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Bu çalışmada, hayvancılık işletmelerinin yoğun olduğu Kütahya ilinde bulunan süt sığırı işletmelerinin mevcut uygulamadaki atık depolama, değerlendirme ve yönetim sistemleri, işletmelerde oluşan hayvansal atıkların fonksiyonel özellikleri ve çevreye olan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle bölge genelini temsil edebilecek 100 adet süt sığırı işletmesi çalışma materyali olarak seçilmiştir. Önceki çalışmaların sonuçları ile birlikte değerlendirmeler yapılarak, süt sığırı hayvancılığının bölgemizdeki geleceği açısından uygulanabilir öneri ve yaklaşımlar sunulmuştur. Araştırma alanında bulunan işletmelerin gübre yönetimleri incelendiğinde, %66’sında insan gücü ve kürekle toplanan gübre, %80 oranında açıkta yığın olarak uygun olmayan koşullarda bekletilmektedir. İşletmelerin sadece %20’sinde gübre deposu bulunmakta ve araştırma alanı işletmelerinin önemli bir kısmı (%62) yerleşim alanları içinde faaliyet göstermektedir. İşletmelerin %47’si su kaynaklarına çok yakın konumda bulunmakta ve çoğunluğunda gübre toplama ve depolama yöntemleri uygun olmayan koşullarda yapıldığı için ekolojik anlamda potansiyel tehlike unsurları içermektedir. Su, toprak, görüntü ve koku kirliliğinin önlenebilir olması, işletmelerin yerleşim yerlerine, su kaynaklarına yeterli uzaklıkta ve uygun alt yapı ile kurulup işletilmeleri ile mümkün olacaktır.

Od 1 stycznia 2021 r. obowiązuje rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 11 września 2020 r. w sprawie szczegółowych wymagań dla magazynowania odpadów, określające szczegółowe wymagania, które muszą spełnić miejsca magazynowania odpadów. Cel niniejszego opracowania stanowi analiza przepisów o etykietowaniu odpadów niebezpiecznych pod kątem zakresu podmiotowego i przedmiotowego adresatów zobowiązanych do umieszczania etykiet oraz zwolnionych z tego obowiązku. Pozwala ona stwierdzić, że w wyniku wyłączenia znacznej grupy podmiotów spod obowiązku stosowania etykiet cele omawianego rozporządzenia nie mogą zostać osiągnięte. From January 1, 2021, the Regulation of the Minister of Climate of September 11, 2020 on detailed requirements for the storage of waste, specifying detailed requirements that must be met by waste storage places, applies. The aim of this study is to analyze the provisions on labeling hazardous waste from the perspective of the personal scope of addressees obliged to place labels and those exempt from this obligation. As a result of the exclusion of a significant group of operators from the labeling of hazardous waste, I consider that the objectives of this regulation cannot be achieved. С 1 января 2020 года действует Постановление министра климата от 11 сентября 2020 года о детальных требованиях к хранению отходов, в котором изложены конкретные требования, которым должны соответствовать места складирования отходов. Цель данной работы заключается в анализе положений о маркировке опасных отходов с точки зрения субъектов, обязанных размещать наклейки, а также освобожденных от этого обязательства. В статье указано, что в результате освобождения значительной группы субъектов от обязательства маркировать опасные отходы, цели указанного постановления не могут быть достигнуты. A partire dal 1° gennaio 2020, è in vigore il regolamento del ministro del clima dell’11 settembre 2020 sui requisiti specifici per lo stoccaggio dei rifiuti, che specifica i requisiti dettagliati, che i siti di stoccaggio dei rifiuti devono soddisfare. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di analizzare i regolamenti sull’etichettatura dei rifiuti pericolosi dal punto di vista dell’ambito soggettivo dei destinatari obbligati a mettere le etichette e quelli esentati da questo obbligo. Concludo che a causa dell’esclusione di un grande gruppo di entità dall’obbligo di etichettare i rifiuti pericolosi, gli obiettivi del regolamento in questione non possono essere raggiunti.

 Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Разработка Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ утилизации фильтрата полигонов Ñ‚Ð²ÐµÑ€Ð´Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ‚Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² методом литификации». Работа посвящена вопросам обезвреживания фильтрата полигона ТКО. Задачи, решаемые в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования:1. Изучение процесса образования фильтрата и его свойств.2. Анализ ÑÑƒÑ‰ÐµÑÑ‚Ð²ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² очистки и утилизации фильтрата.3. Проведение эксперимента по переводу фильтрата из жидкого агрегатного состояния в твердое.4. Проведение исследования полученного литификата.5. Расчет эколого-экономического ущерба от загрязнения почв и Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ€ÐµÑÑƒÑ€ÑÐ¾Ð².Эксперимент по утилизации фильтрата был проведен с помощью метода литификации, то есть изменения агрегатного состояния. В качестве Ð²ÑÐ¶ÑƒÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñ‹Ð»Ð¸ применены зола целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности и цемент. К преимуществам данной Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ относится утилизация фильтрата совместно с промышленным Ð¾Ñ‚Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ (золой). В результате был получен твердый продукт – литификат. Работа содержит результаты исследования литификата.Â, Theme of final qualification work: «Development of technology for utilization of solid municipal waste landfill leachate by the method of lithification».The work is devoted to the issues of neutralization of the leachate from the MSW landfill. Tasks solved in the course of the study:1. Study of the landfill leachate formation process and its properties.2. Analysis of existing methods of purification and disposal of landfill leachate.3. Conducting an experiment on the transfer of landfill leachate from a liquid aggregate state to a solid state.4. Conducting a study of the received certificate.5. Calculation of ecological and economic damage from soil and water pollution.The experiment on the utilization of the filtrate was carried out using the method of lithification, that is, changes in the state of aggregation. Pulp and paper industry ash and cement were used as binders. The advantages of this technology include the disposal of landfill leachate together with industrial waste (ash). As a result, a solid product, a lithicate, was obtained. The work contains the results of the research of lithificate.

This research summarizes findings of solid waste logistics not only in Colombia, but in other Latin American countries with reference to some of the leading economies throughout the world. All official data and new results are developed and discussed, providing an account for the evolution of solid waste and its logistics regarding time with a focus on transportation and storage. The study also refers to the transportation of waste and its storage in landfills. Due to the situation in Colombia is quite similar to many developing countries, the findings of this study might be of interest to other nations. Results revealed several problems involving the economy, technology, regulations, and political concerns common to several countries worldwide.

The article presents the data based on the long-term observations of the Lomonosov mine tailing storage impact on the natural environment. Study of the chemical, mineral and phase composition of waste, sampled at the tailing site, was carried out. It is determined that the ore beneficiation waste in the Lomonosov deposit is generally represented by minerals of the smectite group. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis data, the beneficiation wastes are a bi-mineral mixture of montmorillonite and talc with pyrophyllite impurities. Wastes of this composition are potentially magnesia raw materials used in the production of construction materials, such as cement, ceramic bricks, etc. Experimental studies have justified the use of the method of wastes recycling based on the roasting of the ore beneficiation tailings, with the number of process options, depending on the temperature regimes and the exposure time.

