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The purpose of the articleis to identify and analyze practical examples of the peculiarities of emotional and bodily awareness of the self, the created image, their mutual influence in the professional practice of a choreographer-creator and their overall impact on the fate of a choreographer-human being of the twenty-first century.Research methodology.The use of historical, comparative, art studies and empirical methods contributed to a scientifically objective study.Scientific novelty.The article is the first to formulate and describe the study of the psychological phenomenon of symbiotic codependence of subconscious minds in the system of actor-spectator interactions and their mutual subconscious (spontaneous) psychotherapeutic effect. The possible psychotherapeutic modelling influence on the formation of emotional-bodily intelligence and personality of the choreographer and his or her fate in the desired direction is revealed through the awareness of automatic emotional reactions and their complexes displaced into the subconscious through the conscious motor activity of the body of the choreographer-creator, performer and feedback emotional connection with the viewer.Conclusions.The study of the fact of suppression of self-awareness by professional choreographers while working on a role and the re-coding of the values of the natural mechanism of emotions into artificial stage ones has revealed the relevance of the conscious use by a modern choreographer-creator, performer, and teacher of the psychological phenomena of “focus of attention”, “tunnel vision”, “emotional and bodily self-awareness” as the basis for the formation of emotional and bodily intelligence of the personality of a choreographer-creator, choreographer-human. The psychotherapeutic effect of awareness of the symbiotic codependence of subconscious minds in the system of actor-viewer relations and the diffusion of stage drama into the actor’s life drama and vice versa can positively influence the departure of the creative part of the choreographer’s personality from the need to artificially dramatize his or her own life. The conscious resolution of psychological plots can become an integral part of the creative process and further the professional and personal development of the creator, performer, teacher and person in general in choreography.

To investigate the effect of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on vision-related quality of life (QoL) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with low vision. Retrospective. Thirty-three RP patients with low vision who had tunnel vision due to RP and 27 volunteers with healthy vision (controls) were included in the study. Visual loss was classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) was used to determine vision-related QoL. Static automated perimetry (Central 30-2 threshold program) was used for visual field testing, and the degree of the central visual field was calculated. Reading speed was calculated using the Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Acuity Chart (MNREAD) with best near correction. The mean total scores from the NEI VFQ-25 were 47.8 ± 15.8 in the RP group and 94.8 ± 4.3 in the control group (P < .001 for total and subscale scores). The mean total score and the social functioning and dependency scores were higher in the men than in the women (P = .016). The NEI VFQ-25 scores increased when reading speed was above 80 words per minute (wpm). Positive correlations were found between the degree of the central visual field and the mean total score and the general vision, near, and distance activities; social functioning; mental health; role difficulties; dependency; and color vision scores. The factors that affected the NEI-VFQ-25 score the most were male sex and degree of the central visual field in the RP group, whilst education level and the presence of systemic disease were the most effective factors in the controls. The only modifiable factor affecting vision-related QoL in patients with RP was reading speed; thus, QoL could improve if reading speed is increased in patients with RP.

The Tunnels of Moose Jaw is a tourist attraction that presents an award-winning but highly problematic interpretation of Moose Jaw’s early 20th-century history. This article explains how the Tunnels of Moose Jaw constructed a successful and compelling presentation of local legends centered around the claim that “notorious” Chicago-based gangster Al Capone hid out beneath Moose Jaw during Prohibition. With scant evidence to prove this and other claims, the attraction has blurred the lines between “history” and “legend.” Unfortunately, the attraction’s focus on incorrect information has made it difficult for Moose Jaw’s residents and visitors to understand what aspects of the city’s history are truly noteworthy. This article argues that the Tunnels of Moose Jaw and its many local supporters successfully boosted the city’s economy, confidence, and reputation at a crucial turning point in the late 20th century, but did so by presenting the city and its history as something other than what it really is.

El presente comentario analiza una sentencia absolutoria del Tribunal de Juicio Oral en lo Penal de Colina que tuvo como principal fundamento la vulneración al debido proceso, como consecuencia de la visión de túnel que afectó a los funcionarios policiales durante la etapa de investigación. El objetivo del presente comentario es entregar una breve noción general del concepto visión de túnel, para luego comentar la decisión absolutoria, sistematizando el razonamiento del tribunal.

El trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento del fenómeno denominado “visión de túnel”, a partir del análisis del mismo a la luz de las circunstancias de un caso concreto. Para ello, se presentan los principales aspectos litigados durante el juicio oral, a través del análisis de las interacciones de abogados defensores y policías investigadores durante los ejercicios de contraexamen. Al mismo tiempo, dichas interacciones son comentadas desde los sesgos cognitivos que forman la visión de túnel. Por último, se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre las implicancias del fenómeno.

The visualization of flood disasters in virtual reality (VR) scenes is useful for the representation and sharing of disaster knowledge and can effectively improve users’ cognitive efficiency in com...

The analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH) has been suggested to be a method that can protect against confirmation bias in the context of intelligence analysis. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether ACH could counter confirmation bias in the reasoning with evidence in the context of criminal law proceedings. Law students (N = 191) received information about the ACH method or general information about biases. They were given a case vignette with a main suspect and a list of 24 questions, 6 of which they could ask about the case. Half of the questions related to incriminating information, whereas the other half related to exonerating information. Contrary to our expectations, participants in both conditions favoured questions relating to exonerating information and rated the exonerating evidence as being more important for their decision. Despite the lack of bias observed, it seems participants failed to properly apply the ACH method.

Visual field defects (VFDs) can be caused by numerous diseases, some of which (e.g., glaucoma) are the main causes of blindness in humans. The present perimetry, which is defined as the measurement of visual field function, has high requirements for patients such as long-term fixation and reliable interaction with the system. In this pilot study, we combined the videos and eye-tracking techniques in a free-watching task and explored the different eye movement behaviors of people with several types of artificial VFDs, such as hemianopia, altitudinal VFDs, and tunnel vision. We carried out the task in a gaze-contingent modality where 38 participants with normal vision were recruited to watch a group of videos monocularly. The eye gaze data were recorded by the tracker during the task. We hypothesized that people with simulated VFDs will produce a more active eye movement coping mechanism to compensate for their visual field disadvantage. A new measurement called eye movement amount (MA) was proposed to describe the amount of eye movement toward a specific direction. Statistically significant differences caused by artificial VFDs were observed by comparing the MA values between the VFD groups and the control group. In addition, we found artificial hemianopia and inferior VFDs lead participants to produced increased MA in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively. Artificial tunnel vision, on the contrary, induces a decreased MAs in both horizontal and vertical directions. The proposed metrics can be used as potential biomarkers for distinguishing VFDs in a free-watching task.

Innovating for a global market out of a cost-focused engineering center has its challenges, including managing distributed stakeholders, securing engineering resources allocated to application projects, and tunnel vision with respect to innovation needs. All of these challenges must be considered when setting up an innovation management organization. This article describes a structured innovation strategy from a research and development innovation center based in India. Applying this innovation strategy has resulted in consistent key performance indicator improvements including idea per headcount, number of prototypes built for global events and conferences, and employee participation.

In this chapter, Mauro Galluccio and Aaron T. Beck explain how the area of research on cognitive biases has made clear that the kinds of judgements people are likely to make may well be affected by their own baggage in the form of various biases and perceptual predispositions. Politicians and scientists, like the rest of us, may be affected by various biases. Cognitive biases anchor our understanding. We need to investigate social-cognitive biases, because even if we have a lot of experience, if we are “trapped” in biases we will miss the insights sitting right in front of us. As in every policy, scientific evidence must be weighed alongside numerous interests and considerations in order to find balanced and appropriate policymaking for the people. Always remember you are all in the same boat and be careful not to be taken hostage by deeply held core beliefs, misperceptions, misunderstandings, and competitive behaviours.

This chapter highlights the importance of a communication in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 and provides an outlook on how psychological tools could be deployed to strengthen interpersonal skills and improve the cooperation between scientists and diplomats. A sustainable science diplomacy requires the capacity for empathy and compassion, an ability to build and foster working relationships, and an awareness of the importance of cooperation between scientists and politicians/diplomats. Scientists and politicians together need to develop and apply a public information strategy in support of their common efforts to manage crisis and solve problems. We need to restructure concepts, constructs, techniques, and strategies of public policy and diplomacy, adapting them to this new era of global communication that shapes the public context within which events unfold as the COVID-19 experience has showed. More precisely, the focus will be on science diplomacy as a useful means to give a strategic impetus to international relations and on how the science of applied cognitive psychology could help shed new light on adaptive decision-making and have an effective impact on connecting the worlds of science and diplomacy.

