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A variety of strategies intended to support environmentally friendly and resource-efficient building processes comprise sustainable construction policies. The limited number of bibliometric analyses in the field may hinder the ability to assess the efficacy and impact of research efforts, impede the potential for collaboration, and even limit the dissemination of best practices. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the impact of published data on the topic of energy efficiency of buildings using the Web of Science core collection database. We perform a bibliometric analysis and science mapping research that assesses significant parameters for the field. A total of 28,555 papers were analyzed using the VOSviewer program. The data was divided into two periods to determine the evolution of trends in this field. The most prolific countries in this field were China, the United States, and England. Following the analysis of the collaboration maps, it was determined that there is a strong collaborative relationship between these countries in the development of papers. The most prolific papers of the first period were published in Energy Policy and Energy and Buildings, which also ranked first in the second period, followed by Energies. It was observed that the most frequent terms used in literature searches in the field differ according to the periods analyzed. In the beginning, the most frequent term was “energy efficiency and performance”, and between 2011 and 2023, the terms “applied energy” and “renewable and sustainable energy” increased considerably with technological development. The results of this research demonstrate the significant and expanding scientific interest in this area and serve as a valuable asset for researchers studying the energy efficiency of buildings.

Considering that a significant portion of the share of energy consumption among consumer sectors is in the home and commercial sectors and this share is still increasing, there is a need for research in energy consumption management and evaluation of effective indicators in the building industry. Building the country is vital to optimizing energy consumption. One of the most appropriate ways to optimize fuel consumption in the building and housing sector is the implementation of zero energy buildings which is considered as the main solution in the world. In this research, after analyzing the population and statistical sample, data were collected to evaluate effective criteria and options related to energy consumption management. First, fuzzy Delphi method was used to evaluate the sub-criteria and select the main options of each. At first level the criterion is discussed and at the second level the data analysis and research model is analyzed through paired comparisons using fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique. Finally, the most important indicators and criteria are obtained using fuzzy hierarchical analysis. According to the research findings, among the energy consumption optimization management indices investigated by the FAHP method, the economic, construction and utilities indices with 0.333, 0. 201 and 0.176 have the highest management priority, respectively. Energy-efficient optimization has a zero-energy building approach.

Energy consumption in the building sector accounts for a large percentage of global energy consumption. For this reason, it is essential to take action to minimize this destructive consumption and promote energy conservation practices within the building sector. A Zero Energy Building (ZEB) concept has been proven as a viable technique for improving energy efficiency in various climatic conditions. This concept can minimize the environmental impact of buildings and helping to advance sustainable development in the construction industry. Worldwide, the ZEB is of the utmost importance to meet sustainability development goals in the built environment. The building sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) consumes about 75% of total electrical energy. KSA has experienced an unprecedented energy consumption in the last decade. This is due to the country’s rapid population growth and urbanization, which in turn put more pressures on the kingdom’s natural resources. However, KSA is committed to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to achieve the goals of sustainability development, as part of its Vision 2030. This paper therefore explores various green building solutions, especially in hot-arid regions, with the aim of reaching ZEB, and at the same time minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts. In order to verify proposed solutions, energy simulation software (Integrated Environmental Solution-IES) is used, along with reviews of related work. The major finding of this paper reveals that several green building concepts are crucial to the design and operation of a building in hot dry region, including thermal mass; daylight; natural ventilation; cavity wall; double-glazing and solar panels (PV). Bear in mind that the operation of a building has to be powered by a Building Management System (BMS). This paper also proposes an auxiliary holistic framework that explains how green practices such as Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) can be achievable in Saudi Arabia with no harm to its local environment.

Considering the amount of existing buildings, decarbonizing the building stock requires new buildings designed to reach the highest performance. The nearly-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) standard needs to be overtaken by Plus Energy Buildings (PEB) that presents the potential to produce more energy than the consumption over a specific period. Several studies investigated the potential of a building to achieve a plus energy balance, however, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and shared framework for designing and assessing the performance of a PEB. To cope with this issue, the authors identified a series of key aspects that needs to be stated in a consistent framework for PEB, and in particular: i) the balance contributions, ii) the physical boundaries, iii) the time span for the balance assessment, iv) the metrics for evaluating PEBs, v) the approach for evaluating load matching and grid interaction, vi) Indoor Environmental Quality and user satisfaction as added values of a PEB. The authors performed a comprehensive review identifying 82 papers dealing with PEB and deducing how the key aspects have been addressed. The literature overview provides the background for proposing an approach for the PEB definition and to introduce an operational assessment focused on providing the main statements focusing on PEB performance evaluation both during the design and operative phase.

Amid the modern-day fluctuating energy prices, the impact on the climate and the statistics regarding the energy consumption, buildings are the main consumers in India. If the energy efficient methodologies are brought into the design procedures, the buildings so constructed will be future ready and highly efficient. The existing buildings will thus be a thing of the past and energy producing and low carbon footprint producing buildings will be achieved. Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) are the buildings that will shape the futuristic societies and help us achieve what was previously thought to be impossible. These NZEBs will be the saviours of the environment and will represent the future of humanity. The NZEBs are all about the interconnectivity of the man made environment and the ecosystem. With the future of the resources getting diminished day by day, the modern buildings need to be energy efficient as well as energy producing. In a NZEB, the total energy that is consumed is equal or sometimes less than the energy generated by renewable energy technologies installed on site. Multiple strategies are placed in to make the NZEB very efficient. In this paper, we tend to discuss the necessary arrangements that need to be deployed in Net Zero Energy Buildings in the Kashmir division of the UT of Jammu & Kashmir, India.

Energy of all kinds forms the backbone of our lives and the basis for our continuation, as one aspect of life is not without one of these types. 80% of the energy consumed globally comes from non-renewable sources such as oil and gas, and the day may come when it is implemented, as it is the primary source of a second gas emission. Carbon dioxide is directly linked to climate change, which is the most prominent issue facing humanity. Most statistics indicate that the consumption of residential buildings constitutes about 30% to 40% of the total energy resources in the world, and contributes to the emission of 33% of carbon dioxide, in addition to bills. High and increasing energy ba They will continue, all of which made the improvement of energy consumption and self-production in these buildings very important, so most research went to Zero-energy buildings (ZEB).Research problem: relying on non-renewable energy such as electric energy, and the consequent energy shortage and increased carbon dioxide emissions that negatively affect the clean environment.Electricity generation transparent glass is our latest fast growing solution. It boils down to using solar panels to replace traditional building materials in some parts of the building such as windows and ceilings, skylights, balcony fences or facades, car park awnings and even walls. It can also be combined as an integral part of the building design as a component against wind and breakage. These advantages make it one of the fastest growing sectors in the photovoltaic industry. Technology is increasingly used in the construction of new buildings to give the buildings a wonderful aesthetic shape as well as being heat-insulated and shaded to various degrees along with its main role as a main or additional source of electricity for the building. On the other hand, some old buildings can be modified by replacing windows, skylights, or balconies, etc. with components. This technique is the ideal solution for towers with glass fronts and for buildings and hangars for sectors that operate in the desert, such as the military sectors, which need combined energy to operate air-conditioners and lighting, etc