Bu çalışmada, hayvancılık işletmelerinin yoğun olduğu Kütahya ilinde bulunan süt sığırı işletmelerinin mevcut uygulamadaki atık depolama, değerlendirme ve yönetim sistemleri, işletmelerde oluşan hayvansal atıkların fonksiyonel özellikleri ve çevreye olan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle bölge genelini temsil edebilecek 100 adet süt sığırı işletmesi çalışma materyali olarak seçilmiştir. Önceki çalışmaların sonuçları ile birlikte değerlendirmeler yapılarak, süt sığırı hayvancılığının bölgemizdeki geleceği açısından uygulanabilir öneri ve yaklaşımlar sunulmuştur. Araştırma alanında bulunan işletmelerin gübre yönetimleri incelendiğinde, %66’sında insan gücü ve kürekle toplanan gübre, %80 oranında açıkta yığın olarak uygun olmayan koşullarda bekletilmektedir. İşletmelerin sadece %20’sinde gübre deposu bulunmakta ve araştırma alanı işletmelerinin önemli bir kısmı (%62) yerleşim alanları içinde faaliyet göstermektedir. İşletmelerin %47’si su kaynaklarına çok yakın konumda bulunmakta ve çoğunluğunda gübre toplama ve depolama yöntemleri uygun olmayan koşullarda yapıldığı için ekolojik anlamda potansiyel tehlike unsurları içermektedir. Su, toprak, görüntü ve koku kirliliğinin önlenebilir olması, işletmelerin yerleşim yerlerine, su kaynaklarına yeterli uzaklıkta ve uygun alt yapı ile kurulup işletilmeleri ile mümkün olacaktır. In this study, the waste storage, evaluation and management systems in the current practice, the functional characteristics of the animal wastes formed in the dairy cattle farms in Kütahya province and their effects on the environment were evaluated. Therefore, 100 dairy cattle enterprises located in Kütahya province, where dairy e farms are concentrated and thought to be able to illustrate the region in general, were selected as the study material. Making evaluations together with the results of the previous studies, practical suggestions and approaches for the future of dairy cattle breeding in the region were presented. When the manure management of the dairy cattle operations is examined, in 66% of the manure collected with labor and shovels, 80% of the manure is kept in an open pile under unsuitable conditions. Only 20% of the farms have manure storage and a significant proportion (62%) of the farms are operated within the settlements. Forty seven percent of the enterprises are located very close to the water resources, the majority of them contain ecological potential hazards as manure collection, and storage methods are carried out under unfavorable conditions. Water, soil, image and odor pollution can be prevented by establishing and operating the farms with sufficient infrastructure and sufficient distance to settlements and water resources.

В зоне разделения фаз каждая частица движется по траектории, определяемой совместным действием горизонтальной составляющей, обусловленной непрерывностью процесса работы хвостохранилища, и вертикальной – гравитационной. В рамках общей концепции создаваемой геотехнологии обуславливают и общий подход к выбору конструктивных решений по принципу создания условий для беспрепятственного действия законов естественного разделения фаз. В общем виде, для принятой структурной модели технологии, классическая кривая раздела твёрдой и жидкой фаз приобретает ступенчатую форму и в аппроксимированном виде значительно выполаживается по отношению к классической кривой Стокса. При реальных размерах камер и количестве пульпы (~1 м/сек) для её осветления вполне достаточно двух последовательно задействованных камер. Увеличение ширины потока быстро снижает значение пути осаждения. В качестве физической модели процесса принимается модель стесненного совместного падения групп частиц в жидкости. В этом случае кардинально меняются (по сравнению со свободным падением) гидродинамические условия обтекания каждой частицы жидкостью. Возрастает величина градиента относительной скорости встречных потоков между частицами и, как следствие, возрастают касательные силы, действующие на каждую из них., In the phase separation zone, each particle moves along a trajectory determined by the combined action of the horizontal component, due to the continuity of the tailings storage process, and the vertical – gravitational one. Within the framework of the general concept of the created geotechnology, a general approach to the choice of design solutions is also determined based on the principle of creating conditions for the smooth operation of the laws of natural phase separation. In general, for the accepted structural model of the technology, the classical solid-liquid phase separation curve takes on a step-like shape and, in the approximated form, significantly flattens out in relation to the classical Stokes curve. At the actual size of the chambers and the amount of pulp (~1 m / sec) to lighten it, two consecutive cameras are quite enough. Increasing the flow width quickly reduces the value of the deposition path. As a physical model of the process, the model of the constrained joint fall of groups of particles in a liquid is accepted. In this case, the hydrodynamic conditions of fluid flow around each particle change dramatically (in comparison with free fall). The magnitude of the gradient of the relative velocity of the oncoming flows between the particles increases and, as a result, the tangential forces acting on each of them increase., Инженерная физика, Выпуск 7 2021

Effects of the stored dust-like zinc and iron containing wastes of the mining and processing industry consist of the loss of valuable components and environmental pollution. Thus, the goals of the research were to analyse ecological conditions under the technogenic impact at the waste storage site and to study transformations of the stored dust-like zinc and iron containing wastes in the active supergene zone. Materials are based on the physical laboratory-modelled infiltration of the atmospheric precipitation waters through the zinc and iron containing wastes. Methods include systematically-structured analysis of wastes and there disposal site and laboratory techniques (X-ray fluorescence and atomic emission spectrometry). On the basis of laboratory research and field observations of the environmental components in the impact area of the storage of dust-like zinc and iron containing wastes, the article describes regularities of formation of hydrogeochemical halos of contamination by heavy metals and iron. Results include also the description of changes in physico-chemical groundwater composition under the storage area.