Despite growing recognition that misdiagnoses of child abuse can lead to wrongful convictions, little empirical work has examined how the medical community may contribute to these errors. Previous research has documented the existence and content of stereotypes that associate race with child abuse. The current study examines whether emergency medical professionals rely on this stereotype to fill in gaps in ambiguous cases involving Black children, thereby increasing the potential for misdiagnoses of child abuse. Specifically, we tested whether the race-abuse stereotype led participants to attend to more abuse-related details than infection-related details when an infant patient was Black versus White. We also tested whether this heuristic decision-making would be affected by contextual case facts; specifically, we examined whether race bias would be exacerbated or mitigated by a family’s involvement with child protective services (CPS). Results showed that participants did exhibit some biased information processing in response to the experimental manipulations. Even so, the race-abuse stereotype and heuristic decision-making did not cause participants to diagnose a Black infant patient with abuse more often than a White infant patient, regardless of his family’s involvement with CPS. These findings help illuminate how race may lead to different outcomes in cases of potential child abuse, while also demonstrating potential pathways through which racial disparities in misdiagnosis of abuse and subsequent wrongful convictions can be prevented.

While I was reading Jennifer Dixon’s Dark Pasts, the new right-wing president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, was visiting Israel. While there Bolsonaro visited Israel’s main Holocaust memorial, Yad Vas...

Orwell, as he himself remarked, came from a lower, professional-service fraction of the English and imperial ruling class that was ‘simultaneously dominator and dominated’ (Raymond Williams), so that a combination of state and monopoly power became his abiding nightmare. His horizon was, as of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, a revolutionary socialism committed to freedom and equality, opposed both to Labourite social democracy and to Stalinist pseudo-communism. In this article, I concentrate on Nineteen Eighty-Four, drawing on narratology (its agential system, spacetime descriptions, and composition – ‘the Winston story’, the ‘Goldstein excerpts’, and the Appendix on Newspeak) and history. I conclude that Nineteen Eighty-Four has an interesting, but limited, ‘Tory anarchist’ stance and horizon: in revolt against the rulers, but not believing that the revolt can succeed (in direct polemic with the Communist Manifesto). In Orwell’s view there are ‘three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle and the Low’, but the mindless and passive Low reduce this to the Middle against the High, or intellect and impotence versus cynical power. ‘No economics’ entails here ‘no class struggle’, and a fair amount of misogyny. Orwell’s textural skill was penetrating, but his thematics very limited. Still, he was one of the first to notice the long-duration slide of politics toward fascism, even if he drew a mistaken consequence from it, as evident in his early conflation of Stalinism and Nazism into an untenable ‘totalitarianism’. Nineteen Eighty-Four remains a concerned, appealing, and in some ways useful text, albeit one that ultimately lacks wisdom.

Panoramic fog—(noun) the state in which a well‐intentioned individual seeks to understand how their actions impact the world, but the difficulty of doing so induces them to seek comfort in convenient answers, leading them to spend more time reinforcing their acceptance of those answers than questioning them. In the process, they create an irreconcilable gulf between them and persons who accept other convenient answers.

It is increasingly being recognised that human factors can contribute to error in complex safety systems. Healthcare, however, has a long way to go before the promotion of training in, and awareness of, human factors will catch up with other high-risk organisations. A critical component that is deemed essential both for improving clinical performance and reducing medical error is situational awareness (SA). This is dynamic and can reduce quickly or be lost entirely, particularly when the workload is heavy. Tunnel vision, in which healthcare professionals concentrate on a single aspect of a patient's care, is just one example of reduced awareness that can be detrimental to safety. As in aviation and other high-risk organisations, a reduction in SA, if not recognised by individuals or the wider team, can lead to serious or potentially fatal outcomes. We therefore give an overview of SA and show how it can easily be reduced. We also suggest some simple but effective ways to improve it and in turn improve patient safety. We emphasise the importance of clinical teams looking out for each other, particularly in the operating theatre.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodological approach to increase the clearance rate of cold cases in The Netherlands and to contribute to the development of intelligence-driven criminal investigations in general police practice and within cold case investigations in particular. Design/methodology/approach This proposal is based on practical investigative experience and academic knowledge. Findings Reconstructing scenarios helps convert cold case information into intelligence, which is beneficial to law enforcement agencies in terms of time, resources and prioritising cold cases. Intelligence contributes to the formulation of more effective queries and to a more efficient adaptation of new and existing investigation methods, leading to a higher cold case clearance rate. Moreover, scenario reconstruction creates a link between intelligence and investigation, i.e. between science and practice, which adds to the further development of intelligence-driven investigations. Practical implications When carrying out scenario reconstructions, practical implications are expected, as intelligence products are currently not or barely used in practice and science is not yet embedded in the investigational practice. Originality/value To move from scenario reconstruction to intelligence-driven criminal investigation, the gap between science and the investigational practice needs to be bridged by persons familiar with both. This study hopes to provide the necessary and relevant impetus to this dialogue.

