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Introduction Trematodes are parasitic, unsegmented, flattened (rarely cylindrical) worms. They have ventral, anterior, posterior or median attachment organs. The sense organs are poorly developed. The mouth is terminal or ventral and subterminal. The intestine is usually forked with or without lateral branches. The animals, with few exceptions, are hermaphroditic. The ovary is usually single. They have one, two, or more testes. The development is direct with only one host in the ectoparasitic Monogenea and indirect in the Digenea which have two or more hosts. The digenetic trematodes usually parasitize vertebrates which serve as their primary hosts and invertebrates (Mollusca) which serve as their secondary hosts. The Monogenea are usually small, flattened, elongate or leaf-shaped, hermaphroditic worms. They frequently have two suckers in the mouth cavity. The posterior end has a well developed attachment disc with suckers or clasping organs and is frequently armed with two or more hooks. The mouth is usually ventral and subterminal, The intestine is usually forked, separated or united at the posterior end, and usually with few or numerous lateral branches. There are two excretory pores which open dorsally near the anterior end. A vagina may be absent or present. When present, it opens dorsally, medianly, or laterally and may be single or double. A genito-intestinal canal is frequently present. The development is direct without alternation of hosts. They live on the gills and skin or in the mouth and nasal cavities and rarely in the urinary bladder of vertebrates. They are common gill parasites of fish. The present paper is an account and description of new species of ectoparasitic trematodes found on marine fish in the South Pacific in the region of the Galapagos Islands. The animals were collected and preserved by Professor H. W. Manter who was a member of the Third G. Alan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands in 1934. All the specimens were collected in January, February and early March. In a preliminary report Manter (1934) states: "Over 500 marine fish, representing approximately 100 species, were examined for parasites. Approximately 100 species of trematodes were collected, 80 per cent of the species of fish and 43 per cent of the Individuals examined being infected. Approximately 80 per cent of the trematodes collected were Monogenea.” The writer wishes to extend acknowledgement and express sincere appreciation to Professor H. W. Manter under whose direction these studies were made. Descriptions of all animals were made from specimens collected by him with the exception of type material of Protomicrocotyle which was made available through the courtesy of Doctor E. W. Price. Particularly valuable in this research was the loan of books and reprints from Professor Manter's personal library. The writer is also indebted to Professor T. J. Fitzpatrick for his valuable aid in securing periodicals and reprints from other libraries. Special acknowledgement is given to Doctor Emmett W. Price of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, for the loan of type material of Protomicrocotyle mirabile (MacCallum 1918) from the National Museum. Sincere gratitude is also expressed to Professor D. D. Whitney who cooperated in many ways and expressed a keen and kindly interest throughout these studies. Material and Methods. No new methods of technique were used. The animals were killed in formol-alcohol-acetic acid solution (formalin 6.5 parts, 50 per cent alcohol 100 parts, glacial acetic acid 2.5 parts) under a cover glass. Slight pressure was applied to the cover glass to flatten the specimen. After several hours the killing solution was removed and the specimens were preserved in 70 per cent alcohol. Specimens were stained in Delafield's haematoxylin. Some were counterstained with orange G, eosin, or erythrosin. Serial sections were made except where there were few specimens. Toto mounts were cleared in cedar oil and serial sections in xylol. All were mounted in balsam. Summary and Conclusions A study was made of twenty-two species of Monogenea collected from the gills of marine fish by Doctor H. W. Manter from the following localities: open sea off the coast of Mexico, Isabel, Socorro, Secas, and Clarion Islands, and Tangola Tangola, Mexico; open sea off the coast of the Galapagos Islands, Tagus Cove, Albermarle Island, James, Chatham, Hood and Charles Islands, Galapagos; Bahia Honda, Panama; San Francisco, Ecuador; Port Utria, Colombia; and Port Culebra, Costa Rica. Twenty new species are described. All are placed in known genera with two exceptions. Two previously described species are Encotyllabe pagrosomi MacCallum and Axine aberrans Goto. The distribution of Encotyllabe pagrosomi MacCallum, first described from gills of Pagrosomus auratus of Australia by MacCallum in 1917, is extended to James Island, Galapagos from gills of Caulolatilus sp. Axine aberrans, first described from the gills of Belone schismatorhynchus from Hagi, Japan by Goto in 1894, was collected near Secas Island, Mexico from the gills of Tylosurus fodiator (Jordan and Gilbert). Two new genera are proposed; Pseudomicrocotyle which is similar to Microcotyle with the exception that it bears hooks at the posterior end, and Acanthocolpa, which has a characteristic lateral vaginal opening and a spine imbedded in the wall of the distal end of the vagina. Microcotyle acanthurum Parona and Perugia 1890 is removed from Microcotyle and placed in the new genus, Pseudomicrocotyle. Ancrocotyle, which Johnston included in the subfamily, Ancrocotylinae, is placed in the subfamily Benedeninae Johnston. The subfamily Benedeniinae Johnston 1931 is discussed. The genus Benedenia includes those with true anterior suckers. The genus Entobdella includes those with false suckers. The genus Thoracotyle MacCallum 1913 is expanded. The second species to be described and the first to be described from the Pacific Ocean is discussed. MacCallum's species from the Atlantic Ocean and the new species both occur on the same host, Scomberomorus maculatis (Mitchill), Spanish mackerel. The new species, T. paradoxica was collected at Tangola Tangola, Mexico. Type material of Protomicrocotyle mirabile (MacCallum 1918) was examined. Corrections are made in MacCallum's measurements and interpretations. The genus is redescribed and expanded. A new species, P. pacifica, from the gills of Xurel marginatus (Gill) collected at Port Culebra, Costa Rica, is described. This is the second species to be described in the genus and the first species to be described from the Pacific Ocean. New species were described in the following genera: Benedenia, Entobdella, Heterobothrium, Diclidophora, Octocotyle, Microcotyle, Pseudomicrocotyle, Thoracotyle, Axine, Pseudaxine, Acanthocolpa, and Protomicrocotyle. Previously undescribed structures surrounding the genital pore of Acanthocolpa cypseluri and A. yamagutii are described and the name, giant cells, proposed for them. The name glands of Goto is proposed for post-testicular glands first described by Goto and called different names by various authors. They are considered of taxonomic significance. The fact that related species of ectoparasitic trematodes live on related hosts is pointed out and discussed. Acanthocolpa was collected from flying fish at Clarion Island, the open sea off the coast of Mexico, and Port Culebra, Costa Rica. A similar undescribed species of Acanthocolpa has been collected from the gills of flying fish at Tortugas, Florida by H. W. Manter. The twenty-two species described in this paper were each found on only one specific host although over five hundred fish representing approximately one hundred species were examined.

