the convergence rate of the EM gradient algorithm is proposed and is proved to converge at least as fast as the EM gradient algorithm. In addition, we develop an algorithm which transforms high dimensional maximization problems to one dimensional maximization problems. The algorithm can be viewed as a hybrid EM algorithm without missing data, and as such it enjoys the simplicity and numerical stability that characterize the EM algorithm. The property of no matrix inversion is a crucial advantage when algorithms based on matrix inversions, for example, the Newton-Raphson algorithm and Fisher scoring algorithm, may not be applicable or may be unreliable.

This dissertation focuses on a design methodology for addressing capacitive crosstalk. Crosstalk is a severe problem in the field of VLSI design where aggressive scaling of interconnect pitch has led to increased capacitance between adjacent traces, causing non-linear interactions evidenced as timing violations and erroneous circuit activity. New process technologies will achieve tighter metallization, increased clock frequencies, smaller voltage swings and longer interconnect. Estimates show these trends will double the impact of crosstalk during the next decade. A physical design methodology that accounts for crosstalk with accurate and consistent estimates of wiring constraints throughout the design flow is presented. By maintaining a consistent view across the design flow, violations due to crosstalk become predictable, and therefore, avoidable. A case is made for estimating crosstalk using an empirical model, avoiding crosstalk using congestion-driven placement, and reducing crosstalk via a global-route embedder. Accurate models for crosstalk interactions are required to achieve timing convergence. A computationally efficient empirical model for crosstalk impact that captures noise and delay-changes on coupled conductors is presented. It permits a performance-driven approach that is superior to the popular method of minimizing adjacent capacitance for addressing crosstalk. Simulations show the model to be accurate within 8% for wire-delay and 10% for noise. A strong correlation between crosstalk and wiring congestion is demonstrated. Experiments on designs ranging from large standard-cell groups to a microprocessor show a majority of the critical nets have more than 50% of their length passing through regions of high congestion. Through interplay between a wiring-engine and quadratic placement, a global treatment of congestion is demonstrated. Experiments show up to 20% improvements in the wireability of designs. A new method for mitigating the impact of crosstalk, route embedding, is presented. It simultaneously modifies a set of route structures to satisfy timing and noise constraints while maintaining routing constraints. Linearized crosstalk constraints are derived and satisfied for the expected noise and wire-delay at critical sinks. This is achieved by computing new spacings and inserting ground shields. Routing capacity constraints are enforced to guarantee a detailed routing solution. The methodology results in embeddings that satisfy a range of crosstalk constraints for all test cases.

The time-of-flight technique was used with the 'ring' scattering geometry in a laboratory with low neutron scattering background to measure the angular distributions of the cross sections for elastic and inelastic scattering of 14 MeV neutrons in natural chromium, iron, and nickel. Specifically for inelastic scattering included were: the 1.43 MeV and 4.56 MeV levels of $\sp{52}$Cr, the 0.85 MeV level, and (2.94-3.12) MeV and (4.46-4.51) MeV level groups of $\sp{56}$Fe, the 1.33 MeV level of $\sp{60}$Ni combined with the 1.45 MeV level of $\sp{58}$Ni, and the 4.48 MeV level of $\sp{58}$Ni. Pulses of neutrons with time width of 1.2-1.6 ns were produced via the $\rm\sp3H(d,n)\sp4He$ reaction in a 150 keV Cockcroft-Walton linear accelerator. The energy of the incident neutrons was between 14.75 MeV (at 16$\sp0)$ and 13.55 MeV (at 150$\sp0).$ High purity scattering ring samples were used. The scattering angles ranged from ${\sim}16\sp0$ to ${\sim}150\sp0$ with a typical step of ${\sim}10\sp0.$ Ring samples with high purity were used. The primary neutron detector was a heavily shielded 20 cm x 8.2 cm cylindrical NE-213 liquid organic scintillator. The neutron detection efficiency was calculated with the Monte Carlo method and was also measured with a $\sp{252}$Cf source. The data were corrected for background, multiple scattering, air scattering, etc. The overall uncertainty for the elastic scattering cross section was in the range of 7-8% for all three materials. The uncertainties for the inelastic scattering cross sections were estimated to be between 8 and 24%. The measured angular distributions were compared with the evaluations in the ENDF/B-VI, JENDL-3, CENDL-2, BROND-2, and JEF-2 nuclear data libraries. For elastic scattering, there are no significant discrepancies in general, neither among the evaluations nor between the present data and the evaluations. For the inelastic scattering there are significant discrepancies both in shape and magnitude among the evaluations (when available) as well as between the present data and the evaluations. These data provide a valuable contribution to the scarce inelastic scattering data available in the literature. With an uncertainty of less than 10%, the elastic scattering data also provide a valuable supplement to the currently available data.

One of the most noticeable trends in contemporary music is the inclusion of musics of other cultures. Composers have always borrowed music from other cultures, or other times within their own culture for use in their music, but since the 1960s this practice has become pervasive. Reasons for borrowing vary. Some composers use music from other cultures to make political statements, ranging from the global--world peace--to the local--racial harmony in South Africa, or democratic Socialism in the United Kingdom. Other musicians use music from other cultures in their own music for no other reason than their own attraction to that music. The works considered in this study date from the 1960s and after and were created within a vortex of cultural and aesthetic issues; these compositions will help raise many questions, for any use of cultural forms from another culture involves transferring, silencing, or transforming meanings. When borrowings occur across borders of race, class, gender, ethnicity, or nationality, questions about ownership and intention arise. Such questions and possible answers are investigated in this dissertation. Issues addressed include the nature of the meanings of the borrowed material in its original culture and context and the meanings produced and used by European and American composers. And since many of these composers borrow music from former colonized nations (South Africa, Indonesia, India), questions of postcolonialism are also considered. Composers studied include Kevin Volans (1949-), a white South African who quotes traditional African musics and styles in his music; Pauline Oliveros (1932-), who incorporates Native American beliefs and spiritual ideas from Tibetan Buddhism and Sufism; and Cornelius Cardew (1936-81) whose career shows a long interest in Chinese culture. The popular musicians studied are Paul Simon, the black South African men's chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo, and the Indonesian popular musician Rhoma Irama. The methods employed include approaches from Marxism, post-structuralism, feminism, and postmodern and postcolonial theory. These help explicate the practices underlying the works considered, and aided in the formulation of the conclusion, which argues for collaborative, cross-cultural music-making rather than the earlier model of appropriation.