In this research, a plan to implement a zero-energy building (ZEB) for a hot and dry climate region of Iran (Yazd) is introduced and a comparison with a typical house of that climate is performed. Based on climate conditions, several active or passive methods are available in order to create a balance between energy supply and demand, namely improving wall insulations by using efficient heating/cooling devices, using solar energy, utilizing energy storage devices, and etc. Here, the SketchUp software is employed to present the plot of the selected building. In addition, one of the interfaces of Energy plus software called "BEOpt" is used for performing energy and economic analyses on the fast-constructed and pre-fabricated schemes. Considering the equipment’s world price, the results demonstrate that the zero-energy building scheme in selected climate conditions is applicable and the payback period is estimated to be about 5.5 years. In addition, replacing the typical buildings with a ZEB will decrease carbon dioxide emissions by about 27.4 metric tons/yr.

The need for efficient buildings to contribute to sustainable development has led to the proposal of goals and regulations in different countries linked to net zero energy objectives, following approaches specific to their regions. Such regulations are not yet developed in a developing country such as Panama. Thus, this study develops the first framework for Zero Energy Districts (ZED) in Panama based on passive and active solutions through dynamic simulation. For this, an existing urbanization area consisting of 34 residential buildings, called the existing case (EC), was studied. After undergoing a design based on the bioclimatic methodology, a redesigned case (RC) is proposed to maintain thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption. Key redesign factors are the buildings’ shape, orientation, glazing, the use of shadows, material of the walls, and the air conditioning configuration. Results showed energy consumption decreases by 37.5% when considering all buildings with natural ventilation, reaching ranges of positive net energy (+356.50 kWh/m2y). In the case of nearly ZED in Panama, the ranges could be considered between 14 and 180 kWh/m2y. This balance indicates that there is potential on site to develop zero energy districts.

There is an increasing interest in new renewable energy sources for achieving net zero emissions. Consequently, the construction industry has mandated zero-energy building certification (ZEB), through the usage of new renewable energy. However, because of the variations in the energy self-sufficiency rate (ESR) among the new renewable energy types, incorrect ESR prediction at the design stage may lead to problems. Hence, in this study, the ESR and construction cost are analyzed for each new renewable energy capacity to predict the ESR of photovoltaic (PV), building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), geothermal, and fuel cell systems. Passive and active technology elements of the ZEB cases in Korea are analyzed, and by establishing a standard model with the average value of each case, the ESR is calculated for each new renewable energy capacity, and the calculation formulas are derived. The results indicate that for the PV and BIPV systems, the rate of ESR increases with the capacity (kWp) and is constant at 0.54% and 0.34%, respectively. However, for the geothermal system and fuel cells, the average ESR is 0.016% and 1.46%, respectively, but as the rate of ESR increase with the capacity (kW) gradually decreases, the calculation formulas are derived with a log graph.

Through a systematic study, this paper conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) consisting of evaluation of both embodied and operational emissions of different building retrofitting scenarios for a typical office building, located in Norway. LCA analysis was performed via the OneClick LCA tool. The emissions associated with the operational energy use were evaluated for both the reference and optimized building energy models developed in the IDA-ICE models from our previous studies. These models included two different HVAC systems: an all-air (AA) system equipped with a demand control ventilation (DCV) and a hydronic system with the radiator space heating (RSH) and a constant air volume (CAV) ventilation system. The findings showed that, through retrofitting measures, the net total emissions could be reduced up to 52%, from 1336–637 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq)/m2, which was achieved for the life cycle cost (LCC) optimal scenario equipped with the AA system. The share of operational energy use (B6) in the total CO2-eq emissions was around 77% for the reference case, whereas it was around 43–46% for the retrofitting scenarios. The most embodied CO2-eq emitted stages of the LCA through retrofitting concerned the product stage (19–23%), transport to construction site (24–31%), and the end-of-life service (around 25%). The findings confirmed that it was more environmentally friendly to further re-insulate the other parts of the building envelope instead of ground floor, as the latter retrofitting scenario was accompanied with a large increase of embodied emissions.

Building Information Modeling (BIM), as an auxiliary design platform, is increasingly adopted in construction projects. However, it is not widely applied in the collaborative design of zero energy buildings (ZEBs), due to the cross-discipline and complex features of ZEB projects and lack of research on the procedure and method of collaborative design in this field. This paper introduces a BIM-based collaborative design method for ZEBs. From the perspective of the technical requirements of ZEBs, the study elaborates the application of a BIM-based collaborative design method among specialists from different disciplines in passive design, renewable energy utilization and active design. The feasibility of this method is verified by the actual design and construction of the T&A House in Solar Decathlon China (SDC) competition. The research results show that the BIM-based collaborative design method can facilitate the completion of a construction project and achieve the expected goal of zero energy consumption in ZEBs.

This paper addresses the effects of long-term climate change on retrofit actions on a school building located in a Mediterranean climate. Dynamic energy simulations were performed using Termolog EpiX 11, first with conventional climate data and then with future year climate data exported from the CCWorldWeatherGen computational software. To date, many incentive actions are promoted for school renovations, but are these measures effective in preventing the discomfort that will be found due to overheating generated by climate change? Today, one of the main objectives in retrofit measures is the achievement of ZEB (Zero Energy Building) performance. Achieving this target requires first and foremost a high-performance envelope. This study evaluates the impact of retrofit strategies mostly applied to the school building envelope, over the years, considering three different time horizons, until 2080. Thermal performance indices and indoor operative temperature under free-floating were evaluated. The results highlight that, with a changing climate, it is no longer possible to assume a constant static condition to evaluate retrofit actions, but it is necessary to develop a predictive mathematical model that considers the design variability for future years. There is an urgent necessity to ensure both the safety and comfort of buildings while also anticipating future variations in climate.

A zero net energy building (ZEB) is a commercial or residential building with much lower needs through energy obtained such that the balance of energy needs can be contributed with renewable technologies. It is reported that 30 to 40% of the primary energy used worldwide in buildings. The use of high energy may affect the environment directly or indirectly also it originates climatic change degrading the environment and expand the air pollution. Hence it’s important to make smaller energy use in building great environmentally sustainable. To overcome this problem zero energy building concept is developed. In this paper we have to study and analyse the performance of zero energy building and also give an overview on an existing building to make it a proper net zero energy building.

