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This paper presents an initiative in which QR codes on public transport are used to provide citizens with books that they can read and that will improve their general knowledge. It builds on the concept of the learning city and combines it with smart city tools. This paper aims to use a descriptive–empirical approach, including an experiment in Bucharest. This research aims to contribute to the academic world, urban sociology, public administration, and lifelong learning education.

Since the emergence of Covid-19, the lives of informal workers have changed, and street vendors are no exception. This happened because government policies limited the space for people to move, impacting informal workers' income. There is a demand to survive amid declining income during the Covid-19 pandemic, requiring strategies so that informal workers can survive. This article explores the problems experienced by overseas street vendors during the Covid-19 Pandemic. It analyzes the survival strategies by conducting a case study of ethnic Madurese street vendors in Surabaya, Indonesia. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a knife of theoretical analysis survival mechanism of James C Scott. This research was conducted in 2021 in the city of Surabaya. Data collection was carried out utilizing observation and in-depth interviews. The results show that several survival strategies are used by overseas street vendors, especially ethnic Madurese as urban people, namely reducing employee salaries, spending management and making priority scales, doing side jobs, and relying on social relations.

Social scientists of the urban condition have long been interested in the causes and consequences of the phenomena that shape the growth and decline of cities and their suburbs. Such interests have become increasingly relevant in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. Over the course of the pandemic, many academic and popular analyses have confronted two essential questions: How has the pandemic changed the city? And given these changes, are they permanent? This current scholarly and popular dialogue generally lacks comparative analysis. In this article, we attempt to further the analysis and discussion about the pandemic and the city by reframing the debate through three comparative lenses: temporal, scalar, and dimensional. Drawing on the debate and experience of urban areas in the United States, we present an analytical framework to apply a comparative analytical approach. Three temporal analytical matrices are presented: (a) pre-pandemic, (b) current-pandemic, and (c) post-pandemic. These matrices articulate the relationships between a city’s developmental patterns and their related dimensions of urbanization. We pay special attention to the nature of scale within and among the cities and suburbs of regions. Each matrix is tested and contextualized using relevant narratives from cities in the United States before, during, and after the pandemic on various issues, including housing, transportation, and economic development. This framework will serve as an analytical tool for future research on the pandemic and how cities can become more resilient to such shocks.

Delhi is faced with a burgeoning growth of discarded materials—commonly referred to as waste. This rapid increase is characterised by chaos and disorder in the management of waste. This thesis examines the disorder and its effects through the lens of materials, spaces, time, people, and infrastructures involved in the flow of waste through the city. I focus on three waste-related sites in Delhi—Balmiki colonies, the Bhalswa landfill, and recycling units in north-west Delhi—and show how discarded materials acquire different meanings in different contexts and subsequently shape the caste-, class-, and gender- based social relations and the social and economic value associated with waste work and waste workers. I demonstrate this by focusing on the technocratic infrastructure of waste management and by examining the human and caste-based infrastructure of waste management. I show how the growing privatisation of the waste management infrastructure and the use of technology alongside the Clean India Campaign are projected as symbols of modernity and cleanliness and are used to invisibilise the human and environmental dimensions of the waste crisis for political and economic profit. Simultaneously, I focus on waste workers—municipal sanitation workers, public private partnership-led garbage collectors, informal waste pickers, and recyclers—to demonstrate the varying nature of stigma, discrimination, and evaluation of waste work and waste workers. I illustrate how urban marginality has pushed not only Scheduled Caste communities’ workers but also many non-Scheduled Caste communities, such as Muslim and Hindu OBCs, into waste work, transforming their social relations and caste hierarchies at a micro level. Furthermore, I examine how the value of waste work varies from being reproductive (city’s livability) to productive (generating exchange value in waste materials), across different spatio-temporal axes and value chains, and how that shapes the way waste workers perceive themselves and their work.

Social capital is the basis of community-based action and constitutes an important resource for the poor in urban areas. However, social class, age, ethnicity and gender play an important role in shaping social capital outcomes. This article provides a literature-based framework for the qualitative analysis of the differences in social capital between social groups. This study defines and distinguishes social capital functions and resources and highlights the importance of taking negative effects of social capital and social capital needs into account. To test the framework, the social capital portfolios of two exemplary social groups, namely young people and ethnic minorities in urban areas, are presented. The analysis shows that the social capital resources and functions of the different groups as well as the specific needs vary in quality. The study provides a conceptual enhancement to the concept of social capital and recommends that strategies aiming at improving social capital must acknowledge the differences in social capital according to specific groups and environments.

This interview aims to surround the life and work of Professor Maura Pardini Bicudo Veras, former dean and head of the Department of Sociology at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo and currently coordinator of the Graduate Program in Social Sciences at the same institution. We will then go through the theme of Latin America, Urban Sociology and conjunctures of the political and social situation in contemporary. Esta entrevista visa circundar a vida e obra da professora Maura Pardini Bicudo Veras, ex-reitora e chefe do Departamento de Sociologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e atualmente coordenadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais na mesma instituição. Passar-se-á, então, pela temática da América Latina, da Sociologia Urbana e conjunturas da situação político-social no Brasil contemporâneo.

本稿は、日本の都市社会における街区、街路や機関といった地区内の要素、例えば商店街のような要素による社会的心理的効果について、量的な実証研究の理論的枠組みを検討した研究である。日本におけるネットワーク論・下位文化理論や近隣地区の効果に関する実証研究では、自治体や地区レベルの集計データが用いられていたことから、地区内部の環境と住民の関係に関する検証が行われてこなかった。これに対し、……, The purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical framework for quantitative empirical studies on the effects of intra-district level factors for example small blocks, streets and "Distributing Centre"(c.f.Suzuki 1959) in Japanese urban society, such as shopping streets. Urban Sociological theory including Social Network theory, Subcultural theory, and the research on Neighborhood effects have used municipal or district level data as the variables of Urbanism. In contrast, ...

Ce travail collectif réalisé par 100 contributeurs est édité sous la direction de cinq géographes de l’université de Tours. Il est dédié à Pierre Signoles et Jean-François Troin, les fondateurs du laboratoire tourangeau Urbamma. Ce livre est donc un héritage de leur enseignement et de leur implication institutionnelle. Cet Abécédaire, traitant des villes et des phénomènes urbains des mondes arabe, persan et turc, même si le premier, et surtout le Proche-Orient, est le plus abondamment traité,...

[spa] La tesis doctoral se propone analizar cómo los desplazamientos urbanos juveniles se encuentran modulados por las diferencias de género y clase social en el contexto de Barcelona. La investigación se articula en torno a tres dimensiones de la movilidad: los desplazamientos físicos, las representaciones ligadas al movimiento y las prácticas sociales in itinere. Esta dimensión individual de las movilidades se entrelaza con un sistema socioestructural en el que cuerpos, espacios y políticas interactúan y se modifican mutuamente. Este sistema está a su vez enlazado a los ejes de estructuración social, entre ellos, los de género, clase y edad, que moldean las motilidades individuales y colectivas. Para analizar esta relación, se ha realizado un abordaje cualitativo del objeto de investigación. Se han empleado técnicas de entrevistas en profundidad, reuniones con expertos y expertas, observación etnográfica, técnicas visuales de mapeo colaborativo y análisis de fuentes secundarias (administrativas y políticas). El trabajo de campo se ha desarrollado entre mayo del 2019 y febrero del 2021 en dos barrios de Barcelona: Sarrià (distrito de Sarrià-Sant Gervasi) y Porta (distrito de Nou Barris), que han operado como materializaciones de las diferencias de clase (a nivel espacial, corporal y político) por sus niveles de renta. El análisis de resultados se organizó en tres capítulos: primero, cómo la experiencia juvenil se liga a las diferencias de clase en los desplazamientos físicos (disponibilidad y acceso a medios, motivos de desplazamiento y necesidades no cubiertas en cada barrio), en las representaciones (culturas de barrio, discursos de clase y presencia de la inseguridad y placer en los desplazamientos) y en las prácticas y relaciones sociales (con el tejido asociativo del barrio, con otros jóvenes, con la policía, los espacios y administraciones). Segundo, la experiencia juvenil de las mujeres en relación con el género y la clase y cómo se traducen la intersección de clase y género en los desplazamientos, representaciones y relaciones sociales (intragénero e intergénero) juveniles en cada barrio. Tercero, analizaremos la experiencia de los hombres en relación con las dimensiones ya mencionadas. Una vez presentados los resultados, se presentan las conclusiones y las reflexiones finales antes de apuntar hacia las líneas abiertas de investigación., [eng] The doctoral thesis aims to analyze how youth urban commuting is modulated by gender and social class differences in the context of Barcelona. The research is articulated around three dimensions of mobility: physical displacements, representations of movement and social practices in motion. This individual dimension of mobilities is intertwined with a socio- structural system in which bodies, spaces and policies interact and modify each other. This system is linked to the axes of social structuring, including those of gender, class and age, which shape motilities, both at the individual and collective levels. In order to analyze this relationship, a qualitative approach to the object of research has been carried out. We used in-depth interview techniques, meetings with experts, ethnographic observation, collaborative visual mapping techniques and analysis of secondary sources (administrative and political). The fieldwork has been developed between May 2019 and February 2021 in two neighborhoods of Barcelona: Sarrià (Sarrià-Sant Gervasi district) and Porta (Nou Barris district), which have operated as materializations of class differences (spatially, corporeally and politically) by their income levels. The analysis of results was organized in three chapters: first, how the youth experience is linked to class differences in physical movements (availability and access to means of transport, reasons for displacement and unmet needs in each neighborhood), in representations of movements (neighborhood cultures, class discourses and presence of insecurity and pleasure in displacements) and in social practices and relations (with the neighborhood associative fabric, with other young people, with the police, spaces and administrations). Second, women's youth experience in relation to gender and class and how the intersection of class and gender translate into youth movements, representations and social relations (intragender and intergender) and practices in each case. Third, we will analyze the men's experience in relation to the dimensions already mentioned. Once the results have been presented, conclusions and final reflections are presented before pointing towards open lines of research.

