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Citrus is one of the most valuable crops in Syria, with the largest production areas being in the coastal provinces of Tartus and Latakia, where this study was performed. A companion paper reported on the basal crop coefficients derived from the field water balance and on the performance assessment of various irrigation methods used in a citrus orchard located in the same region. That study evidenced the need for the improved management of irrigation water, mainly reducing water applications and increasing productivity, thus leading to the current research. The main objectives consisted of (i) providing a set of reliable basal (Kcb) and average (Kc) crop coefficients to be used in practice in the citrus orchards of the Syrian coastal area, while accounting for the diversity of characteristics observed; (ii) to estimate the seasonal consumptive use of typical orchards under different climate-demand and deficit-irrigation scenarios; and (iii) to assess possible water savings and related yield reductions. The previously calibrated water balance model SIMDualKc was used for these purposes. The computed Kcb values for the mid-season and average demand for water ranged from 0.52, when the plant density was low, to 0.84, when plant density was very high. The corresponding Kc values, which further reflected the impact of drip irrigation on controlling soil evaporation, were 0.72 and 0.97, respectively. Overall, the consumptive use of water was estimated to range from 867 to 1573 mm. The assessed water-saving scenarios consisted of adopting increased management-allowed depletion (MAD) thresholds relative to the p depletion fraction for no stress: MAD = 1.05, 1.10, 1.20, and 1.30 p. For trees under a very high climatic demand, water savings ranged from 12 to 34%, but the yield losses induced by the water deficits ranged from 8 to 48%. Although the selection of optimal strategies should be based upon economic terms, these may only be used when the Syrian economy recovers from civil war and the current crisis. The present results show the feasibility of adopting such MAD thresholds for building an irrigation management platform. The data provided by the current study are valuable because they can be efficiently used to support of the irrigation management of Syrian citrus production systems.

The gradual reduction of water reserves for irrigation has become a worldwide concern. To improve the irrigation of processing tomato, we conducted a study to evaluate a system that monitors both plant water status and soil moisture levels (PlaSoMan) compared to an evapotraspirometric method (IrriMan) and an empirical farmer’s management (FarMan) in a two-year field trial. The results showed that PlaSoMan saved around 30% and 7.5% of water, with a yield loss of only 10% and 2.5% compared to FarMan and IrriMan, respectively. Thus, PlaSoMan showed satisfactory irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) over the two years. Moreover, IrriMan and PlaSoMan had lower blue water requirement (BWR) values than FarMan. Finally, PlaSoMan reached the highest value of the yield quality indicator, which combined total yield and brix degree. Thus, the new system, which assesses both plant water status and soil moisture levels, appears to be associated with high-quality and water-friendly tomato production representing an efficient solution for areas with limited water resources.

Water scarcity is a major obstacle to forage crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to improve food security in these areas, it is imperative to employ suitable irrigation management techniques and identify drought-tolerant cultivars. A 2-year field experiment (2019–2020) was conducted in a semi-arid region of Iran to assess the impact of different irrigation methods and water deficit stress on forage sorghum cultivars’ yield, quality, and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE). The experiment involved two irrigation methods, i.e., drip (DRIP) and furrow (FURW), and three irrigation regimes supplied 100% (I100), 75% (I75), and 50% (I50) of the soil moisture deficit. In addition, two forage sorghum cultivars (hybrid Speedfeed and open-pollinated cultivar Pegah) were evaluated. This study revealed that the highest dry matter yield (27.24 Mg ha−1) was obtained under I100 × DRIP, whereas the maximum relative feed value (98.63%) was achieved under I50 × FURW. Using DRIP resulted in higher forage yield and IWUE compared to FURW, and the superiority of DRIP over FURW increased with the severity of the water deficit. The principal component analysis indicated that, as drought stress severity increased across all irrigation methods and cultivars, forage yield decreased, while quality increased. Plant height and leaf-to-stem ratio were found to be suitable indicators for comparing forage yield and quality, respectively, and they showed a negative correlation between the quality and quantity of forage. DRIP improved forage quality under I100 and I75, while FURW exhibited a better feed value under the I50 regime. Altogether, in order to achieve the best possible forage yield and quality while minimizing water usage, it is recommended to grow the Pegah cultivar and compensate for 75% of soil moisture deficiency using drip irrigation.

This study evaluated what intervals of irrigation in conjunction with the use of SRI methods could achieve the greatest economic, as well as agronomic returns when growing irrigated rice under the water-deficit conditions of southern Iraq. A field study at the Al-Mishkhab Rice Research Station in southern Iraq recorded input and output data for three different irrigation regimes: continuous submergence of the rice crop; irrigation at 3-day intervals; and irrigation at 7-day intervals. Benefit–cost analysis showed 3-day intervals with SRI methods, giving the highest net returns and highest internal rate of return, indicating that the continuous irrigation of rice fields is a waste of water, with neither agronomic nor economic benefit. In Iraq, there are large opportunity costs for any unnecessary use of irrigation water. The highest water productivity was achieved with 7-day intervals of irrigation together with SRI methods, but this entails some sacrifice of the yield ha−1, as 13% less grain is produced than with continuous submergence of the crop. With 7-day intervals compared to 3-day intervals, water-saving was 44%, but compared to continuous submergence of the crop, the saving was 72%. This large amount of water could, if redeployed, enable many more farmers to cultivate larger areas of the land, increasing total rice production for Iraq, and some of the water saved could be put to other, high-value uses. It would thus benefit the country and many farmers if, in return for rice farmers’ using irrigation water more productively, those who currently grow rice could be persuaded to accept a grain yield somewhat lower than they could produce with 3-day intervals of irrigation and SRI crop management. The redeployment of water saved by having longer irrigation intervals coupled with SRI methods could raise Iraq’s rice output more than enough to compensate the farmers for forgoing some attainable production by their accepting 7-day irrigation intervals. If no such incentive scheme could be established, there would still be a significant benefit for farmers and for the country by moving to SRI production methods with 3-day intervals rather than continuing the present practice of routinely flooding rice fields and using conventional methods.