This paper proposes a new bi-objective optimization model, trading-off cost and environmental impacts, for sizing the key electrical and thermal devices in a zero energy building (ZEB), i.e., a building that roughly generates as much renewable energy as it consumes annually. A salient novel feature is the consideration of the environmental impacts, computed through a rigorous life cycle assessment approach, of buying electricity from the grid and manufacturing devices. Furthermore, an enhancement of the proposed model, as compared to the existing models, is to prioritize storing the ZEB excess of energy rather than selling it to the grid. The proposed solution approach of the initial mixed-integer nonlinear programming model relies on McCormick relaxation linearization to obtain a more tractable mixed-integer linear model. An augmented ϵ-constraint method is applied to solve the obtained bi-objective model. Finally, considering the building owners' willingness-to-pay for environmental impacts, a decision-making criterion is proposed to select the optimal size of the devices among all non-dominated solutions of the Pareto front.

Recently, intensive technological development in the field of energy efficiency of buildings has occurred, which should enable the transition from nearly zero (nZEB), through net zero (NZEB) to ultimate zero energy buildings (ZEB). The last stage will also require a transition from the grid to onsite storage of each energy carrier needed for the operation of building technical systems (BTS). In the article, the method of optimization of energy storage is presented and demonstrated on the example of all-glass NZEB office buildings in different climates. The impact of energy storage was estimated by production matching fraction fpr,match and by the building autonomy factor (AUT). The metrics were determined by dynamic modelling of buildings with south-facing glazed BIPV facades. It was found that optimum energy storage capacities are in the range between 0.01 and 0.06 kWh/m2 for heat storage, 0.03 to 0.08 kWh/m2 for cold storage and 0.03 to 0.04 kWh/m2 for batteries per 1 m2 of useful area of the building. By integrating optimized energy storage in BTS, the fpr,match could be increased from 43% to 61% and AUT from 44% to 54%, indicating that energy storage significantly contributes to the transition of NZEB towards ZEB.

Since its introduction in 2010, the nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) concept has known a large diffusion in European countries. Albania, an aspiring candidate country to join the European Union EU, is paving the way towards its introduction by transposing EU directives in the fields of energy efficiency into the national legislation. Most of the national building stock includes buildings with low thermal and energy performance but with high refurbishment potential, too. The country can become an important contributor in the EU decarbonization strategy due to the high percentage of electricity produced by hydropower stations, making it one of the least carbon-intensity countries in the electricity production point of view. The article focuses on the evaluation of the energy performance of an existing school located in Tirana and the potentialities to reach the nZEB target, analysing both the suitable technological solutions and the energy market situation. The Primary Energy Factors PEF for the local electricity market are estimated referring to statistical data and in comparison, with neighbouring countries, Italy and Greece, in order to investigate the potential of the achievement of the nZEB target in Albania.

How much space do we need for living? In a backcast vision, the living scenario is inscribed in spaces for short stays, concentrates functions strictly necessary to the daily needs of its occupant, and takes the archetypal shape of the “refuge”, naturally inspired but technologically advanced. (Robinson 1982). The contribution proposes results of an experimental technological design conducted by the “ZEBtwdZEEB” research group of the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, in collaboration with industrial partners, which led to the construction of a prototype of a zero energy building (3x3m single user residential unit), built with the innovative LGS Construction System in cold-formed steel. Various envelope solutions, which ensure high energy performance, have been designed for it., TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, TECHNE: Special Series Vol. 2

Evaluation of actual zero energy buildings (ZEBs) performance and identification of its regional characteristics are of great significance for similar future projects. Based on more than 400 cases in cold regions, this study compared the post-evaluation and drivers of ZEBs from China, the US and the European Union (EU). Results found that ZEB definition, energy drivers, standard, regional policies, technology adoption and their adoption ratio determine the energy performance of cases. Not all EU and China cases reach the net-zero energy target; however, most ZEBs in the US do. ZEBs in cold regions adopted multiple technologies to achieve high energy-efficiency. The adoption ratio of passive technologies is higher than that of active technologies, especially in China. The active technologies in cold regions are mainly seen in the application of advanced HVAC systems. Such application of renewable technologies exhibits strong regional characteristics; for example, the EU's carbon emission reduction policies promoted the use of biomass-based technologies. The analysis also found that energy policies greatly enhance the development of ZEBs. Overall, achieving zero energy is a process, not an endpoint and many projects need further refinement after occupancy.

Aliniant-se amb l’ambiciós paquet energètic i climàtic de la UE 2030 per reduir les emissions d’efecte hivernacle i substituir les fonts de calor convencionals mitjançant la presència de participacions d’energia renovable per aconseguir una comunitat d’energia nul·la, les parts interessades del sector residencial s’enfronten a diversos aspectes tècnics, econòmics i ambientals. qüestions per assolir els objectius de la UE en un futur proper. Aquesta tesi se centra en dues transformacions estructurals claus necessàries per a una transició sostenible cap a la producció d’energia neta: el problema de les tecnologies d’energia amb baix carboni que representen els sistemes solars de calefacció urbana juntament amb l’emmagatzematge estacional d’energia i la seva aplicació per aconseguir edificis d’energia gairebé nul·la. L’abordatge d’aquests reptes s’inicia mitjançant l’ús del disseny i l’optimització de sistemes d’energia neta incorporats a l’aprenentatge automàtic i l’anàlisi de dades per desenvolupar eines d’enginyeria de processos assistits per ordinador. Aquestes eines ajudarien a abordar els reptes de les parts interessades, contribuint així a la transició cap a un futur més sostenible. Alineándose con el ambicioso paquete de energía y clima de la UE 2030 para reducir las emisiones de efecto invernadero y reemplazar las fuentes de calor convencionales a través de la presencia de energía renovable para lograr una comunidad de energía neta cero, las partes interesadas en el sector residencial se enfrentan a varios problemas técnicos, económicos y ambientales. cuestiones para cumplir los objetivos de la UE en un futuro próximo. Esta tesis se centra en dos transformaciones estructurales clave necesarias para la transición sostenible hacia la producción de energía limpia: el problema de las tecnologías energéticas bajas en carbono que representan los sistemas de calefacción de distrito solar junto con el almacenamiento de energía estacional, y su aplicación para lograr edificios de energía casi nula. El abordaje de estos desafíos se inicia mediante el uso del diseño y la optimización de sistemas de energía limpia incorporados con el aprendizaje automático y el análisis de datos para desarrollar herramientas de ingeniería de procesos asistida por computadora. Estas herramientas ayudarían a abordar los desafíos de las partes interesadas, contribuyendo así a la transición hacia un futuro más sostenible. Aligning with the ambitious EU 2030 climate and energy package for cutting the greenhouse emissions and replacing conventional heat sources through the presence of renewable energy share to achieve net-zero-energy community, the stakeholders at residential sector are facing several technical, economic, and environmental issues to meet the EU targets in the near future. This thesis is focusing on two key structural transformations needed for sustainable transition towards clean energy production: the low carbon energy technologies problem represented by the solar district heating systems coupled with seasonal energy storage, and its application to achieve Nearly Zero Energy Buildings. The Tackling for these challenges is instigated through using design and optimization of clean energy systems incorporated with machine learning and data analysis to develop Computer-Aided Process Engineering tools. These tools would help in addressing the stakeholder’s challenges, thus contributing to the transition towards a more sustainable future.

