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The increasing global demand for a renewable transportation fuels has motivated the search for alternatives such as biodiesel. The focus of this work was to completely characterize waste vegetable oil and evaluate its potentials as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The waste vegetable oil was extensively characterized to determine its key properties and chemical composition such as acid value, viscosity, iodine value, saponification value, fatty acid composition etc. The results showed that the waste vegetable oil exhibited desirable properties, such as a low free fatty acid value of 5.28%, a kinematic viscosity of 38.03 mPas, and iodine value of 82.90 mg I2/100g oil and a saponification of 207.10 mg KOH/g oil, indicating its suitability for biodiesel production. Furthermore, its fatty acid profile showed a blend of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which play important role in the quality of biodiesel. This work has shown that waste vegetable oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.

The ongoing use of traditional fossil-based fuels has a variety of negative environmental effects, motivating the need to seek out sustainable and environmentally favorable alternatives such as biodiesel. One of the major challenges associated with the biodiesel process is the cost associated with the feedstocks. Thus, there is motivation to seek out alternative and low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel production. Thus, the focus of this work was to assess the potentials of waste vegetable oil (WVO) and Sesamum indicum oil as inexpensive and sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel production. This was done by completely characterizing both oils to determine their key characteristic which indicate their suitability for producing biodiesel. The results showed that free fatty acid content, viscosity, peroxide value, density and saponification value of WVO and Sesamum indicum oil were 2.9 and 1.89 %, 21.4 and 6.40 mm2/s, 2.8 and 3.1 meq O2/g, 971 and 896 kg/m3, and 190 and 174.6 mg KOH/g respectively. These values were comparable with those reported in literature and indicated the suitability of both oil feedstocks for biodiesel production.

Kontrolsüz bir şekilde çevreye bırakılan atıklar, çevre ve insan sağlığına zarar vermektedir. Bu atıklardan birisi de kullanılmış bitkisel atık yağlardır. Özellikle bitkisel yağların kızartma sonrasında diğer atıklardan ayrı toplanmayarak çevreye bırakılması/atılması önemli çevresel sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Diğer atık yağlar gibi bitkisel atık yağların da çevreye zarar vermeden kimyasal ve/veya biyolojik çeşitli aşamalardan geçirilerek geri kazanımı mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bitkisel atık yağın herhangi bir aşamadan geçirilmeden farklı bir şekilde değerlendirilebilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için güneş enerjili su ısıtma sistemlerinde kullanılan iki fazlı kapalı termosifon tip ısı borusunda geleneksel çalışma akışkanı olarak kullanılan suyun yerine bitkisel atık yağın kullanılabilirliği deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Termosifon tip ısı boruları içindeki çalışma akışkanı sıvı ve gaz olmak üzere aynı anda iki fazda olmakta ve alt ucundan aldığı ısıyı üst ucuna taşımaktadır. Böylece iki farklı ortam arasında bir ısı transferi sağlanmaktadır. Termosifonlar ısıtma amaçlı kullanılabileceği gibi soğutma amaçlı da kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada vakumlu cam tüp içerisine yerleştirilen termosifon tip ısı borusu bir depo içerisindeki 400ml hacimdeki suyun ısıtılması için kullanılmıştır. Laboratuvar şartlarında gerçekleştirilen deneylerde enerji kaynağı olarak güneş enerjisi yerine akkor bir lambadan sağlanan ışık enerjisinden yararlanılmıştır. Termosifonun buharlaştırıcı hacminin %30’u kadarına çalışma akışkanı olarak 13ml bitkisel atık yağ konulmuştur. Güneş simülasyonu şeklinde yapılan ve 3 saat ile sınırlandırılan deneyler sonucunda sistemin verimi %33 olarak hesaplanmıştır., Wastes released into the environment in an uncontrolled manner harm the environment and human health. One of these wastes is used vegetable waste oils. Especially, leaving/disposing of vegetable oils to the environment after frying by not collecting them separately from other wastes causes significant environmental problems. Like other waste oils, it is possible to recover vegetable waste oils by passing through various chemical and/or biological stages without harming the environment. For this, the usability of vegetable waste oil instead of the water used as the traditional working fluid in the two-phase closed hermosyphon type heat pipe used in solar water heating systems has been experimentally investigated. The working fluid in the thermosyphon type heat pipes is in two phases at the same time, liquid and gas, and carries the heat from the lower end to the upper end. Thus, a heat transfer is provided between two different environments. Thermosyphons can be used for heating as well as for cooling. In this study, a thermosiphon type heat pipe placed in a vacuum glass tube was used to heat 400 ml of water in a tank. In the experiments carried out under laboratory conditions, light energy from an incandescent lamp was used instead of solar energy as an energy source. As the working fluid, 13 ml of vegetable waste oil was placed in up to 30% of the evaporator volume of the thermosyphon. As a result of the experiments conducted in the form of solar simulation and limited to 3 hours, the efficiency of the system was calculated as 33%.