Sexual dimorphism has been noted to exist in many genera of birds, but it is not until recently that papers have appeared which deal with the actual extent of sexual dimorphism and its possible adaptive significance. The papers of Rand (1952), Sibley (1957), Amadon (1959), and Selander (1966) hypothesize about the possible significance of sexual dimorphism in birds, and the papers of Kilham (1965), Selander (1965), Storer (1966), Ligon(1968), Ingolfsson (1969), and Verner and Willson (1969) examine the relationship between hypotheses on the significance of sexual dimorphism and actual field conditions. None of these papers deals with differences in bone or muscle ratios which may exist between the sexes. A paper by Engels (1938a) on variation in bone length and limb proportion in the coot does examine differences in bone length and limb proportions due to sex, but only in a very cursory manner.It appears that only the most obvious and well known sexually dimorphic birds, i.e. woodpeckers, birds-of-paradise, accipitrines, have been studied. In this paper my purpose is to ascertain osteological and myological differences between the sexes of a bird which does not have a great deal of apparent sexual dimorphism - Sturnella neglecta neglecta Audubon, A.O.U. 501.1.

While in no way passing judgments on the quality of the investigations which have been published, there is one conclusion that must be reached and this is that there is room for further investigations. The studies which form the basis of this paper were undertaken to widen the general range of information on the avian kidney and its associated osseous cradle. In addition to the discussion, numerous photographs and diagrams are submitted to clarify and support the text. The present paper deals with with kidney and pelvic girdle of two species of sparrow: Zonotrichia leucophrys and Passer domesticus.