Wo werden wir leben? Wo werden wir sein, wenn wir arbeiten oder entspannen? Wer oder was entscheidet darüber? Welche Möglichkeiten werden urbane Agglomerationen für die räumliche Alltagspraxis bieten? Welche Bedeutung werden lokale Differenzen haben? Wie werden wir uns auf einem beschädigten Planeten verteilen, und wo wird wem was zur Verfügung stehen? Mit diesem Sammelband ist die Einladung verbunden, gewohnte Sichtweisen zu verlassen und neue Perspektiven darauf zu werfen, wie eine Standortwahl in der Stadt von übermorgen aussehen könnte. Unterschiedliche Akteur_innen wurden eingeladen, sieben Begriffe scheinbarer Beständigkeit in Essays, Interviews oder künstlerischen Beiträgen zu erkunden: Freiheit, Angst, Chaos, Toleranz, Prestige, Permanenz und Fake. Das Buch gibt dabei kein lineares Narrativ vor, sondern lädt zum Quer-und Wiederlesen ein., Where will we live? Where will we be when we work or relax? Who or what will decide about this? What possibilities will urban agglomerations offer for everyday spatial practice? What significance will local differences hold? How will we distribute ourselves on a damaged planet, and where will what be available to whom? This anthology is an invitation to abandon familiar ways of looking at things and to take a new look at what a choice of location in the city of the future might look like. Different actors were invited to explore seven concepts of apparent consistency in essays, interviews or artistic contributions: Freedom, Fear, Chaos, Tolerance, Prestige, Permanence and Fake. The book does not provide a linear narrative but invites the reader to cross-read and reread.

The 21st century urbanization under neoliberalisation unfolding in the countries of the Global South is characterized by unprecedented increase in population and infrastructure demand, and by dramatic spatial and institutional transformation, which has escalated disparities at multiple scales. As per United Nations World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, urbanization level is set to raise to almost 70% by 2050 with majority of the countries in the Global South doubling their population. India is predicted to surpass China and become the most populous country by 2050. Despite the adoption of spatial distribution initiatives such as development of Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor and spatial decentralisation by the national government, Indian urban landscape is marred by disparities. Under the prevalent disparities, accommodating population growth will be an enormous challenge for India, given its limited institutional capacity to manage growth and provide infrastructure. This research takes the states in India through which the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor will pass as a study area and aims to develop an analytical framework hinged on a theoretical foundation for reducing disparities by integrating infrastructure provision with settlement structure. This framework using mixed methods and multiscale approach enables discerning and explaining spatial disparities across space and time. The development of such a framework makes two novel contributions to urban research: first, it underscores the relevance of classic urban theories and models for investigating and interpreting the spatial disparities in the regions of the Global South. Second, given data scarcity in these regions, the employment of mixed methods for understanding spatial disparities can be used as a proactive planning tool by policy makers to formulate evidence-based policies for reducing disparities by integrating growth with infrastructure provision. This research applied classical urban theories and models at multiple scales to describe the manifestation of spatial disparities in India. It established the relevance of these theories and models to understand the settlement system as well as to establish important gaps in infrastructure provision while predicting future growth. The papers presented here provide ample evidence that the mixed methods approach can be usefully applied to explain the context-specific peculiarities of spatial disparities. A further contribution of this research is to show that the development of a dataset well synchronised with spatial information on socioeconomic and infrastructure variables is essential for empirically establishing spatial disparities. This research explained the manifestation of spatial disparities at multiple scales. It applied several indicators such as accessibility, connectivity and commuting patterns to establish the weakness of spatial links at multiple scales (such as metropolitan, regional and inter-state). This can be considered an important contribution since improved transport links and access to employment and public services reduces spatial barriers to development. Variables on social and physical infrastructure were examined to determine a lack of adequate services in small and intermediate cities predicted to grow. This is also a crucial finding, as sufficient infrastructure and other amenities have long been considered essential to reduce spatial disparities. This research provides evidence-based policy reforms at multiple scale for curtailing spatial disparities. It argues for the introduction of spatial planning at the national level and its integration with economic plans. This integration needs to be promoted at lower tiers of government. At regional scale, the findings recommend an empowered regional authority to develop and implement a regional spatial strategy, which is not only integrated with plans of the respective state governments but is also legally binding for the states. At the lowest scale, it is crucial to enhance the potential of small and intermediate settlements, and to move towards an integrated rural-urban governance that treats these areas as one unit for the planning and implementation of infrastructure. This research recommends implementing the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act to facilitate integrated planning and governance at multiple scales.

Hızlı ve etkili bir biçimde yayılarak bütün dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 salgını, sağlık başta olmak üzere ekonomik, sosyal, psikolojik, eğitim vb. yaşamın tüm boyutlarında toplumları etkilemiştir. Toplum sadece sayısal olarak bireylerin bir arada bulunması olarak adlandırılamaz. Toplum bireylerin aritmetik bir toplamı değil onu oluşturan kişilerin karşılıklı iletişim ve etkileşim içinde oldukları bütündür. Bu iletişim ve etkileşimin ilk başladığı ve en yoğun gerçekleştiği yer ise aile içidir. İnsanın hayatını etkileyen önemli ilişkilere bakıldığında ilk olarak bireyin aile çemberi içinde kaldığı söylenebilmektedir. Salgının hızla yayılmasının önüne geçilmesi için alınan tedbirlerin gerekliliği aile üyelerini evde daha uzun süre vakit geçirmeye yönlendirmiştir. Eve kapanma süresinin uzaması halinde ev ortamında beklenmedik olumsuzluklar yaşanabilir. Küçük bir alanın verdiği kapalı/kısıtlılık hali bireylerin karantina dönemi olumsuzluklarından etkilenme oranının artmasına neden olmuş, davranış ve yaşam koşullarına yansımış ve aile içi ilişkiler de bu çerçevede şekillenmiştir. Bu öngörüler doğrultusunda pandemi döneminin aile ilişkilerine yansıması ile birçok hususun sorgulanması beraberinde yeni arayışlar getireceği aşikardır. Tüm bunlar göz önünde bulundurularak bu çalışmada pandemi döneminde değişen koşulların aile içi ilişkilerine yansıması kent ve kır bağlamında karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma nicel araştırma desenlerinden anket çalışması olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma pandemi dönemini Kayseri’nin şehir merkezi ve köyünde geçirmiş okula giden çocuğa sahip araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden toplam 740 anne baba oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veriler kişisel bilgi formu ve araştırmacılar tarafından (Özyürek ve Çetinkaya, 2021) geliştirilen anket formuyla toplanmıştır. Ölçekten elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda pandemi döneminde aile içi ilişkilerin yaşanılan yere göre değiştiği ve köyde bulunan katılımcıların şehir merkezinde bulunan katılımcılara göre pandemi sürecini daha rahat geçirdiği ve bu durumun aile ilişkilerine olumlu yansımaları olduğu görülmüştür., The Covid-19 epidemic, which spread rapidly and effectively and affected the whole world, affected economic, social, psychological, education, etc., especially health. It has affected societies in all dimensions of life. Society cannot be defined as the coexistence of individuals only numerically. Society is not an arithmetic sum of individuals, but a whole in which the people who compose it are in mutual communication and interaction. The place where this communication and interaction first starts and takes place most intensely is within the family. When we look at the important relationships that affect a person's life, it can be said that the individual stays within the family circle first. The necessity of the measures taken to prevent the rapid spread of the epidemic has led family members to spend longer at home. If the closure period is prolonged, unexpected adverse events may occur in the home environment. The closed/restricted state of a small area caused an increase in the rate of individuals to be affected by the negativities of the quarantine period, reflected in their behavior and living conditions, and family relations were shaped within this framework. In line with these predictions, it is obvious that the reflection of the pandemic period on family relations and the questioning of many issues will bring new searches. Considering all these, in this study, it is aimed to compare the reflection of changing conditions on intrafamily relations during the pandemic period in the context of urban and rural. The research was carried out as a survey study, one of the quantitative research designs. The research sample consists of a total of 740 parents who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research with children who went to school, who spent the pandemic period in the city center and village of Kayseri. The data in the study were collected with a personal information form and a questionnaire developed by the researchers (Özyürek and Çetinkaya, 2021). The data obtained from the scale were analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 program.As a result of the research, it was seen that intrafamily relations changed according to the place where they lived during the pandemic period, and that the participants in the village had a more comfortable time during the pandemic than the participants in the city center, and It has been seen that this situation has positive reflections on family relations.

Analyzes regarding the urban spaces were carried out according to the principles established by the local mayors, according to the recommendations of the specialists or the imitation of the success of other urban communities. The present study reveals the characteristics that influence the opinions of the citizens of the city in accordance with certain aspects. The recommendations and the appreciation of certain representative objectives are correlated in subsidiary with the valorization of certain areas of the city according to the real estate interests or the social status. Living close to the symbolic objectives of the city and the neighborhoods associated with well-being and social success are aspects that cannot be neglected in urban planning. The need to expand the public spaces of cities involves investments in all areas of cities, in order to initiate the idea of crystallizing the community spirit around public spaces of general interest. In such situations there are rejections of investments from personal residence. This article is based on exploratory research conducted in Craiova on the population’s assessments of identity objectives and city areas.