Current research on the evaporation inhibition effect of polyethylene (PE) floats has been relatively comprehensive, and the cost is relatively high when it is arranged in remote mountainous areas. In order to find a more economical anti-evaporation material, five kinds of solid expanded polystyrene (EPS) floating balls with different diameters of 10 mm, 40 mm, 80 mm, 120 mm and 150 mm were selected to study the evaporation suppression efficiency (ESE) of EPS floating balls on the evaporation of reservoir water surfaces in arid areas. The outdoor evaporator test and the wind wave test in the reservoir area were carried out. Combined with various meteorological data, the evaporation inhibition rates of EPS floating balls with different diameters during a non-freezing period were calculated. The durability, seepage prevention, wind resistance, frost resistance, aging resistance and other properties of EPS were observed under different climatic conditions. In the evaporator test, the relationship between the diameter of the floating balls and the ESE was not a single function. The ESE of floating balls with a diameter of 40 mm was the highest, at 76.31%. In the wind wave test in the reservoir area, the ESE of the 10 mm floating balls was the lowest, at 34.79%, and the ESEs of the other four diameters of EPS floating balls were above 85% and positively related to the diameter of the floating balls. The test further improved the selection scheme for the diameter of the anti-evaporation floating balls, provided a reference for the practical application of EPS floating balls in future water-saving projects in the reservoir area, and enriched the content of water-saving projects for plain reservoirs in arid areas.

Sağlık sektörü su tüketim miktarı yüksek olan sektörlerden birisidir. Hastanelerde gereksiz su kullanımını azaltarak su tasarrufunun sağlanması, atık suların kontrollü bertarafı ve yeniden kullanımı, ekosistem açısından su döngüsünün izlenmesi verimli bir sürdürülebilir su yönetiminin temel gerekliliklerindendir. Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisiyle mücadele kapsamında yatak doluluk oranlarında meydana gelen artışa paralel olarak hastanelerde yoğunluk artmış, su tüketimi ve tasarrufu en başta dikkat edilmesi gereken alanlar haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin 7 coğrafi bölgesindeki illerde hizmet veren kamu hastanelerine yönelik 2020-2021 yılları arasında su tüketimi ve sürdürülebilir su yönetimi konularında Google Docs programı kullanılarak bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kamu hastanelerinin yatak başına su kullanım haritası çıkarılmıştır. Türkiye’deki kamu hastanelerinde yıllık yatak başına ortalama su tüketimi 192,26 m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. ANOVA analizi sonucunda hastanelerin 2017, 2018 ve 2019 yılına ait toplam su tüketimleri arasında istatistiksel olarak bir fark bulunmamıştır. Sonuçlar, incelenen hastanelerde alınan birincil sürdürülebilir su yönetimi önlemlerinin sıhhi tesisatın sızıntılara (kaçaklara) karşı düzenli olarak kontrol edilmesi (%92,3) ve Legionella (Lejyoner) bakterilerinin gelişiminin kontrolüne yönelik su yönetim planının oluşturulması (%89,8) olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna karşın sürdürülebilir su yönetimde görevlendirilmiş personel eksikliği (%29,9), atıksu arıtma tesisi mevcudiyeti (%14,8), suyun yeniden kullanımı (%3,4), yağmur suyu biriktirme (%1,7), su tasarrufuna yönelik uyarı metinleri ve eğitim programları (%0,8) iyileştirme yapılması gereken hususlardır. The health sector is one of the sectors with high water consumption. Saving water by reducing unnecessary use in hospitals, controlled disposal and reuse of wastewater, and monitoring the water cycle in terms of the ecosystem are basic requirements of efficient sustainable water management. In parallel with the increase in bed occupancy rates within the scope of the fight against the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, the density in hospitals has increased, and they have become areas that need attention in terms of water consumption and savings. In this study was carried out a survey with the “Google Docs” platform on water consumption and sustainable water management for public hospitals serving in provinces of Turkey’s 7 geographical regions between 2020 and 2021. The water use map per bed of public hospitals was drawn. The annual average water consumption per bed in public hospitals in Turkey was calculated as 192,26 m3 . ANOVA analysis showed that there was no statistical difference between the total water consumption of hospitals in 2017, 2018 and 2019 periods. The results showed that the primary sustainable water management measures taken in the examined hospitals were the regular inspection of the sanitary system against leaks (92,3%) and the creation of a water management plan (89,8%) for the control of the growth of Legionella (Legionnaires) bacteria. Conversely, lack of personnel assigned in sustainable water management (29,9%), availability of wastewater treatment facilities (14,8%), water reuse (3,4%), rainwater accumulation (1,7%), water conservation warning texts and training programs (0,8%) are issues that need improvement.

Regional Government of Andalusia (Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo), The ERDF [grant number P18-RT-576], Agencia Estatal de Investigación and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [grant number ECO2017-86822-R], University of Granada (Plan Propio. Unidad Científica de Excelencia: Desigualdad, Derechos Humanos y Sostenibilidad – DEHUSO), The Spanish Aid Program for Predoctoral Contracts for University Teacher Training (FPU) 2019 of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.

Engineering and Applied Science Research, 50, 1, 63-73

The current study aims to investigate emotions differing in valence (positive vs negative) and type (collective vs individual) in their effectiveness in increasing water-saving intentions. We will use different emotional messages triggering pride (positive), eudaimonia (positive), guilt (negative) or no specific emotion (control) and elicit those emotions either in a group-based context (collective emotion) or related to the individual. We will assess the effects of those messages on water-saving intentions as well as self-reported effort and enjoyment of water-saving behaviours.