The Passive House standard has become the standard for many countries in the construction of the Zero Energy Building (ZEB). Korea also adopted the standard and has achieved great success in building energy savings. However, some issues remain with ZEBs in Korea. Among them, this study aims to discuss overheating issues. Field measurements were carried out to analyze the overheating risk for a library built as a ZEB. A data-driven overheating risk prediction model was developed to analyze the overheating risk, requiring only a small amount of data and extending the analysis throughout the year. The main factors causing overheating during both the cooling season and the intermediate seasons are also analyzed in detail. The overheating frequency exceeded 60% of days in July and August, the midsummer season in Korea. Overheating also occurred during the intermediate seasons when air conditioners were off, such as in May and October in Korea. Overheating during the cooling season was caused mainly by unexpected increases in occupancy rate, while overheating in the mid-term was mainly due to an increase in solar irradiation. This is because domestic ZEB standards define the reinforcement of insulation and airtight performance, but there are no standards for solar insolation through windows or for internal heat generation. The results of this study suggest that a fixed performance standard for ZEBs that does not reflect the climate or cultural characteristics of the region in which a ZEB is built may not result in energy savings at the operational stage and may not guarantee the thermal comfort of occupants.

Many uncertainties lie in the early design phase of a zero energy building which can affect the reliability of decision aid tools for ecodesign based on building performance simulation, life cycle analysis and multicriteria optimisation. This work starts with the identification of the main uncertainty sources in buildings LCA. A method for the quantification of influential uncertainties in buildings LCA is proposed with the aim to assess the robustness of a building design in a prospective context and with a limited computational cost. Then, this prospective dynamic LCA approach is integrated into the evaluation function of a genetic multicriteria optimisation algorithm in order to identify design solutions with environmental performances which are optimal and robust in the long term.; La présence de nombreuses incertitudes en phase de conception peut nuire à la fiabilité d’une aide à la décision pour l’écoconception de bâtiments zéro-énergie basée la simulation énergétique dynamique, l’analyse de cycle de vie et l’optimisation multicritère. Ces travaux de thèse débutent par l’identification des principales sources d’incertitudes en ACV des bâtiments. Puis, une méthode de quantification d’incertitudes significatives est proposée avec l’objectif d’évaluer la robustesse d’une variante de conception dans un contexte prospectif et pour un coût calculatoire limité. Enfin, cette approche d’ACV dynamique prospective est intégrée à la fonction d’évaluation d’un algorithme d’optimisation génétique multicritère afin d’identifier des solutions de conception aux performances environnementales optimales et robustes dans le temps.

Many uncertainties lie in the early design phase of a zero energy building which can affect the reliability of decision aid tools for ecodesign based on building performance simulation, life cycle analysis and multicriteria optimisation. This work starts with the identification of the main uncertainty sources in buildings LCA. A method for the quantification of influential uncertainties in buildings LCA is proposed with the aim to assess the robustness of a building design in a prospective context and with a limited computational cost. Then, this prospective dynamic LCA approach is integrated into the evaluation function of a genetic multicriteria optimisation algorithm in order to identify design solutions with environmental performances which are optimal and robust in the long term.; La présence de nombreuses incertitudes en phase de conception peut nuire à la fiabilité d’une aide à la décision pour l’écoconception de bâtiments zéro-énergie basée la simulation énergétique dynamique, l’analyse de cycle de vie et l’optimisation multicritère. Ces travaux de thèse débutent par l’identification des principales sources d’incertitudes en ACV des bâtiments. Puis, une méthode de quantification d’incertitudes significatives est proposée avec l’objectif d’évaluer la robustesse d’une variante de conception dans un contexte prospectif et pour un coût calculatoire limité. Enfin, cette approche d’ACV dynamique prospective est intégrée à la fonction d’évaluation d’un algorithme d’optimisation génétique multicritère afin d’identifier des solutions de conception aux performances environnementales optimales et robustes dans le temps.

The electrification of cooking methods in Korea was investigated to understand the impact of different cooking methods on energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the building sector. Annual household cooking energy consumption was compared for the Nowon Energy Zero House Project, a zero-energy housing complex using induction cooktops, and a sample of households that used natural gas for cooking. The results showed that the former consumed less calories (a difference of 2.2 times) and emitted less GHGs (a difference of 2.6 times) compared to gas cooking households. A countrywide scenario analysis was conducted by combining the share of electric cooking households with the projected power generation mix in 2030. Under the 2030 Policy scenario for power generation, and with an electricity cooking share of 20%, cooking-related GHG emissions were projected to be 3.79 million t CO2/year; 3.8% (150,000 t CO2/year) lower than those in the present day, despite a total population increase. The electrification of cooking methods in Korea has the potential to reduce both the energy demand of the building sector and GHG emissions, in synergy with the decarbonization of the power generation sector.

Regeneration of existing buildings and abandoned areas is a governmental and European key objective. This research focuses on Poveglia: an abandoned island in the Venetian lagoon, Italy. The underpinning idea concerns the upgrade of Poveglia to a zero energy Cognitive University Campus, connected to other educational institutions in the lagoon. The vision aims at reusing abandoned islands combining architecture, learning environments and digital networks, to demonstrate the potential of new technologies for the transformation of abandoned areas. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of employing improved and revised systems and tools, developed in eLUX lab at the University of Brescia, for the regeneration of the island. The inclusion of the island in a smart campus network results in triggering positive synergies both enhancing energy efficiency and the learning environment. A further development concerns the setup of strategies for historical preservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy production.