The Class Pentastomida is ranked under the Phylum Arthropoda by most authors, but its position is questionable in view of its unusual body structure, and probably the group should be regarded as occupying an isolated place among the invertebrates. The members of the Class Pentastomida are endoparasitic in the respiratory passages and lungs of vertebrates. They are veriform with flattened cylindrical annulated body; they are unique in that the body is non-segmented, but the muscles are metamerically arranged and the integument is chitinous with numerous glands. These data alone would justify the argument that they should be assigned an isolated place among the invertebrates.Pentastomid parasites in Indian lizards are meagerly known today. Very few reports have been made on the occurrence of Raillietiella in India lizards. In view of the need for a better understanding of the taxonomy, anatomy, and biology of a common Indian pentastomid parasite the present investigation was undertaken; this paper constitutes the third in a series entitled “Parasites of Reptiles.” The studies, however, are not complete, and only the taxonomy and anatomy of the parasite are discussed in detail. The form in question is easily obtainable in the environs of the city of Madras, India, where the incidence of the infection on the lizard, Calotes versicolor, appears to be high. Besides, the parasite would form a highly suitable material for the study of pentastomids in the laboratory.In as much as the pentastomid, Raillietiella, is not known to occur in Calotes versicolor, the present paper records for the first time a new host for the genus Raillietiella. The investigator has taken an independent stand from Anantaraman (Anantaraman and Krishnaswami 1958) in naming the present pentastomid parasite as a new species.

The literature dealing with the larva of Pacific Coast brachyuran crabs is slight. The prominent papers, those of Aikawa (1927, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1937), deal with a variety of genera and offer information useful in determin- ing family relationships. A single paper by Hart (1935) also deal with a number of brachyuran larvae found in the Pacific Ocean. None of these papers, however, identifies to species any member of the genus Cancer, although one member, C. magister (Dana) is of considerable economic importance on the pacific coast of North America. In the fall of 1958 an investigation was under taken to identify the larval stages of members of the genus Cancer. This work was accomplished under a contract with the California Department of Fish and Game, Division of Marine Resources.

From Chapter 1: The identification of animals or parts of animals without the aid of external characteristics is confusing problem in many fields of zoology. This is especially true in some studies as life histories and the food habits of predators. A problem of this type is even more confusing in New Mexico because relatively little work has been completed on the taxonomy and the distribution of the native fauna. The problem This study was undertaken primarily to furnish a ready means for the identification of the genera and species as far as possible of the more common small mammals in a Bernalillo County, on the basis of skeletal characters or from a single bone. This work will have justification in the direct application to analysis of stomach contents. The stomach and scatological specimens of carnivores reptiles, birds, and mammals may be expected to yield samples of mammalian bones it is hoped that this paper may contribute to a more specific knowledge of predator-forage relationships and a better understanding of the ecology of these animals which are useful to man.

This paper is concerned with the changes in the vegetation of the Middle Rio Grande Valley resulting from the lowering of the water table in the soil adjacent to the river. The Rio Grande has for a long time carried a heavy suspension of silt which is deposited as the river pursues its course southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The channel of the river has been raised as the result of this deposition until in many cases it has reached a level above that of the surrounding valley, and when this condition was attained the river diverted to a new and lower channel. Historically, we know that the river has not always followed its present course, and evidences of older channels are to be found distributed across the valley.

This paper records the first study of Collembola ever made in the Sandia Mountains and one of the first ever made in New Mexico even though the state presents excellent opportunities for study of this order. The Sandia Mountains are an ecologist’s paradise and it is probable that two hundred or more species of Collembola occur in this region alone. The entire state of New Mexico, possessing the extremes of elevation and the large geographical extent necessary to produce a great diversity of habitat types, probably contains nearly twice this number.