An investigation into biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil using a catalyst synthesized from waste clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) shells was carried out. The clam shells were thermally decomposed at 800 °C for 5 h and its properties were characterized with SEM and XRF. It is composed of 30.88 wt.% CaO and other basic oxides catalysts known to be active in transesterification; and a surface morphology indicating pores in the catalyst. The transesterification reaction was conducted and the effect of alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and temperature on the yield of the biodiesel were determined. Maximum biodiesel yield of 76.18 wt. % was realized at 60 °C, 9:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil, a catalyst concentration of 3 wt.% in a reaction time of 2 h. The FTIR studies of the biodiesel showed that it is composed of alkanes, aromatics, alcohols and the physiochemical properties, namely density, viscosity and flash point are 0.897 g/mL, 3.9 mm2 /s and 152.8 °C, respectively; falls within the biodiesel ASTM specifications.

Biodizel je ester masnih kiselina koji se najčešće sintetizira reakcijom transesterifikacije triglicerida (biljna ulja i životinjske masti) s alkoholom u prisustvu katalizatora. Proizvodnjom od otpadnog ulja, eliminiraju se dodatni troškovi uzgoja biljaka uljarica, štede se plodne površine i voda, izbjegava se kompeticija s hranom što može dovesti do rasta cijena i nedostatka hrane (jestiva biljna ulja) te se smanjuje nastanak otpada u prehrambenom sektoru. Struktura molekule biodizela ovisi o sirovinama od kojih se sintetizira. Masne kiseline triglicerida uglavnom su ravnolančane, stoga molekula alkohola određuje hoće li ester biti razgranat ili ravnolančan. Oblik molekule je odlučujuć za neka svojstva dizelskog goriva. Primjerice, duže ravnolančane molekule povećat će vrijednost cetanskog broja, dok će razgranati esteri sniziti tecište što će omogućiti rad pri nižim temperaturama. Cetanski broj je primarni indikator kvalitete goriva korištenog u kompresijskim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Neki biodizeli pokazuju visoke vrijednost cetanskog broja, no dokazano je kako su dulji ugljikovodični lanci u molekulama estera proporcionalno povezani s vrijednosti cetanskog broja. U tu svrhu istražuju se sinteze s višim alkoholima poput 1-heksanola. U ovom radu ispitivani su utjecaji reakcijskih parametara na iskorištenje reakcije transesterifikacije otpadnog ulja s heksanolom. Pratio se utjecaj molarnog omjera alkohol/ulje, utjecaj masenog udjela lužnatog katalizatora KOH, utjecaj reakcijskog vremena i temperature. Iskorištenje se određivalo iz 1H NMR spektra integriranjem površine pojedinih signala. Eksperimentalnim dijelom rada utvrđeno je da se najveće iskorištenje dobiva pri temperaturi od 60 °C. Veće iskorištenje reakcija je imala s molarnim omjerom alkohol/ulje 12:1. Veći suvišak alkohola ovu je ravnotežnu reakciju pomaknuo više prema produktima. Maseni udio katalizatora od w(KOH) = 3 % dao je veća iskorištenja reakcije u odnosu na w(KOH) = 1 %. Visoka iskorištenja reakcije dobila su se već nakon 2 minute, no do 15. minute iskorištenje se u prosjeku još povisilo za 1,59 % i doseglo svoj maksimum. Eksperimentalno je pokazano da na iskorištenje najviše utječu parametri maseni udio katalizatora te molarni omjer alkohol/ulje. Biodiesel fuel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, commonly synthesized via transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oils and animal fats) with an alcohol, in a presence of a catalyst. Production of biodiesel fuel from waste vegetable oil eliminates additional costs of growing oilseed plants as a raw material, reduces the amount of waste in the food sector, preserves fertile land area and water, eliminates direct competition with food which could otherwise potentially lead to price increase and shortages of edible vegetable oils. The structure of the biodiesel molecule depends on the feedstock from which it's synthesized. The triglyceride’s fatty acids have mainly straight hydrocarbon chains, so the alcohol molecule determines if the ester will be straight-chained or branched. The molecule structure is determinant for some diesel fuel properties. For example, longer straight-chained molecules will have higher cetane number values, while branched ones will have lower pour point values and, therefore, engines will be able to perform at lower temperatures. Cetane number is the prime indicator of the fuel quality used in the internal combustion compression engines. Some biodiesel fuels show high cetane number values. It has been proven that longer hydrocarbon chains in the ester molecules are proportionately related to the cetane number value, therefore, synthesis with higher alcohols are being tested, such as 1-Hexanol. In this research, the influence of reaction parameters on the transesterification process of waste vegetable oil with 1-Hexanol was examined. The influence of the alcohol/oil molar ratio, the influence of the mass fraction of the alkaline catalyst KOH, the influence of the reaction time and temperature were monitored. The conversion was calculated from 1H NMR spectra by integrating the surface areas of specific signals. The experimental part of the research established that 60 °C is the best temperature out of given three in the reaction. 12:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio had a higher conversion because greater excess of an alcohol shifted this reversible chemical reaction more towards the products. The catalyst mass fraction of w(KOH) = 3 % gave higher reaction yields than the 1 % one. High conversions of the reaction were obtained after only 2 minutes, but by the 15th minute the conversion increased by approximately 1.59 % and reached its near maximum. It was experimentally shown that the parameters that have the greatest effect on conversion are the mass fraction of the catalyst and the alcohol to oil molar ratio.