A través del análisis de Las malas intenciones (Rosario García Montero, 2011) y Maruja en el infierno (Francisco Lombardi, 1983), propongo explicar cómo la representación de personajes femeninos protagónicos es el resultado de la mirada cinematográfica a una sociedad devastada (la Lima de inicios de los ochenta) ante el final y fracaso de proyectos nacionales que no lograron despojarse de su matriz colonial. Mientras la primera película retrata una sociedad decadente, cercada por una insurrección que, desde los cerros aledaños a la ciudad, logra ingresar al propio espacio familiar, la segunda nos muestra la devastación como un hecho concreto donde los supervivientes dan rienda suelta a brutales pasiones y ambiciones individuales. Lima, asiento de los fallidos proyectos de industrialización y modernización, pasa por la mirada apocalíptica de Cayetana en Las malas intenciones, hasta llegar a la atmósfera post apocalíptica e irracional de Maruja en el infierno, donde Maruja lucha por sobrevivir.

This research aims to investigate the salience of mothers’ emotional expressivity and its links with adolescents’ emotional wellbeing and expressivity in an urban society endorsing more individualism and a rural society ascribing to more collectivism. By comparing Chinese urban (N= 283,Mage= 14.13) and rural (N= 247,Mage= 14.09) adolescents, this research found that urban mothers’ expression of positive-dominant and positive-submissive emotions (PD and PS) were more common while expression of negative-dominant (ND) emotions was less common than rural mothers’. PD and PS had significant links with urban and rural adolescents’ increased emotional expressivity and self-esteem, however, only significantly related to urban adolescents’ decreased depression but not with rural adolescents’. ND had significant links with both urban and rural adolescents’ expression of negative emotions, however, only significantly correlated with urban adolescents’ less level of self-esteem and rural adolescents’ more expression of positive emotions. No significant difference was found in the salience of urban and rural mothers’ expression of negative-submissive (NS) emotions, which positively related to both urban and rural adolescents’ depression and emotional expressivity. Moreover, we found that adolescents’ emotional wellbeing (i.e., self-esteem and depression) mediated the relationship between mothers’ emotional expressivity and adolescents’ expressivity in both societies. Overall, the study findings document that the salience of mothers’ emotional expressivity and its relations with adolescents’ emotional adjustment differ between urban and rural societies.

This article provides an explanation for how increased public participation can paradoxically translate into limited democratic decision-making in urban settings. Recent sociological research shows how governments can control participatory forums to restrict the distribution of resources to poor neighborhoods or to advance private land development interests. Yet such explanations cannot account for the decoupling of participation from democratic decision-making in the case of planning for climate change, which expands the substantive topics and public funding decisions that involve urban residents. Through an in-depth case study of one of the largest coastal protection projects in the world and drawing on global scholarship on participation, this article narrates the social production of resistance to climate change infrastructure by showing how the state sidestepped public input and exercised authority through appeals to the rationality of technical expertise. After a lengthy participation process wherein participants reported satisfaction with how their input was included in designs, city officials switched decision-making styles and used expertise from engineers to render the publicly-supported plan unfeasible, while continuing to involve residents in the process. As a result, conflict arose between activists and public housing representatives, bitterly dividing the neighborhood over who could legitimately claim to represent the interests of the “frontline community.” By documenting the experience of participants in the process before and after the switch in decision-making styles, this article advances a sociological description of public influence in policy: The ability for participants in a planning process to recognize their own input reflected in finished plans.

New transportation or mobility technologies have the power to disrupt the social, economic, and political landscape, exemplified by the introduction of the automobile over a century ago. The resultant and accumulated impacts have significantly changed how and where people live, interact, and work today. As cities shape, and are shaped by, prevailing transportation options, the arrival of autonomous vehicles suggests a new era of mobility and therefore new influences on urban society and form. To date, most of the research on autonomous vehicles has addressed the engineering challenges of vehicle design, while the social implications have been largely ignored. Often, the new mobility technologies are launched before the social context has been analyzed and implications understood. This collection of work presents current research on these new autonomous driving technologies and how they interact with urban society.

The present work aims to discuss the political centrality occupied by peripheralaesthetic-cultural movements in the current urban context. This will be based on anongoing master's research, based on the reflection about the performance of Pagodeda 27: a self-denominated samba community located in Grajaú, in the south zone of the city of São Paulo. The collective works with the intention of bringing samba backto the periphery, taking it as an "instrument of social transformation". Besides theoccupation and construction of public space, the production of culture and leisure inand for the periphery, and the music and discourses that circulate there, the groupworks with projects aimed at the education of children and young people - such as asoccer school and an open library. Broadening the concept of politics, activisms likethis one can be understood as the search for taking over the part of those "withoutpart" (RANCIÉRE, 1996) and as a process of emergence of that which before wasnoise - invisible and unspeakable (RANCIÉRE, 2005). Collectively constructed throughexperience within a field of conflict (THOMPSON, 1998), political agency exists as aninstituting dynamic of the new (CASTORIADIS, 1982). If there is, in the current contextof the Brazilian urban conflict (MACHADO, 2010), a process of "criminal subjection"(MISSE, 2010), the new in relation to the context, but also the new for the subjectsthemselves, is understood here as a search, also, for politics., El presente trabajo pretende discutir la centralidad política que ocupan losmovimientos estético-culturales periféricos en el contexto urbano actual. Esto sebasará en una investigación de máster en curso, basada en la reflexión sobre laactuación de Pagode da 27: una comunidad de samba autodenominada situada enGrajaú, en la zona sur de la ciudad de São Paulo. El colectivo trabaja con la intenciónde devolver la samba a la periferia, tomándola como "instrumento de transformaciónsocial". Además de la ocupación y construcción del espacio público, la producción decultura y ocio en y para la periferia, y las músicas y discursos que circulan por ella, elgrupo trabaja con proyectos destinados a la educación de niños y jóvenes, como unaescuela de fútbol y una biblioteca abierta. Ampliando el concepto de política, unactivismo como éste puede entenderse como la búsqueda de la apropiación de laparte de los "sin parte" (RANCIÉRE, 1996) y como un proceso de emergencia de loque antes era ruido - invisible e indecible (RANCIÉRE, 2005). Construidacolectivamente a través de la experiencia dentro de un campo de conflicto(THOMPSON, 1998), la agencia política existe como dinámica instituyente de lo nuevo(CASTORIADIS, 1982). Si hay un proceso en curso de "sujeción criminal" (MISSE,2010) en el contexto actual del conflicto urbano brasileño (MACHADO, 2010), lo nuevoen relación con el contexto, pero también lo nuevo para los propios sujetos, seentiende aquí como una búsqueda, también, de la política., O presente trabalho tem como proposta a discussão acerca da centralidade políticaque ocupam os movimentos estético-culturais periféricos no atual contexto urbano.Isso se dará a partir de uma pesquisa de mestrado em andamento, baseada, por suavez, na reflexão sobre a atuação do Pagode da 27: uma autodenominada comunidadede samba localizada no Grajaú, na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. O coletivotrabalha com o intuito de trazer o samba de volta para a periferia, tomando-o como“instrumento de transformação social”. Além da ocupação e construção do espaçopúblico, da produção de cultura e lazer na e para a periferia e das músicas e discursosque ali circulam, o grupo atua com projetos voltados para a formação de crianças ejovens - como uma escolinha de futebol e uma biblioteca aberta. Alargando o conceitode política, ativismos como este podem ser entendidos como a busca pela tomada daparte daqueles “sem parte” (RANCIÉRE, 1996) e como processo de emergênciadaquilo que antes era ruído - invisível e indizível (RANCIÉRE, 2005). Construídacoletivamente por meio da experiência dentro de um campo de conflitos(THOMPSON, 1998), a agência política existe enquanto uma dinâmica instituinte donovo (CASTORIADIS, 1982). Se há em curso, no atual contexto do conflito urbanobrasileiro (MACHADO, 2010), um processo de “sujeição criminal” (MISSE, 2010), onovo em relação ao contexto, mas também o novo para os próprios sujeitos, éentendido, aqui, como uma busca, também, pela política.

Bu çalışmada, İstanbul semtlerini konu edinen monografiler ve tezler üzerinden Türkiye’de semt çalışmaları literatürü ana hatlarıyla değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. “İstanbul Semt Monografileri” ve “İstanbul Semt Tezleri” başlıklı iki güncel listeden faydalanarak yapılan incelemeler ışığında, Türkiye’de semt literatürünün tarihî gelişimi, hangi dönemlerde hangi temaların ön plana çıktığı, literatürde öne çıkan kavram ve temaların neler olduğu, semt çalışmalarının hangi disiplinlerden beslendiği gibi konulara değinilecektir. İlk örnekleri Geç Osmanlı Dönemi’ne kadar uzanan semt monografilerinin öncülük ettiği literatür, şüphesiz şehir araştırmalarından bağımsız düşünülemez. Tarih, sosyoloji, mimari, siyaset, kent planlama, nüfus araştırmaları gibi pek çok disiplinin kesiştiği bir alan olarak, bugün, “şehir araştırmaları” üst başlığı altında toplanabilecek yüksek hacimli bir araştırma-inceleme birikiminden söz edebiliriz. Semt çalışmaları ise uzun yıllardan beri ürün vermesine ve semt monografilerinin dışında, özellikle 1990 sonrasında akademinin de yoğun ilgisine mazhar olmuş, henüz şehir araştırmalarından bağımsız bir sahaya dönüşemese de, yine, hatırı sayılır hacmi ve çeşitli tematik vurguları ile kategorik tasniflere imkân veren bir nitelik kazanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile literatürün genel çerçevesi çizilecektir., In this study, it will be attempted to evaluate the neighbourhood or district studies literature in Turkey with the main lines through monographs and theses on Istanbul districts. In the light of the examinations made using two current lists titled “Istanbul Neighbourhood Monographs” and “Istanbul Neighbourhood Theses”, The historical development of the neighbourhood literature in Turkey, which themes come to the fore in which periods, what are the prominent concepts and themes in the literature, and from which disciplines the neighbourhood studies are inspired will be discussed. The literature, pioneered by neighbourhood monographs, the first examples of which date back to the Late Ottoman Period, cannot be considered independently of urban studies. As a field where many disciplines such as history, sociology, architecture, politics, urban planning, and population studies intersect, we can talk about a large amount of research and examination accumulation that can be gathered under the heading of “urban studies”. Neighbourhood studies, on the other hand, have yielded products for many years and, apart from neighbourhood monographs, have received intense attention from the academy, especially after 1990, and although it has not yet turned into an independent field from urban studies, it has gained a feature that allows categorical classifications with its considerable amount and various thematic emphases. With this study, the general framework of the literature will be described.