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is a basic requirement for the design of energy-efficient buildings since it affects the occupants’ well-being and health inside buildings. Over the years, the issue of IEQ has been widely investigated under different perspectives: from the first experiments aimed at assessing the physiological response of individuals it has become a human-centric concept. In recent years, new paradigms have influenced buildings design towards sustainable and highly efficient constructions. Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEBs) are the current challenge which should be appropriately addressed with a holistic approach to achieve excellent IEQ and energy efficiency levels. Thermal, visual and acoustic comfort and indoor air quality are the most important Indoor Environmental Factors (IEF) characterizing the overall environmental condition of indoor spaces. However, there is no standard method to calculate the overall IEQ level of a building by monitoring and aggregating all individual aspects of comfort. This article aims to bridge this gap, proposing a method to define weighting factors of IEFs. A survey was carried on 100 participants out in a fully monitored Zero-Energy full-scale test building to collect and analyse the answers of the sample about their evaluation of IEFs. The collected data of questionnaire-based IEQ responses were treated with a multiple linear regression model. The results prove that IEQ is affected mostly by IAQ during the test. The proposed weighting factors were applied to rank the monitoring-based IEFs. The comparison between objective (monitoring-based) and subjective (questionnaire-based) analyses shows how the former underestimates IEQ with respect to the latter.

Nell'ambito dell'Accordo Quadro di collaborazione tra Regione Lombardia e il Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), il progetto I-ZEB "Verso Edifici Intelligenti a Energia Zero" ha portato alla realizzazione di un laboratorio ZEB in scala reale per analisi energetico-ambientali finalizzate alla valutazione delle prestazioni in condizioni reali di componenti di involucro ed impianto. Il laboratorio ZEB è il risultato di un intervento di riqualificazione di un edificio esistente che ha raggiunto i requisiti di Zero Energy Building in seguito al miglioramento delle prestazioni dei componenti di involucro e di impianto e all'integrazione con Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili. Il sistema di monitoraggio installato consente l'acquisizione in continuo dei dati per la verifica e l'ottimizzazione delle prestazioni delle soluzioni installate, al fine di ridurre i consumi e migliorare la qualità dell'aria. La presente Relazione si riferisce unicamente ai prodotti caratterizzati, studiati ed ottimizzati così come ricevuti e installati nell'edificio sperimentale ZEB e non può essere riprodotta se non interamente. Nella Relazione pone un focus sugli interventi di riqualificazione energetica ed acustica dell'involucro opaco realizzati in collaborazione con il gruppo Rockwool. Nel Capitolo 2 viene descritto brevemente l'edificio ex ante dal punto di vista di inserimento nel contesto e geometrico, con un approfondimento nella descrizione dei componenti di involucro opachi. Dopo una descrizione sintetica di tutti gli interventi di riqualificazione eseguiti, nel Capitolo 3 si descrivono gli interventi di riqualificazione riferiti all'involucro opaco, dettagliando spessori e tipologia dei prodotti Rockwool applicati in base alla stratigrafia e alla prestazione iniziale. I due capitoli successivi sono dedicati alla descrizione delle verifiche energetiche ed acustiche eseguite. Il Capitolo 4 affronta le verifiche termografiche e di condensa interstiziale di specifiche soluzioni di involucro e infine analizza le prestazioni della facciata ventilata. Infine, il Capitolo 5 è dedicato alle verifiche delle prestazioni acustiche: dopo una descrizione del metodo, si descrivono le verifiche prestazionali della facciata ventilata, dell'isolamento a cappotto e della partizione interna.

Regeneration of existing buildings and abandoned areas is a governmental and European key objective. This research focuses on Poveglia: an abandoned island in the Venetian lagoon, Italy. The underpinning idea concerns the upgrade of Poveglia to a zero energy Cognitive University Campus, connected to other educational institutions in the lagoon. The vision aims at reusing abandoned islands combining architecture, learning environments and digital networks, to demonstrate the potential of new technologies for the transformation of abandoned areas. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of employing improved and revised systems and tools, developed in eLUX lab at the University of Brescia, for the regeneration of the island. The inclusion of the island in a smart campus network results in triggering positive synergies both enhancing energy efficiency and the learning environment. A further development concerns the setup of strategies for historical preservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy production.

The concept of zero energy buildings (ZEBs) has recently been actively introduced in the building sector, globally, to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. For the implementation of ZEBs, renewable energy systems, such as solar collectors, photovoltaic (PV) systems, and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, have been used. The system performance of solar collectors and PV systems are dependent on the weather conditions. A GSHP system requires a large area for boring machines and mud pump machines. Therefore, inhabitants of an existing small-scale buildings hesitate to introduce GSHP systems due to the difficulties in installation and limited construction area. This study proposes an integrate photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) and air source heat pump (ASHP) system for realizing ZEB in an existing small-scale building. In order to evaluate the applicability of the integrated PVT-ASHP system, a dynamic simulation model that combines the PVT-ASHP system model and the building load model based on actual building conditions was constructed. The heating and cooling performances of the system for one year were analyzed using the dynamic simulation model. As the simulation analysis results, the average coefficient of performance (COP) for heating season was 5.3, and the average COP for cooling season was 16.3., respectively. From April to June, the electrical produced by the PVT module was higher than the power consumption of the system and could realize ZEB.

Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) are expected to play a significant role in reducing energy consumption and combating climate change. Despite this awareness, there is a lack of approaches and indicators at the regulatory level to quantify the long-term potential of strategies applied to buildings today. This study concerns the dynamic thermal modeling over the years, until 2080, of a multi-residential building located in Lecce, a city in southeastern Italy, characterized by a Mediterranean hot summer climate. Over time, Italian legislation has brought increasingly stringent limits on the design of the building envelope. Although with different regulatory limits, in the different climates across Italy, a growing trend towards a more insulated envelope, characterized by very low transmittances, has been observed over the years. This study shows how, in hot climates, buildings constructed within the legal limits will suffer from overheating over the years, necessarily leading to a disproportionate, and more extensive, use of cooling systems throughout the year. This study proposes a critical analysis of the long-term effectiveness of national strategies applied to the building envelope to date to achieve the ZEB goal, emphasizing that long-term predictive analyses become relevant in current building design and should be considered in regulations.