The rise in global energy demand has encouraged exploring into other innovative methods of generating renewable fuels from different forms of waste. Due to its accessibility, culinary used vegetable oil is regarded as a potential source for profitable production of biodiesel. In the present study, the viability of producing biodiesel from used vegetable oil (UVO) by utilizing CaO catalyst (derived from the calcination of chicken eggshell and impregnated with KNO3 and NaNO3) was studied. Higher yield of biodiesel was obtained at methanol/oil mole ratio of (9–10) and CaO catalyst concentration of (2.0–3.0) wt/wt% Oil, for the three forms of catalyst used. Also, higher yield of biodiesel was obtained when CaO with impregnated KNO3 was used, followed by the operation involving CaO with impregnated NaNO3. At optimum conditions of methanol/oil mole ratio of 9 and catalyst concentration of 2.4 wt/wt% Oil, the yields of biodiesel obtained were 90% (for unimpregnated catalyst), 92% (using CaO impregnated with NaNO3) and 95% (using CaO impregnated with KNO3). The higher biodiesel yield obtained for CaO impregnated with KNO3 (compared to the yield from CaO impregnated with NaNO3) could be traced to a more reactive nature of potassium and arrangement of electrons of both potassium and sodium. The results of the tests and analysis on biodiesel properties reveal that quality biodiesel were produced from the three forms of catalyst used. This is because, each of the values of the properties considered falls within the ASTM standard.

Objectives: In the search of an economical process for bio-diesel synthesis, waste cooking oil was analyzed as a poten-tial feedstock. The influence of different concentrations and granulations of the zeolite catalyst on the yield and quality of the final product was also investigated.Methods: The pretreatment of waste oil was carried out using the simple processes of filtration and drying with CaCl2, after which its physicochemical properties were de-termined. Transesterification of waste oil with methanol was carried out using zeolite clinoptilolite as the catalyst. Its preparation included modification with sodium hydrox-ide, drying at 105°C and calcination at 300°C. As for the waste oil, the density, acid and peroxide number, moisture content, kinematic viscosity and flash point of the obtained biodiesels were determined by standardized methods. After the synthesis, the Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the obtained biodiesel and waste cooking oil were recorded and compared.Results: The process of transesterification with methanol was found to be suitable due to the high conversion of waste oil esters under relatively mild reaction conditions. Moreover, modified natural clinoptilolite proved to be a suitable catalyst for the process of biodiesel production. At each catalyst concentration and granulation, the biodiesel yield was satisfactory and its quality parameters met the prescribed standards. Conclusion: The basic characteristics of the biodiesel ob-tained from waste cooking oil enable its potential appli-cation. Moreover, the properties of clinoptilolite, such as concentration and particle size, can be adjusted for each transesterification process to attain high quality product. The performed experiment presents an example of the efficient linking of biofuel production and waste oil dis-posal processes.

At present, the regeneration agent with mineral oil as the main component is widely used. However, its strong volatility, nonrenewability, and other shortcomings restrict the development of regeneration technology. In this study, waste vegetable oil was used as the main component of the regeneration agent to prepare regenerated aging asphalt. The change in microstructure of aging asphalt was explored with the change in waste vegetable oil content and regeneration time. The results showed that the addition of waste vegetable oil could effectively supplement the contents of saturates and aromatics, and inhibit the oxidation of saturates and aromatics into asphaltene and resin. When the regeneration time was 60 min and the regeneration content was 7.0%, the effect was best. The correlation between the component composition of regenerated aging asphalt and the micro-morphological characteristics was in the order of saturates, asphaltene, resin, and aromatics.

Indexación: Scopus. The use of waste materials as feedstock for biosynthesis of valuable compounds has been an intensive area of research aiming at diminishing the consumption of non-renewable materials. In this study, P. putida KT2440 was employed as a cell factory for the bioconversion of waste vegetable oil into medium-chain-length Polyhydroxyalkanoates. In the presence of the waste oil this environmental strain is capable of secreting enzymes with lipase activities that enhance the bioavailability of this hydrophobic carbon substrate. It was also found that the oxygen transfer coefficient is directly correlated with high PHA levels in KT2440 cells when metabolizing the waste frying oil. By knocking out the tctA gene, encoding for an enzyme of the tripartite carboxylate transport system, an enhanced intracellular level of mcl-PHA was found in the engineered strain when grown on fatty acids. Batch bioreactors showed that the KT2440 strain produced 1.01 (g⋅L −1 ) of PHA whereas the engineered ΔtctA P. putida strain synthesized 1.91 (g⋅L −1 ) after 72 h cultivation on 20 (g⋅L −1 ) of waste oil, resulting in a nearly 2-fold increment in the PHA volumetric productivity. Taken together, this work contributes to accelerate the pace of development for efficient bioconversion of waste vegetable oils into sustainable biopolymers. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135951131831451X?via%3Dihub