A vida urbana durante a pandemia ampliou os antigos dilemas da sociabilidade nos espaços públicos. Em tais circunstâncias, as restrições impostas ao deslocamento da população nas ruas vieram à tona, reapresentando matérias importantes para pensar. O artigo inventaria desafios observados através dos seguintes temas: vulnerabilidades e espoliação urbana, espaço público, sentimentos, comportamentos e interpelações à sociologia urbana em escala macro e microssocial. Baseia-se em trabalhos teóricos voltados à análise da vida citadina no plano do convívio coletivo, pesquisas empíricas e observações feitas principalmente em Fortaleza. Urban life as an expression of macro and microstructural processes has become complex, considering the pandemic, highlighting the old dilemmas of sociability in public spaces. In such circumstances, the restrictions imposed on the displacement of the population in the streets came to the fore, representing important matters to think about. The article would list some challenges caused by the pandemic, in dialogue with contributions from urban sociology, prioritizing the following themes: vulnerabilities and urban spoliation, public space, feelings, behaviors and interpellations to urban sociology on a macro and micro social scale. The text is based on theoretical works about the analysis of city life in terms of collective living, intellectual debates raised by the advent of the pandemic, empirical research and observations made mainly in Fortaleza. The final reflections converge on possible connections between classic and recent issues directed at urban sociology. La vie urbaine en tant qu’expression des processus macro et microstructuraux est devenue complexe, compte tenu de la pandémie, mettant en évidence les anciens dilemmes de la sociabilité dans les espaces publics. Dans de telles circonstances, les restrictions imposées au déplacement de la population dans les rues sont venus au premier plan, représentant d’importants sujets de réflexion. L’article listerait quelques défis posés par la pandémie, en dialogue avec la sociologie urbaine, en priorisant les thèmes suivants : vulnérabilités et spoliation urbaine, espace public, sentiments, comportements et interpellations à la sociologie urbaine à l’échelle macro et micro sociale. Le texte s’appuie sur des travaux théoriques d’analyse de la vie citadine en termes de vie collective, des débats intellectuels suscités par l’avènement de la pandémie, des recherches empiriques et des observations réalisées à Fortaleza. Les réflexions finales convergent vers possibles connexions entre des problématiques classiques et récentes dirigées sur la sociologie urbaine.

Resumo Este artigo se propõe a abordar o uso dos espaços públicos pelos movimentos organizados que conduziram milhares de pessoas às ruas entre março de 2015 e março de 2016, situações que culminaram no impeachment da Presidenta Dilma Rousseff. Parte da premissa de que, embora a organização dessas manifestações tenha ocorrido por meio das redes sociais, foi na apropriação do espaço público pelos respectivos grupos que elas se concretizaram. De uma forma mais tímida, por conta da pandemia de COVID-19, os manifestantes voltaram às ruas no ano de 2020. Para a pesquisa, utilizou-se do aporte teórico acerca da estruturação do espaço urbano e de sua dimensão simbólica, seguida da compilação das informações referentes às manifestações por meio dos grandes jornais em circulação. O balanço que se faz é que o local das manifestações seguiu a lógica simbólica da estruturação do espaço urbano, pois o grupo contrário ao impeachment teve seu espaço de manifestação associado ao centro principal das cidades e os grupos que exigiam a retirada da Presidenta se ocuparam dos espaços identificados com a reprodução do capital financeiro e/ou moradia das elites - lógica mantida durante as manifestações ocorridas no ano de 2020. Resumen Este artículo se propone abordar el uso de los espacios públicos por parte de los movimientos organizados que llevaron a miles de personas a las calles entre marzo de 2015 y marzo de 2016 y que culminaron con la destitución de la presidenta Dilma Rousseff. Parte de la premisa de que aunque la organización de estas manifestaciones se produjo a través de las redes sociales, fue en la apropiación del espacio público por parte de los respectivos grupos donde se materializaron. De forma más tímida, debido a la pandemia de COVID 19, los manifestantes volvieron a las calles en 2020. Para la investigación, utilizamos el aporte teórico sobre la estructuración del espacio urbano y su dimensión simbólica, seguido de la recopilación de información sobre las manifestaciones a través de los principales periódicos en circulación. El balance es que la localización de las manifestaciones siguió la lógica simbólica de la estructuración del espacio urbano, donde el grupo contra el impeachment tuvo su espacio de manifestación asociado al centro principal de las ciudades y los grupos que exigían la destitución de la presidenta ocuparon los espacios identificados con la reproducción del capital financiero y/o la vivienda de las élites. Esta lógica se mantuvo durante las manifestaciones que tuvieron lugar en 2020. Abstract This article addresses the use of public spaces by organized movements that led thousands of people to the streets between March 2015 and March 2016 and culminated in the President Dilma Rousseff impeachment. It starts from the premise that although the organization of these manifestations occurred through social networks, it was in the appropriation of public space by respective groups that they took place. In a timider way, due to the COVID 19 pandemic, the protesters returned to the streets in 2020. For the research, we used the theoretical contribution of urban space structuration and its symbolic dimension, followed by the compilation of information regarding protests published at major newspapers in circulation. The balance shows that the location of social manifestations followed the symbolic logic of urban space structuration, where the group opposed to the impeachment had its space of demonstration associated with the main center of cities and the groups that demanded the withdrawal of President Roussef occupied the spaces identified with the reproduction of financial capital and/or elite housing. This logic was maintained during the demonstrations that took place in 2020. Résumé Cet article propose d'aborder l'utilisation des espaces publics par des mouvements organisés qui ont conduit des milliers de personnes dans la rue entre mars 2015 et mars 2016, situations qui ont abouti à la destitution de la présidente Dilma Rousseff. Elle part du postulat que, si l'organisation de ces manifestations s'est faite à travers les réseaux sociaux, c'est dans l'appropriation de l'espace public par les groupes respectifs qu'elles ont eu lieu. De manière plus timide, en raison de la pandémie de COVID-19, les manifestants sont revenus dans la rue en 2020. Pour la recherche, on a utilisé l'apport théorique sur la structuration de l'espace urbain et sa dimension symbolique, suivi de la compilation d'informations sur les manifestations à travers les principaux journaux en circulation. Le bilan fait est que le lieu des manifestations suivait la logique symbolique de la structuration de l'espace urbain, puisque le groupe opposé à la destitution avait son espace de manifestation associé au centre principal des villes et aux groupes qui réclamaient la destitution du Président a occupé les espaces identifiés à la reproduction du capital financier et/ou du logement élitiste - logique maintenue lors des manifestations qui ont eu lieu en 2020.