In recent decades, research on precision irrigation driven by climate change has developed a multitude of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce water consumption in irrigation projects and to adapt to the increasing occurrence of water scarcity, agricultural droughts and competition between agricultural and industrial sectors for the use of water. In this context, the adoption of water-saving and application practices implies a multidisciplinary approach to accurately quantify the water needs of crops under different water availability and management practices. Thus, this review article presented a review of technologies and new trends in the context of precision irrigation, future perspectives and critically analyze notions and means to maintain high levels of land and water productivity, which minimize irrational water consumption at the field level. RESUMO: Nas últimas décadas pesquisas voltadas à irrigação de precisão, impulsionadas pelas mudanças climáticas, desenvolveram uma infinidade de estratégias, métodos e tecnologias para reduzir o consumo de água em projetos de irrigação, para adaptação à crescente ocorrência de escassez de água, secas agrícolas e competição entre os setores agrícolas e industriais pelo uso da água. Nesta conjuntura, a adoção de práticas de economia e aplicação de água, implica em uma abordagem multidisciplinar para a quantificação precisa das necessidades de água das culturas, sob diversas práticas de disponibilidade e manejo da água. Dessa forma, este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre as tecnologias e novas tendências no contexto da irrigação de precisão, as perspectivas futuras e analisar criticamente noções e meios para manter altos índices de produtividade da terra e da água, que minimizem o consumo de água irracional a nível de campo.

The water commonweal propaganda is an important measure to promote citizens’ water resource conservation and water-saving behavior. Based on Amos 21.0, this paper adopts structural equation models, through variable extraction and path construction, to explore the mechanisms of how water commonweal propaganda influences citizens' water-saving behavior. The research investigates the case of China's water commonweal propaganda. The results show that: (1) when the same propaganda forms and channels are adopted, the impact of different water commonweal propaganda content on citizens' water-saving behavior is significantly different; (2) with the same water commonweal propaganda content, different propaganda forms and channels have different impacts on citizens' water-saving behavior. Therefore, selecting appropriate propaganda forms and channels for the water commonweal propaganda can significantly improve their impact on citizens' water-saving behaviors. The research aims to provide theoretical support and practical basis for China's follow-up water commonweal propaganda. HIGHLIGHTS The water commonweal propaganda is an important measure to promote citizens' water resource conservation and water-saving behavior.; This study conducted an empirical analysis based on the questionnaire and Amos 21.0.; The water commonweal propaganda has a significantly positive impact, varied using different propaganda forms and channels.; For various water commonweal propaganda content, if the government chooses appropriate propaganda forms and channels, its propaganda effect can be significantly improved and greatly promote citizens' water-saving behavior.

In fulfilling worldwide broad concerns about environment impacts and changes leads to global warming, green building is becoming more adopted and increasingly in owners' and occupiers' demand and provision. Source scarce and depletion imposes construction to develop sustainable green building as efficient construction innovation. The paper aims to review green building literature research in design and construction. Green building can go integrally in design, construction, and operation in sustainable operation. Green building adoption maximizes savings in energy, water for other beneficial uses, decrease waste and co2 emission and avoiding cost of treatment, transferring, and disposal of waste. From results, it is found out that construction companies and firms should follow and practice green building standards in plans and programs for new construction and rehabilitation of existing buildings, and should keep records for data in specific centers established for this purpose. In a continuous development process, records will give clear history of experience and show financial performance and benefits considering levels of environmental sustainability and green building innovations, savings, and acceptable health-environmental manners.

Rapid population growth has led to increasing demand for water resources. Studies have shown that the application of new technologies can effectively influence and promote citizens to save water. The application of smart water sensors can effectively monitor household water consumption and feedback the recorded data to citizens promptly, thereby influencing family members' water-saving attitudes and behaviours. For the widespread use of future water sensors in households, it can demonstrate its essential role in three aspects: water use information feedback to reduce water consumption, water information measurement helps to cultivate water conservation awareness, and water use information release as an effective means of behavioural intervention. This research provides some suggestions for the promotion and use of smart sensors in the home and points out the future research directions for the impact of water sensing on household water-saving behaviour.

Water scarcity is one of the main challenges worldwide that might propose various engineering and economic issues. Petroleum industries have encountered these issues seriously, which required pretreatment facilities before reinjecting the produced water into the production wells. To assure that the treated water has no side effect on the environment, the treatment processes would perform three times by the photo-Fenton flotation method. This paper, it is aimed to calculate the treated water, required water, and saving water for chemically enhanced oil recovery methods (CEOR), hydraulic fracturing (HF), and other service facilities for completion and drilling performances. According to the results of this study, oil-well#3 has the highest water savings among all the wells with the 89% of daily water-saving, and oil-well#4 has the highest water savings among oil wells with the 75% of daily water saving. Consequently, in Sirri oilfield, the water-saving percentage is about 82% and 72%, which indicated that it is required 18%, 28% of the total water volume for implantation of HF process and CEOR methods, respectively. The total annual required water for this oilfield is 4131 MM m3/Day.

Water resources sustainability and conservation are crucial to controlling water scarcity in the world. This research examines the gendered perception of households in 12 Katchi Abadis of Lahore to conserve water by focusing on their habits, attitude, intention, norms, and behaviour. This is a qualitative research design with in-depth interviews as a method. Respondents were selected by adopting the purposive sampling technique. The debate revolves around the question: which one among men and women in the slum, will be responsible to show proper water managing intentions and behaviour? Is there any difference among men and women in slums on water-saving attitude, norms, intention, and behaviour? 24 face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with youths, adults, and elderly males and females. Thematic analysis was used for analysis. It was revealed that people in homes acknowledged the worth of water, but poverty, unemployment, and government unresponsive behaviour caused hindrance to efforts to save water. There is a long list of hurdles that retards the process to conserve water. This research recommended conducting studies on the practices of water in households with actual measurements, not only for self-reported data, but it should also assess, and observe actions of individuals towards the environment.