The purpose of this paper is to show the distribution of the human blood groups among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Upon reviewing all available literature concerning the distribution of the human blood groups, it was noticed that very little work had been done on the American Indian. Most of this work, although indicative of what really exists, cannot be accepted because of the insufficient number of Indians integrated and the failure to use an accepted standard method. In work that had been done previously, little attempt was made to secure a single homogeneous group of American Indians. Any data concerning the distribution of the human blood groups to be used as an important additional criteria in determining races, and in throwing light upon the origin of American Indians, must consist of a large number of people from a single homogeneous group. In view of this, the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico were selected, since a large number of Indians are available and because they are regarded as a homogeneous group. From the results obtained, it is obvious that these data are of value, particularly to the Ethno-anthropologist, since it gives an additional measurement of race heretofore not employed. Also, the blood of an individual is less subject to environmental conditions, and does not change from one generation to another as might many of the cultural factors, and for that reason is more reliable in tracing lineage, particularly, since its inheritance is completely known.

The problem presented by this paper are directly concerned with the environmental factors influencing metamorphosis in Ambystoma tigrinum, and since the thyroid and pituitary glands are important in amphibian metamorphosis a brief account of experiments relating to metamorphosis is given here.

The fundamental purpose of this paper is to present the picture of early food economy among the Indians of the Plains. In order to accomplish this task the procedure has been to present: (1) a brief study of the tribal groups with special emphasis upon their early history and movements, followed by (2) a general picture of Plains food economy with regard to the sequence and tribal units. The important subjects within this second category have to do with buffalo utilization, agriculture and the gathering to wild plant food; (3) a listing of the various wild plant and animal foods with the location of their utilization designated, principally in relation to tribal units.

It is the purpose of this thesis to examine the publications of leading physical and social science societies 1946 through 1956 with a view to finding out the degree of importance that they attach to the world's present rate of population growth. As a result of this examination of scientific literature it is the thesis of this paper that the overwhelming majority of social and physical scientists believe that the present rate of growth of the world's population is one of the most contemporary problems. The attention given has been uneven among the scientific societies. Some have devoted an adequate number of pages considering the purpose of the organization, but others which it would seem should have primary responsibility in this field have ignored it entirely. For example, the American Historical Association and the American Political Science Association did not have a single lead article on the relation of population to their disciplines during the years considered.

The aim of this paper shall be, not simply to catalog the aboriginal uses of cacti in the Southwest, but to attempt to show their value to the aborigines as food, in general, and medical uses, ceremonial import, and their significance in myth and legend, in short, the place they occupied in southwestern life.

It is the purpose of this paper to report the results of quantitative investigations of the choline esterase activity in the rat in various states of its life cycle. Some work has been done on the acetylcholine content (Welsh and Hyde, 1944) in rats of various ages, but there is no reference in the literature to complete the quantitative determinations of the choline esterase activity in the whole brain of the rat throughout its life cycle.

In this study the literature has been reviewed with [the aforementioned] facts in mind. It was of interest to note the lack of agreement among investigators concerning the respiratory response not only in inhaling 100 percent oxygen, but also to breathing gas mixtures containing low oxygen. Very few papers were found in which as systematic respiratory study had been made to determine the variations in ventilation produced by a given concentration of carbon dioxide at various concentrations of oxygen. On a whole, considerable individual difference in respiration was reported and it seemed worthwhile to study carefully a specific acclimatized subject (av. bar. 630 mm) under standardized conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to present certain preliminary observations on what is believed to be completely new special metabolism in the adrenal gland of Hereford cattle.

The literature dealing with various aspects of adrenal cortical function is so voluminous that any review is necessarily incomplete, both with respect to topics treated and references cited. In this paper discussion is restricted to certain features of cortex function, namely the effects on water and electrolyte balance and weight maintenance.

In the field of medical science it is necessary to understand the life processes; their normal levels, responses and mechanisms before interpretation of changes caused by disease or stress can be made with any degree of accuracy. This paper deals with a method of obtaining cardiac output values, and is not meant to be a discussion of the highly involved mechanics controlling the cardiac output., but a cursory review of these mechanics is warranted.