Развитие минеральносырьевого комплекса реализуется в форме строительства и эксплуатации добывающих предприятий, каждое из которых является источником разнообразных по уровню, характеру и масштабу техногенных воздействий на экосистемы окружающей среды. Экстенсивный характер добычи и переработки месторождений полезных ископаемых привели к значительному накоплению техногенных минеральных образований (ТМО), которые играют роль авангарда техногенного вторжения в естественную биоту. В общеметодологическом плане экологическая безопасность хозяйственных объектов трактуется как комплексное понятие, представляющее собой интегральное единство оценок экологической опасности каждого их техногенных факторов, свойственных тому или иному типу производства. Экологическую опасность твердых отходов горного производства можно дифференцировать в соответствии с наличием двух типов этих отходов и нескольких режимов их размещения на земной поверхности. Биологическое содержание понятия экологической безопасности как антонима экологической опасности предполагает, что после полной отработки запасов месторождения естественная биота в зоне техногенного поражения сохранит способность к самовосстановлению по законам циклической сукцессии. Площадь техногенного воздействия породного отвала на биоту природной экосистемы включает в себя площадь самого отвала, определяемую по известным формулам для разных типов отвалов, и площадь динамического экотона, в пределах которого имеет место частичное нарушение биоты скатывающимися при отсыпке отвала кусками породы. Ширина динамического экотона зависит от высоты отвала и грансостава породной массы. Взаимодействие горного производства с атмосферой Земли предусматривает активное использование ее ресурсных, транзитных и депонирующих функций. Структура техногенных загрязнений атмосферы зависит от применяемого способа разрушения материала литосферы, типа и количества горных машин различного назначения. Вторая составляющая пылевидных твердых отходов горного производства, представленная фракциями микродиапазона, переносится воздушными потоками и выпадает из них на земную поверхность. Экологическая опасность этого явления связана с тем, что в результате осаждения пыли на листовые пластинки растений снижается фотоактивная поверхность каждого из них и продуктивность фотосинтеза фитоценоза в целом. Экологическая опасность наноразмерных фракций твердых отходов горного производства, как проблема, пока только обозначена и требует своего решения в ближайшей перспективе. Тем не менее уже существуют данные о том, что накопление этого вида твердых отходов горного производства в атмосфере имеет необратимый характер и при быстром росте добычи минерального сырья может повлиять на экологическую обстановку в регионах интенсивного развития этого вида хозяйственной деятельности., The development of the mineral resource complex is implemented in the form of construction and operation of mining enterprises, each of which is a source of diverse in level, nature and scale of anthropogenic impacts on environmental ecosystems. The extensive nature of mining and processing of mineral deposits has led to a significant accumulation of manmade mineral formations (TMO), which play the role of the vanguard of manmade invasion of natural biota. In General methodological terms, environmental safety of economic facilities is interpreted as a complex concept, which is an integral unity of environmental hazard assessments of each of their technogenic factors peculiar to a particular type of production. Environmental hazards of solid mining waste can be differentiated according to the presence of two types of waste and several modes of their placement on the earths surface. The biological content of the concept of ecological safety, as an anonymous of ecological danger, suggests that after the full development of the reserves of the Deposit, the natural biota in the zone of technogenic destruction will retain the ability to selfrecovery according to the laws of cyclic succession. The area of technogenic impact of the rock dump on the biota of the natural ecosystem includes the area of the dump itself, determined by the known formulas for different types of dumps, and the area of the dynamic ecotone, within which there is a partial violation of the biota by sliding, when dumping, pieces of rock. The width of the dynamic ecotone depends on the height of the blade and the grain composition of the rock mass. The interaction of mining with the earths atmosphere provides for the active use of its resource, transit and depositing functions. The structure of technogenic air pollution depends on the method of destruction of the lithosphere material, the type and number of mining machines for various purposes. The second component of the dustlike solid waste mining, represented by the fractions of the microband is transferred by air flows and falls out of them on the earths surface. The ecological danger of this phenomenon is due to the fact that as a result of dust deposition on the leaf blades of plants, the photoactive surface of each of them and the productivity of photosynthesis of the phytocenosis as a whole decreases. Ecological danger of nanoscale fractions of solid waste of mining production, as this problem is only identified and requires its solution in the near future. Nevertheless, there is already evidence that the accumulation of this type of solid waste mining in the atmosphere is irreversible and with the rapid growth of mineral extraction can affect the environmental situation in the regions of intensive development of this type of economic activity., №8 (2019)

Приведен анализ воздействия выбросов загрязняющих веществ на состояние окружающей среды в период эксплуатации логистических центров, которые не приведут к изменению ее санитарногигиенических характеристик и не создадут предпосылок накопления загрязняющих веществ в объектах. С целью исключения негативного воздействия на окружающую среду необходимо соблюдение мероприятий по организации территории, правильному хранению, вывозу и утилизации отходов производственной деятельности крупных логистических и оптово-распределительных центров., The analysis of the impact of emissions of pollutants on the environment during the operation of logistics centers, which will not lead to a change in its sanitary and hygienic characteristics and will not create prerequisites for the accumulation of pollutants in the facilities. In order to eliminate the negative impact on the environment, it is necessary to comply with the measures for the organization of the territory, proper storage, export and disposal of waste production activities of large logistics and wholesale distribution centers.

Авторами были проанализированы особенности складирования отходов в зоне распространения вечной мерзлоты. Были выявлены основные виды воздействия на природную среду и мерзлые грунты: механическое, физико-химическое и тепловое. В ходе полевых наблюдений в различных районах Российского Севера (Норильский промышленный район, Воркута, Игарка и др.) и анализа литературных источников и данных дистанционного зондирования были выделены 5 основных блоков складирования отходов в криолитозоне, различных как по условиям накопления отходов, так и по особенностям воздействия на окружающую среду: 1) полигоны хранения твердых бытовых отходов, присущие всем населенным пунктам и производственным площадкам и объединяющие в себе все виды воздействия; 2) захламленные территории с брошенными зданиями и сооружениями; 3) площадки хранения отходов лесопереработки, представляющие высокую опасность из-за теплового воздействия на мерзлые грунты; 4) шлако-, золо-, шламоотвалы и хвостохранилища, оказывающие значительное тепловое воздействие на вечную мерзлоту и являющиеся источником большого количества загрязняющих химических веществ; 5) отвалы пустой породы в районах добычи рудных полезных ископаемых, которые коренным образом меняют ландшафты, являются причиной активизации склоновых криогенных процессов и могут трансформироваться в техногенные каменные глетчеры., The features of waste disposal in the permafrost zone were analyzed in detail in this article. The main types of impact on the environment and frozen soils were identified: mechanical, physico-chemical and thermal. During field works in various regions in the North of Russia (the Norilsk Industrial Region, Vorkuta, Igarka, etc.) combined with analysis of literature sources and remote sensing data, 5 main waste storage units in the permafrost zone were determined. The storage units that were divided according to the conditions of waste accumulation, and to the peculiarities of environmental impact are the following: 1) landfills for the storage of solid household waste inherent in all human settlements and production sites and combining all types of exposure; 2) littered areas with abandoned buildings and structures; 3) storage sites for wood waste, which are highly dangerous due to thermal effects on frozen soils; 4) slag-, gold-, sludge dumps and tailing dumps, having a significant thermal effect on permafrost and being the source of a large amount of polluting chemicals; 5) waste dumps in the mining areas of ore minerals, which radically change landscapes, cause the activation of slope cryogenic processes and can be transformed into man-made rock glaciers.

TEZ11507 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019. Kaynakça (s. 139-143) var. xvi, 201 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Bu çalışma, Aksa Göynük Enerji Termik Santralinden çıkan kül atıkları, alçıtaşı ve arıtma çamuru atığının depolanması için hazırlanan düzenli atık depolama sahasının (Lot-1) uygulama projesi tasarım adımları ve inşa çalışmalarını içermektedir. Proje alanındaki jeoteknik birimleri tanımlamak, yanal ve düşey devamlılıklarını belirlemek ve yeraltı su seviyesini belirlemek amacıyla sondaj çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, sahanın 1:2.000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası hazırlanmıştır. Sahanın jeolojik, jeoteknik, hidrojeolojik, hidrolojik özellikleri, topografyası ve yasal mevzuatlar dikkate alınarak Netcad programında alana en uygun düzenli depolama sahası modeli tasarlanıp, üç boyutlu arazi modellemesi oluşturulmuştur. Sahada, sızıntı ve yağmur suyu yönetiminin nasıl yapılacağı detaylandırılmıştır. Söz konusu sahanın düzenli depolama alanı olarak belirlenip işletilmesiyle, termik santralden kaynaklı atıkların bertarafının tekniğe uygun olarak yapılması, yüksek ekolojik standartlara ulaşarak sürdürülebilir bir başarının elde edilmesini sağlamıştır. Bu faydaların yanı sıra, bölge insanının ve doğal çevrenin korunması da amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, kül atığının çevresel açıdan uygun bir şekilde bertarafı ile depolamadan kaynaklanabilecek çevresel etkilerin önlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. This study includes the design steps and construction works of the sanitary landfill field (Lot-1) prepared for the storage of ash, gypsum and sewage sludge wastes from Aksa Göynük Energy Thermal Power Plant. Drillings were carried out to identify geotechnical units in the project area, and to determine lateral and vertical continuities and the groundwater level as well. Also, 1:2.000 scale geological map of the site was prepared. By considering the geological, geotechnical, hydrogeological, hydrological features, topography and legal regulations of the site, a sanitary landfill field model the most suitable for the area was designed in Netcad program and 3d land modeling formed. In the site, it is detailed how the leaking and rainwater management will be done. As a result of the determination and operation of the site as a landfill, the disposal of waste generated by the thermal power plant in accordance with the technique ensured a sustainable success by achieving high ecological standards. In addition to these benefits, it was also aimed to protect the inhabitants and the natural environment in the region. For this purpose, it was aimed to prevent the environmental impacts may arise from the storage with the proper environmental disposal of the ash waste.