The current water shortage crisis has necessitated an increased focus on improving the irrigation efficiency in groundwater overdraft areas. Consequently, the Chinese government has supported small farmers in installing community-based water-saving technologies (WSTs) providing high irrigation efficiency. Based on the data collected from 620 households located in the groundwater overdraft area of Hebei, North China Plain, this study conducts a stochastic frontier analysis to measure farmers' irrigation water use efficiency (WUE) and analyzes the impact of land fragmentation and WST types on their WUE. The results show that the average WUE of groundwater irrigation is 0.606. The WUE between community-based and household-based WSTs differs based on the degree of land fragmentation. A high degree of land fragmentation restricts community-based WSTs from efficiently improving farmers' WUE, whereas household-based WSTs perform better and are easier to adopt. For high land fragmentation, the WUE of the community-based WST is 9.12% lower than that of the household-based WST. However, the WUE of the community-based WST is 12.55% higher than that of the household-based WST when the degree of land fragmentation is low. Therefore, the government should pay attention to small farmers' adaptability toward WST and promote community-based WSTs on a low degree of land fragmentation. HIGHLIGHTS This study calculated farmers’ irrigation water use efficiency (WUE) and analyzes the determinants of it.; This study constructs a comprehensive insight to explain the phenomenon that community-based (water-saving technology) did not perform well in improving WUE.; In addition to top-down financial support, more attention should be paid to the needs of small farmers and their actual agricultural production conditions.

Dünyada su kaynaklarının azalması, su kalitesinin bozulması, su kıtlığının yaşanması çok ciddi sorunlar ile karşılaşılmasına neden olmaktadır. Bunun yanında bireylerin su tüketimi konusunda bilinçsiz ve duyarsız olmaları, su israfına yol açan davranışları da sorunun ciddiyetini arttırmaktadır. Günümüzde her bireyin su tüketimi ile ilgili bilincini ve farkındalığını artırmak sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemlidir. Çalışma, farklı sosyo-ekonomik özelliklere sahip “Genç Yetişkin” olarak tanımlanan yaş grubu için su tüketimi bilincini, davranışını ve farkındalığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, dönem içinde İstanbul'da ikamet eden 15-45 yaş arası bireylere anket uygulanarak veriler toplanmıştır. Bu anket sosyo-demografik özellikler, su tüketim davranışı ve farkındalığı, su kıtlığı ve Covid-19 pandemisi sürecindeki değişiklikler ile ilgili 66 sorudan oluşmaktadır. Anketten elde edilen veriler, çalışmada grafikler ve istatistiksel analizler yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. “Genç Yetişkin” yaş grubundaki bireylerin çevreye karşı farkındalıklarının en fazla olduğu dönemlerdir. Bu nedenle özellikle bu gruptaki bireylerin su tüketimi bilincinin ve farkındalığının oluşturulması gelecek kuşaklar için de oldukça önemlidir. Suyun tüketiminin azaltılması veya verimli hale getirilmesi için bireylerin bilinçlendirilmesi ve bu konuda eğitilmeleri gereklidir. Bu yolla su tüketimin hem verimli olması hem de su tasarrufunun arttırılması sağlanabilecektir. The decrease in water resources in the world, deterioration of water quality, and water shortage cause serious problems. In addition, individuals being unconscious and insensitive about water consumption and their behaviors leading to water waste increase the seriousness of the problem. Today, it is important for sustainability to increase the awareness of every individual about water consumption. The study aims to reveal the consciousness, behavior, and awareness of water consumption for the age group defined as "Young adults" with different socio-economic characteristics. For this purpose, data were collected by applying a questionnaire to people between the ages of 15-45 and residing in Istanbul in the period. This questionnaire consists of 66 questions on socio-demographic characteristics, water consumption behavior and awareness, water shortage, and changes in the process of the Covid-19 pandemic. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed with the help of graphics and statistical analysis in the study. These are the periods when individuals in the “Young Adult” age group are most aware of the environment. For this reason, it is very important for future generations to create awareness and awareness of water consumption, especially in this group of individuals. In order to reduce the consumption of water or make it more efficient, it is necessary to raise awareness of individuals and to train them in this regard. In this way, it will be possible to increase the efficiency of water consumption and increase water savings.

The impact of wide ridge-furrow planting on maize production are mostly unexplored. The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of four ridge width on growth and water use efficiency (WU...

In this paper, we attempt to answer the following questions: Which factors determine college students’ water-saving behaviors? The answer can enable colleges to take targeted water management measu...

As a result, existing water shortages in Uzbekistan eliminate the negative consequences arising, effective and rational use of water and land resources, the use of water-saving technologies in irrigation of crops helps to save water and other resources up to 35-50%. The development of horticulture and viticulture increases the efficiency of land use in mountain and foothill areas, at the same time satisfies the need for fruits and grapes of the local population, and also serves as the main foundation of the domestic market with cheap enrichment and quality products.

With the growth of cities and population growth, the amount of water consumption has increased rapidly. As this situation progresses, it has become the biggest vital problem of our age. Iran ranks sixth among the countries that consume the most fresh water in the world. This country, like many other countries in the world, is at risk of drought. For this reason, the focus of the research is on the amount of water consumed in Iran's historical and modern washing places and its relationship with the architecture of the space. In order to make the necessary analyzes and research in this article, the spatial analysis method was used to examine the architectural plans of the Sadra modern water complex among the modern water facilities of the city of Tabriz, the capital of the East Azerbaijan province located in the northwest of Iran, and the Nezafet bath among the historical baths, and then the annual, monthly and seasonal water consumption amounts were compared with each other by comparative analysis method. The architectural plan design of these examples was analyzed in terms of plan hierarchy, spatial usage diversity, space size and water consumption methods. In the information obtained by the comparative analysis method used as a result of the analyzes, it was determined that 607% more water was consumed in the modern Sadra water complex compared to the historical Nezafet bath in a ten-year period., Şehirlerin büyümesi ve nüfus artışı ile birlikte su tüketim miktarı hızla artmıştır. Bu durum ilerledikçe çağımızın en büyük yaşamsal sorunu haline gelmiştir. İran dünyada en çok tatlı su tüketen ülkeler arasında altıncı sırada yer almaktadır. Bu ülke dünyadaki birçok ülke gibi kuraklık riski ile karşı karşıyadır. Bu nedenle araştırmanın odak noktası İran’ın tarihi ve modern yıkanma mekanlarında tüketilen su miktarı ve mekân mimarisi ile olan ilişkisi üzerinden ilerlemektedir. Çalışılan bu makalede gerekli olan analizler ve araştırmaları yapmak için İran’ın kuzey batısında bulunan Doğu Azerbaycan eyaletinin başkenti, Tebriz kentinin modern su tesisleri arasından Sadra modern su kompleksi ve tarihi hamamlar arasından Nezafet hamamının mimari planlarının incelenmesi için mekânsal analiz yöntemi kullanılıp ardından bu mekanların yıllık, aylık ve mevsimlik su tüketim miktarı, karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemiyle birbiri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu örneklerin mimari plan tasarımı plan hiyerarşisi, mekânsal kullanım çeşitliği, mekân büyüklüğü ve su tüketim yöntemleri açısından analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerin sonucunda kullanılan karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi ile elde edilen bilgilerde, on yıllık süreçte tarihi Nezafet hamamına karşı modern Sadra su kompleksinde %607 daha fazla su tüketildiği tespit edilmiştir.