The present paper, like many others already published, contributes to our knowledge of the effect of long time overgrazing and the recovery of lands temporarily retired from utilization. In the present study, an attempt is made to determine the effects of an eleven year recovery of grazing lands following misuse for nearly two centuries. The topics given detailed attention include the flora with particular reference to the grasses and forbs, the fauna with special emphasis on the rodents, and the climatic and edaphic factors. The area in which the study was conducted is on the east side of the Rio Grande one mile directly north of the Spanish-American village of Contreras in northern Socorro County, New Mexico. The site of the investigations is on a part of vast range holdings of Mr. Tom Campbell and lies within the Sevilleta de La Joya Grant.

The purpose of this study was to continue the work started in determining the incidence of the Rh factor among Indians of the Southwest and review the related literature. This paper will include the author's initial results in which 251 Indians were tested. There is at this time no published account on the incidence of the Rh factor among the Indians of the Southwest; therefore, this is important from the standpoint of originality. The problem has medical importance in the role which Rh plays in transfusion and congenital hemolytic disease, otherwise known as erythroblastosis fetalis. The results will serve as an additional piece of work for anthropological application based on blood factors but this study does not itself furnish the tool of anthropological applications. Much more work has been done on the Landstiener blood groups than on the Rh factor concerning racial distribution, but the results of the former studies as yet cannot be used by anthropologists with conclusiveness in tracing migration patterns of peoples.

Pocket mice of the subgenus Perognathus, especially those of the little known species Perognathus flavus Baird, present several interesting ecologic and taxonomic problems. A prerequisite of studies of these problems is a knowledge of extent of individual morphological variation attributable to age. A purpose of his paper is to investigate the relationship of age to size, molt and pelage, reproductive activity, and season in the silky pocket mouse. Another purpose is to analyze the summer food habits of P. flavus as revealed by study of several large series of pocket mice collected during August of 1958.

In this paper, the Scholander micro-respirometer has been adapted, and techniques worked out, to permit its use in attacking the problems associated with endospore respiration.

The observations reported in this paper cover a period of six months' collection and study, lasting from November 1935 until April 1936, inclusive. While this report is not to be considered as a complete account of the life habits of Perognathus and while there are certain phases which have not yet been determined, it is hoped that the observations recorded here will constitute a useful contribution to the knowledge of the life history of this species.

One of the major problems of modern industries concerns the disposal of waste materials without the concomitant pollution of the environment. Several food and wood products industries have solved this problem by using the "overland flow" method of waste treatment. The research described in this paper was undertaken to ascertain the fact that the waste purification occurring on the disposal field is the result of microbial activities in the soil, and to study the transformations taking place.

The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative study of marine bacteria, molds and actinomycetes in regard to their ability to degrade certain pure and mixed complex compounds possibly occurring in the lagoon waste traps of the Texas Gulf Coast. This comparison was made using a differential oxygen uptake as the index of specific compound utilization.

An examination has been made of the more important forms previously referred to the genus rhynchonella fischer de aldeas which occur in the chalk, with special attention to their internal structure. The morphology of the Mesozoic rhynchonellidae is discussed, and reference is made to the types of crura. Previous work on subdivision of Mesozoic form of Rhynohonella is reviewed. Reference is made to Wieniewska description of Rhynohonella; it is evident that no representatives of the genus sensu stricto have been recorded from the Chalk. The internal structure of Cyclothyris McCoy and that of Buckman's genus Stolmorhynchia to which he referred the Creteceous species invertebrates Rhynchonella sulcate (Parkinson), are discussed. Reference is also made to other Mesozoic Rhynchonellid genera including Lacunosella Wieniewska. Many Chalk Rhynchonellids were found to possess an internal structure similar to that of Stolmorhynchia Buckman and Lacunosella Wieniewska, and have been grouped in a new genus Platyrhynchia. They include the species Rhynchonella mantellianu (J. de C. Sowerby), P. wiestii (Quenstedt), R. cuvieri d'Orbigny, P. reedensis Etheridge and Terebratula obliqua James Sowerby, together with fourteen new species which are described in the paper. Rhynochonella plicatilis (James Sowerby) were found to have similar crura to those in Cyclothyris McCoy, but this median septum in the former is better developed. The species has been assigned to a new genus Cretirhynchia together with Rhynchonella Octoplicata (James Sowerby) Rhynchonella woodwardi Davidson, Rhynchonella limbata (Schlotheim) and four new species. Rhynchonella grasiana d'Orbigny, which is characterised by a well developed median septum and very fine costae is assigned to a new genus Capillirhynchia.