Resumen Las nuevas normas de comportamiento social, impuestas actualmente por las restricciones sanitarias durante la pandemia, han planteado modificaciones en las relaciones espaciales de convivencia, con repercusiones directas en el entorno urbano. En el actual momento de espera, ante la cuestión de conocer los cambios que las medidas adoptadas por las autoridades sanitarias causarán en el entorno construido, se abre un ciclo de propuestas que interactúan en un espacio imaginado, que evolucionan hacia la máxima diversidad y que sugieren un proceso abierto en permanente reconfiguración temporal. Se trata de un interesante momento de reflexión, en el que se hace preciso reconsiderar las distancias y superficies mínimas de uso implicadas en el diseño del entorno vital. Una vez señaladas las contradicciones abiertas entre el desarrollo urbano sostenible y el espacio saludable de distanciamiento, se hace preciso profundizar en la caracterización de sus variables para reconocer aquellos factores que ponen en riesgo la conquistada cohesión social. La proxemia, la propiocepción y la seclusión se presentan como las tres cualidades del espacio. Se trata de tres variables que se proponen para abarcar e interpretar los ámbitos de influencia espacial sujetos a una nueva seguridad ambiental de convivencia y desarrollo. Tienen la propiedad de caracterizar un tipo complementario de inmunidad contextual de grupo para la recuperación de una nueva normalidad. Abstract The new patterns of social behavior, currently imposed by health restrictions during the pandemic have led to changes in the spatial relations of coexistence, with direct repercussions on the urban environment. In the current waiting moment, faced with the question of knowing the changes that the measures adopted by the health authorities will cause in the built environment, a cycle of proposals opens. These proposals interact in an imagined space, evolve towards maximum diversity, and suggest an open process in permanent temporal reconfiguration. This is a moment of reflection in which it becomes necessary to rethink the minimum distances and use surfaces involved in the design of the living environment. Once the open contradictions between sustainable urban development and the needed social distancing have been pointed out, it is necessary to deepen in the characterization of its variables in order to recognize those factors that endanger the conquered social cohesion. Proxemia, proprioception and seclusion presented as the three qualities of space. These are three variables that are proposed to encompass and interpret the spatial spheres of influence subject to a new environmental security of coexistence and development. They have the property of characterizing a complementary type of herd immunity for the recovery of the new normal. Resumo As novas normas de comportamento social, actualmente impostas pelas restrições sanitárias durante a pandemia levaram a mudanças nas relações espaciais de coexistência, com repercussões directas no ambiente urbano. No actual momento de espera, perante a questão de conhecer as mudanças que as medidas adoptadas pelas autoridades sanitárias irão provocar no ambiente construído, abre-se um ciclo de propostas que interagem num espaço imaginado, que evoluem no sentido da máxima diversidade e que sugerem um processo aberto em permanente reconfiguração temporal. É um momento interessante de reflexão, no qual é necessário repensar as distâncias e superfícies mínimas de uso envolvidas no projeto do ambiente de vida. Uma vez apontadas as contradições entre o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável e o espaço saudável do distanciamento, é necessário aprofundar a caracterização das suas variáveis, a fim de reconhecer os factores que põem em perigo a coesão social conquistada. Proxemia, propriocepção e reclusão apresentadas como as três qualidades do espaço. Estas são três variáveis que são propostas para abranger e interpretar as esferas de influência espacial sujeitas a uma nova segurança ambiental de coexistência e desenvolvimento. Têm a propriedade de caracterizar um tipo complementar de imunidade contextual de grupo para a recuperação de uma nova normalidade. Résumé Les nouvelles normes de comportement social, actuellement imposées par les restrictions sanitaires pendant la pandémie ont entraîné des changements dans les relations spatiales de coexistence, avec des répercussions directes sur l'environnement urbain. Dans le moment d'attente actuel, face à la question de savoir quels changements les mesures adoptées par les autorités sanitaires provoqueront dans l'environnement bâti, s'ouvre un cycle de propositions qui interagissent dans un espace imaginé, qui évoluent vers une diversité maximale et qui suggèrent un processus ouvert de reconfiguration temporelle permanente. Il s'agit d'un moment de réflexion dans lequel il est nécessaire de repenser les distances minimales et les surfaces d'utilisation impliquées dans la conception du cadre de vie. Après avoir mis en évidence les contradictions entre le développement urbain durable et l'espace sain de distanciation, il est nécessaire d'approfondir la caractérisation de ses variables afin de reconnaître les facteurs qui mettent en danger la cohésion sociale conquise. La proxémie, la proprioception et la réclusion présentées comme les trois qualités de l'espace. Ce sont trois variables qui sont proposées pour englober et interpréter les sphères d'influence spatiales soumises à une nouvelle sécurité environnementale de coexistence et de développement. Ils ont la propriété de caractériser un type complémentaire d'immunité contextuelle de groupe pour la récupération d'une nouvelle normalité.

ilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías, gráficas, planos, tablas En este trabajo de investigación se exploran los conflictos que surgieron a través de la transformación del espacio público en la ciudad de Bogotá a finales del siglo XIX e inicios del XX. Es a partir de la hipótesis en cómo es la práctica social de los habitantes la que realmente se encarga de articular y crear el espacio público, que se abarcó y se examinó el espacio de diferentes escenas de la ciudad en donde no únicamente se analizó el tejido urbano físico, sino también los intereses dictados tanto desde arriba como desde abajo, además de la flexibilidad del uso en el espacio que se adapta o se rechaza por decisiones de los usuarios. De esta manera este trabajo demuestra como algunos espacios públicos se constituyeron por tensiones entre lo tradicional y lo nuevo. Pero además, explica como esas decisiones sobre el espacio público que muchas veces fueron tomadas desde arriba, relegó a una parte de la población a desarrollar su práctica social con mayor libertad en las zonas excéntricas de la ciudad. (Texto tomado de la fuente) This research explores the conflicts that emerged through the public space transformation in Bogotá city in the finals XIX and early XX centuries. Taking the hypothesis that the social practice of the inhabitants really transforms and modifies the public space. The work analyses and examines the space in different scenes of the city where not only scrutinizes the physical urban space but interests dictated by people who were interested in modifying it for different reasons and aims. Additionally, this research explores the flexibility and the use of the space when is accepted or rejected by the users. This way, the work shows how some public spaces were built by tensions between the traditional and new. Explaining how those decisions about public spaces most of the time were taken by an elite who relegated others to develop their social practices to the outskirts. Maestría Magíster en Historia y Teoría del Arte, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad Historia Urbana

This essay aims to examine metropolitan cities of Latin America with two aspects of the literature in anthropology, history, and sociology in mind. First, the essay addresses an imbalanced focus on cities in the USA and Canada by sketching the significance of migration, creation, and urban development in four major metropolises of Latin America. Second, in place of a framework of urban imaginaries, which has dominated the sociology of Latin American cities in recent years, I argue for a more precise notion of metropolitan imaginaries that better frames the creativity of particular cities and their level of integration into international and regional networks. With this more precise notion, I distinguish southern cities as highly connected places, which attract migrants and bring economic and cultural traffic to their shores, ports, plazas, and streets. They are lively centers of Atlantic modernity with connections that generate greater magnitude for creativity and, as such, bear international significance as places of architecture and urban design. In their informal settlements, impulses of organic creation further distinguish southern metropolises from their North American counterparts. The quality of international and regional connections distinguishes these cities from other urban centers in Latin America, a point underestimated in the literature on urban imaginaries. In this essay, I examine 19th and 20th-century Buenos Aires, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. Each is distinguished from most cities by the magnitude of migration, the diversity of their populations, and the connections they have to global and regional developments. Crucially, each one stands out for the quality and impact of their metropolis-making, particularly in creative architecture and urban design.

The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the technology of creating an art project as a strategic tool that can provide an effective process of implementing the activities of the manager of the socio-cultural sphere. Methodology of the study is the principles of dialectics, systemic, socio-cultural, and historical approaches, fundamental provisions of the theory of culture. The general scientific and interdisciplinary research methods are used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is to identify the characteristic features of urban music culture that distinguish it from other manifestations of musical culture; providing characteristics of the cultural space of the city as an environment for the realization of urban musical culture; determining the place of the script approach in the life of the representatives of urban music culture. Conclusion. Urban music culture is a complex and multi-vector phenomenon that characterizes the realization of music culture in the form of creating, performing, and listening to music in an urban environment. It demonstrates the attitude of members of the urban community to music and its role in the life and evolution of the urban social and cultural environment demonstrates a public interest in its manifestations through a desire to listen to music, to make music, or to produce works that are well-received by the urban society. The realization of the city's musical culture, its embodiment occurs by performing its basic functions, among which the most important are: axiological, cognitive, educational, communicative, semiotic, relaxation

Argument. The aim of the article is to show the social roots of synagogue architecture on the example of the 17th century synagogue in Zamośc. The analysis is an attempt to show the relationship between the location of the structure in the urban structure and the experiences of minorities, the history of the community and the Jewish community in the city. Concepts discussed. Due to the nature of the topic, the analysis was based on research on archival materials, which is the basic method of work within the art history discipline. In addition to studying the inventory materials and the object itself, the content of the article refers to the theses of the most important researchers and researchers of synagogue architecture and town planning in Poland: E. Bergman, J. Jagielski, A. Łupienko, A. Zablocka-Kos, K. Matyjaszka, M. and K. Piechotka. Results and conclusions. The analysis revealed that the previous interpretations of the style of the synagogue in Zamośc as Sephardic were incorrect. It is concluded that the model was - apart from earlier synagogues, which used the centralization of the main prayer hall and a similar layout - of church architecture from the area of the Zamośc Estate. This is evidenced by the implication of the detail used within the Kalisz-Lublin type. This thread also emerges as a new research problem, which, so far, has not been described in the context of Judaism's architecture. At the same time, it points to the broad social context in which there is pre-reform synagogue architecture. The turn of the 16th and 17th centuries was the time of creating new forms in the area of Jewish construction in Poland and the so-called Golden Age of Polish Jews. This is the reverse of the Western European countries, from which the Jewish community was displaced and construction development was halted. The cognitive value of the approach. The greatest value is the original, not yet undertaken attempt to implement a critical discourse in the face of the strongly widespread theory of the continuity of the Spanish tradition within the architecture of synagogues. At the same time, the article presents a methodological directive under which it is assumed that in the history of architecture the priority is not only to take into account ergonomics, but also to the socio-cultural conditions in which a building exists. This means the need for an interdisciplinary analysis of the work of art, which takes into account not only the description of the form, but also the interpretation of the meaning metaphorically "carried" by the realized object. Keywords: architecture, synagogues, urban sociology, Zamośc, renaissance, eastern Poland

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em apontar as principais contribuições do autor para o campo da sociologia urbana brasileira. Para isso buscaremos resgatar a gênese da construção do urbano enquanto questão pelas ciências sociais brasileiras e o papel desempenhado por Kowarick tanto na ocasião da emergência do debate, quanto no desenrolar da construção do tema com o passar dos anos, refletindo sobre o legado por ele deixado. Cientes de que o reconhecimento por sua relevância analítica e seu pioneirismo se dá, em grande medida, por seu engajamento com a empiria e pela busca por interpretações consistentes acerca das características e nuances da realidade urbana brasileira, destacamos o entusiasmo do autor com o campo das pesquisas urbanas no Brasil e seu empenho para promover uma construção teórica coletiva. Resgatamos o convite aberto feito aos demais pesquisadores do urbano para firmar um compromisso de trabalho com a materialidade e com a construção de uma sociologia urbana autêntica e ajustada à experiência brasileira.