In homicide investigations, the growing availability of data results in an increasing amount of information and Persons of Interest (PoIs) that can be collected and incorporated during an investigation. This might result in information overload and increased tunnel vision during a homicide investigation. In this paper, we designed a system to support homicide investigations in such a way that it reduces information overload and tunnel vision. For evaluation purposes, we built a prototype that was filled with a fictional homicide investigation. A user study indicated that criminal investigators experienced a significantly low level of information overload and tunnel vision using the prototype. Moreover, the results showed acceptable usability and verbal statements indicated a largely positive attitude towards the prototype. This research clearly shows the opportunity to use interface design artefacts to support the prevention of information overload and tunnel vision.

Motion sickness affects roughly a third of all people. Narrowing the field of view (FOV) can help to reduce motion sickness symptoms. In this paper, we present Tunnel Vision, a type of smart glasses that can dynamically block a wearer’s peripheral vision area using switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film. We evaluate the prototype in a virtual reality environment. Our experiments (n=19) suggest that Tunnel Vision statistically significantly reduces the following Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) related motion sickness symptoms without impacting immersion: ”difficulty concentrating” (F(2,35) = 4.121, p = 0.025), ”head feeling heavy” (F(2,35) = 3.231, p = 0.051) and ”nausea” (F(2,35) = 3.145, p = 0.055).

We apply virtual reality headsets with eye tracking capabilities to evaluate new training methods for patients living with loss of peripheral vision (“tunnel vision”). It can be shown that systematic gaze patterns, taught in a virtual reality environment, are able to significantly increase the effectively perceived visual area of the participants as well as reduce the number of obstacle collisions in navigation tasks.

The delivery of healthy babies is the primary goal of obstetric care. Many technologies have been developed to reduce both maternal and fetal risks for poor outcomes. For 50 years, electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) has been used extensively in labor attempting to prevent a large proportion of neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. However, even key opinion leaders admit that EFM has mostly failed to achieve this goal. We believe this situation emanates from a fundamental misunderstanding of differences between screening and diagnostic tests, considerable subjectivity and inter-observer variability in EFM interpretation, failure to address the pathophysiology of fetal compromise, and a tunnel vision focus. To address these suboptimal results, several iterations of increasingly sophisticated analyses have intended to improve the situation. We believe that part of the continuing problem is that the focus of EFM has been too narrow ignoring important contextual issues such as maternal, fetal, and obstetrical risk factors, and increased uterine contraction frequency. All of these can significantly impact the application of EFM to intrapartum care. We have recently developed a new clinical approach, the Fetal Reserve Index (FRI), contextualizing EFM interpretation. Our data suggest the FRI is capable of providing higher accuracy and earlier detection of emerging fetal compromise. Over time, artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches will likely improve measurements and interpretation of FHR characteristics and other relevant variables. Such future developments will allow us to develop more comprehensive models that increase the interpretability and utility of interfaces for clinical decision making during the intrapartum period.

We present an interesting case of a 70-year-old female who presented with haematuria on the suspected cancer pathway. Renal ultrasound showed a vascular renal mass on her right kidney measuring 8x7cm with an unremarkable left kidney. She underwent a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy following confirmation of an 8cm renal mass in the right kidney on the contrasted staging CT scan with a repeat review at the multidisciplinary meeting. Post-operatively a subsequent review of the pre-operative CT and ultrasound scan, showed an incidental large left(contralateral) upper quadrant retroperitoneal fatty mass sized 15x10cm, displacing the stomach and spleen. Further investigation in the form of an MRI Abdomen excluded features of a liposarcoma, resulting in the diagnosis of a large retroperitoneal lipoma. This case highlights the significance of selective attention in imaging interpretation. We believe this to be a prime example of the level of meticulousness required as fat-rich tissues have low attenuation on CT-scans, which can be easily missed out. A cautious multi-clinician interpretation of scans should be performed to avoid missing potentially sinister pathology which would impact patient care dramatically. This case has led to more thorough review of future pre-operative imaging by the operating surgical team.