The cell membrane phospholipids of Staphylococcus aureus, strains U9W and a Mitomycin C resistant isolate, NR6, were examined in an attempt to correlate antibiotic resistance with phospholipid content. The 32p phospholipid fractions, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) were isolated and identified by a combination of thin layer and paper chromatography techniques. Phosphatidylglycerol was found to cornpose the major fraction of the extractable lipids. No differences were detected between strains with regard to the major qlycerol phosphatides however the results indicated the possibility of differences in the concentration of the minor PE and PG fractions. Although the concentration of CL appeared to be the same on both strains, results also indicated that there are differences in the fatty acid substitutions. Examination of the cell wall amino acids, amino sugars and phosphates revealed no quantitative or qualitative differences between the strains. Aspartic acid however did appear in a concentration too great to be attributed to contamination. The N-acetylmuramic acid to N-acetylglucosamine ratio was calculated to be 2.43 and 2.73 per sample for the parent and mutant respectively. The excess glucosamine concentration was assumed to be associated with the cell wall teichoic acids and on this basis the number of phosphates per strand of teichoic acid was calculated to he 8.51 and 7.84 for the parent and mutant.

Since the advent of European settlement in New Zealand, grassland farmng has dominated the landscape. Over the past one hundred years, New Zealand's development has been largely dependent on the export of pastoral products, meat, wool, butter, cheese and other animal products. All are derived from a farming system almost wholly dependent on pasture production. In 1959, income from the export of pastural products represented 90 per cent of New Zealand's export earnings. Any factors which in some way either directly or indirectly, jeopardize maximum pastoral productivity, are important to the economy and welfare of New Zealand. Several factors do restrict productivity from New Zealand's grasslands and of these insects are often important. Two species, the grass grub; Costelytra zealandica White and and the subterranean grass caterpillar; Oxycanus cervinata Walker, are recognized as being major insect pests and cause widespread damage to pastures each year. From brief reports and papers published in the last three years, it would appear that another insect, the Argentine stem weevil, Hyperodes bonariensis Kuschel, is present which could be a major pest in New Zealand's grasslands. The Argentine stem weevil is a South American beetle, only recorded in New Zealand outside of its country of origin, and is only known as a pest in New Zealand. It was first recognized as a pest of cereals and although it had been found damaging a variety of grasses, its depredations in pastures were thought to be minor and not as severe as its damage on wheat and barley. Recently it has been recorded causing damage to pastures throughout New Zealand, particularly in pastures which have a predominant grass component of short rotation ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum x L. perenne, or Italian ryegrass, Lollum multiflorum. Little work has been done on either the biology of the weevil, its control, or on the susceptibility to the weevil of various graminaceous plants of agricultural importance. The primary aim of this investigation has been to study the bionomics and the importance of H. bonariensis on selected grasses and cereals in New Zealand. It was intended to study the following aspects; (1) The life cycle of the weevil in the field. (2) Populations of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults in short rotation ryegrass pasture and Aotea wheat. (3) The behaviour of the weevil, particularly regards feeding and oviposition, flight and host plant preferences. (4) Damage to pastures and wheat crops and especially the determination of the level of infestation in the season under review. (5) The longevity of adult weevils in harvested ryegrass seed.

Historical. General descriptions of intertidal zonation have been published by many workers for almost all littoral areas, both marine and lacustrine (Doty, 1957; Glynn, 1965; Hedgpeth, 1957; Lewis, 1964; Pennak, 1951). The fact that animal species of the sandy shore are few in number eliminates many complex interspecific reactions, while great numbers of individuals make population studies feasible. In addition to certain general works (Dahl, 1952; Pirrie et al., 1932; Yonge, 1950) a number of papers have discussed causative factors or mechanisms for animal zonation.