Bu çalışmada, hayvancılık işletmelerinin yoğun olduğu Kütahya ilinde bulunan ve bölge genelini temsil edebilecek 100 adet süt sığırı işletmesi çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. İşletmelerin yapısal ve teknik özellikleri araştırılıp, mevcut uygulamadaki atık depolama, değerlendirme ve yönetim sistemleri, işletmelerde oluşan hayvansal atıkların fonksiyonel özellikleri ve çevreye olan etkileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Önceki çalışmaların sonuçları ile birlikte değerlendirmeler yaparak, süt sığırı hayvancılığının bölgemizdeki geleceği açısından uygulanabilir öneri ve yaklaşımlar sunulmuştur. Araştırma alanında bulunan işletmelerin %58'i küçük ölçekli, %9'u büyük ölçekli işletmeler olup bu işletmelerin %46'sı projesiz tamamen geleneksel yöntemlerle kurulup işletilmekte, %14'ü kurumsal destek ile teknik elemanlar tarafından proje ile kurulmuştur. Hayvan barınaklarının %93'ü kapalı, %4'ü kısmen açık, %3'ü ise serbest açıktır. Barınakların %26'sında hayvan başına düşen ortalama alan 5 m2 ya da altındadır. Günlük süt verimi ortalaması 18,25 kg/gün.baş olarak belirlenmiştir, işletmelerin %17'sinde hiçbir yardımcı yapı yoktur, bunlar geleneksel eski ahırları kullanan küçük aile işletmeleridir. İşletmelerin gübre yönetimleri incelendiğinde, %66'sında insan gücü ve kürekle toplananan gübre, %80 oranında açıkta yığın olarak uygun olmayan koşullarda bekletilmektedir. İşletmelerin sadece %20'sinde gübre deposu bulunmakta ve araştırma alanı işletmelerinin önemli bir kısmı (%62) yerleşim alanları içinde faaliyet göstermektedir. İşletmelerin %47 'si su kaynaklarına çok yakın konumda bulunmakta ve çoğunluğunda gübre toplama ve depolama yöntemleri uygun olmayan koşullarda yapıldığı için ekolojik anlamda potansiyel tehlike unsurları içermektedir. Su, toprak, görüntü ve koku kirliliğinin önlenebilir olması, işletmelerin yerleşim yerlerine, su kaynaklarına yeterli uzaklıkta ve uygun alt yapı ile kurulup işletilmeleri ile mümkün olacaktır. In this study, 100 dairy cattle enterprises located in Kütahya province, where livestock enterprises are concentrated and thought to be able to illustrate the region in general, were selected as the working area. The structural and technical characteristics of the enterprises were investigated and the waste storage, evaluation and management systems in the current practice, the functional characteristics of the animal wastes formed in the enterprises and the effects on the environment were tried to be determined. Making evaluations together with the results of the previous studies, practical suggestions and approaches for the future of dairy cattle breeding in our region were presented. 58% of the enterprises in the research area are small-scale enterprises, 9% are large-scale enterprises and 46% of these enterprises are established without a project and operated by totally traditional methods and 14% are established by project by technical staff with institutional support. 93% of the animal shelters are closed, 4% are partially open and 3% are open free. The average area per animal in 26% of the shelters is 5 m2 or less. The average daily milk yield was determined as 18,25 kg/day. 17% of enterprises have no auxiliary structure, these are small family businesses that use traditional old stables. When the manure management of the enterprises is examined, In 66% of the manure collected with manpower and shovels, 80% of the fertilizer is kept in an open pile under unsuitable conditions. Only 20% of the enterprises have fertilizer depots and a significant proportion (62%) of the research area businesses operate within the settlements. 47% of the enterprises are located very close to the water resources and the majority of them contain ecological potential hazards as fertilizer collection and storage methods are carried out under unfavorable conditions. Water, soil, image and odor pollution can be prevented by establishing and operating the enterprises with sufficient infrastructure and sufficient distance to settlements, water resources. 85

This article considers the system of solid radioactive waste management, sources of SRW formation of the IV unit of Beloyarskaya nuclear power plant В данной статье рассмотрена система обращения с твердыми радиоактивными отходами (ТРО), источники образования ТРО IV блока Белоярской атомной станции.

High-level radioactive waste (HLW) remaining after spent nuclear fuel reprocessing is immobilized within a glass matrix, eventually destined for geological disposal. Water intrusion into the repository is expected after several thousand years. The alteration of a non-radioactive surrogate for nuclear glass has been extensively studied and it has been determined that successive leaching mechanisms lead to the formation of a “passivating” alteration layer and to the establishment of a residual rate regime in the long term. However, glass packages are submitted to the radioactivity of confined radioelements. This work focuses on the influence of irradiation on the alteration layer formed during the residual rate regime, in a structural and mechanistic point of view. Three focal areas have been selected. Non-radioactive simple glasses have been leached and externally irradiated in order to determine modifications induced by electronic effects (irradiations with electrons and alpha particles). The same type of glass samples have been previously irradiated with heavy ions and their leaching behavior have been studied in order to assess the impact of ballistic dose cumulated by the glass before water intrusion. Leaching behavior of a complex radioactive glass, doped with an alpha-emitter, has been studied to consider a more realistic situation., Les déchets nucléaires de haute activité, produits en France sous forme de colis de verre lors du traitement du combustible usé, sont destinés à être stockés en couche géologique profonde sur le long terme. L’arrivée de l’eau de l’environnement au contact du colis est prévue après quelques milliers d’années. De nombreuses études sur la durabilité d’un simulant non radioactif du verre industriel ont montré que le verre au contact de l’eau s’altère selon plusieurs régimes de vitesse, aboutissant à la formation d’une pellicule d’altération « passivante » et à l’instauration d’un régime de vitesse résiduelle sur le long terme. Cependant, la matrice vitreuse est soumise à la radioactivité des radioéléments qu’elle confine. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de se focaliser sur l’influence de l’irradiation sur la pellicule d’altération formée au cours de ce régime de vitesse résiduelle d’un point de vue structural et mécanistique. Dans ce but, la démarche choisie s’articule selon trois axes complémentaires. Des verres modèles simples non radioactifs ont été altérés et irradiés de façon externe afin d’observer les modifications engendrées par des effets électroniques (irradiations aux électrons et aux particules alpha).Le comportement à l’altération de ces mêmes types de verres, préalablement irradiés par des ions lourds, a été étudié de façon à appréhender l’impact de la dose balistique par le verre avant l’arrivée de l’eau. Enfin, l’altération d’un verre complexe dopé en émetteur alpha a été mise en œuvre afin de se rapprocher d’une situation plus réaliste.