We report a case of a patient with progressed retinitis pigmentosa (RP) who underwent bilateral cataract extraction with implantation of a monofocal enlarged optic in the far dominant eye and a high-add AMD intraocular lens (IOL) in the near dominant eye (hybrid monovision XL-MAGS). A 71-year-old woman presented to our clinic complaining of reduced visual acuity additionally to her diagnosis of RP. The high-add IOL LENTIS® MAX LS-313 MF80 (Oculentis, Germany) was implanted in the right eye and the 7.0 mm optic ASPIRA-aXA IOL (HumanOptics, Germany) in the left eye. Six months postoperatively, the uncorrected distance visual acuity improved from hand motion to 0.5 logMAR in the right eye and to 0.3 logMAR in the left eye. Similarly, best corrected near visual acuity significantly improved to 0.4 and 0.7 logMAR, respectively. The patient’s subjective quality of life and autonomy improved significantly. RP is a severe retinal disease which leads to loss of vision and typical “tunnel vision” with visual field defects. As this genetic disorder is incurable, many ophthalmologists are not willing to perform cataract surgery. However, this case report shows that creating hybrid monovision with a high-add lens and a 7.0 mm optic IOL led to improvement of visual function and, more importantly, enhanced quality of life and self-autonomy of the patient.

This study replicates previous research that investigated the influence of rapid identification information on the interpretation of a crime scene conducted with English crime scene investigators (CSIs). Given the special circumstances under which CSIs in one country operate, the present study investigates the robustness and generalisability of the previous findings by studying whether identical decision-making phenomena are found in a replication study within a different police environment. Dutch CSIs (N = 65) participated in the same study and results are compared with the English findings. The utility of the replication study is reflected in both the revealed robustness and differences in the findings. First, the results demonstrate the robustness of the previous finding that ID information influenced the interpretation of the crime scene, even more when this information was provided after CSIs had constructed a provisional scenario. Secondly, this study revealed differences in decision-making: English CSIs used ID information to make efficient decisions by prioritising traces with direct progression opportunities for the case and disregarding those without direct opportunities, which led to a form of tunnel vision, namely the ignorance of the involvement of a second offender. Dutch CSIs showed to be less prone to bias towards traces that produced database matches. Dutch CSIs seemed to be more focused on the relation of the trace with the crime, while English CSIs are more focused on the database match. Consequently, important information was overlooked. We question whether the emphasis on efficiency in England goes at the expense of the quality of an investigation.

Children with autism often have difficulties in imaginative play, Theory of Mind, and playing out different scenarios in their minds. Research shows that the root of these problems may be the voluntary imagination network that involves the lateral prefrontal cortex and its long frontoposterior connections to the temporal-parietal-occipital area. Previously disconnected visuospatial issues (stimulus overselectivity and tunnel vision) and language issues (lack of comprehension of spatial prepositions and complex recursive sentences) may be explained by the same voluntary imagination deficit. This review highlights the new insights into the mechanism of voluntary imagination, its difference from involuntary imagination, and its unusually strong critical period. Clearer developmental terminology and a better understanding of voluntary imagination have the potential to facilitate communication between therapists and parents, and improve therapy outcomes in children.

Excessive cognitive demands, fear, or stress narrow evacuees’ functional fields of view (FFV) in disaster evacuation situations. This tunnel vision hypothesis leads to a new model of evacuee behavior deviating significantly from the previously accepted understanding, and possibly altering conventional evacuation protocol designs. In this study, we analyze the impacts of narrowed vision of evacuees on crowd evacuation efficiency through simulated evacuations. The simulated room to be evacuated included multiple exits, of which only one was correct, as well as a single visual sign designating the correct exit, and an agent found the correct exit via this sign if it was within their FFV. We designed an evacuation decision model for the simulated agents based on herd behavior, including cognitive biases frequently observed during evacuations, to which evacuees were assumed to be subject.