This study conducts a techno-economic analysis to seek the feasibility to integrate a zero-emission building (ZEB) with a commercial-scale hydrogen vehicle (HV). The parametric analysis is conducted in 16 simulation groups with respect to the equipment options of the solar thermal collectors, the ground source heat pump (GSHP) and the HV refueling methods, while each group contains a series of cases with a range of on-site renewable electricity (REe) generation capacities between 0 and 16 kW. The assessment criteria include the annual operational equivalent CO2 emission and the relative net present value (NPVrel). By the parametric analysis, the sets of the non-dominated cases within the cloud of the analysed solutions have been comprehensively investigated regarding the aims to reduce the emission and the cost. With respect to the criteria of the equivalent emission and NPVrel under the normal market scenario of the electrolyzer (5000 EUR/kW), none of the cases with the on-site H2 system can be identified as superior to those without the on-site H2 system. The non-dominated cases will mainly happen to those with a 0–9.61 NOCT kW photovoltaic (PV) panel and a 5 kW GSHP but without any solar thermal collector, which have a range of NPVrel between −4115 and 12,556 EUR along with a range of emission between 19.72 and 6.65 kg CO2,eq/m2 a. However, by reducing the electrolyzer cost to the lowest market scenario of 2000 EUR/kW, parts of the cases with the on-site H2 system start to challenge those without the on-site H2 system. Moreover, the change of the emission factor of the H2 fuel from 0.267 to 0.141 kg CO2,eq/kWhLHV will not alter the set of the overall non-dominated cases, but will uniformly reduce the annual emission of these cases by a magnitude of 3.83 kg CO2,eq/m2 a.

This study examines strategies for energy efficiency in public buildings in Korea and the implementation of certification systems. It also identifies the actual plan status and discusses improvements at the institutional level. The target is the national sports centers, where the discussion on energy efficiency has been assiduous, as they have recently expanded regionally in Korea. Among the 541 national sports centers in Korea, 90 facilities for which a preliminary review was performed on the plan by the National Public Building Center were analyzed. The energy efficiency plan is realized through Building Energy Efficiency, Zero Energy Building, and Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design certifications. As a result of analyzing the plan status, omissions or errors in certification were confirmed in about 10% of each, even though more than 80% of the facilities were subject to mandatory application. In Korea’s condition, to revitalize the practice of the system, it is necessary to expand the government’s publicity and support initiatives, use differential application of evaluation items, and strengthen incentives. This study provides meaningful results and suggestions for implementing an energy efficiency system at the national level under similar conditions in the future.

While a number of domains readily employ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with infrared cameras (IR-UAVs), the IR and UAV research directions still need to be bridged in the construction domain. Our research aims to develop a protocol for IR-UAV flights to survey building thermography. Through a series of test flights and a literature study, the protocol was developed. The protocol was verified during a final test flight surveying PV-panels and the thermal shell of a building. By outlining the system, designing a protocol, and reflecting on our experiences, we contribute to the discussion to use IR-UAVs in the construction domain.

This thesis improves the scientific knowledge on the origin, behavior and fate of gas and particle-phase pollutants indoors under unoccupied unfurnished conditions. A first campaign provided a complete description of the physical processes controlling the indoor concentrations. Using well quantified parameters (air exchange rate, penetration factor and deposition rate), a mass balance model provided insights for the particle budget closure. The results showed that when indoor sources are not significant, a careful characterization of the abovementioned parameters allows to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 in a satisfying manner from outdoor data. However the PM1 fraction shows a significantly higher variability due to physicochemical transformations. Subsequently, a second intensive campaign was performed to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM1 chemical composition in real time. A strong increase in VOC concentrations was observed when outdoor air penetrates indoors, especially oxygenated VOC which exhibited a significant dependence on relative humidity, while the changes observed for particles once indoors depend on their chemical composition and diameter, showing a decrease from 20% for submicron particles up to, 86% for large ones (>5. µm). The investigation of ammonium neutralization revealed an excess of ammonium indoors and outdoors, which is attributed to organic- in addition to inorganic-bonded ammonium nitrate. The latter showed a stronger dependency on temperature gradient from outdoors to indoors, revealing stronger thermal decomposition once indoors. In summary, the indoor environment acts mainly as a continuous emission source of VOCs, while the opposite trend is observed the particles due to possible transformations that can occur even under the simplest conditions, with no occupants and no furnishing.; Cette thèse développe les connaissances scientifiques sur l’origine et le comportement des polluants intérieurs en phases gazeuse et particulaire. Une description complète des processus physiques contrôlant les concentrations de polluants en air intérieur dans une pièce inoccupée et non meublée a été réalisée. En utilisant des paramètres bien quantifiés (taux de renouvellement d’air, facteur de pénétration et vitesse de dépôt), nous avons pu appliquer un modèle de bilan massique aux particules. Les résultats ont montré que, en l’absence significative de sources intérieures, une caractérisation fine des paramètres ci-dessus permettait de décrire de manière satisfaisante les concentrations intérieures en PM2.5 et PM10 à partir des données extérieures, tandis que les PM1 montrent une variabilité significativement plus marquée due aux transformations physicochimiques. Par la suite, les composés organiques volatils (COV) et la composition chimique des particules submicroniques ont été mesurés en temps réel lors d’une campagne intensive. Un enrichissement important des concentrations en COV a été observé lorsque l’air ambiant pénètre à l’intérieur du bâtiment, en particulier pour les COV oxygénés qui présentent une dépendance significative avec l’humidité relative, tandis que pour les particules les changements observés dépendent de leur composition chimique et de leur diamètre, montrant une diminution de 20% pour les PM1 à 86% pour les plus grosses particules (>5 μm). L’excès d’ammonium observé dans les deux environnements a permis de déconvoluer les nitrates organiques des inorganiques, ceux-ci présentant une dépendance plus forte avec la température, révélant une décomposition thermique plus importante en air intérieur. En résumé, l’environnement intérieur agit principalement comme une source d’émissions continues de COV, alors qu’une tendance inverse est observé pour les particules, du fait de transformations possibles pouvant se produire même dans les conditions les plus simples, sans occupant ni mobilier.