Gün geçtikçe artan su ihtiyaçlarını mevcut su kaynaklarını kullanmadan yağmur suyundan karşılamak, su sıkıntısının yaşandığı günümüz dünyasında oldukça önemli bir alternatiftir. Başta bina çatıları olmak üzere, yollar, kaldırımlar ve otopark gibi açık alanlardan borularla toplanan yağmur suları filtrelendikten sonra depoya alınmaktadır. Hasat edilen yağmur suları bahçelerin sulanması, tuvaletler, temizlik iş yerleri, araba yıkama gibi birçok alanda ve içme suyu gerektirmeyen tüm uygulamalarda kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında yağmur suyu hasadı ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiş, Bursa otogarının çatısından toplanan yağmur sularının otogar binası içinde ve dışında su ihtiyacının karşılanmasındaki kullanım potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla otogarın çatı alanı ve Bursa ili 2021 yılı aylık yağış verileri kullanılarak otogar çatısından toplanacak yağmur suyu miktarı hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca Bursa Otogarın yeşil alanların sulanması, araba yıkama, yer temizliği ve tuvaletler için yıllık su ihtiyacının karşılanmasında gereken su miktarı hesaplanarak, toplanan yağmur miktarının 100 m³ hacimli 11 tank eklenerek bu ihtiyacın %24,4'ü karşılayabileceği tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, yağmur suyu hasat sistemi ve yıllık tasarruf edilen şebeke suyu maliyetleri hesaplanmış ve uygulanan sistemin geri ödeme süresinin 18 yıl olduğu tespit edilmiştir. The answer is in the water. It is carried by rain shipped by natural mail in the open air such as roads, sidewalks, and parking lots. Rainwater can be used in various areas such as gardens, toilets, workplace cleaning, car washes in all non-drinking water applications. This study provides an opportunity to get rainwater inside and outside the building. This study is the study schedules inside and outside bus station building. For this purpose, the amount of rainwater collected over the roof area of the bus station and the precipitation data of Bursa were calculated in 2021. In addition, by calculating the amount of water required to meet the annual water needs for green space irrigation, car washing, floor cleaning and toilets at Bursa Bus Station, it has been determined that the amount of rain collected can meet 24,4% of this need by adding 11 tanks with a volume of 100 cubic meters. In addition, the rainwater harvesting system and annual network water cost savings were calculated and it was determined that the payback period for the applied system was 18 years.

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain. Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required. To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation (MSI) for winter wheat production, field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015. Compared to traditional flooding irrigation (TFI), micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water (MSI1) and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water (MSI2) increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%, respectively, while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%. Regardless of the rainfall pattern, MSI (i.e., MSI1 or MSI2) either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield, while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%, compared to TFI. Applying the same volumes of irrigation water, MSI (i.e., MSI3, micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water) increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%, respectively, compared to TFI. Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time, it reduced soil layer compaction, and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer, which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period. In conclusion, MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40% compared to TFI, and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.

Whether financial agglomeration is conducive to improving the green efficiency of water resources is of great significance for China to realize water saving and consumption reduction, and green sustainable development. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2017, this paper uses the SBM model with undesirable output to measure the green efficiency of water resources in China and empirically examines the impact of financial agglomeration on the green efficiency of water resources. The results show that the green efficiency of water resources in China presents the “N” type fluctuation characteristic, and the overall trend is increasing. The mean value of green efficiency of water resources in China fluctuates around 0.6, which is at a medium level, and there is still a large room for improvement. Secondly, there are obvious spatial differences in China’s green efficiency of water resources, showing a gradient of “Eastern>Central>Western.” Thirdly, at the national level, financial agglomeration has a significant positive impact on the green efficiency of water resources, and there is an inverted “U”-shaped relationship between financial agglomeration and green efficiency of water resources. Fourthly, at the regional level, the impact of financial agglomeration on green efficiency of water resources has significant regional differences. Finally, based on the above conclusions, specific proposals for financial agglomeration to improve the green efficiency of water resources are put forward.

The built environment plays an essential role as a climate change agent. Natural resource exploitation, energy consumptions, and waste management need to be built for more environment-friendly. The Mosque is a religious building built in every space on earth since a quarter of the world population is Muslim. This situation brought an urgency for making Mosques more sustainable and friendly to the natural environment. Carrying these facts, this study aimed to suggest a design strategy for making a sustainable mosque. Through a collaboration of passive design strategy, present technologies work of literature, and a study case, this study shortlisted primary design strategies in (1) building layouts, (2) lighting strategy, (3) HVAC strategy, (4) water conservation strategy, and (5) IT strategy. By keeping these major design strategies, Mosques can be made more environmentally sustainable. Several design recommendations are suggested in each major design strategy that may bring help for making sustainable Mosque on every space on this earth.