Spanish Abstract: El trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento del fenomeno denominado “vision de tunel”, a partir del analisis del mismo a la luz de las circunstancias de un caso concreto. Para ello, se presentan los principales aspectos litigados durante el juicio oral, a traves del analisis de las interacciones de abogados defensores y policias investigadores durante los ejercicios de contraexamen. Al mismo tiempo, dichas interacciones son comentadas desde los sesgos cognitivos que forman la vision de tunel. Por ultimo, se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre las implicancias del fenomeno. English Abstract: This paper seeks to contribute to the knowledge regarding tunnel vision, through the analysis of the phenomenon under the circumstances of a specific case. Thus, the main aspects litigated during the trial will be presented through the analysis of the interactions between lawyers and police investigators during cross-examinations. At the same time, those interactions will be commented in light of the cognitive biases that produce tunnel vision. Finally, some thoughts on the implications of tunnel vision are presented

Spanish abstract: Resumen: El presente comentario analiza una sentencia absolutoria del Tribunal de Juicio Oral en lo Penal de Colina que tuvo como principal fundamento la vulneracion al debido proceso, como consecuencia de la vision de tunel que afecto a los funcionarios policiales durante la etapa de investigacion. El objetivo del presente comentario es entregar una breve nocion general del concepto vision de tunel, para luego comentar la decision absolutoria, sistematizando el razonamiento del tribunal. English abstract: This paper analyzes a recent acquittal judgment from Colina Criminal Trial Court which main reason was a due process violation as a consequence of the tunnel vision of police investigators in conducting the investigation. This document seeks to provide a general overview of the concept of tunnel vision, and to comment on and systematize the reasoning behind the acquittal decision.

Purpose Damage of retinal representation of the visual field affects its local features and the spared, unaffected parts. Measurements of visual deficiencies in ophthalmological patients are separated for central (shape) or peripheral (motion and space perception) properties, and acuity tasks rely on stationary stimuli. We explored the benefit of measuring shape and motion perception simultaneously using a new motion-based acuity task. Methods Eight healthy control subjects, three patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP; tunnel vision), and 2 patients with Stargardt disease (STGD) juvenile macular degeneration were included. To model the peripheral loss, we narrowed the visual field in controls to 10 degrees. Negative and positive contrast of motion signals were tested in random-dot kinematograms (RDKs), where shapes were separated from the background by the motion of dots based on coherence, direction, or velocity. The task was to distinguish a circle from an ellipse. The difficulty of the task increased as ellipse became more circular until reaching the acuity limit. Results High velocity, negative contrast was more difficult for all, and for patients with STGD, it was too difficult to participate. A slower velocity improved acuity for all participants. Conclusions Proposed acuity testing not only allows for the full assessment of vision but also advances the capability of standard testing with the potential to detect spare visual functions. Translational Relevance The motion-based acuity task might be a practical tool for assessing vision loss and revealing undetected, undamaged, or strengthened properties of the injured visual system by standard testing, as suggested here for two patients with STGD and three patients with RP.

It is believed that tunnel vision is an important factor in miscarriages of justice. Tunnel vision can be described as an excessive focus on information or evidence that confirms your theory, while paying less attention to evidence that contradicts it. Furthermore, it also increases the tendency to interpret information in such a way that it confirms your theory. This thesis researched the role of falsification in legal decision-making. Namely, how judges consider exonerating evidence and alternative scenarios. This was researched in practice through a survey, interviews, and a case study. The researcher also conducted experimental studies to determine whether the use of falsification can be increased through changing the order of evidence presentation, changing the instruction to explain the decision, or training to focus on falsification. The findings suggested that judges understand the need for falsification, but struggle to apply it in practice. Based on the experimental data, it appeared law students have more of a focus on alternative scenarios than suggested by research with members of the general public.

When vision is provided through thermal-imaging systems field-of-view is reduced, effectively the soldier must operate with severe tunnel vision and so there is a requirement for a system which provides automated warning and immersive imaging. We present a computational multi-aperture thermal infrared (MA-TIR) imaging system with single-photon range imaging to provide enhanced video-rate detection of obscured biological signatures in clutter. Our multi-camera computational imaging system creates a 360° panoramic image, and we employ synthetic baseline integral imaging (SBII) for the construction of three-dimensional thermal scenes, including detection of occluded objects. We further fuse thermal imaging with covert time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) LIDAR to provide the complementary capability of video-rate ranging with the ability to detect and classify targets through clutter, particularly based on movement signatures. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to discriminate between biological scene components and static clutter based on temporal modulations of picosecond resolution TCSPC returns.