In this work, Camellia oleifera Abel shell was used as a feedstock to prepare biochar by HNO3 impregnation and pyrolysis. The biochar was used for the catalytic pyrolysis of waste vegetable oil to prepare bio-oil. Experimental results showed that HNO3 solution treatment had an important effect on the groups and structure of the biochar catalyst. When the solid/liquid ratio of pretreatment was 1:3, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of the 1:3–600°C biochar is 392.65 m2/g, which is approximately 677 times higher than that of untreated biochar. Moreover, the biochar catalyst had a remarkable catalytic performance. The selectivity of the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the bio-oil was up to 78.82%, and the oxy-compound could be completely removed at the catalytic temperature of 600°C. However, the increase of the catalyst-to-waste vegetable oil ratio and catalytic temperature decreased the bio-oil yield.

Teknolojideki gelişmeler ve sanayileşme ile birlikte ortaya çıkan hızlı kentleşme ve nüfus artışı, tüm dünyada insan faaliyetlerini hızla artırmaktadır. Artan tüketim eğilimi sonucu oluşan atıklar, çevre ve insan sağlığını tehdit eder hale gelmiştir. Bitkisel atık yağlar, ekotoksik özellikleri nedeniyle çevre ile uyumlu olarak yönetilmesi gereken atıklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Stokastik Çok Kriterli Kabul Edilebilirlik Analizi-2 (SMAA-2) yöntemi ile bitkisel atık yağların geri kazanımını artırmak üzere tasarlanan bitkisel atık yağ toplama kutuları için Samsun iline bağlı Atakum ilçesinde yer seçimi hedeflenmektedir. Nüfus yoğunluğu, tramvay istasyonlarına yakınlık, okullara yakınlık, parklara yakınlık gibi kriterlerin uzmanlar tarafından önem derecelerine göre sıralandığı çalışmada, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yazılımlarından ArcGIS ile belirlenen 11 alternatif yer SMAA-2 yöntemi ile sıralanmaktadır., Rapid urbanization and population growth that have resulted from technological development and industrialization are increasing human activities all over the world. The waste generated as a result of the increasing consumption trend has become threatening to the environment and human health. Waste vegetable oil is among the waste that must be managed in harmony with the environment due to its ecotoxic properties. In this study, it is aimed to determine suitable locations in Atakum district of Samsun province for waste vegetable oil collection boxes designed to increase the recovery of waste vegetable oils with the Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis-2 (SMAA-2) method. In the study, criteria such as population density, proximity to tram stops, proximity to schools, and proximity to parks are ranked by experts according to their degree of importance. 11 alternative locations determined by ArcGIS, one of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, are ranked using the SMAA-2 method.

There has increased in environmental pollution due to rapid population growth in the world. Environmental conscience of society can reduce environmental pollution. Conducting surveys can determine the existence of this conscience and public awareness on environmental issues. In addition, survey results guide the activities of municipalities, public institutions and non-governmental organizations that work to prevent environmental pollution. This study was conducted to determine with individuals living in Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt, which are the central districts of Malatya province, to determine their awareness on "environmental effects and recycling of waste vegetable oils". The results were evaluated by applying a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions. 150 individuals from each district and in total 300 individuals participated in the questionnaire which consisted of information about demography, environmental effects and recycling of waste vegetable oils. The study determined the public awareness on the effects of domestic waste oils on water, air and soil pollution and recycling (especially raw materials in biodiesel production). Following the survey, information has been provided about the effects of waste vegetable oils on the environment by creating awareness to eliminate these effects or minimalize them. Based on the survey results, it has been determined that: (i) frying consumption is inversely proportional to the age of the participants; (ii) even though specific questions were asked, the majority of the population have comprehensive knowledge on these specific issues; (iii) they follow internet, TV, radio, newspapers and magazines related to the subject, especially about the environmental awareness; (iv) informative activities of non-governmental organizations and municipalities are effective.

Objective This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of crude glycerin from waste vegetable oil (CGWVO) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle chemical composition. Methods Twenty-four crossbred (Thai Native×Anglo Nubian) uncastrated male goats (16.8± 0.46 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to a completely randomized design and subjected to four experimental diets containing 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of CGWVO (63.42% of glycerol and 47.78% of crude fat) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were offered ad libitum as total mixed rations twice daily. The feed intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, carcass and meat traits, and muscle chemical composition were evaluated. Results Based on this experiment, there were significant differences (p>0.05) among groups regarding DM intake, growth performance, and carcass traits where goats receiving 6% of CGWVO had lower daily DM intake, growth performance, and carcass traits than those fed on 0%, 2%, and 4% of CGWVO. There were no effects of CGWVO on carcass length, carcass width, Longissimus muscle (LM) area, Warner-Bratzler shear force, pH and color of LM at 45 min after slaughter, as well as on other carcass cut and muscle chemical composition. Conclusion In conclusion, the addition of up to 4% of DM in the diets for crossbred finishing goats seems to be the most interesting strategy, since it promotes greatest animal performance. Moreover, this study was a suitable approach to exploit the use of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil for goat production.

