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Preverili smo zanesljivost verjetnostne in količinske napovedi sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov v Sloveniji v 2022. Verjetnostni model za napoved sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov je potrdil visoko zanesljivost (AUC modela = 0,89, AUC napovedi = 0,83). Ugotovili smo optimalni prag za verjetnost sanitarnega poseka, ki jih bomo lahko uporabili pri naslednjih napovedih za bolj jasno določitev območij, kjer se bodo potencialno pojavila žarišča smrekovih podlubnikov. Optimalen prag za verjetnostni model v letu 2022 je bil 0,30. Količinska napoved je zelo podcenila dejansko količino sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov, saj je bil ta 3,9- do 8,2-krat višji od napovedane. Predlagamo izboljšavo količinskega modela pred njegovo nadaljnjo uporabo. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 14. 12. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 4.

The trees and forests of Europe are increasingly under threat from new pests and diseases that have originated in other parts of the world. Early detection of alien species when they first appear in European countries allows rapid response and offers the best chance to mitigate against their establishment and spread. Citizen science initiatives such as LIFE ARTEMIS in Slovenia, and Observatree in the UK, provide members of the public with the necessary training and educational resource to identify these tree pests and diseases and report them to the appropriate authorities, thereby increasing the level of surveillance and the capacity of the early warning system. This paper summarises some of the outcomes of these two projects and how they have both become integral parts of the official forest and tree health monitoring systems within their respective countries of Slovenia and the United Kingdom.

V letu 2020 obeležujemo mednarodno leto zdravja rastlin. V kmetijstvu in vrtnarstvu je pojem zdravja rastlin dobro znan, medtem ko se za naravno okolje vse premalokrat omenja. Gozdove ogrožajo številni domači in tujerodni organizmi, ki jim naša dejavnost v okolju omogoča vse lažje in hitrejše širjenje v prostoru. Za preprečitev oz. omejevanje širjenja je ključno delovanje fitosanitarnih inšpekcij in nadzora na mejah ob vstopu tujega blaga, na lokalnem nivoju pa ozaveščenost strokovnih služb, lastnikov zemljišč ter vseh obiskovalcev narave, da upoštevajo osnovne ti. biovarnostne ukrepe. Biovarnost je skupek ukrepov, ki zmanjšajo ali v celoti preprečijo vnos in prenos škodljivih organizmov z ene lokacije na drugo. Po navadi ukrepi zajemajo čiščenje oblačil, obutve, vozil in opreme vseh organskih ostankov rastlin in zemlje ter pregled notranjosti vozila glede prisotnosti žuželk. V prispevku predstavljamo kot primer dobre prakse ozaveščanja o pomenu biovarnosti v gozdovih obširno akcijo Združenega kraljestva Keep it clean ter iščemo ovire in priložnosti za rabo pri nas. V Sloveniji je pojem biovarnosti uveljavljen v kmetijstvu (npr. v prašičjereji in hmeljarstvu), v gozdarstvu pa je dokaj neznan. Z zakonsko dovoljenim prostim dostopom v gozd, gosto mrežo gozdnih cest in v zadnjem času povečanim obiskom gozdov je ob morebitni prisotnosti škodljivih organizmov potencial za njihovo hitro razširjenje izjemno velik. Vendar pa je tudi prostora za izboljšanje sedanje situacije še veliko. Med priložnostmi lahko izpostavimo ozaveščanje v smeri higiene in ukrepov, ki so potrebni za preprečitev vnosa in prenosa škodljivih organizmov, posodobitev veljavne zakonodaje na področju zdravja rastlin in gozdarstva, njuno uskladitev z veljavno evropsko zakonodajo ter nadzor nad njihovim izvajanjem. Nikakor pa ne smemo pozabiti na največjo priložnost vsakega izmed nas, da se vede odgovorno do okolja, v katerem živimo. In the year 2020, we commemorate the international year of plant health. In agriculture and gardening, the idea of plant health is well known, however, it is seldom mentioned for the natural environment. The forests are endangered by numerous native and non-native organisms, to whom our activities enable more and more fast and easy spread. For prevention or limitation of their spread, the activities of phytosanitary inspections and border controls at entering foreign goods are crucial on the local level, this role is played by awareness of professional services, landowners, and all visitors of the nature to comply with the basic, i.e. biosecurity measures. Biosecurity is a complex of measures which reduce or totally prevent intake and transfer of harmful organisms from one location to another. The measures usually comprise cleaning all organic waste of plants and soil from the clothing, footwear, vehicles, and equipment and checking the interior of the vehicles regarding the presence of insects. In this article, we present Keep it clean, the extensive action by the United Kingdom, as an example of good practice and look for impediments and opportunities for applying it here. In Slovenia, the idea of biosecurity is established in the agriculture (e.g. in pig farming and hop production), however, it is rather unknown in forestry. Through the legally allowed free access to the forests, a dense network of forest roads, and, lately, increased forest visits, the potential for fast-spreading of harmful organisms is extremely large in the case of their presence. However, there is also much room for the improvement of the present situation. Among the opportunities, we can highlight making people aware of the hygiene and measures, needed for preventing the intake and transport of harmful organisms, updating the valid legislation in the field of plant health and forestry, necessary harmonization with the European legislation, and control over their implementation. However, we should by no means forget the greatest opportunity for every one of us to act responsibly toward the environment we live in.