This thesis improves the scientific knowledge on the origin, behavior and fate of gas and particle-phase pollutants indoors under unoccupied unfurnished conditions. A first campaign provided a complete description of the physical processes controlling the indoor concentrations. Using well quantified parameters (air exchange rate, penetration factor and deposition rate), a mass balance model provided insights for the particle budget closure. The results showed that when indoor sources are not significant, a careful characterization of the abovementioned parameters allows to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 in a satisfying manner from outdoor data. However the PM1 fraction shows a significantly higher variability due to physicochemical transformations. Subsequently, a second intensive campaign was performed to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM1 chemical composition in real time. A strong increase in VOC concentrations was observed when outdoor air penetrates indoors, especially oxygenated VOC which exhibited a significant dependence on relative humidity, while the changes observed for particles once indoors depend on their chemical composition and diameter, showing a decrease from 20% for submicron particles up to, 86% for large ones (>5. µm). The investigation of ammonium neutralization revealed an excess of ammonium indoors and outdoors, which is attributed to organic- in addition to inorganic-bonded ammonium nitrate. The latter showed a stronger dependency on temperature gradient from outdoors to indoors, revealing stronger thermal decomposition once indoors. In summary, the indoor environment acts mainly as a continuous emission source of VOCs, while the opposite trend is observed the particles due to possible transformations that can occur even under the simplest conditions, with no occupants and no furnishing.; Cette thèse développe les connaissances scientifiques sur l’origine et le comportement des polluants intérieurs en phases gazeuse et particulaire. Une description complète des processus physiques contrôlant les concentrations de polluants en air intérieur dans une pièce inoccupée et non meublée a été réalisée. En utilisant des paramètres bien quantifiés (taux de renouvellement d’air, facteur de pénétration et vitesse de dépôt), nous avons pu appliquer un modèle de bilan massique aux particules. Les résultats ont montré que, en l’absence significative de sources intérieures, une caractérisation fine des paramètres ci-dessus permettait de décrire de manière satisfaisante les concentrations intérieures en PM2.5 et PM10 à partir des données extérieures, tandis que les PM1 montrent une variabilité significativement plus marquée due aux transformations physicochimiques. Par la suite, les composés organiques volatils (COV) et la composition chimique des particules submicroniques ont été mesurés en temps réel lors d’une campagne intensive. Un enrichissement important des concentrations en COV a été observé lorsque l’air ambiant pénètre à l’intérieur du bâtiment, en particulier pour les COV oxygénés qui présentent une dépendance significative avec l’humidité relative, tandis que pour les particules les changements observés dépendent de leur composition chimique et de leur diamètre, montrant une diminution de 20% pour les PM1 à 86% pour les plus grosses particules (>5 μm). L’excès d’ammonium observé dans les deux environnements a permis de déconvoluer les nitrates organiques des inorganiques, ceux-ci présentant une dépendance plus forte avec la température, révélant une décomposition thermique plus importante en air intérieur. En résumé, l’environnement intérieur agit principalement comme une source d’émissions continues de COV, alors qu’une tendance inverse est observé pour les particules, du fait de transformations possibles pouvant se produire même dans les conditions les plus simples, sans occupant ni mobilier.

There is much research on zero energy buildings. In this paper, technologies and policies to improve the building energy efficiency of zero energy buildings are presented. The zero energy building certification system in Korea is introduced, and the evaluation is carried out based on the energy self-reliance rate that enables zero energy buildings. Zero energy buildings are able to minimize energy consumption due to the application of highly efficient building materials and equipment technology. In this research, to increase the prevalence of zero energy buildings in Korea, the authors propose a zero energy building technology package. Using a passive and active technology package, we confirmed the necessity and detailed requirements of each technology parameter. We analyze and classify Korean building material testing methods and performance standards, and propose passive and active technology packages, modules, material performance testing methods and minimum requirement performance standards. Finally, this study proposed a table presenting the test methods, standard and minimum value of performance. By these results, the authors confirmed the effectiveness and availability of passive and active technical packages.

The international scientific community believes unequivocally that, at the origin of the climate change, there are anthropic factors mainly linked to the construction sector and to the disproportionate use of fossil energy sources. The selection of building materials plays a key role in the reduction of energy consumption, especially in the Mediterranean area, where the internal overeating risk is high if the solar radiation is not controlled and the free supply of internal heat is poorly managed. Traditionally, in the Italian context, the slab-on-ground floor is made in concrete or more rarely in stone. However, it is usually recommended to minimize the use of concrete as it has a strong environmental impact, reinforced concrete is still the most recommended solution for foundations, both for regulatory and practical reasons. The present study proposes a methodology for the design of high efficiency slab-on-ground floor for warm climate through optimization code performed with the software modeFRONTIER. Starting from the traditional floor structures, the multi-objective methodology stands as an advanced step for the identification of new configurations, favoring the management of many variables, such as thermal, environmental and economic aspects. The results are characterized by high presence of local and eco-friendly materials and reduced costs. At the end, this work demonstrates that it is possible to obtain high performance solutions with also very few numbers of layers.

The enhancement of energy performance of buildings has become a pillar of energy policies. The main target is the cut of energy consumption to reduce buildings footprint. This aim is pursued by introducing constrains on building requirements in terms of properties of basic materials and components and exploitation of renewable energy sources . That results in the definition of the zero-energy building (ZEB) concept. The new paradigm introduced new challenges and, at the same time, involved all the different stakeholders in facing the barriers to the diffusion of the novel solutions proposed by the research development. This paper summarizes the actual state-of-art of whole performance of ZEBs and the related technical solutions, analysing their increasing potential in energy consumption. A collection of the different case studies reported in literature involving ZEBs is presented, compiling an analysis of the performance of the common solutions actually applied. The technologies involved are described discussing their impact in meeting the ZEB requirements. A debate is proposed, pointing out the main aspects deserving further investigations and outlining the critical elements in making the zero-energy target the new standard for the buildings.

This research describes the potential study on the impact of energy improvements of existing campus buildings by on-site energy management and operational strategies. The focus buildings in the campus were mainly built in the 1960s, and therefore it is time to carry out renovation work. In conjunction with the renovations, the aim is to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, and to develop the functionality of the properties to meet the current requirements. Thus, in this study, the potentials of on-site energy generation and sharing in the cluster of campus buildings in Finland were studied. By means of optimisation method, the optimal combined heat and power systems capacity distribution and operation mode for minimizing annual primary energy consumption were simulated. The results show that the integration of buildings has an advantage of 23% of primary energy reduction for on-site energy management as compared with the present situation. Consequently, integrating buildings and optimizing on-site energy management can be one of effective strategies for minimizing primary energy consumption. Furthermore, the study to improve operation strategies of building service systems considering current space use in the buildings clarified that up to 13% of total energy use reduction is expected. The research work also proposes a way of providing environmental information to increase awareness of building energy usage in the campus.

The energy consumption in Algeria has a fast growing rate 1% per year. The actual reserves of natural gas and oil will be only covering the demand of the Algerian population for the next 50 years in the case of oil, and for the next 70 years in the case of natural gas as Algeria is considered the 3rd country in the world for the natural gas reserve, and in addition to that fossil fuel use is associated with significant environmental impacts such as global climate change, air pollution. Therefore the integration of renewable energies is a vital priority for the third world countries such Algeria. The aim of this paper is to apply and explore a methodology of solar integration in the urban planning in order to reach zero energy buildings (ZEB) target. To achieve the objective several analyses has to be made such as a solar potential, urban and environmental analysis.