Public housing schemes in developing countries like Nigeria have been assessed from different perspectives. In spite of this, housing development strategies are yet to efficiently meet the needs of contemporary urban society, especially those needs associated with rapid influx of human population in countries of the Global South. Rapid population growth impacts on the social, economic and environmental fabrics of the community. In the same vein, housing for resilient city is said to offer characteristics that would enable housing to relate efficiently with the socioeconomic, physical and environmental demands of the city. However, studies on assessment of housing for city resilience are rare. This study aimed to investigate the environmental characteristics of mass housing schemes that will enhance the adequacy of residential neighbourhoods to efficiently absorb the adverse impacts of rapid urban population growth and promote city resilience. A cross sectional survey of 345 residents in seven selected public housing estates in Abuja, Nigeria was carried out using a structured questionnaire designed from the findings of the review of literature. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. The results revealed that the participants felt that housing units' features were generally adequate, while the neighbourhood environmental features were grossly inadequate for city resilience. The four main dimensions of housing adequacy evaluation were the sizes of service provision, plots for houses, availability of utilities, neighbourhood and maintenance facilities; provision of spaces for study room, guest room, laundry and home-based enterprise in dwelling units; the size of housing units and interior spaces; and the provision of car parks, security and educational facilities in the housing estates. The study highlights the specific areas of priority attention in public housing provision in order to ensure that housing developments promote cities resilient to rapid population growth.

Commercial gentrification often accompanies residential gentrification. Both processes contribute to the real or perceived threat of displacement for longtime residents of ethnic enclaves experiencing gentrification. Cultural displacement is a related concern among residents who may experience a declining sense of ownership, control, or belonging as newer residents and commercial establishments move into their communities. Yet, other longtime residents experience an increased sense of safety as their neighborhoods gentrify and they may appreciate the new amenities gentrification brings. I highlight the symbolic significance of local businesses in gentrifying neighborhoods and identify two different patterns of longtime residents experiencing their communities as something alien to them—a phenomenon I call alienation from place. Alienation from place may be a product of social and cultural displacement or may be alleviated by changes to a neighborhood accompanying gentrification processes, a posteriori alienation from place and a priori alienation from place, respectively.

У статті досліджено особливості формування та трансформації релігійності в урбанізованому суспільстві. Доведено, що урбанізаційні процеси здійснюють вплив на буття людини та соціуму, в тому числі й на релігійну сферу. Навіть в умовах секуляризації, що характерна для урбанізованого суспільства, релігія не зникає, а трансформується. Відбувається, з одного боку, розділення сфери релігійного і світського, а з іншого – за необхідності релігія може залучатися до вирішення проблем, які знаходяться поза її межами. Окреслену ситуацію можна охарактеризувати як постсекулярну, коли релігія під впливом соціальних обставин змінює свою функціональність, навіть здійснює вплив на ті сфери, від яких вона була відокремлена секуляризацією. Проаналізовано окреслену проблематику в контексті розвитку українського суспільства. Обґрунтовано, що традиційна релігійність українців, яка здебільшого була орієнтована на сільський спосіб життя, не зовсім сприймається сучасним жителем міста. Проте це означає не зникнення релігійного складника духовності, а його трансформацію відповідно до потреб людини, адже релігія не втрачає своєї затребуваності. Досліджено, що в умовах урбанізації релігійність характеризується такими рисами, як приватність, анонімність, вибірковість, пошуком нових форм і засобів задоволення релігійних потреб. Оскільки існування міських жителів здебільшого є раціонально обґрунтованим, орієнтованим на корисність, а спілкування характеризується поверховістю та швидкоплинністю, то релігія посідає чільне місце в житті людини як один із засобів подолання викликів, які постають перед нею в урбанізованому суспільстві. Показано, що релігійність набуває нових рис, адже людина сама вибирає час, місце, форми її вияву. За таких умов значного поширення набувають неорелігійні рухи, яким властива значна динамічність та гнучкість, що також притаманні міському способу життя. Вказано, що одним із процесів, який супроводжує урбанізацію, є віртуалізація, яка також впливає на релігійність, адже дає змогу сучасній людині реалізовувати свої релігійні потреби не за допомогою традиційних засобів, а у віртуальному вимірі.

Urban diversity poses significant challenges for social work education in Europe’s major cities. These challenges manifest themselves in an accumulation of conflicts, inequalities, and fracture lines between individuals, networks, cultures, but also different groups and their institutional and political environments. This current challenge for the education of the next generation of social workers is also related to the rapidly changing environmental conditions and complexity of the urban diversity. Urban society is increasingly fragmented and diverse requiring new knowledges and tools to support future social work practice. The aim of the paper is to analyze the potential of Community Service Learning (CSL) as an approach that can be effectively applied in complex urban settings. CSL is an experiential learning format that integrates academic and experiential learning within a community service context. The participative training model identifies three basic principles: civic engagement, cooperative and multiple learning, and the importance of critical reflexive learning. This paper builds on existing CSL literature and represents ongoing discussions in an Erasmus+ project, exploring social work education in complex urban settings.

O seguinte trabalho é uma análise sociológica da inserção do feminismo no espaço urbano através da pichação. Utilizando do experimento etnográfico de observar as mensagens nas paredes de alguns pontos em Goiânia, se percebe o alinhamento das mesmas com pautas evocadas pelo movimento feminista. A partir daí busca-se a compreensão do fenômeno como modo de expressão do feminismo contemporâneo, especialmente do feminismo jovem. O processo de ressignificação da cidade, decorrente das intervenções, vem ancorado a uma proposta de visibilidade da presença de mulheres em espaços socialmente reconhecidos enquanto masculinizados, especialmente o picho, e quais os impactos que essa presença é capaz de gerar. As observações são amparadas por teorias feministas que abraçam a subjetividade e a participação da emoção no campo como parte possível e potente da pesquisa. O convite é o de transitar pela cidade através do texto, em diálogo com as imagens apresentadas, em consonância com a bibliografia do campo e paralelas a elas em torno de conceitos que envolvem as produções estéticas em si, o caráter de suas mensagens e temas feministas associados. The following work is a sociological analysis of the insertion of feminism in the urban space through graffiti. Using the ethnographic experiment of observing the messages on the walls of some points in Goiânia, one can see the their alignment with guidelines evoked by the feminist movement. From hence, we seek to understand the phenomenon as a way of expressing feminism contemporary, especially youth feminism. The process of re-signification of the city, resulting from the interventions, has anchored to a proposal of visibility of the presence of women in spaces socially recognized as masculinized, especially the pichação,and which are the impacts that this presence is capable of generating. The observations are supported by Feminist theories that embrace subjectivity and the participation of emotion in the fieldas a possible and potent part of the research. The invitation is to travel through the city through the text, in dialogue with the images presented, in line with the bibliography of the field and parallel to them around concepts that involve the aesthetic productions themselves, the character of its messages and associated feminist themes.

Cet article cherche à expliquer le développement de l’ethnographie urbaine et les carrières réussies de ses praticiens, notoires dans les années 1990, mais pas dans les années 1920-1940, en examinant plusieurs facteurs : la dispersion géographique des élèves de l’université de Chicago formés au travail de terrain, l’expansion universitaire, les révoltes urbaines des années 1960, la multiplication des centres de recherches sur l’urbanisme, et le renforcement de l’intérêt des anthropologues pour les questions « urbaines ». L’article permet donc de mieux cerner, en décrivant les parcours des acteurs et les développements institutionnels, ce qui est en général décrit de façon imprécise comme une conséquence du mouvement des idées. This article seeks to explain the development of urban ethnography and the successful careers of its practitioners, evident in the 1990s but not in the 1920s and 1940s, by examining several factors: the dispersion of University of Chicago students trained in fieldwork, the expansion of the graduate population, the urban revolts of the 1960s, the proliferation of urban research centres, and the growth of anthropologists' interest in 'urban' issues. The article thus provides a better understanding of what is usually imprecisely described as a consequence of the movement of ideas, by following people and institutional developments.