There is a need for simple and effective ways to screen for visual field defects (VFD). Watching a movie is a simple task most humans are familiar with. Therefore we assessed whether it is possible to detect and reconstruct visual field defects based on free viewing eye movements, recorded while watching movie clips. Participants watched 90 movie clips of one minute, with and without simulated visual field defects (sVFD), while their eye movements were tracked. We simulated homonymous hemianopia (HH) (left and right sided) and glaucoma (small nasal arc, large nasal arc, and tunnel vision). We generated fixation density maps of the visual field and trained a linear support vector machine to predict the viewing conditions of each trial of each participant based on these maps. To reconstruct the visual field defect, we computed "viewing priority" maps and maps of differences in fixation density of the visual field of each participant. We were able to classify the simulated visual field condition with more than 85% accuracy. In simulated HH, the viewing priority distribution over the visual field indicated the location of the sVFD in the simulated HH condition. In simulated glaucoma the difference in fixation density to the control condition indicated the location of the sVFD. It is feasible to use natural viewing behavior to screen for and reconstruct (simulated) visual field defects. Movie clip viewing in combination with eye tracking may thus provide an alternative to or supplement standard automated perimetry, in particular in patients who cannot perform the latter technique.

The aim of the research is to present a possible approach to help visually impaired people to make decisions while interacting with a data visualisation task. The main goal is to build a Machine Learning model (i.e. Reinforcement Learning) that can predict the visual behaviour of visually impaired people when they interact with a data visualisation. This work concerns partial vision, where the damage occurred in either the peripheral vision such as in the Tunnel vision (e.g. due to Glaucoma), or in the central vision (e.g. in age-related Macular Degeneration). Getting the desired results would help in designing accessible visualisation tasks which will assist the decision-making process for the relevant users. Initially, the model will be iteratively evaluated on existing visual search tasks from the literature; the tasks will consist of both visual impairment-and normal vision-related tasks. Once the model is tested, a new visualisation task that is suitable for the visually impaired will be designed and evaluated on human participants in order to help the cycle of design, development and testing, with the ultimate goal of supporting and transforming user experience for the visual impaired. The model will be iteratively refined using more advanced methods such as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Furthermore, rational analysis framework will inform the building of the model, as it uses rationality as an empirical tool to explain how and why people adapt to their environment.

textabstractPurpose: Fact finding is an important part of the job of criminal trial judges and juries. In the literature, several potential pitfalls hindering fact finding have been identified, such as context effects (i.e. an unintended effect of non-probative information on conviction) and confirmation bias (i.e. a skewed selection of and overreliance on guilt-confirming evidence and neglect of exonerating information). In the present study, the effect of irrelevant contextual information on conviction and subsequent confirmation bias was tested. Method: A sample of Dutch professional criminal trial judges (N = 105) studied a case file and decided on their conviction of the suspect’s guilt, and subsequent investigation endeavours. There were two versions of the file, differing in non-probative details that might affect conviction, such as crime severity and facial appearance of the suspect. Results: Findings suggest that context information indeed affected conviction, and the subsequent preference for guilt-confirming investigation endeavours. Conclusion: Professional judges may be susceptible to bias threatening the objectivity of legal decision-making.

A 22-year-old man complained of progressive bilateral blurred vision that had developed 6 years ago. He also noted dispersed scotomas and graying of vison in both eyes, without photopsia, orbital pain, or double vision. He had not seen an ophthalmologist until he could hardly recognize people by appearance 1 week previously. Bilateral optic atrophy (figure, A) was recorded with best-corrected visual acuities of counting fingers OD and 20/400 OS. Perimetry revealed global visual field loss OD and tunnel vision OS (figure, B). He was referred to our neurology clinic, where he reported recurrent mild dull headache from age 10.

Silent vasculitis may accompany polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), resulting in complications such as vision deterioration. Reduced visual field is a possible manifestation. A 66-year-old man was diagnosed with PMR and treated accordingly (prednisone maximum 15 mg/day) at a tertiary center, with resolution of his symptoms. After 18 months, he suddenly experienced right eye vision loss. Visual field of his left eye was peripherally limited (Figure 1). Color Doppler ultrasound …

The aim of the study was to evaluate retinal sensitivity and stereoacuity (SA) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients. Twenty-six patients with RP were examined, mean age 36.4 ± 7.21 (SD) years old and best corrected visual acuity better than 0.15 logMAR. The control group (CG) included 25 healthy subjects matching the RP group by age and sex. Every patient and healthy control underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination: Titmus, Lang, TNO stereotests and microperimetry (MP-1) (Nidek Technologies). Results were subjected to factor analysis using Varimax rotation, and p values