Večji del območja Ljubljane je v predalpski ekološki regiji s prevladujočo gozdno združbo Blechno-Fagetum, kjer se v drevesni plasti pojavljajo bukev, primešana sta kostanj in graden, redkeje jelka in smreka, rdeči bor idr. Prikazane so škodljive žuželke, ki se pogosto pojavljajo na ekonomsko pomembnih drevesnih vrstah (Miramella irena, Rhynchaenus fagi, Phyllonorycter maestingella, Pityokteines spinidens, P. curvidens, Cryphalus piceae, Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus), ter invazivne tujerodne vrste žuželk, ki so jih tod našli pred nedavnim (Xylosandrus germanus, Cinara curvipes, Pulvinaria hydrangea, Metcalfa pruinosa, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Orientus ishidae) in za katere še ne vemo, kakšen bo njihov pomen za obravnavane gozdove v prihodnosti. Realna gozdna vegetacija območja je povezana predvsem s stoletji trajajočimi antropozoogenimi vplivi, med katerimi med živalskimi vrstami izstopajo žuželke kot najpomembnejši herbivori. The major part of Ljubljana area is situated in the pre-Alpine ecological region with the prevailing forest association Blechno-Fagetum, where beech with admixed chestnut and Sessile oak, seldom fir, spruce, Scots pine, etc., appears in the tree layer. Presented are harmful insects often infesting economically important tree species (Miramella irena, Rhynchaenus fagi, Phyllonorycter maestingella, Pityokteines spinidens, P. curvidens, Cryphalus piceae, Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus) and invasive non-native insect species recently found here (Xylosandrus germanus, Cinara curvipes, Pulvinaria hydrangea, Metcalfa pruinosa, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Orientus ishidae) whose impact on the discussed forests in the future is not yet known.The actual forest vegetation of the area is above all connected with the centuries-long anthropozoogenic influences thereby the insects as the mostimportant herbivores stand out among animal species.