Petroleum-based fuels are now widely known as environmentally unfriendly because of non-renewable supplies and its contribution to environmental pollution. The challenge, therefore is to ensure appropriate energy supplies at minimum cost. There is an increasing energy demand in the world and nowadays it can be fulfilled only on the basis of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to evolve a renewable energy source with lower environmental impact. One alternative solution can be oils of plant origin, like vegetable oils and non-edible oils. With waste vegetable oil methyl ester, biofuel dependency can be decreased. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to analyze the economic and environmental effect of waste vegetable oil methyl ester compared to fossil fuels. In some cases only the age of vehicles could raise burdens to biofuel utilization in road vehicles. Transport and energy policy ? on a large scale ? can play an important role in fuel consumption. Author is aware that waste vegetable oil methyl ester can play only a limited role in biofuel substitution.

Dursun, Nesrin Ardahan Üniversitesi Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu, İnşaat Bölümü, İnşaat Teknolojisi Programı; Makale, Dünyada, hızlı nüfus artışına bağlı olarak çevre kirliliği artmıştır. Çevre kirliliği, toplumun çevre duyarlılığıyla azaltılabilir. Anket uygulamaları ile, halkın duyarlılığının olup olmadığı ve çevresel konulardaki farkındalıkları belirlenebilir. Ayrıca anket değerlendirmeleri, çevre kirliliğini önlemeye yönelik çalışmalar yapan belediyeler, kamu kurumları ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının çalışmalarına yön vermektedir. Bu çalışma, Malatya ili merkez ilçeleri olan Battalgazi ve Yeşilyurt'ta yaşayan bireylere "atık bitkisel yağların çevreye etkileri ve geri dönüşümü" ile ilgili farkındalıklarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. 19 sorudan oluşan anket uygulanarak sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Demografik bilgiler, atık bitkisel yağların çevreye etkileri ve geri dönüşümü ile ilgili bilgilerden oluşan ankete her ilçeden 150 birey olmak üzere 300 birey katılmıştır. Çalışma ile evsel atık yağların su, hava ve toprak kirliliğine etkileri ve geri dönüşüme verilmesi (özellikle biyodizel üretiminde ham madde olması) hususunda halkın ne derece bilinçli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anket sonrası atık yağların çevreye etkileri hakkında bilgilendirmeler yapılarak, bu etkilerin olmaması ya da asgari seviyelerde olabilmesi için farkındalığı oluşturma hedeflenmiştir. Anket uygulaması sonucunda (i) kızartma tüketiminin katılımcı yaşı ile ters orantılı olduğu; (ii) ankette spesifik sorular olmasına rağmen halkın büyük çoğunluğunun bu spesifik konulara hakim olduğu; (iii) bu farkındalıkta çevre duyarlılıkları başta olmak üzere konu ile ilgili internet, TV, radyo, gazete ve dergileri takip ettikleri; (iv) sivil toplum kuruluşları ve belediyelerin bilgilendirme faaliyetlerinin etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir., There has increased in environmental pollution due to rapid population growth in the world. Environmental conscience of society can reduce environmental pollution. Conducting surveys can determine the existence of this conscience and public awareness on environmental issues. In addition, survey results guide the activities of municipalities, public institutions and non-governmental organizations that work to prevent environmental pollution. This study was conducted to determine with individuals living in Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt, which are the central districts of Malatya province, to determine their awareness on "environmental effects and recycling of waste vegetable oils". The results were evaluated by applying a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions. 150 individuals from each district and in total 300 individuals participated in the questionnaire which consisted of information about demography, environmental effects and recycling of waste vegetable oils. The study determined the public awareness on the effects of domestic waste oils on water, air and soil pollution and recycling (especially raw materials in biodiesel production). Following the survey, information has been provided about the effects of waste vegetable oils on the environment by creating awareness to eliminate these effects or minimalize them. Based on the survey results, it has been determined that: (i) frying consumption is inversely proportional to the age of the participants; (ii) even though specific questions were asked, the majority of the population have comprehensive knowledge on these specific issues; (iii) they follow internet, TV, radio, newspapers and magazines related to the subject, especially about the environmental awareness; (iv) informative activities of non-governmental organizations and municipalities are effective.

Syngas production from biomass gasification and its use in combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems is a feasible alternative to traditional fuels in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), although its quality is poorer in terms of calorific value and energy density. Therefore, a viable option for its exploitation can be assured if ICEs operate in dual-fuel (DF) mode, where employing non-edible oils (as Waste Vegetable Oils, WVO) as a further residual material may solve issues related both to the utilization of diesel fuels and to the high costs for biodiesel production. The practice promotes a virtuous circle to enhance material recovery without disposal. A combined experimental-numerical activity for the analysis of the performances of a Compression Ignition (CI) engine in the DF mode with syngas and WVO is here presented. An appropriate pre-heating system is mounted on the engine injection line to reduce the WVO viscosity. Experimental data collected in terms of in-cylinder pressure cycle, heat release rates and main pollutants at different loads are used to validate a properly developed three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, that helps investigating the detail of the syngas fuelling on power output and emissions.