In this investigation, the basic pigment component, or anthocyanidin, of the ten most common spots was identified using paper and thin layer chromatographic techniques.

The method for the determination of total mercury in biological material described in this paper comprises a destruction of organic matter by wet digestion, a reduction of the mercury by stannous sulfate, and circulation of the displaced mercury vapor in a closed system directly connected with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer Seven tissues from ten samples of locally obtained Roccus saxatilis (striped bass) were analyzed, and a three-fold elevation of mercury levels in the liver over the levels in the filet noted. See Table XIX for a comparison of the high, low, and average values for each tissue.

The function of light in the reproductive cycle in amphibians has not been extensively studied. However, Farner (1965) feels that the small amount of experimental evidence suggests that photoperiod may play a role in the testicular cycle of Rana esculenta. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of light on the gonads and the gonadotropic hormone forming cells of the adenohypophysis in the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa.

The present paper deals with the digenetic trematodes collected by the author from fishes of Tomales Bay (including Dillon Beach) during the summers of 1967 and 1968. Also included in this study are several trematodes collected by the late Alden E. Noble (hereinafter referred to as the “Noble Collection”) at Hopkins Marine Station, Monterey Bay in 1936 and 1937. Unfortunately the majority of the slides in the “Noble Collection” have been lost with the exception of specimens of the Family Meniuridae and a few representatives of other digenea that were in the personal collection of Dr. F.M. Nahhas. A few vials containing unprocessed material were also still available but their contents were in poor condition as evidenced by the stained material prepared from them.The records for the “Noble Collection” were intact and various notations were included in the descriptions of these species. These records show an original collection consisting of 170 individuals representing 69 species of fishes. Twenty species represented by 27 fishes were negative for digenetic trematodes, and of the remaining 49, slides of trematodes were found that were obtained from but 25 species.The Tomales Bay material consisted of 495 individual fishes representing 33 species. Of these, 11 species represented by 35 individuals were negative for digenea. Four species of fish that barbored trematodes were common to both localities.

This paper is concerned with the description of two new ostracod species, and the discussion of their affinities with other species in the subfamily Cytherinae. In this discussion reference is made to the morphological features of several genera. At this point it must be made clear that although the original type descriptions were used, the author has never seen the type specimens. Thus, all discussion is based on these original descriptions as well as on available supplementary material.

To date there has been only on major study concerned with parasites of freshwater fishes of California. E. C. Haderlie (1953) summarized investigations up to that year and conducted a general survey of the monogenetic and digenetic trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, copepods, and hirudinians of fishes of Northern California. From 2010 fishes representing 36 species of 11 families examined over a three-year period, he obtained a total of 59 species of helminth parasites, copepods, and hirudinians, which include 20 species of digenea and 16 species of cestodes. In addition to the taxonomic study, Haderlie attempted to correlate the relative occurrence of the parasites with various ecological habitats. These data are incomplete, except for a general ecological discussion of the parasites taken from Clear Lake and its contributing streams.In the Sacramento-San Joaquin area the monogenetic trematodes are the only group that has been extensively studied. This work has been done by Dr. J. D. Mizelle of Sacramento State College.The primary purpose of the current investigation is to gain some knowledge of the species of endoparasites of fishes of the San Joaquin Delta. Two hundred and thirty sic fish were examined, including diadromous, potamodramous, anandromous, and territorial species of San Joaquin Delta. This has resulted in the recovery of two previously described and one new adult digenea, three metacercariae, two adult and three larval cestodes,and two cestodarians. Not included in this study are the Acanthocephala and Nematoda. A few cestodes are also not included because of their poor condition. The Host-Parasite List (p. 49) of this paper gives a summary of the fishes examined by Haderlie (H) and the present author (E) with the number of each species examined and the species of trematodes and cestodes recovered.