Submitted by Ana Carolina Lirani Mazarini (ana.mazarini@unesp.br) on 2022-08-02T20:41:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Do flâneur parisiense à ralé endividada paulistana.pdf: 4246170 bytes, checksum: 69a2baae24b106b48c8f615038acb43b (MD5) Rejected by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correção na submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: - Por gentileza, verificar a frase referente à CAPES. Segundo a Portaria da CAPES nº 206, de 4 set. 2018, a frase completa é "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001”. Após completar a frase nos Agradecimentos é só refazer a submissão. * Qualquer dúvida, enviar e-mail para bibl-aquisicao.marilia@unesp.br Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2022-08-03T12:45:31Z (GMT) Submitted by Ana Carolina Lirani Mazarini (ana.mazarini@unesp.br) on 2022-08-22T23:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Do flâneur parisiense à ralé endividada paulistana.pdf: 35094842 bytes, checksum: 6a8f7990167c8a52187d64d776b14420 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2022-08-23T12:56:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mazarini_acl_dr_mar.pdf: 35094842 bytes, checksum: 6a8f7990167c8a52187d64d776b14420 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-23T12:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mazarini_acl_dr_mar.pdf: 35094842 bytes, checksum: 6a8f7990167c8a52187d64d776b14420 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-07-05 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Entender a lógica de produção e exclusão das cidades brasileiras foi o fio condutor do percurso percorrido neste trabalho dentro das ciências sociais e que levaram a produção desta tese. Ao debruçar sobre as mazelas sociais características do cenário urbano brasileiro compreendi que para lançar luz sobre minhas indagações precisaria compreender a gênese do processo de formação do ideário de metrópole moderna. Assim surgiu os objetivos deste trabalho que é o de fazer uma análise sobre as bases de formação dos espaços urbanos modernos, como também, o de indicar os pontos e as formas sobre as quais elas estão presentes dentro da formação da sociedade urbana brasileira. A partir de um levantamento bibliográfico ligado às bases da sociologia e da sociologia urbana realizamos uma análise histórica e sociológica do modelo de intervenção urbana implementada em Paris na segunda metade do século XIX, por Napoleão III e pelo urbanista Haussmann, com o entendimento de que foi essa a experiência que consolidou o modelo de intervenção urbana cuja produção e gestão do espaço urbano tem como base a racionalidade econômica, e que trouxe como características para os espaços urbanos e para as subjetividades modernas a segregação espacial e a figura do flâneur como seu habitante, e que apresenta paralelos nos processos de renovação e constituição urbana até os dias de hoje. Dessa forma, também buscamos, a partir da análise documental dos últimos projetos de renovação propostos para a região central de São Paulo, identificar esses elementos de reprodutibilidade de constituição dos espaços da cidade e de reformulação das subjetividades presentes na região que acarreta não apenas nos problemas sociais já identificados nas cidades brasileiras, mas que visam e introduzem um ideário de sociedade moderna nacional. Identificamos elementos de convergência entre os dois momentos de construção de ideário urbano, como no recorte das cidades em espaços segregados e estratificados e na construção do modelo de subjetividade desejável ao indivíduo moderno, mas que também apresenta novas formulações em termos de construção de espaço e de sujeito quando implementados no cenário latino-americano. Assim, esse processo de modernização da cidade de São Paulo trouxe para o seio da sociedade paulista moderna enclaves segregadores que são habitados por uma nova tipologia de flâneur: a ralé endividada. To understand the logic of production and exclusion in Brazilian cities was the guiding line of this work path within the Social Sciences and that led to the production of this thesis. When looking at the social problems characteristic of the Brazilian urban scenario, I understood that in order to shed light on my inquiries, I would need to understand the genesis of the formation process of modern metropolis ideals. Thus arose the objectives of this work, which is to make an analysis of the foundations of the modern urban spaces formation, as well as to indicate the points and ways in which they are present within the formation of Brazilian urban society. From a bibliographic survey linked to the bases of sociology and urban sociology, we carried out a historical and sociological analysis of the urban intervention model implemented in Paris in the 19th century second half, by Napoleon III and the urbanist Haussmann, with the understanding that it was this experience that consolidated the urban intervention model in which the urban space production and management are based on economic rationality, and that brought as characteristics to urban spaces and to modern subjectivities the spatial segregation and the figure of the flâneur as its inhabitant, and that it parallel itself in the urban constitution and renovation processes until the present day. Therefore, we also seek, from the documentary analysis of the last renovation projects proposed for the central region of São Paulo, to identify these reproducibility elements of the city spaces constitution and of the subjectivity reformulation present in the region, that not only causes social problems already identified in Brazilian cities, but which aim at and introduce an ideal of modern national society. We identified elements of convergence between the two moments of construction of urban ideals, such as the cutting of cities into segregated and stratified spaces and the construction of the model of subjectivity desirable to the modern individual, but which also presents new formulations in terms of space and subject construction when implemented in the Latin American scenario. Thereby, this process of modernization of the city of São Paulo brought to the core of modern São Paulo society the segregating enclaves that are inhabited by a new typology of flâneur: the indebted ralé.

This research will discuss about access to urban community education after the Implementation of the zoning system, this study departs from the number of urban communities living on the railroad banks in Ketintang, Surabaya. The purpose of this study is to determine access to education for urban communities related to values, and patterns of action constructed by urban communities in accessing formal education from pre to post implementation of the zoning system policy. This research will be dissected using social construction theory with externalization, objectivation and internalization processes proposed by Peter L Berger with a qualitative descriptive approach. The result of this study is that access to education has turned into a zoning system, making it difficult for urban communities who have a residency status because the country's schools limit quotas and prioritize native citizens of Surabaya.

This study discusses how personal knowledge management in Jabodetabek urban community (stand for Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) in Indonesia, as a multi-ethnic nation with a thick oral culture is facing the digital era. The urgency of this research is to be able to build awareness and managing knowledge effectively in society. This research uses quantitative approach with case study method. Data is collected using the Google-form questionnaire between January-July 2018. Respondents are determined by non-probability sampling methods, obtained 224 respondents. The findings show that the strategy of gaining knowledge is at the highest level, while knowledge sharing is at the lowest level. In addition, the community has not fully utilized knowledge in this digital era. They focus on knowledge about hobbies, entertainment, and health. It was concluded that individuals who, on average, were students and office workers, showed effectiveness of knowledge management that were not optimally integrated, thus hampering the development of knowledge itself. Ideally individuals actively share knowledge for mutual progress, Jabodetabek communities are still passive, and sharing knowledge in close environment that are related to school or office assignments. This issue can be developed using a qualitative approach in order to gain deeper understanding of personal knowledge management from cultural perspective.

The aim of this article is to analyze how the concept of mieszczaństwo was redefined in Polish political discourse between 1905 and 1914 in conjunction with concepts of intelligentsia and bourgeoisie. My hypothesis is that before the Great War, in a time of powerful social and political revolutions that took place on the streets of Warsaw, Łódź and other cities, new ways of conceptualizing the urban society emerged. I shall discuss the circumstances that led to the forming of the concept of the Polish mieszczaństwo during the debate about the urban self-government in the Kingdom of Poland after the 1905 Revolution. As the city itself became the subject of political competition, and the right to govern the city became a demand of the Polish public opinion. For National Democratic Party it was an excellent occasion to expand anti-Semitic rhetoric and promote the idea of the Polonization of cities as a long-term goal. However, I argue that this rhetoric would not find public response if the intelligentsia itself would not redefined its attitude to other groups of urban dwellers. The mieszczaństwo, which had no political meaning previously, became the main factor of the imagined modernization of Poland. Despite the price of the ethnic conflict it became obvious that Poland had to be urbanized to be modernized.

Nowadays, one of the subjects that in urban society is talking about mostly is that security of citizens in a city. Today crime and feelings of insecurity in urban areas especially in developing countries like Afghanistan is the prime problem that has many effects on development of a society and city the main goal of this researching is investigating about the role of city pre-active quality and security feeling in Mahdieh town. Mahdieh town locates in 13 districts of Kabul, and it is built without standard project designing plan and it is not built according to standards that can cause many damages. The criteria that are considered are sense of location. Identity of location remembrance legibility general perception and visual joys. Form and morphology that criteria have many sub-criteria that are as index of urban perspective for measurement of security feeling of citizen in Mahdia town. method of this researching is a kind of practical analytical disruptive the collecting information is the method of surveying and library, and for analysing the data for finding the result of research the (SWOT) method is used that the most important subjects in ( weakness, strangeness, threat and opportunity) points are considered and the organization is located in conservatism of (WO) and the weakness must be shortened and most usage be on opportunities and for analysing and checking hypotheses about 355 questioners are considered that after certain justify ability and final is suitable. The subjects of hypotheses are checking (SPSS) program that showed relationship is between two variables of hypotheses location identify and legibility. The second hypotheses is rejected by the Friedman test that covered the research’s variables readability, feeling of seizing and reminiscent are not in the priority.

This article analyses the historical and modern, foreign and local research based on a multi-dimensional approach from the point of view of the forms-schemes, main directions and strategies of the “urban society”, formed as a result of the expansion and deepening of urbanization processes.

Kein Abstract vorhanden, + ID der Publikation: hslu_83680 + Art des Beitrages: Wissenschaftliche Medien + Jahrgang: 21 + Sprache: Portugiesisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2021-05-26 15:47:07

Este trabalho apresenta um Plano de Mobilidade Ciclística para Teresina (Piauí), e tem como foco a elaboração de diretrizes intervencionistas para manutenção, requalificação e ampliação da infraestrutura cicloviária da cidade. Partindo do entendimento de que a saturação dos padrões urbanos de deslocamento significa retrocesso da cidade, a implantação dessa rede representaria a melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas a partir de uma potencial opção de circulação urbana sustentável. Com propostas sob formato de plano, o trabalho apresenta através de mapeamentos georeferenciados de que forma essa nova rede será inserida na malha urbana, como satisfará as necessidades de origem/destino, prevê a integração com os sistemas de transporte coletivo, caracteriza a rede proposta de acordo com o tipo de via ciclável prevista, e a hierarquiza em função da prioridade de implantação de cada ramal na malha viária. Trata também da arborização urbana, do mobiliário e dos equipamentos de apoio a serem inseridos na rede para viabilizar o uso da bicicleta nas adversidades do clima quente da cidade. Desta forma, o presente trabalho se coloca enquanto possibilidade na busca por uma Teresina mais inclusiva e equitativa, tendo a bicicleta como instrumento de transformação da realidade eminentemente caótica dos transportes motorizados privados.

Today, the role of women in social activities in Iranian society is more important than ever. Despite the increasing presence of women in the social arena, their participation and attendance in sports activities are limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers affecting women's non-participation in sports activities in both urban and rural communities. The data of this study were collected using a questionnaire on barriers to women's participation in sports activities. Findings indicated that the two groups of urban and rural women reported similar priorities, with the highest priority being related to economic and personal barriers. The lowest priorities were related to family, cultural barriers. With extensive and targeted advertising, a variety of mass entertainment programs of sports activities can be assigned to the adult age categories. Such interventions will lead to better welfare and quality of life for women in urban and rural communities.