Neste trabalho, vidros contendo um resíduo industrial denominado lama vermelha, foram desenvolvidos e caracterizados. Foi utilizada a quantidade mínima de 60% em massa de lama vermelha na produção dos vidros para promover a utilização desse resíduo. De acordo com os resultados de difração de raios X obtidos, observa-se que é possível produzir materiais a partir da lama vermelha com fases amorfas consideráveis, embora fases cristalinas referentes ao Fe originário do resíduo estejam presentes. O material denominado 60L40S, o qual possui 60% em massa de lama vermelha na sua composição nominal, apresentou as melhores propriedades dentre as composições estudadas, porém apresentou também alta temperatura de fusão. Ajustes na composição desse material foram realizados buscando diminuir essa temperatura. Os resultados mostram que os ajustes foram satisfatórios no desempenho de diminuir a temperatura de fusão, porém perdas na propriedade química desse material foram observadas. Elementos comumente encontrados na composição química de rejeitos nucleares foram adicionados aos vidros produzidos neste trabalho visando estudar os efeitos dessa adição nas propriedades químicas e térmicas desses materiais. Foi observado que é possível adicionar até 15% em massa de elementos simuladores aos materiais produzidos e essa adição promove a diminuição da temperatura de fusão. Acima de 15% em massa os elementos adicionados se precipitam na estrutura do material. Foi observado que, embora haja perdas na durabilidade química do material 60L40S após a adição dos elementos simuladores, esse material, quando em contato com água, mantém os elementos simuladores confinados em sua estrutura. Esse resultado é promissor, pois sugere que o material 60L40S é capaz de imobilizar em sua estrutura elementos provenientes de rejeitos nucleares. Glasses based on red mud, a residual material from bauxite processing, were developed and characterized in this work. In order to promote its use, a minimum 60 wt% of red mud was used in the production of the glasses. According to XRD results, materials containing considerable amorphous phases were produced when using red mud as raw material. These amorphous phases were observed even though crystalline phases associated to Fe coming from the red mud itself were present. The material denominated 60L40S, which has a nominal composition of 60 wt% red mud showed the best properties comparing with the others compositions studied. However, these materials presented a high melting temperature. Changes in the composition of this material were made with the objective of lowering this temperature. Results indicated that the changes made to the material were successful in the reduction of the melting temperature. However, a reduction in the chemical properties of the resulting material was observed. Elements usually found in the chemical composition of nuclear wastes were added to the glasses produced. It was done with the objective of determining the effect of these elements on the chemical and physical properties of the red mud based glasses obtained. It was found that it was possible to add up to 15 wt% of these elements to the materials produced. The addition of these simulants materials promoted a reduction in the melting temperature of the resulting material. Above 15 wt%, the added elements precipitate in the structure of the resulting material. Even though the reduction in the chemical durability of the 60L40S material when simulant elements were added, it was observed that this material contained the simulant elements confined in its structure when in contact with water. This is a promising result, since it indicates that the 60L40S has the potential to immobilize elements from nuclear wastes.

The paper presents a telematic system designed to monitor the areas affected by the uncontrollable waste storing by using the newest informational and communicational technologies through the elaboration of a GPS/GIS electronic geographical positioning system. Within the system for online management of the affected locations within the built up areas, the following data categories are defined and processed: data regarding the waste management (monitored locations within the built up areas, waste, pollution sources, waste stores, waste processing stations), data describing the environment protection (environmental quality parameters: water, air, soil), spatial data (thematic maps). Using the automatic collection of the data referring to the environment quality, it is aiming at the realization of a monitoring system, equipped with sensors and/or translators capable of measuring and translating (into electrical signals) measures with meteorological character (the intensity of the solar radiation, temperature, humidity) but also indicators of the ecological system (such as: the concentration of nutrients in water and soil, the pollution in water, air and soil, biomasses). The organization, the description and the processing of the spatial data requires the utilization of a GIS (Geographical Information System) type product.

The present work presents the accomplishmentswithin the research project CEEX „Telematic system for theon line management of the degraded within built up areas –ZoneMAP” in the program INFOSOC between 15.09.2006-31.10.2007. The authors of the present article are part of thecommittee of accomplishment of the project. The generalobjective of the project ZoneMAP consists of the system forthe management and the on line monitoring of the degradedwithin the built up areas due to the uncontrolled wastestoring, by elaborating an electronic system of geographicalpositioning GPS/GIS.The general objective of the ZoneMAP project consists indrawing up a telematic system regarding the monitoring ofthe areas affected by the uncontrollable waste storing byusing the newest informational and communicationaltechnologies through the elaboration of a GPS/GIS electronicgeographical positioning system.The system for on-line management of the affectedlocations within the built up areas are defined the followingdata categories: data regarding the waste management(monitored locations within the built up areas, waste,pollution sources, waste stores, waste processing stations),data regarding the environment protection (environmentalquality parameters: water, air, soil), spatial data (thematicmaps).Through the automatic collection of the data regarding theenvironment, the meteorology and the ecology it is aiming atthe realization of a monitoring system, equipped with sensorsand/or translators capable of measuring and translating (intoelectrical signals) measures with meteorological character(such as: the intensity of the solar radiation, temperature,humidity) but also state measures of the ecological system(such as: the concentration of nutrients in water and soil, thepollution in water, air and soil, biomasses). The collectedmeasures will have to be converted into numerical valuesthat will be stored in the database of the system.The system’s database is distributed on the followinglevels: the central database server (SQL Microsoft server)and the local database servers (Microsoft ACCESS). Theorganization, the description and the processing of thecadastral data requires the utilization of a GIS(Geographical Information System) type product. TheNetSET package is also considered because it offers a verygood balance between price, performances and facilities,covering all the aspects concerning GIS applicationsdevelopment.