In order to study whether jujube trees can grow normally under rain-fed conditions in loess hilly areas, we planted jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) 4 years after felling a 23-year-old apple orchard. The growth process of the jujube trees and the variation in soil water content (SWC) were monitored for three consecutive years following planting in order to study the effects of the water-saving pruning (WSP) technique. Results showed the following. (1) The soil at a depth of 0–1,000 cm had been desiccated when the area was an apple orchard. (2) Under rain-fed conditions, the jujube trees with the WSP technique were always able to maintain normal growth while the jujube trees with conventional pruning method had a normal growth stage of only 4 years. The water use efficiency of the jujube trees with the WSP technique was much higher than that of the jujube trees with conventional pruning. We recommend WSP in jujube orchard management, because the jujube trees with WSP could maintain normal growth in the deep dried soils of the loess hilly region, as WSP can reduce the water consumption of the jujube trees and may have a positive effect on soil moisture restoration. HIGHLIGHTS We proposed water-saving pruning for the growth of jujube trees planted in dry soil.; Water-saving pruning can significantly improve water use efficiency of jujube trees planted in dry soil.; Water-saving pruning may have a positive impact on the restoration of soil water in dry soil.

The European Green Deal has set climate and energy targets for 2030 and the goal of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, while supporting energy independence and economic growth. Following these goals, and as expected, the transition to “green” renewable energy is growing and will be intensified, in the near future. One of the main pillars of this transition, particularly for Mediterranean countries, is solar photovoltaic (PV) power. However, this is the least land-efficient energy source, while it is also highly competitive in food production, since solar parks are often developed in former agricultural areas, thus resulting in the systematic reduction in arable lands. Therefore, in the context of PV energy planning, the protection and preservation of arable lands should be considered a key issue. The emerging technology of agrovoltaics offers a balanced solution for both agricultural and renewable energy development. The sustainable “symbiosis” of food and energy under common lands also supports the specific objective of the post-2020 Common Agricultural Policy, regarding the mitigation of and adaptation to the changing climate, as well as the highly uncertain socio-economic and geopolitical environment. The purpose of this study is twofold, i.e., (a) to identify the state of play of the technologies and energy efficiency measures of agrovoltaics, and (b) to present a comprehensive analysis of their interactions with the water–energy–food–land nexus. As a proof of concept, we consider the plain of Arta, which is a typical agricultural area of Greece, where we employ a parametric analysis to assess key features of agrovoltaic development with respect to energy vs. food production, as well as water saving, as result of reduced evapotranspiration.

Two field experiments were conducted at Sidi Salem region, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, during two winter seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 to study the impact of controlled drainage at 0.5, 0.75, 1.25 m and mole drain spacing 2 m on soil salinity, water-saving and sugar beet productivity. Results obtained that using controlled drainage saved irrigation water 24.56 and 11.35% in 1st season and 23.73 and 15.08% in 2nd season for 50, 75 cm depth of water table respectively, compared to 125 cm depth of water table. Application of mole drains seems to be more effective in decreasing soil salinity and sodicity especially, in the topsoil (0-60 cm) and narrow spacing between the plowed lines (2 m).Data showed that the water table level at 0.5 and 0.75 m treatments rose more rapidly and remained higher for longer time than the uncontrolled drainage treatment, the average water table depth was above specified depths between irrigation intervals from 3-7 days depending on the depth. There was a marked variation between the treatments that controlled drainage increased the yield at 0.50 m water table depth by 39 and 30% for both seasons, respectively. It can be concluded that the treatment of controlled drainage may give more profit than the uncontrolled one. At the same time, the contents of K+, Na+, alpha- amino N and alkalinity in root beet were insignificantly affected by controlled subsurface drainage in both seasons.

A study was conducted among school students in Baling district, Kedah to study their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding water-saving. A quantitative approach was adopted by survey instrument. The study sample consisted of 144 students, selected based using simple random sampling technique while stratified random technique was used to select school. Pearson’s correlation and t-test were used used to analyse the data. Based on the findings, it was found that the level of knowledge and the level of attitude were high in water-saving, while the water-saving practice was at a moderate level. The t-test results showed that knowledge, attitude, and practice did not have a significant difference in water-saving. The results of the Pearson’s correlation showed a moderately positive relationship between the water-saving knowledge and water-saving practice and a moderately positive relationship between water-saving attitude and practice. Overall, it can be concluded that the students had a high level of knowledge and attitude in water-saving. However, water-saving practice was still at a moderate level, and students need to improve their water-saving practice from time to time.

Efficient water-saving appliances are an essential part of changing water consumption toward a more sustainable future. Unlike previous studies, this research focuses on egoistic and altruistic values as determinants of consumers' willingness to buy efficient water-saving appliances. In this study, a convenient sampling technique was used to solicit data from 308 potential consumers. Using a two-step structural equation model method for data analysis, the results show that both egoistic and altruistic values affect the willingness of consumers to purchase efficient water-saving appliances. However, compared with altruistic values, egoistic values had a greater influence on consumers' purchasing intention. From the Chinese perspective, this study is one of the primary efforts to understand the association and importance of ethical values and consumers' willingness to support water-saving innovations. The findings of this study put forward significant policy effects that could serve as a benchmark for measures that are likely to promote purchasing intentions toward efficient water-saving appliances. HIGHLIGHTS Egoistic and altruistic values had a significant effect on consumers’ purchasing intention.; Egoistic value was the dominant variable.; There is an association between ethical values and consumers’ willingness to support water-saving innovations.; Consumers purchase water-saving appliances for their own benefit and not inherently for environmental benefit.; It serves as a benchmark for measures to managing residential water use.