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivos identificar los patrones de distribución de la pobreza multidimensional en las principales aglomeraciones urbanas del Sistema de Ciudades colombiano y estimar la magnitud de la segregación residencial entre la población pobre y no pobre asentada en estos territorios. A partir de una reflexión conceptual sobre la pobreza y la segregación, se plantea un estudio comparativo para establecer cómo este fenómeno se presenta en el Sistema de Ciudades, mediante la implementación de múltiples métodos de análisis espacial y estadístico que permiten construir índices a diferentes escalas. Lo anterior, permite concluir que el fenómeno de la segregación residencial presenta particularidades en sus patrones de distribución geográfica al interior de cada aglomeración urbana. Abstract The article aims to identify the patterns of distribution of the multidimensional poverty in the main urban agglomerations of the Colombian city system, and to estimate the magnitude of residential segregation between poor and non-poor population at the same scale. Based on a conceptual reflection on poverty and segregation, a comparative study is proposed to establish how this phenomenon occurs in urban agglomerations of the Colombian city system. For this, multiple methods of spatial and statistical analysis are used, allowing the construction of indices at different scales that lead to the conclusion that segregation presents particularities in geographic patterns in each urban agglomeration. Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo identificar os padrões de distribuição da pobreza multidimensional nas principais aglomerações urbanas do sistema urbano colombiano e estimar a magnitude da segregação residencial entre a população pobre e não pobre na mesma escala. A partir de uma reflexão conceituai sobre pobreza e segregação, propõe-se um estudo comparativo para estabelecer como esse fenô-meno ocorre nas aglomerações urbanas do sistema urbano colombiano. Para tanto, são utilizados múltiplos métodos de análise espacial e estatística, permitindo a construção de índices em diferentes escalas que levam à conclusão de que a segregação apresenta particularidades nos padrões geográficos em cada aglomeração urbana. Résumé Cet article vise à identifier les schémas de distribution de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle dans les principales agglomérations urbaines du système urbain colombien et à estimer l'ampleur de la ségrégation résidentielle entre population pauvre et non pauvre à la même échelle. A partir d'une réflexion conceptuelle sur la pauvreté et la ségrégation, on propose une étude comparative pour établir comment ce phénomène se déroule dans les agglomérations urbaines du système urbain colombien. C'est pour cela qu'on utilise des multiples méthodes d'analyse spatiale et statistique pour la construction d'indices à différentes échelles lesquels permettent de conclure que la ségrégation résidentielle présente des particulatités dans les schémas de repartition géographique au sein de chaque agglomération.

This paper explores the presence of the poetic word in contemporary urban settings: from “Poetry in Motion,” displayed in the New York City subway at the very place where one usually finds ads, to fluid xenon light projections of huge verse on the exterior of buildings in Basel or Zurich by visual artist Jenny Holzer, who presents poems of the Nobel Laureate Wisława Szymborska together with her own short “Truisms.” Or from single poems permanently written on walls – e.g. a much-discussed concrete poem by Eugen Gomringer at the facade of a Berlin college of education – to the technically enhanced spoken word, audible from far away as a side effect of gigantic poetry slam events in stadiums, e.g. the Trabrennbahn (race course) in Hamburg and even performative events such as Ulrike Almut Sandig’s „augenpost“ in which poems are ‘published’ on posters, flyers and free postcards in the urban space of Leipzig or declaimed on public squares in Indian metropolises through a megaphone. Such presentations of poetry in urban space are still uncommon, thus creating an aesthetic experience that differs strongly from reception in private settings or even in readings or public poetry festivals, as the poem relates to its urban surroundings.

Since the inception of urban sociology, the “neighborhood” has served as the dominant context to capture developmentally significant youth experiences beyond the home. Yet no large-scale study has examined patterns of exposure to the most commonly used operationalization of neighborhood—the census tract—among urban youth. Using smartphone GPS data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context study ( N = 1,405), we estimate the amount of time youth spend in residential neighborhoods and consider explanations for variation in neighborhood exposure. On average, youth (ages 11 to 17) spend 5.7 percent of their waking-time in their neighborhood but not at home, 60 percent at home, and 34.3 percent outside their neighborhood. Multilevel negative binomial regression models indicate that residence in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with less time in one’s neighborhood. Higher levels of local violence and the absence of a neighborhood school are negatively associated with time in-neighborhood and mediate the concentrated disadvantage effect. Fractional multinomial logit models indicate that higher violence is linked with increased time at home, and school absence is associated with increased outside-neighborhood time. Theoretical development and empirical research on neighborhood effects should incorporate findings on the extent and nature of neighborhood and broader activity space exposures among urban youth.

Autor u radu analizira jedan pristup u okviru urbane sociologije, karakterističan za čikašku školu, koji je spajao određene biološke premise u poimanju grada s tipičnim sociološkim pristupom, promatrajući grad kao svojevrstan superorganizam i proizvod prirode, zbog čega se naziva ekološkom teorijom grada. U tom smislu, veza između biologije i sociologije, kao i teorije Roberta Ezre Parka i Ernesta Watsona Burgessa bit će predmet posebne analize koja za cilj ima što više približiti čitatelju ekološki pristup u urbanoj sociologiji. Predmet je posebnog interesa Parkova ideja o gradu kao produktu prirode, sa simbiotskom substrukturom i kulturnom suprastrukturom, kao i Burgessova ideja o rastu grada i teorija koncentričnih zona strukture grada. Također, analizirana su i druga pitanja ekološke teorije grada (dominacija i sukcesija, socijalna delinkvencija, problem marginalnog čovjeka)., The author analyses an approach within the framework of urban sociology, characteristic to Chicago School. This approach combined certain biological premises in understanding the city with the typical sociological approach, seeing the city as a superorganism and a product of nature, which is why it is called the ecological theory of the city. In this regard, the connection between biology and sociology, as well as the theory of Robert Ezra Park and Ernest Watson Burgess, as typical representatives of this sociological trend, will be the subject of special analysis, aiming to bring the reader closer to the ecological approach in urban sociology. The topic of particular interest is Park’s idea of the city as a product of nature, with symbiotic substructure and cultural superstructure, as well as Burgess’s idea of city growth and the theory of the concentric zones of city structure. Other issues of the ecological theory of the city (dominance and succession, social delinquency, the problem of the marginal man) were also analysed.

The present study aimed to identify the social and psychological problems associated with the lack of personal space in a sample of children in basic education classes. The sample consisted of (200) children divided into (100) children in a rural environment (50) private schools (50) government schools And (100) children in an urban environment (50) private schools and (50) government schools. The researcher used the comparative descriptive approach and used the personal space scale, the social relations scale, the family life quality scale, and the children's personality assessment scale The research has reached results, the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant correlation relationship between the personality assessment scale and between (relationship and friendship relationship, the total score of the personal space scale) in the rural sample, while there is no statistically significant correlation relationship between the personality assessment scale and all From (formal relationship, relationship with strangers, confrontation from back - front - right - left) in the countryside sample. There is a correlation relationship between the personality assessment scale and each of (facing from the back - front - right - left, the total score of the personal space scale) in the urban sample, while there is no statistically significant correlation between the personality assessment scale and both (relationship relationship And friendship, formal relationship, relationship with strangers) among the urban sample. . There is a statistically significant correlation relationship between the social relations scale and each of (relationship and friendship relationship, the formal relationship, the total score of the personal space scale) in the rural sample, while there is no statistically significant correlation relationship between the social relations scale and both (relationship with strangers) I have a rural sample. There is a statistically significant correlation relationship between the scale of social relations and each of (the relationship of kinship and friendship, the formal relationship, confrontation from the back - front - right - left, the total score of the personal space scale) in the urban sample, while there is no statistically significant correlation between A measure of social relations and between each of the (relationship with strangers) in the urban sample. The studies also recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: 1- An appropriate degree of personal space must be provided in the classroom and the child's personal space must be respected. 2- Conducting more studies that deal with the needs of the personal space and its relationship to different age stages in different environments. 3- Failure to accept numbers of children greater than the permissible limit in schools.

Studies on non-voting behavior and which depart from social perspectives have long been stagnated due to the dominance of analysis that puts systems, institutionalization, political mechanisms and participation as the main viewpoints of the studies. This study using social perspectives is useful to explain why voters were not present at polling stations during the Medan 2018 Election. It elaborates the social aspects that influenced non-voting behavior in the urban area of Medan in North Sumatra, Indonesia during the 2018 gubernatorial election. Utilizing mix- method strategies, instead of citing social aspects as a mere research context, this article argues that social aspects in the form of social cleavages worked behind the silent apathy, namely apathy that was implicitly indicated by voters who were not present at polling stations. Social cleavages including ethnicity, religion and gender indicated a paradox since they—with the exception of gender—were used by candidates as the main campaign substance. On the other hand, large numbers of people showed disinterest in these social cleavages during the election. This article explains why abstained voters hid their disinterest behind their excuses for not being present at the polling stations for economic (working activities) and other reasons.

Pollution is a big problem in urban society. Most of the traffic policemen are affected by pollution in urban society. Pollution is involved to develop various health problems. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of pollution on the health of traffic policemen. In this study, 150 respondents were selected randomly in different areas of Kanpur city. The information was obtained from the respondents by interview scheduled. The results reveal that 72.2 per cent traffic policemen were having lungs problem, 58.8 per cent traffic policemen were having skin problem and 65.6 per cent were having joint pain especially knees because they spend maximum time in standing position. The health status of traffic policemen was not good due to unhealthy food habit and lifestyle.