A baía de Sepetiba, localizada a 60 km na direção Oeste da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, vem sendo submetida, nas últimas décadas, a um considerável desenvolvimento populacional e industrial, contando hoje com aproximadamente 400 indústrias (em sua maioria metalúrgicas) instaladas nas bacias de drenagem da baía, as quais lançam seus resíduos diretamente na baía ou nos corpos d'água da região. Além disso, o Porto de Sepetiba trouxe muitos investimentos industriais para a área. Toda esta expansão industrial e urbana resultou em uma série de impactos ambientais, devido ao lançamento de efluentes domésticos e industriais, os quais são ricos em metais pesados e outras substâncias potencialmente tóxicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contaminação e mobilidade dos metais Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn, em sedimentos da baía de Sepetiba. Foram determinados os Sulfetos Voláteis em Ácido (AVS) e os Metais Extraídos Simultaneamente (SEM) em 65 amostras de sedimentos, coletadas de modo a cobrir toda a área da baía. Os resultados obtidos na extração ácida mostraram que os metais Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn apresentaram as mais altas concentrações extraíveis na região NE (principalmente na saídas dos rios Guandu e Canal de São Francisco), enquanto que as mais altas concentrações de Ni foram observadas na porção Oeste da baía. A comparação dos valores dos SEM com os valores guias de qualidade de sedimento (VGQS) canadenses (TEL e PEL) indicou que os metais Cd e Zn apresentaram teores nos quais é freqüente a ocorrência de efeitos negativos à biota (valores acima do PEL); já os metais Cu e Pb e Ni apresentaram concentrações que indicam uma baixa probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos adversos aos organismos aquáticos de Sepetiba. Por outro lado, a razão S[SEM]/[AVS], ficou abaixo de 1 na porção NE, sugerindo que, apesar das altas concentrações dos metais na região, estes estão retidos no sedimento, na forma de sulfetos. Foram também determinadas as concentrações totais dos metais nos sedimentos, e observou-se que o padrão de distribuição das concentrações totais seguiu o mesmo padrão observado para os SEM, com as mais altas concentrações na porção NE da baía, classificando a área como nivel 2, com relação ao Zn, e como nível 1, com relação aos metais Cd, Cu, Pb e Ni, de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA 344/04. Apresenta-se um modelo geoestatístico, o modelo de atenuação das concentrações, que tem como proposta estimar a mobilidade de um elemento nos sedimentos. O modelo proposto mostrou os mais altos valores de atenuação para Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb na região NE, indicando que a mobilidade destes metais na região é baixa, o que está de acordo com as conclusões obtidas com o modelo S[SEM]/[AVS], indicando boas possibilidades de aplicação do modelo em estudos de contaminação de sistemas estuarinos por metais. Sepetiba bay, located about 60 km west of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro city, has undergone notable development in the last decades, with the establishment of about 400 industrial plants in its basin, basically metallurgical, which release its industrial waste either straight into the bay or through local rivers. The Sepetiba harbor also brought up a lot of industrial investment in that area. This urban and industrial expansion caused several environmental impacts, mainly due to the presence of heavy metals and other potentially toxic substances present in the effluents discharged into the bay. This work aimed to assess heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) contamination and mobility in sediments from Sepetiba bay. The acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) and the concentration of simultaneously extracted metals (S[SEM) were determined in 65 sediment samples from Sepetiba bay, representing the whole area. The results obtained showed that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn presented higher concentrations in the northeastern area (mainly in the mouth of Guandu and Canal de São Francisco rivers), while the highest concentration of Ni were observed in the western region of the bay. The comparison between SEM concentrations with the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines (TEL and PEL) indicated that Cd and Zn presented values which may hazard to aquatic organisms (concentration levels above PEL); the elements Cu, Pb and Ni presented concentration levels below PEL, suggesting low probability of toxicological effects to the aquatic organisms. On the other hand, the ratio S[SEM]/[AVS] was below 1 in the northeastern region, indicating that, in spite of the high concentration of the analyzed metals in this area, they are trapped in the sediment, as sulfides. The total metal concentrations in the sediments were also determined and the same distribution pattern obtained for the SEM were observed, with high concentrations in the northeastern region of the bay, classifying the area as level 2, for Zn, and as level 1, for Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni, according to the CONAMA 344/04 act. A geostatiscal approach is presented, the attenuation of concentrations model, which aims to estimate metal mobility in sediments. The proposed model showed the highest attenuation values for Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in the northeastern region, indicating that the mobility of these metals is low in this region, suggesting low availability, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by the S[SEM]/[AVS] model. These results indicate good possibilities of applying this model in metal contamination studies in estuarine ecosystems.

Swelling clay minerals such as smectites are ubiquitous at the Earth surface and possess major hydration ability and contaminant uptake/retention capacity. As a consequence smectites exert a pivotal influence on elemental transfers in surficial environments. These properties are especially relevant also when smectites are used as sealant in engineered or geological barriers for waste disposal facilities. As interlayer H2O molecules account for more than 80% of smectite water in undersaturated conditions, characterization of H2O organization and dynamics in smectites interlayers is essential to determining the geometrical and dynamical properties of clay barriers for waste disposal and to predicting the mobility of contaminant whose principal vector is water. Within this general framework, the present works describe, in a first time, the structuration of interlayer water/cations in saturated conditions. Then, in a second time, review the influence of structural parameters such as the amount and location of layer charge deficit and the chemical composition (and more especially the presence of structural fluorine/hydroxyl) on smectite hydration properties. A set of samples covering the whole compositional range of swelling phyllosilicates has thus been synthesized and characterized chemically and structurally. Special attention was paid to determining the amount (water vapor sorption isotherms) and the distribution (X-ray diffraction) of interlayer water. Molecular modeling allowed unraveling the origin of the contrasting behaviors observed experimentally and to determine the influence of the different crystal-chemical parameters on smectite hydration. This step is essential for the prediction of smectite reactivity in the environment from a limited number of crystal-chemical parameters. Molecular modeling allowed unraveling the origin of the contrasting behaviors observed experimentally and to determine the influence of the different crystal-chemical parameters on smectite hydration. This step is essential for the prediction of smectite reactivity in the environment from a limited number of crystal-chemical parameters., Les minéraux argileux gonflants tels que les smectites sont omniprésents à la surface de la Terre et possèdent d'importantes capacités d'hydratation et d'absorption/rétention de contaminants. Ainsi, ces dernières exercent une influence clé sur les transferts d'éléments dans les environnements de surface. Ces propriétés sont particulièrement importantes quand les smectites sont utilisées comme barrières ouvragées ou géologiques pour les installations de contrôle des déchets. Les molécules d'eau dans l'interfoliaire représentent plus de 80% de l'eau en contact avec les smectites, dans des conditions non saturées. La caractérisation de l'organisation et de la dynamique de l'eau dans les smectites est donc essentielle pour prédire la mobilité des contaminants, dont le principal vecteur est l'eau. Dans ce cadre général, les présents travaux décrivent, dans un premier temps, la structuration interfoliaire eau/cations dans des conditions saturées, jusqu'alors méconnue. Puis, dans un second temps, nous avons examiné l'influence des paramètres structuraux (tels que la quantité et l'emplacement des charges, la composition chimique et plus particulièrement la présence de groupements fluors/hydroxyles) sur les propriétés d'hydratation des smectites. Une série d'échantillons couvrant toute la gamme de composition des smectites a donc été synthétisée et caractérisée structurellement. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la détermination du montant (isothermes vapeur d'eau de sorption) et la distribution (de diffraction des rayons X) de l'eau dans l'espace interfoliaire. La modélisation moléculaire a permis d'aller plus loin dans la compréhension de l'origine des comportements contrastés observés expérimentalement, et de déterminer l'influence des différents paramètres cristallochimiques sur l'hydratation de la smectite. Cette étape est essentielle pour la prédiction de la réactivité des smectites dans l'environnement sur la base d'un nombre limité de paramètres cristallochimiques.