In Pakistan, orchards are irrigated using flood irrigation system that is considered sub-economical regarding water use efficiency. Considering the importance of natural water resources, there was a need to devise the method of applying irrigation water that would save water consumption, environmentally friendly and easily adopted by the growers. Thus, a research trial was conducted at Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan on 0.41 ha area of Kinnow mandarin. The total area was divided into two parts, half of the area was used for furrow irrigation system and the remaining half was used for flood irrigation system. Tensiometers were installed in the soil in furrow and flood irrigation system to assess the moisture condition in the soil. Irrigations were applied when tensiometer readings reached 40 centibars. The quantity of water used for irrigation was measured with a flume meter and then percentage of water saving was calculated. The study revealed that furrow irrigation system significantly improved the number of fruits per tree (1153), fruit yield (179.89 kg per plant) and juice percentage (48.38%) compared with flood irrigation system where the number of fruits per tree were711, fruit yield was 110.61 kg per plant and juice percentage was 46.31%. However, TSS/acidity ratio, and peel and rag percentage were not affected by the different irrigation systems. In furrow irrigation system 24 irrigations were applied per year with average water saving of 46.14% and water use efficiency (WUE) was 4.58 kg m-3 whereas in flood irrigation system average numbers of irrigations were 15 per year and WUE was 2.34 kg m-3only. Therefore, furrow irrigation system is recommended for the citrus growers to improve the water use efficiency, yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin.

O uso racional da água potável tem sido motivo de preocupação na sociedade atual. Tem-se adotado diversas políticas com o propósito de conscientizar a população e criou-se dispositivos legais sobre o assunto, no sentido reduzir o desperdício e implementar a utilização de fontes alternativas para fins menos nobres que a ingestão. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar o projeto de otimização e de automação do aproveitamento de água pluvial e o efeito do monitoramento do consumo de água potável implantado em uma escola técnica da rede federal. Como resultado, verifica-se que o aproveitamento de água pluvial corresponde a um terço do consumo total de água no período investigado após a implementação do projeto. Aliado a isso, também se percebeu uma sensível redução no consumo de água potável, independente do aproveitamento da água pluvial. Do ponto de vista econômico, verificou-se uma considerável redução da fatura de consumo de água potável paga pela instituição após a implantação do projeto. The rational use of drinking water has been a cause of concern in today's society. A number of policies have been adopted with the purpose of raising awareness of the population and legal provisions have been created to reduce waste and implement alternative sources for purposes less noble than intake. In this sense, the objective of this work is to show the optimization and automation project of the use of rainwater and the effect of the monitoring of the consumption of drinking water implanted in a technical school of the federal network. As a result, it is verified that the utilization of rainwater corresponds to one third of the total water consumption in the period investigated after the implementation of the project. Allied to this, also a noticeable reduction in the consumption of drinking water, independent of the utilization of the rain water. From the economic point of view, there was a considerable reduction of the drinking water bill paid by the institution after the project was implemented.

We examined the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on some physiological and agronomical traits in tropically grown sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Seven different irrigation strategies were applied over three consecutive years and compared regarding their effects on leaf gas exchange, vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality and gene expression of fruit quality-related genes. Stomatal conductance and leaf temperature were significantly affected by the different irrigation treatments and seasonal variations in the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit and air temperature. Both PRD treatments (with alternation of the irrigation side every 15 and 30 days) significantly increased the irrigation water use efficiency by 41–56% compared to the full irrigation treatment. RDI treatments induced a significant upregulation of genes related to the citrate metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis. Trees exposed to PRD with alternation of the irrigation side at every 15 days, as well as to RDI at the fruit ripening stage, showed values of yield, productive efficiency, fruit mass, length and size, juice yield and ratio between soluble solids and titratable acidity similar to those of the full irrigation treatment. Therefore, PRD and RDI can be viable water saving irrigation strategies for sweet orange production in tropical conditions.

Rainwater harvesting is adopted to face water scarcity in arid regions. Many studies were developed in Jordan to estimate the potential of water harvesting for several uses. However, the precise estimation of water saving and cost benefits for the potential of rainwater harvesting from the roofs of residential urban areas is insufficient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of rainwater harvesting from residential rooftops in all the eighty-nine Jordanian districts. The forecast number of buildings was calculated from 2016 to 2025 using building growth rate, where the number of houses and villas was adopted only. The long-term rainfall average from 1937 to 2017 was used. Two scenarios were used to assess the potential of rainwater harvesting; numerical (as scenario 1) and tabulated by plumbing code (as scenario 2) for the years from 2019 to 2025. Also, the growth rate of one cubic meter of water cost was calculated to find the money saving potential for the water companies in Jordan. The results indicated that the water harvesting potential was different between two scenarios in the districts which have annual rainfall more than 100 mm was efficient in scenario 1 compared to scenario 2 with the projected financial return which was increased from $5.4 million at 2019 to reach $33.4 million at 2025, while in the districts which have annual rainfall less than 100 mm was more efficient in scenario 2 compared to scenario 1 with the projected financial return which was increased from $2.4 million at 2019 to reach $14.6 million at 2025.

Dünyada yaşanan hızlı nüfus artışı ve sanayinin gelişmesine paralel olarak su kullanımı da her geçen gün artmaktadır. Temiz su kaynaklarına olan erişimin zorlaştığı günümüzde, mevcut su kaynaklarının tasarruflu kullanılmasına ilave olarak alternatif su kaynaklarının yaratılması oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Bu alternatif kaynaklardan birisi olan arıtılmış atıksuların farklı alanlarda yeniden kullanılması, su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımına önemli oranda katkı sağlayacaktır. Dünyanın en kalabalık şehirlerinden birisi olan İstanbul, ticaret merkezi olması, ekonomisinin büyüklüğü, konumu, tarihi ve turistik değerleri ile en fazla göç alan şehirlerin başında gelmektedir. 16 milyonluk nüfusu ve yıllık ‰24.2 nüfus artış hızı ile İstanbul’da, yüksek miktarlarda atıksuyun oluşması kaçınılmazdır. Bu çalışmada, Paşaköy İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi’nde arıtılmış atıksuların Riva Deresi’ne deşarj edilmeden önce Ömerli Havzası’ndaki yeşil alan ve tarım arazilerinin sulanmasında kullanılması halinde sağlanabilecek su tasarruf miktarı hesaplanmıştır. In parallel with the rapid population growth in the world and the development of industry, water use is increasing day by day. It is very important to create alternative water resources in addition to the efficient use of existing water resources, in today's world, where access to clean water resources is difficult. The reuse of treated wastewater, one of these alternative sources, in different areas will contribute significantly to the sustainable use of water resources. Being one of the most crowded cities in the world, Istanbul is one of the cities that receive the most immigration with its being a trade center, the size of its economy, its location, historical and touristic values. With a population of 16 million and an annual population growth rate of 24.2‰, large amounts of wastewater will inevitably occur in Istanbul. In this study, the amount of water savings that can be achieved if treated wastewater from Paşaköy Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant is used for irrigation of green areas and agricultural lands in Ömerli Basin before being discharged to Riva Stream has been calculated.