Alkylated waste vegetable oil is a versatile intermediate product in the synthesis of bio-based materials. Heterogeneous catalytic condition with high conversion rate in the direct alkylation of waste vegetable oil was reported and the deactivation mechanism of catalyst was revealed. The total exchange capacity, elemental composition and pyrolysis product of catalyst before and after the alkylation reaction were analysed by back titration, elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. The results indicated that the metallic and non-metallic (C, H) elements contents of the catalyst have very much increased with great changes in pyrolysis product and a slight decrease in the total exchange capacity. The formation of insoluble polymers through Diels–Alder cycloaddition between triglycerides was proved to be the major factor causing the dysfunction of the catalytic centre. The metal ions from corrosion of the reactor were the minor factor causing about 2.56% loss of the catalytic centre. Moreover, the catalyst was able to maintain high catalytic efficiency when replacing the raw materials with other waste vegetable oil having low concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is significant for producing not only the aryl fatty acids derivatives but also the bio-based surfactants.

Biofuels represent an alternative solution to petroleum-based fuels. In particular, biodiesel is very interesting, especially if it is produced from waste vegetable oil. Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines. The aim of this work is to implement a 2D numerical analysis in Comsol Multiphysics in order to verify an uniform temperature field within a non-isothermal batch mixed micro-reactor. An immersion heater system has been studied as a suitable solution to increase the temperature of WVO (Waste Vegetable Oil) before the start of the transesterification reaction. Thus, the efficiency of the immersion heating system has been investigated. The results show that the temperature field is not uniform within the fluid domain, because of the convective flux with the external environment. These conditions could lead to a low overall conversion rate.

Transesterification of waste vegetable oil is one of the promising partial substitutes for fossil fuels. The degradation characteristics of waste vegetable oil using supercritical alcohols (ethanol and methanol) have been studied in this research. The elementary target was to conduct comparative analysis of the effect of supercritical methanol and supercritical ethanol as solvents on the transesterification along with the analysis of product obtained in terms of carbon number. The experiments were carried out at transesterification temperatures of 250, 270 and 290 °C, retention time of 0 to 60 min at an interval of 15 min and oil to alcohol molar ratios of 1:6, 1:12 and 1:18 for both alcohols. The conversion increased with increase in transesterification temperature and retention time. At 290 °C, almost 99% conversion was achieved for 60-min holding time for both alcohols. Increase in conversion of waste vegetable oil was observed as the molar ratio increased. Supercritical transesterification resulted into ester yield higher than 95% with non-ester composition and glycerol collectively less than 5%.

Nowadays, biodiesel is being promoted worldwide as a sustainable and alternative to diesel fuel. However, there is still a lack of a biodiesel market in Mexico. Hence, a new initiative to reform the Mexican biofuels framework by decree includes the production and use of biodiesel. This regulation can ensure and contribute to the development of the biodiesel market in Mexico. The initiative proposes to start from the B5.8 blend by the end of 2017 and reach the B10 by 2020. Therefore, the objective of the present work was the quality assessment of biodiesel blends proposed by the new Mexican policy framework. The techniques applied were Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis, viscosity, higher heating value, thermogravimetric analysis, refractive index, acid number, specific gravity, flash point, and copper strip corrosion based on ASTM standards. The results indicate that the biodiesel and its blends B5.8 and B10 fulfilled relevant quality specifications established in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards for fuels. However, the fuel blends presented a higher heating value (HHV) diminution. The experimental HHV percentages decrease for the mandatory mixtures compared to diesel were 2.29% (B10), and 0.29% (B5.8).

Direct use of Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) as fuel is very attractive to reduce fossil fuels utilization and increase sustainability. WVO incorrect disposal causes serious damages to sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, if WVO reaches natural ecosystems, such as rivers, aquifers or subsoil, the environmental consequences can be severe. In recent years, the main reuse of WVO has been in biodiesel production, which is remunerative under current tax allowance policies. However, biodiesel production requires complex physical–chemical treatments, while direct use of WVO just needs mechanical treatment. As a consequence, WVO direct use in energy conversion systems lower the impact, from the economic, energetic and environmental points of view, with respect to biodiesel production. Moreover, as concerns the environmental impact, it should be considered that the direct use of WVO as fuel produces less polluting emissions when considering the whole life cycle: carbon dioxide produced during combustion, in fact, can be partially absorbed by crops used for oil production. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the work done to evaluate the effects of direct use of WVO in internal combustion engines. Many authors have shown the advantages of using straight vegetable oils or biodiesel produced from WVO as fuel, while the benefits of WVO direct use have not yet been clearly presented. The available literature still presents few papers about this topic, therefore also the use of vegetable oil, that presents physical chemical characteristics very similar to those of WVO, has been taken into account. After a brief introduction, the characteristics of WVO most affecting its use as fuel have been studied. Then several applications of WVO direct use in internal combustion engines and the available fuel supply technologies have been considered. Finally, the energetic performance and the pollutant emissions reported in literature have been deeply analyzed.