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a dose efetiva recebida pelos trabalhadores da Gerência de Rejeitos Radioativos do IPEN devido à inalação de 222Rn nos galpões de armazenamento de rejeitos radioativos tratados e não tratados. As concentrações de 222Rn no interior dos galpões foram determinadas por meio da técnica de detecção passiva com detectores de traços nucleares do estado sólido (SSNTD). O detector utilizado foi o CR-39 inserido em uma câmara de difusão do tipo NRPB. Foram monitorados um total de 12 pontos internos e 1 ponto externo no galpão de rejeitos radioativos tratados G4 e 13 pontos no galpão de rejeitos radioativos não tratados G3, durante um período de 11 meses, entre junho de 2012 e maio de 2013. As concentrações variaram de 0,73 ± 0,08 e 4,55 ± 0,16 kBqm-3 entre os períodos de monitoramento no galpão G4 e entre 0,61 ± 0,07 e 2,94 ± 0,12 kBqm-3 no galpão G3. A dose efetiva devido à inalação de 222Rn no interior dos galpões de rejeitos radioativos foi calculada de acordo com os procedimentos da Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP) a partir de um fator de conversão de dose, da concentração média do 222Rn no ar e do tempo de exposição dos indivíduos. Os valores de doses apresentados são uma média das concentrações entre os períodos de monitoramento que variam 15,70 mSva-1 no G4 e de 9,27 mSva-1 no G3, sendo que em um dos períodos obteve-se valores superiores ao estabelecidos pelo órgão regulador (CNEN) e recomendados pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP) de 20 mSva-1 para indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos, indicando a necessidade de medidas mitigadoras. Cabe, contudo, informar que foi considerada uma hipótese bastante conservativa de 2000 horas de trabalho no local. Some radionuclides that make up the radioactive series are noted for their contribution to the total exposure to which individuals are subjected, an important example is known as radon 222Rn and their descendants, responsible for more than half of the radiation dose received by the population due to natural sources. In this work the effective dose received by the workers of the Management of Radioactive Waste in IPEN due to inhalation of 222Rn in storage sheds from treated and untreated radioactive waste was evaluated. Concentrations of 222Rn inside the sheds of treated and untreated radioactive waste G3 and G4 were determined by the technique of passive detection with solid state nuclear track (SSNTD) detectors. The detector used was CR-39 inserted in a diffusion chamber type NRPB. A total of 12 internal points and 1 external point were monitored in the shed radioactive waste treated G4 and 13 points in the shed radioactive waste untreated G3, for a period of 11 months between June 2012 and May 2013. Concentrations ranged 0.73 ± 0.08 to 4.55 ± 0.16 kBqm-3 among the monitoring periods in the shed G4 and between 0.61 ± 0.07 and 2.94 ± 0.12 kBqm-3 in the shed G3. The effective dose due to inhalation of 222Rn inside the sheds radioactive waste was calculated according to the procedures of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) from a conversion factor of dose, the mean concentration of 222Rn in the air and time of exposure of individuals. The dose values for G4 and G3 are 15.70 and 9.27 mSva-1 respectively, this being greater than the value established by the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) and recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 20 mSv / a for occupationally exposed individuals, thus indicating the need for mitigation measures. It should, however, report that was considered a very conservative assumption of 2,000 hours of work on site.

Bu araştırma, süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Konya merkez ilçelerinde bulunan işletmelerde, gübre yönetim uygulamalarının belirlenmesi ve geliştirme olanaklarının araştırılması amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, Konya merkez ilçelerinde bulunan ve Konya Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliğine kayıtlı olan 32 işletme araştırma materyali olarak incelenmiştir. İncelenen işletmeler, bölgeyi temsil niteliğine sahip ve araştırma amacına uygun olacak şekilde amaçlı örnekleme metoduyla belirlenmiştir. Arazi koşullarında işletme özelliklerinin tespiti amacıyla; anket, ölçüm, gözlem ve fotoğraf çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre, incelenen işletmelerin %58?inin 2000 yılından sonra kurulduğu belirlenmiştir. İşletme sahiplerinin %50?si ilkokul mezunu iken % 19?unun lisans ve lisansüstü eğitim aldığı saptanmıştır. İşletmelerin %81?inde yarı açık serbest sistem barınaklarda yetiştiricilik yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin %19?unda gübre toplama yöntemi olarak el arabası kullanılıyorken, %81?inde ise mekanizasyonun kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. İncelenen işletmelerin %62?sinde gübrenin barınak dışında yığın halinde, %19?unda padoklar da, %19?unda ise gübre çukurunda depolandığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, işletme sahipleri ve çevre sakinlerinin işletme çevresinde bulunan gübre yığınlarında oluşan koku, sinek ve diğer haşerelerden şikayetçi oldukları, işletme sahiplerinin önemli bir kısmının gübre idaresi ve gübrenin işletme ve çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri konusunda bilgi sahibi olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, modern gübre yönetim uygulamalarının işletmeler açısından önemi, insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerindeki etkileri vurgulanarak işletmelerde var olan zararlı etkileri en az seviyeye indirecek önerilerde bulunulmuştur., In this study, it is aimed to determine the current manure management systems and development opportunities in dairy cattle farms in Konya Region. The research was performed in selected 32 dairy farms which are the members of Cattle Breeders? Association of Konya, Turkey. The characteristics of dairy farms were defined by face to face survey, measurement and photography studies. It was determined that 58% of the examined farms were built after 2000 years. It was defined that 19% of the owners? dairy farm received the B.E.E., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees while 50% of the owners? dairy farm graduated from primary school. In 81% of the farms, animals are breeding in semi open loose housing system. It was defined that the hand machine were used in 19% of the farms while mechanization were used in 81% of the studied farms to collect the manure. It was determined that manure is stored as a bulk form outside of the barn in 62% of the dairy farms, in paddocks in 19% of the farms and in the pits in 19% of the dairy farms. Consequently, it was determined that the most of owners of dairy farm have not knowledge of manure management and the negative effect of manure on environment while the owners of dairy farm and the people in around of dairy farms have complained about the badly odor, fly and other insect. As result, it was emphasized the important of modern manure management system, which supply manure management that is more suitable for human health, environmental and effective agricultural application, and was recommended applications that destroy existent harmful effect in the studied farms.

Grado en Ingeniería de los Recursos Mineros

Delhi generates about 8360 tons of municipal solid waste per day, and there is low compliance to rules regarding waste management. The objective of this paper was to understand the situation in Delhi with respect to the segregation, storage, collection, and disposal of household waste, and to assess the knowledge of the residents of Delhi, and their willingness to engage in solid-waste management. A stratified random sample, comprising 3047 respondents, was chosen for a questionnaire survey, covering all municipalities of Delhi, with socio-economic classification as the stratifying variable. Survey results indicate that 60% of residents do not know the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste, and only 2% of them segregate waste. Fifty-eight percent of respondents reported that the waste collector mixes the segregated waste, 97% of respondents reported that they sold items to an itinerant waste buyer, and 87% of households are covered by doorstep waste collection services. Abstract knowledge (general knowledge about waste management) is seen to have a significant correlation with willingness to engage in waste management. Differences between the socio-economic groups indicate that the highest (most educated and wealthy), as well as the lowest socio-economic category (least educated and poor), older age-groups, and women, have greater abstract knowledge. Socio-economic categories having higher abstract knowledge can be active participants in decentralized models of waste management.