The relationship of body composition and topology to markers of cardiovascular risk in young adult women is of concern because of the increasing prevalence of obesity among U.S. adult women and a lack of information on how body fat and lean mass relate to markers of cardiovascular risk. This was a community-based cross-sectional study of the relationships between body composition, waist to hip ratio (WHR), fasting plasma insulin and sex hormone binding globulin levels with levels of triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood pressure. Body composition is the division of body mass into its elements including lean and fat mass. Body topology is the measurement of the body's contours such as WHR. The study population comprised 402 women who by self-report were premenopausal, nondiabetic and had minimal oral contraceptive use. Findings were that WHR and fasting plasma insulin levels had significant relationships with HDL-C and triglycerides independently of body size measurements. Multiple variable models explained approximately 27% of the variability in HDL-C and 41% of the variability in triglycerides. Among women with body mass index (BMI) above the 80th percentile, fasting plasma insulin levels and WHR but not fat mass were significant predictors of HDL-C levels. The influence of fat mass on HDL-C levels may be saturable. Further investigation is warranted to investigate the determinants of HDL-C levels for women with high BMI values. A very limited percentage of the variability in LDL-C levels was explained by body composition measures and WHR ($

We have measured absolute differential cross sections for the electron impact excitation of the $\sp1$S state of atomic oxygen, utilizing a modulated crossed-beam method. The incident energies of 10, 15, 20 and 30eV were used and the angular range was from 30 to 150$\sp\circ$ in 15$\sp\circ$ intervals. Also the elastic (vibrationally) cross sections and the vibrational excitation cross sections of water molecules (ground state) have been measured by electron impact. The energy and angular range covered for the measurements were from 2.2 to 20eV and from 15 to 150$\sp\circ$, respectively. The integrated cross sections and momentum transfer cross sections of the elastic scattering were obtained by integrating over scattering angles. The vibrational excitation cross sections measured were a bending mode (010) and two stretching modes (100), (001). The integrated cross sections of the vibrational excitations were obtained by integrating over scattering angles.

Drill bit vibration can have an adverse affect on drilling performance resulting in lobed holes, burr formation and tool breakage. An understanding of drill dynamics may, thus, provide valuable insight into methods of improving the drilling process. The objectives of this research are to model the effects of complex geometry and rotational dynamics on transverse drill vibration and to investigate cutting forces due to drill deflections. An existing transverse vibration model for drill bits is modified to improve its accuracy and utility. The drill is modeled as a rotated fluted Euler-Bernoulli beam. The effects of material properties, web taper, coolant holes and number of flutes on the fundamental frequency are determined. The number of flutes has a substantial effect on drill vibration with three and four fluted drills having natural frequencies 50% greater than comparable two-fluted drills. Gyroscopic moments and rotary inertia effects on drill vibration are found to become important at high rotational speeds which are being approached in manufacturing at the present time. An analytical model for predicting cutting forces in drilling is presented. The model includes the effects of the drill bit's transverse deflections which lead to variations from the mean values in the cutting forces. Simulations for a drill, exhibiting increasing elliptical translational motion, indicate an increase in the ranges of the torque and thrust while maintaining constant mean values. These trends are also observed experimentally. An experimental investigation of the transverse drill motion and cutting forces during drilling is performed. Although predictions from the analytical force model do not compare well with experimental data, the modeling approach and experimental observations provide insights. Transverse drill motion and the cutting forces are shown to exhibit frequencies corresponding to the rotational speed and the transverse vibration of clamped-pinned and clamped-clamped beams. Other dominant frequencies evident in the cutting forces are not linearly related to drill motion. Torsional and transverse drill vibrations appear to be coupled. Finally, the importance of modeling the force variations due to the drill motion is discussed.

The direct observation of the top quark was first achieved at the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at Fermilab. This discovery completed the third generation fermion sector where the top quark is expected to accompany the bottom quark in the weak isospin doublet. This dissertation will discuss the experimental verification of the production cross section as predicted by the Standard Model. A measurement of the tt production cross section using 110 pb$\sp{-1}$ of pp Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV collected with the Collider Detector at Fermilab between August of 1992 and February of 1996 is presented. The measurement focuses on the tt production in the lepton plus jets final state in which one of the W bosons from tt decay subsequently decays leptonically to an e or $\mu,$ and the other hadronically, i.e., $t\bar t\to(q\bar q\sp\prime b)(e\nu\bar b),$ or $t\bar t\to(q\bar q\sp\prime b)(\mu\nu\bar b).$ The b-tagging technique which utilizes the precision silicon detector tracking is used to enhance the signal, relative to the backgrounds for tt events, by identification the bottom quark from its measurable lifetime. With the top mass found to be 175 $GeV/c\sp2$ in CDF, the tt production cross section is measured to be $\sigma\sb{t\bar t}=6.0\sbsp{-1.8}{+2.2}pb.$