The main advantage of biodiesel to fossil-diesel is attributed to the ester functional group in its structure. Many researchers have affirmed that the functional group assists the diesel engine to function at its peak. However, the efficiency of the biodiesel to keep the mechanical piston-strokes in the diesel engine is experimentally presumed low especially if the engine works for a long time. In this research, it was proposed that the cyclic break down of the ester functional group of biodiesel is a major disadvantage. Butanol, ethanol and methanol biodiesel were produced in the laboratory using waste vegetable oil from restaurant. The Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) was used to investigate the cyclic break down in the Butyl-, Methyl- and Ethyl- biodiesel. The Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) was used to probe the various biodiesel samples with a start and stop wavelength of 500 and 900 nm respectively. The wavelength interval was 1 nm at a high scanning speed. Between 500–550 and 800–850 nm, the Ethyl- and Butyl- biodiesel had an absorbance of 2.7 and 1.6 respectively with 3 peaks each. Methyl-biodiesel had the highest absorbance of 1.7 at 600–650 nm with 1 peak. The computational extrapolation of all outcomes affirms that cyclic breaking is highest in Butyl-biodiesel. The most resilient biodiesel type was the Ethyl-biodiesel. However, it was recommended that cyclic breaking may be preserved by ratio-mixing of biodiesel with fossil-diesel.

Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel produced from fats and oils. Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) is an important feedstock for biofuel production. WVOs availability as wastes from restaurants, workplace canteens and residential users and their utilization will reduce environmental pollution. In the present work, WVO has been transesterified in a pilot plant under different conditions. The assessment of the parameters affecting the biodiesel conversion factor has been investigated, namely catalyst type and concentration and alcohol concentration. In order to maximize the yield of the process and to obtain biodiesel with lower specific gravity, an optimization process has been carried out.

Waste cooking oil (WCO) was experimentally examined to determine whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, 48 kW power tractor engine. The test engine was operated under full load conditions using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from the 2400 to 1100 rpm and performance values were recorded. Tests were performed in two stages to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on the engine life cycle. When the test engine was operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque decreased between at ratio of 0.09 % and 3% according to the engine speed. While no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel tests at the end of 100 hours of operation, an important reduction was observed in the engine torque of the WCO engine between 4.21% and 14.48% according to the engine speed, and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio was also observed. In accordance with the results obtained from the studies, it was determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with diesel fuel, but in long-term usage, performance losses increased. In the SEM analysis performed on the fuel system, there were dark deposits at the nozzle tip and stem. According to an EDX analysis at the nozzle tips, the detected elements point to engine oil ash in the combustion chamber and show coking products (C and O). The other elements (Na, S, Ca, P, Cl, and K) point to used WCO. BOSCH Bursa Dizel Sistemler

Wastewater treatment plants are high energy-consuming systems, and their electric energy consumption contributes to 25–30% of the total operating costs. A significant part of thermal energy is needed for management of the sludge produced during the process. Sludge drying by Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems is attractive to obtain substantial economic and energy savings, especially if all the waste heat can be used. Since biogas production, where available, is insufficient for sludge drying, the direct use of the exhaust gases of a CHP system fuelled with syngas derived from sludge gasification and waste vegetable oil, is proposed. The profitability of this system is comparable with that of the systems currently employed in advanced wastewater treatment plants. The economic convenience derives from the reduction of sludge to be disposed and the overall energy saving in the plant. The simple payback of the proposed system, equal to 6.8 years, is only one year higher than that found for of an analogue conventional system, while the Net Present Value is 30% higher than that calculated for a conventional system. In terms of environmental impact, the layout presented is more efficient as biomass-derived fuels are used instead of fossil fuels.

This study used environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate waste vegetable oil (WVO) biodiesel production at the University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability (CARES). CARES production data and Natural Resources Canada’s GHGenius LCA data were utilized to conduct a well-to-gate LCA. A range of scenarios were studied including using soybean oil feedstock and implementing methanol recovery. Results suggest that methanol is the environmental bottleneck of the WVO biodiesel production system. Results also suggest soybean biodiesel production released more GHG emissions and consumed more energy than both WVO biodiesel or petroleum diesel production. LCA is an iterative process. Due to the study’s limited scope, and status as a screening study, it is recommended that the study of the impacts of the CARES facility be redone with more reliable facility data, that it include the anaerobic digester, as well as a well-to-wheels boundary. University of Guelph

Bu çalışma, 03-06 Eylül 2013 tarihleri arasında Prague[Çek Cumhuriyeti]’da düzenlenen 5. International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering’da bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. In this study; the availability of waste cooking oil (WCO) is experimentally examined whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection and 48 kW power tractor engine. Test engine is operated at full load conditions by using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from 2400 to 1100 cycle and performance values are recorded. Tests are performed in two stages in order to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on engine life cycle. When the test engine is operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque has decreased between 0,09 % and 3 % according to the cycle and average smoke opacity ratio has remained at the same ratios. However in the tests performed at the end of 100-hour operation; while no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel, significant reduction is seen in the engine torque of WCO between 4,21 % and 14,48 % according to the cycle and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio is seen. The results obtained from the studies, it is determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with the diesel fuel but in long-term usage, performance losses have increased.