Two main deep saline aquifers have been identified in the Paris basin for possible CO 2 injection: carbonate reservoirs from the Dogger and Triassic sandstones. These two targeted reservoirs are located at convenient depths for supercritical CO 2 storage between 1500 and 2500 m in the center of the Paris basin and show good sealing properties on the upper cap rock. To control long term storage efficiency of CCS projects it is essential to design and implement an appropriate monitoring program that proves that CO 2 can be stored safely for a long time. A future monitoring program will be focused on three main axes: a geophysical, geochemical and biological. This paper presents the global monitoring methodology developed to address geochemical aspects of future CO 2 storage sites. Three major compartments must be monitored for a well representative CO 2 flow baseline: the geosphere, biosphere and atmosphere compartments of the specific site. Viability of any CCS project is strongly dependent on the of our capacity to well establish a realistic quantitative baseline system integrating natural and anthropogenic contributions in each compartment. For these reasons, our technical strategy must a combination of in situ and continuous monitoring systems. On the basis of previous and present day research programs conducted on natural CO 2 storage sites, an in-situ monitoring combined methodology matrix adapted to CO 2 storage at Claye-Souilly site in Paris basin deep saline aquifer is argued. The presentation will also integrate the proposal of new development in optical sensors (Infrared, Raman and Laser) for gas quantification and traceability including the isotopic aspects. Geosphere monitoring strategy must be mainly conducted through an original multi packers system allowing simultaneously reservoir, rock formations and strategic aquifers observations. In the reservoir, continuous acquisition of geochemical and hydrodynamic parameters is of first importance for adjusting and limiting the divergence criteria of the models and to adapt the injection procedure. In upper rock formations, establishment and modeling of gas transfer curves, will constitute a sensitive and powerful in-situ leakage detector tool. Biosphere survey strategy can be based on conventional accumulation chambers and dynamic flow chambers systems. The surface sampling network must be adapted on the basis of geological and structural characteristics of overburden rock as revealed by previous geophysical investigations. A remote infrared scanning sensing system combined with a laser remote system must support the atmosphere compartment survey strategy. The use of such combined remote system yields a spatial and temporal imaging of the CO 2 and its dynamics in air. Sensitivity of leakage detection will depend on the chosen sensing system and the amount of CO 2 injected. While variability of CO 2 flux and concentration vary with time and with geographic location, they will both depend on the investigated compartment, the natural carbon cycle and the anthropogenic events. Both, sensitivity and variability should be considered in order to establish the alert levels. Given the complexity of data, the time needed to quantify sensitivity and, variability aspects and to establish a base line system, must be longer than one year (one seasonal cycle). This aspect is of first importance to define and provide the remediation operations that must be applied in the case of CO 2 leakage on the basis of combined deep, surface and sub-surface measured gas data. Compilation of previous experiments strongly argued that our capacity to quantify variability of CO 2 flux/concentration baseline must be one major key factor in the choice of a future monitoring program for CO 2 storage site.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12872.pdf: 4266706 bytes, checksum: b6331850536761ebbc6e3514d66acac9 (MD5) Dissertacao (Mestrado) IPEN/D Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Not available, Le stockage des déchets ménagers ou industriels fait l'objet d'inquiétudes vis à vis du devenir du sous-sol. En effet les déchets stockés génèrent des lixiviats pouvant s'infiltrer dans le sol et contaminer la nappe phréatique. Les sols fins compactés et de très faible perméabilité constituent des matériaux de choix pour réaliser des structures de rétention étanches interdisant la migration des liquides pollués vers des nappes phréatiques. Cependant les valeurs de perméabilité de ces sols mesurées in situ se sont souvent révélées différentes de celles mesurées au laboratoire. De nombreuses études ont été effectuées pour comprendre ces écarts mais la grande variété des procédures d'essais et des appareils utilisés s'est ajoutée à la complexité du problème. En plus ces différents sols sont le plus souvent non saturés. Comme la conductivité hydraulique est reliée au degré de saturation il est indispensable de connaitre la relation qui les relie. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence les problèmes lies à l'utilisation des appareils de mesure de perméabilité et à l'interprétation des essais. Les modifications apportées aux appareils ont permis de remédier à ces problèmes et d'améliorer les procédures d'essais. Des méthodes d'interprétation tenant compte de l'effet de succion ont été proposées et appliquées aux différents essais. Les résultats ont montré l'importance de ce paramètre pendant l'écoulement de l'eau.

Not available, Le but de ce travail est d'évaluer la faisabilité et l'efficacité du recouvrement de résidus miniers uranifères à l'aide de produits naturels. Situé dans l'Aveyron, le stockage de Bertholène renferme des boues de traitement des eaux, du minerai désuranié issu des stalles d'attaque et différents stériles miniers. Ces derniers se caractérisent par la présence de sulfures (0,3%) à l'origine d'une acidification des eaux de percolation. Ce phénomène est favorisé par la minéralogie des produits, par leur forte granulométrie et par la présence de bactéries du genre Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. La couverture étudiée remplit initialement trois fonctions à savoir, le contrôle des entrées d'eau, le contrôle des entrées d'oxygène et des sorties de radon, le contrôle de la chimie des infiltrations. Ces trois fonctions ont été étudiées séparément au cours d'expérimentations spécifiques. Nous avons montré que, du fait de la géométrie du stockage et de la présence de produits néoformés, l'arrêt de l'oxydation des sulfures, soit par la mise en place de produits alcalins sous la couverture, soit en privant le système d'oxygène, n'était pas envisageable. Le contrôle des infiltrations serait réalisé par la mise en place d'une couverture capillaire intégrant une couche argileuse. L'expérimentation in situ permet d'envisager une limitation importante des infiltrations à l'échelle industrielle. Le suivi du pilote sur 33 mois met en évidence le bon fonctionnement du système capillaire. Il est montré notamment que la couche d'argile est protégée du gel et demeure saturée en permanence assurant ainsi sa fonction d'étanchéité et limitant la migration du radon vers l'atmosphère extérieure. En contrôlant les entrées d'eau dans le stockage, la couverture capillaire permet de minimiser les volumes des eaux polluées et de limiter le départ des polluants vers l'environnement.

Not available, Le but de ce travail est d'évaluer la faisabilité et l'efficacité du recouvrement de résidus miniers uranifères à l'aide de produits naturels. Situé dans l'Aveyron, le stockage de Bertholène renferme des boues de traitement des eaux, du minerai désuranié issu des stalles d'attaque et différents stériles miniers. Ces derniers se caractérisent par la présence de sulfures (0,3%) à l'origine d'une acidification des eaux de percolation. Ce phénomène est favorisé par la minéralogie des produits, par leur forte granulométrie et par la présence de bactéries du genre Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. La couverture étudiée remplit initialement trois fonctions à savoir, le contrôle des entrées d'eau, le contrôle des entrées d'oxygène et des sorties de radon, le contrôle de la chimie des infiltrations. Ces trois fonctions ont été étudiées séparément au cours d'expérimentations spécifiques. Nous avons montré que, du fait de la géométrie du stockage et de la présence de produits néoformés, l'arrêt de l'oxydation des sulfures, soit par la mise en place de produits alcalins sous la couverture, soit en privant le système d'oxygène, n'était pas envisageable. Le contrôle des infiltrations serait réalisé par la mise en place d'une couverture capillaire intégrant une couche argileuse. L'expérimentation in situ permet d'envisager une limitation importante des infiltrations à l'échelle industrielle. Le suivi du pilote sur 33 mois met en évidence le bon fonctionnement du système capillaire. Il est montré notamment que la couche d'argile est protégée du gel et demeure saturée en permanence assurant ainsi sa fonction d'étanchéité et limitant la migration du radon vers l'atmosphère extérieure. En contrôlant les entrées d'eau dans le stockage, la couverture capillaire permet de minimiser les volumes des eaux polluées et de limiter le départ des polluants vers l'environnement.

The natural analogue concept, initially applied to radioactive-waste storage, might also be used for evaluating the long-term behaviour of industrial stabilized final waste. This concept would seem to be vital for the creation of predictive scenarios for the evolution of such wastes over hundreds and even thousands of years. After a summary of the concept and its limitations, we propose an extensive approach based on experience acquired in the field of the Earth Sciences., Le concept d'analogue naturel, initialement appliqué au stockage des déchets radioactifs, est raisonnablement envisageable pour l'évaluation du comportement à long terme des résidus industriels ultimes stabilisés. Il apparaît irremplaçable pour bâtir des scénarios prospectifs de leur évolution pour des centaines voire des milliers d'années. Après un rappel sur le concept et ses limites, une démarche étendue, bénéficiant de l'expérience acquise dans le domaine des Sciences de la Terre, est proposée.