The imbalance between precipitation and water evaporation has caused crop yield reduction, drought, and desertification. Furthermore, most parts of the world are short of water, including China. We proposed a low-cost polymer multilayer film to reduce water evaporation by only passing through several sunlight wavelengths necessary for photosynthesis. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the influence of partial sunlight on the reduction of water evaporation. Evaporation containers and evaporation pans were placed in open-air (CK), under a glass shed (GS), and under a glass-shed covered with multilayer films (GMF). Our results showed a significant reduction in water evaporation under GMF. Cumulative soil surface evaporation of CK, GS and GMF over 45 days was 80.53 mm, 68.12 mm, and 56.79 mm, respectively. Under GMF, cumulative water evaporation from soil and pan surfaces decreased by 29% and 26%. The slope (β1≠0) of simple linear regression showed a significant relationship between evaporation time and cumulative water evaporation (p = 0.000 < α = 0.05 shown in the ANOVA table). The correlation coefficient was more than 0.91 in all treatments, suggesting a strong positive linear relationship. This study may contribute to future drought resistance and agrivoltaic sustainability development.

A field study was carried for two consecutive kharif and rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 on farmer’s fields across 15 locations each year during kharif and 9 locations each year - during rabi in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. We tested five crop establishment methods viz., dry direct sowing using fertilizer-cum seed drill under irrigated conditions, drum seeding, systems of rice intensification (SRI), mechanized transplanting using rice 8 row yanmar transplanter, and manual transplanting. Study findings revealed that transplanting with rice planter emerged as high yielding method of establishment where the grain yield was higher by 9.21% over manual transplanting. Dry direct sowing was found to be highly profitable method of rice establishment by recording higher net returns Rs. 12596/ha compared to manual planting. Dry direct sowing and SRI proved as water productive rice establishment methods which took lesser water by 22.45% and 18.78% compared to manual transplanting during kharif. Whereas during rabi, drum seeding proved as profitable and water saving method of crop establishment in rice.

As water resources become increasingly scarce, manufacturers in high-water-consumption (HWC) industries are trying to seek water-saving services (WSS) from a WSS provider to reduce water consumption in the product-manufacturing/service-providing process. In this context, the game-theoretical decision models for dual competing HWC manufacturers under the scenario without/with WSS are developed, analyzed and compared respectively, the corresponding numerical and sensitivity analyses for all models are conducted and compared, on this basis, the corresponding management insights are summarized in this article. The research results indicate that: (1) Introducing a water-saving service (WSS) provider, conducting water-saving initiatives and adopting the cooperative strategy in the WSS supply chain are beneficial to enhancing the competitive advantage and improving operational performance, social welfare and consumer surplus for the HWC manufacturers. (2) Reducing product cost and reducing water consumption quantity per unit product are beneficial to improving the operational performance and social welfare for all stakeholders in the competition. (3) Making a proper water price could effectively motivate the HWC manufacturers to introduce water-saving service (WSS) and conduct water-saving initiatives. (4) Reducing water-saving costs is beneficial to improving the operational performance and social welfare for the WSS supply chain.

Dryland usage for shallot cultivation is very potential in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province Indonesia. However, its utilization is faced with various obstacles such as soil low fertility, limited water availability, and high pest and disease attacks. Currently, farmers apply flood and furrow irrigation methods for shallot cultivation in NTB Province, which may not suitable on dryland, especially on coarse texture soils. The purpose of this study was to obtain a package of water-saving technology to increase the productivity of shallots in the dryland of NTB. There were three treatments of technology packages tested laid as Randomized Block Design: A ( Trichoderma sp. , bio-urine liquid fertilizer, sprinkler irrigation; B (bio-urine liquid fertilizer, furrow irrigation); and C (farmer practice), involving farmer group members from planning to evaluating for the technology package that being tested. The amount of water used was measured using a water meter. The results showed that package A had achieved the highest shallot yield at 31.6 tons ha -1 , which was 14% and 45% higher compared to package B and C, respectively. Package A was also able to save water irrigation for 62.1% and 95.8% compared to package B and C, respectively. Thus, sprinkler irrigation not only can increase shallot yield but also better in saving water irrigation. Penggunaan lahan kering untuk budidaya bawang merah di Nusa Tenggara Barat sangat potensial. Namun hal tersebut terkendala oleh beberapa masalah seperti rendahnya kesuburan tanah, terbatasnya air irigasi, dan tingginya gangguan hama dan penyakit. Saat ini, petani di NTB mengairi tanaman bawang merah dengan cara direndam atau leb yang belum tentu sesuai dengan kondisi lahan kering terutama pada tanah dengan tekstur berpasir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan paket teknologi hemat air yang dapat meningkatkan hasil dan pendapatan budidaya bawang merah di lahan kering. Ada tiga perlakuan paket teknologi yang ditata dengan rancangan acak kelompok yaitu A ( T richoderma sp., pupuk organik cair bio-urine, dan irigasi curah); B (pupuk organik cair bio-urine, dan pengairan leb), dan paket C (cara petani: pengairan leb). Penelitian ini melibatkan petani mulai dari perencanaan sampai evaluasi paket teknologi yang diujikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paket A menghasilkan produksi tertinggi sebesar 31,6 t ha -1 , atau 14% dan 45% ebih tinggi dari paket B dan C. Paket A juga mampu menghemat air irigasi sebanyak 62,1% dan 95,8% dibandingkan dengan paket B dan C. Dengan demikian, penggunaan irigasi curah mampu meningkatkan hasil dan menghemat air irigasi.