The boundary extension of a zero-energy building to integrate a new energy vehicle will facilitate the realization of the target set by the EU 2050 roadmap. In this study, either a hydrogen vehicle (HV) or an electric vehicle (EV) is integrated into a renewable-supported building system with appropriate control strategies. The focused variables in this study are renewable energy capacities, vehicle system options, extents to utilize vehicle storages for domestic purposes, and the Excess REe-HW recharging strategies. The analysing aspects include the energy and environmental impact as well as the energy matching and the grid interactions. The results show that the annual net-zero energy/emission balance can be met by a 16, 12, and 12 kW rated wind turbine, or by a 195.8, 160.2, and 142.4 m 2 PV, for the building with the HV, the EV and no vehicle (NV), respectively. The building with the HV will be more demanding in meeting the balance due to the less efficient HV system than that with the EV. Moreover, better matching for the zero-energy system can be achieved by relieving the condition to discharge the vehicle storages for domestic usages and by using the Excess REe-HW recharging strategy. However, their negative effect will be a slight increase in the annual net-energy consumption, due to an increased loss from both the HV/EV integrated system and the thermal storage.

The window is an important retaining structure. The gap of doors and windows cooling is an important part of building energy consumption of heating. A window with high quality and advanced construction technology can greatly enhance the air tightness of retaining structure. The experiment is air tightness test based on an energy-saving windows in a zero energy building in the cold region. After the test and analyzes on the windows, the air tightness of windows reached level 8 standard prescribed by “GB/T 7106-2008 Graduations and test methods of air permeability, water tightness, wind load resistance performance for building external windows and doors.

The paper aims to examine the possibility of adapting an existing school building to the standard of a zero energy building. The school building is a specific case of a building in which the energy consumption is periodic, except for the months with the most sunshine. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a solution that will allow storing the energy obtained, for example, from solar collectors. Based on the analysis of the literature, it was concluded that the use of borehole thermal energy storage might be the right solution to the problem. The article presents the energy balance of the building with and without the use of renewable energy sources and the benefits of using an energy storage system.

Building energy consumption in the Asia-Pacific region continues to rise. It is important to understand the energy use and future trends of 21 members of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and to find more effective ways to achieve APEC’s dual goals of reducing energy intensity by 45% of 2005 levels by 2035 and doubling the share of renewable energy in the energy mix between 2010 and 2030. Recently, promoting building toward ultra-low energy, nearly zero energy and zero energy is becoming a consensus trend. This paper aims to explore how zero energy building promotion could influence the total energy demand in the mid to long term. An EUPP (Economic, Urbanization, Population and Purchasing power parity) model was established to show the relationship between building energy consumption and its influencing factors, and the potential development path of building energy consumption in APEC was predicted by using the model. The results show that in the Business As Usual (BAU) model, building energy demand will increase from 1387.4 Mtoe in 2016 to 2456.8 Mtoe in 2050 while in the CAP model, building energy demand will be constrained to under 2000 Mtoe before 2050. In the ZEB promotion model, 897.8 to 1945.3 Mtoe could be saved separately. The share of end demand supplied by onsite renewable energy production could reach 11%–54%. The building sector has the potential to become the largest contributor to achieve the APEC energy goal and thus to the climate change goal., Highlights • A long-term building energy intensity prediction model is established. • Building demand in APEC region will reach 2456.8 Mtoe in 2050 in BAU Model. • 897.8 to 1945.3 Mtoe could be saved separately under various ZEB scenarios. • Energy consumption decreases only if more than 40% of buildings are nearly Zero.

The purpose of this study is to design a concept of energy management control system (EMCS) at the UNSADA campus, Jakarta, Indonesia by utilizing the results of the previous walkthrough audit. EMCS is an important first step by involving all parties on campus to be concerned the sustainable energy savings. The energy efficiency program utilizes the campus as an energy laboratory to identify, recommend, implement and evaluate the energy consumption, so that the expected energy efficiency targeted by the top managements can be achieved. This program is motivated by several reasons, such as; to support government policies in reducing dependence on fossil energy by implementing energy conservation programs; as a reflection of compliance with the implementation of educational service buildings (including the campus in Jakarta); a vision as the efficient campus in energy consumption that has been determined by the campus management. To achieve these goals, there are four stages to be done; the preparation, the conducting audit, the audit analysis, and the recommendation for implementation. The results provide an overview of the opportunities to save the energy consumption and to develop EMCS by involving all stack-holders on campus.

Since power line communication (PLC) technology has been considered a platform technology for smart metering, this study introduces an analogous system technology for the PLC-based monitoring systems in zero energy building management. This technology allows a system operator or an operation center to monitor, calculate, or manage power use remotely through the existing power line so that individual suppliers will be able to grasp the present condition of power use and respond to any unexpected incidents. As in any country, many old buildings in Korea are repaired to be used for 40&ndash, 50 years or even longer since constructing new ones is expensive. Because remodeling old buildings is not only expensive but also generates construction waste, repairing is the preferred alternative in many cases. With the expectation that the proposed platform technology will be one of the promising technologies for sustainable building, its uninterrupted power usage monitoring and remote power control/management functions will be quite useful for economizing power with convenience. A system with such a PLC-based design and algorithm can be quite scalable as well. As the major contribution of this study, a solution suitable for decrepit buildings or apartments has been developed by using the PLC technology, and the test bed experiment was conducted for it. The result showed that the solution worked flexibly and efficiently. Since it is impossible to install a new network especially in the case of decrepit buildings, PLC must be used through the existing power line. Thus, a decrepit building monitoring system has been proposed in this study for a sustainable building. The proposed solution was simulated with OPNET simulation first. Following the mounting of the actual PLC product and development of a monitoring application to complete the platform/solution, it is being tested at the test bed in a decrepit building.

Given that a continuous power supply is fundamental to the economy and human well-being, development of a self-sustained electrical system that can withstand sudden disturbances by employing both renewable energy and storage technology is of significant importance. Most of the existing reliability approaches hardly represent a particular method of analyzing system adapting ability to remain self-sufficient in the short-term after the occurrence of sudden disruptions. In addition, existing reliability indexes are developed based on past experience, hardly covering the prediction of disruption risks. As such, a new electricity reliability quantification approach dedicated for sudden disruptions was established and the newly proposed electricity reliability prediction index was evaluated. The developed index was applied to determine optimal capacity sizing in the context of energy security. The availability of such electricity reliability predictions will allow the facility engineer to make wiser decisions to maintain a continuous power supply even after the occurrence of sudden disturbances. The developed algorithm can be readily implemented in any electrical system network including microgrid and rural electrification.