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Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013. Biofuels have been used as an energy source for heating and cooking since the beginning of time. However, recent changes in the demand for energy, and in particular, renewable energy, have spurred the growth of liquid biofuel industries in developed countries. Many developing countries, including South Africa have the potential to produce biofuels with benefits extending into the economic and social spheres. Despite government commitments and targets, the South African biodiesel and bio-ethanol industries have stalled in the starting blocks. This research aims to assess the reasons why. South Africa does not have the climate to compete with Brazil in bio-ethanol production and the scope for bioethanol is limited by environmental factors. However our neighbours show significantly more promise in this area. Biodiesel production is more likely to be commercially viable due to the country’s ability to grow oil crops and the need for the by-products. Despite the availability of land for cultivation of energy crops, the required technology and suitable infrastructure, progress has been slow. Uncertainty, high risk and misdirected government interventions have hampered investment in the sector and those involved in biofuel projects are very negative about the government’s ability to stimulate the industry. Consequently, they are looking towards importing feedstock material and exporting the biofuel. This will create a limited number of jobs, but will be energy and carbon negative, and will not aid rural development. Currently there is no medium or large scale virgin oil to biofuel producer operating in the country and the start-up dates for projects are beyond 2013. The WVO biodiesel industry has grown rapidly in the last five years but is limited to small scale operators with limited benefit potential. With the exception of Brazil, other world leaders in biofuels are facing heavy criticism and the mechanisms used to initially boost the industry have very limited application in South Africa. The benefits of biofuel production in South Africa are plentiful and align well with social need and development goals. Masters

This study uses the process simulator ASPEN Plus® and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare three process design alternatives for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oils that are: the conventional alkali-catalyzed process including a free fatty acids (FFAs) pre-treatment, the acid-catalyzed process, and the supercritical methanol process using propane as co-solvent. Results show that the supercritical methanol process using propane as co-solvent is the most environmentally favorable alternative. Its smaller steam consumption in comparison with the other process design alternatives leads to a lower contribution to the potential environmental impacts (PEI’s). The acid-catalyzed process generally shows the highest PEI’s, in particular due to the high energy requirements associated with methanol recovery operations.

Converting waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities, restaurants and households to biodiesel by the transestrification reaction with methanol has important advantages for human health and environment. The transesterification reaction of waste vegetable oils is affected by free fatty acids and water content of oils and fats, type of alcohol, type and quantities of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time. Basic aim of this paper is to explore effect of type and quantities of catalyst on transesterification process of different waste vegetable oils from food processing facilities with methanol. Comparison of basic characteristics between produced biodiesel, industrially produced biodiesel and values from European standards for biodiesel fuel (EN14214) was made.

Se han investigado las ventajas de un sistema de digestión anaerobia en dos fases para el tratamiento de una mezcla de los residuos oleosos (RO) generados en el procesado de aceites vegetales usados y purín porcino (PP), 1/5 v/v, utilizando dos digestores semi-continuos operados a 37±1 ºC. Los experimentos fueron llevados a cabo a tiempos hidráulicos de residencia (THR) de 0.5, 1, 2 y 4 días en la primera etapa (reactor acidogénico) y de 11.5, 15, 18 y 20 días en la segunda etapa (reactor metanogénico). Los resultados revelaron que el THR tiene una gran influencia en la eliminación de demanda química de oxígeno soluble (DQOs) y sólidos disueltos totales (SDT). La máxima eficiencia de eliminación de DQOs, SDT y producción máxima de biogás fueron de 86.4% y 81.9% y 0.65 m³ biogás por kilogramo de sólido disuelto volátil (SDV) eliminado (65% CH4) respectivamente, conseguidas todas a un THR total de 20 días. This study investigates the advantages of two-phase anaerobic digestion for treating a mixture (1/5 v/v) of used vegetable oils processing wastes and pig manure using two semi-continuous digesters operated at mesophilic temperature (37±1 ºC). The experiments were conducted at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 days in the first stage (acidifier) and at HRT of 11.5, 15, 18 and 20 days in the second stage (methanizer). The results revealed that the HRT had a high influence on the soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs) and total dissolved solids (TDS) removal. The maximum total CODs removal efficiency of 86.4% and TDS removal efficiency of 81.9% was achieved at 20 days of global HRT. The maximum biogas production of 0.65 m³ per kilogramme of volatile dissolved solids (VDS) removed (65% CH4) was also achieved at 20 days of HRT.

Diesel fuel (waste methyl ester, WME) production from waste vegetable oil due to the recycling and the environmental protection of rivers and sea has been carried out in Yaku town of Yakushima Island since October 1999. In this study, the collection of waste vegetable oil and the WME production were investigated. The part of waste vegetable oil sampled in Yakushima had high acid value (deterioration) compared with other area. The amount of gathered waste vegetable oil was 15-17 kL per year. This value was 35-45% of the amount in which the collection was possible. The fuel conversion ratio of WME from waste vegetable oil was 96%. The fuel properties of WME were the same as those presented by authors. The produced WME has been used as diesel fuel for the 20 vehicles of a Yaku town office.