The large gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, (Middendorf, 1846) annually undergoes a reproductive cycle terminated by spawning in the spring. Cryptochiton stelleri is one of the marine invertebrates which possess carotenoid prognosis. Cryptochiton acquired its carotenoid moiety from the algae upon which it feeds. Following digestion carotenoids are transported to various sites in the body. The mechanisms and routes of this transport, as well as the eventual fate of the carotenoids in nutrition, are unknown. Perhaps storage in the animal occurs because of an inability to eliminate the carotenoids. On the other hand, the presence of carotenoids in the gonads would suggest a relationship to reproduction. Especially interesting in the appearance of the green pigment in the egg during maturation.The investigation of any of the foregoing considerations requires convenient methods of analysis. One of the first steps of analysis in the discovery of an extracting solvent. It is the purpose of this paper to describe several experiments carried out to find extracting solvents for the removal of the green pigment from the eggs of Cryptochiton, as well as some preliminary investigation into the pigment’s nature. Also described are several experiments relating the studies upon the carotenoids found in the gonads of both sexes of Cryptochiton.

This study is concerned primarily with sclerenchymatous idioblasts. These idioblasts are polymorphic, and are commonly termed sclereids. The term sclereid is derived from the Greek work skleros (meaning hard). The hardness of sclereids and sclerenchyma tissue is due to their thickened cell walls, which are for the most part lignified. Their principal function is mechanical giving strength to plant tissue organs, therefore, enabling them to withstand various environmental stresses.This paper deals with the foliar sclereid type of sclerenchymatous idioblast. The study of sclereids raises many of the fundamental problems of botany. Some of these are: growth and development, senescence of cells, intercellular relationships, and the value of idioblastic cells in systematic taxonomy. This study is not an attempt to answer all of these problems, but it is presented in the hope that it may give some additional information toward the solution of some of these fundamental problems.

This study is of five species of isopods common to the Dillon Beach area, each of which represents a different level in the transition toward land life. Cirolana harfordi was used as a completely marine form. Idothea (Pentidotea) wosnesenskii represents a step toward land life as it inhabits an area uncovered by most low tides. Ligia occidentalis is found in the splash zone, receiving spray from the action of the surf. This illustrates another, higher, level in the transition. Alloniscus perconvexus was the fourth species studied. It is commonly found burrowed in the sand in the area of the berm, which is the nearly level portion of the beach formed by high tidal wave action. Finally, the terrestrial form, Porcellio (Porcellion) scaber, was used to illustrate those isopods best adapted to land life. The physiological data presented in this paper includes salinity tolerances and humidity tolerances. Some information on acclimating one species to lowered salinities is also presented. The results of these experiments are used to illustrate the degrees of adaptation to land life shown by the isopods in different areas of the transition. A discussion of the adaptive morphology and behavioral characteristics is also related to the environmental situations in which each animal is found.

Numerous trichomonad flagelletes from the intestines or various birds have been described; but as fas as the writer has been able to discover, none from the intestine of the coot, Fulica americana. Martin and Robertson (1911) described Trichomones eberthi and T. gallinerum from the caecum of fowls; Kotlan (1923) described Tetratrichomonas avatis from the caecum of ducks; Tyzzer (1930) described flagellates from the ruffed grouse. However, the species described by the above authors are quite different from Trichomonas to be described in this paper. This organism is definitely a member of the genus Trichomonas since it possesses the distinguishing characteristics of the group: four free anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, a chromatic basal rod, an axostyle, a trailing or posterior flagellum, and an anteriorly located nucleus. This flagellate, however, is unusual in possessing a long narrow rod-shaped parabasal body or rod which is a constant character.

Although the herpetofauna of Kentucky is extensive and varied. it has received much less attention than that of most other states. Many herpetologists have reported on various phases of the state's amphibians and reptiles, but for the most part these reports are discrete, either pertaining to a collection, or a generic or specific study. Hence, there is no single adequate work which aptly describes the herpetology of Kentucky as a whole. When one realizes the keystone position of Kentucky in relation to northern and southern forms, the need of a zoogeographical summary of the state becomes even more apparent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to summarize and correlate the herpetofauna with the natural factors which influence its present distribution in Kentucky. It is the purpose of this work to present not a detailed and complete study but rather a generalized summary of the available collections and published reports in the hope that it may be of value not only as a reference but as a stimulus for further investigation of the zoogeography of the state.