Prikazujemo sedem vrst metuljev, ki obžirajo hrastove liste: gobar (Lymantria dispar), zeleni hrastov zavijač (Tortrix viridana), mali zimski pedic (Operophthera brumata), veliki zimski pedic (Erannis defoliaria), hrastov sprevodni prelec (Thaumetopoea processionea), zlatoritka (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) in prstaničar (Malacosoma neustria). L. dispar in T. viridana sta se v submediteranskem in predpanonskem območju Slovenije pojavljala večkrat v močnejših gradacijah in povzročala škode. Naslednje dve vrsti pri nas povzročata manjše golobrste predvsem v naravnih sestojih doba v Prekmurju in Krakovskem gozdu ter v sestojih termofilnih hrastov v primorskem območju. T. processionea, E. chrysorrhoea ter M. neustria sporadično povzročajo poškodbe listja hrastov. Ugotavljajo, da se metulji defoliatorji pojavljajo v evropskih gozdovih vse pogosteje in začenjajo ponovno povzročati velike škode.Tudi pri nas ugotavljamo v zadnjih letih ponavljajoče se golobrste v hrastovih sestojih. Na kratko je prikazana morfologija, bionomija, opis poškodb, morebitne zamenjave, gostitelji, najpomembnejši naravni sovražniki inza nekatere omenjene vrste tudi vzroki za nastanek in nadaljevanje gradacij ter ogroženost sestojev. In the present contribution seven species of butterflies on oaks (Quercus spp.) are presented: gypsy moath (Lymantria dispar), European oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana), winter moth (Operophthera brumata), mottled umber moth (Erannis defoliaria), oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea), browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) and lackey moth (Malacosoma neustria).L. dispar and T. viridana have appeared several times in the sub-mediterranean and sub-pannonic areas of Slovenia and have caused damage. The next two species cause less significant defoliation mostly in natural pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) stands in Prekmurje and in the Krakovo forest as well as in thermophyllic oak stands in the coastal region. T. processionea, E. chrysorrhoea and M. neustria cause damage on oaks sporadically. Researchers state that butterflies which defoliate forests are appearing more frequently in Europe and are starting to cause extensive damagein forests again. Recently, in Slovenia the situation in oaks forests isthe same. A short description of the insects' morphology, bionomy, a description of damage, possible misidentifications, hosts, their most important natural enemies, causes of beginning or continuation of their outbreaks and their threat to forests are given.

Prispevek je prvi v seriji prispevkov, ki bodo obravnavali zdravje gozda. Namenjena je gozdarjem v operativnem gozdarstvu za uspešnejše delo v slovenskiPoročevalski, diagnostični in prognostični službi. Opisani bodo najpomembnejši škodljivi biotski (žuželke, glive, bakterije, virusi, ogorčice,mali sesalci) in abiotski dejavniki (suša, požar, pozeba). Razporejeni bodo po pomembnosti z ozirom na ekonomske škode in po drevesnih vrstah na katerih se najpogosteje pojavljajo. V prvem delu prispevka prikazujemo štiri vrste podlubnikov na navadni smreki (Picea abies): osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja (Ips typographus), šesterozobega smrekovega lubadarja (Pityogenes chalcographus), dvojnookega smrekovega ličarja (Polygraphus poligraphus) ter malega osmerozobega smrekovaga lubadarja (Ips amitinus). Na kratko je prikazana njihova morfologija, bionomija, opis poškodb, morebitne zamenjave, gostitelji, vzroki za nastanek in nadaljevanje gradacij ter ogroženost sestojev. Za najpomembnejše vrste je opisana tudi kontrola gostote populacije in zatiranje, našteti so njihovi najpomembnejši naravni sovražniki. The present contribution is the first in a series which will deal with forest health. It is designed for foresters in practice and aimed at a more efficientperformance of the Reporting, diagnostic and prognostic service in Slovenia. The most important harmful biotic factors (insects, fungi, bacteria,viruses, nematodes, small mammals) and abiotic factors (drought, fire, frost) will be presented. They will be arranged by their importance withregard to economic importance and by the host on which they most often appear. In the first contribution we present four species of bark beetles on Norway spruce (Picea abies): the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), six-toothed spruce bark beetle (Pityogenes chalcographus), smallspruce bark beetle (Polygraphus poligraphus) and small eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips amitinus). A short description of their morphology, bionomy, a description of damages, possible misidentifications, hosts, causes of beginning or continuation of their outbreaks and their threat to forests isgiven. For the most important species control of population density and suppression are also described, and their most important natural enemies are listed.