Criminal Law Practitioner, American University Washington College of Law, Vol. XI, Issue II, January 27th, 2021. From 2012 to 2017, the U.S. Army carried out what is reputed to have been the largest criminal investigation it ever conducted: Army Criminal Investigation Divisions inquiry into the Guard Recruiting Assistance Program (G-RAP), a recruiting referral program under which Army National Guard Soldiers, working as independent subcontractors under the auspices of prime contractor Docupak, could be paid for identifying recruits from among the people they encountered in their daily lives. Management errors and reports of fraud marred what was otherwise a smashingly successful program. Unfortunately, the Army’s effort to root out fraud within the program, carried out by a provisional entity known as Task Force Raptor, would itself prove to be as inept and destructive as the G-RAP program itself. Due to vague and contradictory program rules; investigatory prejudice and tunnel vision; and most of all, Unlawful Command Influence in the form of extreme political pressure upon the Army to find and punish G-RAP participants allegedly guilty of “fraud,” Task Force Raptor’s investigation unjustly saddled innocent, loyal and well intentioned Soldiers with the stigma of fraud, severely disrupting the lives and careers of many.

This paper explores defense challenges to the adequacy of police investigations, and investigative lapses as a cause for reasonable doubt. It focuses on case law from Massachusetts, which has four decades of state appellate case law about investigative omission evidence and jury instructions. It talks about the constitutional nature of the defense, how it differs from third-party culprit defenses, and evidence issues that may arise. The paper also discusses cognitive biases that can affect even well-trained, experienced police investigators and/or prosecutors. Tunnel vision, confirmation bias, and other mental shortcuts can lead to investigative lapses when evidence that the defendant is not the culprit is mentally ignored or downplayed.

On June 30, 2013, nineteen Granite Mountain Hot Shots (GMHS) perished on the Yarnell Hill Fire. The Serious Accident Investigation Team - Report conclusion states: “no indication of negligence, reckless actions, or violations of policy or protocol.” Was an unfeasible firing operation dismissed? Video-audio and Hearsay-Exception evidence indicated uncollaborated independent action while GMHS hiked downhill through unburned fuels. Was there a concurrent rogue firing operation? Indications of an unfeasible goal pursuit continued with everything contradicting a sound plan. Contemplated failure led to more entrenched behaviors. Weather deterioration and increased fire behavior were interpreted unrealistically. Both visual and auditory stimuli decreased significantly under stress; listening to cues weakened vision - intense visual cues diminished hearing triggering tunnel vision and auditory exclusion. Fixated goal setting, non-critical thinking, indecision-making, single-mindedness, and leadership dysfunctions concealing possible dire consequences resulted in disaster. “Friendly Fire” decisions and actions are discussed for lessons to reduce similar tragedies.

Fra le diverse cause di errore giudiziario, le confessioni false si distinguono, nell’immaginario collettivo, per una dimensione quasi cinematografica. Ciò, da un lato, aiuta a sottolineare la drammaticità delle vicende umane che vi sono collegate. Allo stesso tempo, però, questo contribuisce anche a circondarle di un’aura di inverosimiglianza, che ne rende spesso ardua la dimostrazione processuale. Il presente capitolo illustra le diverse sfaccettature delle confessioni false, così come ricostruite dalla giurisprudenza e, soprattutto, dalla psicologia forense. In questo contesto, si cercherà di riportarsi, per quanto possibile, anche alla (limitata) casistica italiana ufficialmente riconosciuta. In ottica comparativa, si farà poi un cenno a come il fenomeno è percepito ed affrontato nei sistemi statunitense ed inglese, dove la risposta istituzionale e della società civile ha assunto proporzioni a noi ancora sconosciute. L’ultima parte del capitolo, infine, è dedicata ai possibili rimedi esperibili in caso di falsa confessione, sia in ottica strettamente processuale, sia su di un piano di politica criminale. Come ben riassunto da uno dei massimi esperti americani in materia, infatti, the central issue is no longer whether (...) false confessions exist but why they occur and what can be done to prevent them. SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. — 2. Confessioni false e confessioni autentiche: un confine incerto. — 3. False confessioni: cause e tipologie. — 3.1. Falsa confessione volontaria. — 3.2 Falsa confessione estorta. — 3.3 Falsa confessione “estorta-interiorizzata”. — 4. Uno sguardo comparato: Stati Uniti. — 4.1. (Segue) Regno Unito. — 5. Falsa confessione e tunnel vision. — 6. Quale prevenzione e quali rimedi?

Drawing from the investigative policing literature, we develop a typology for how innocent defendants become suspects in criminal investigations. We use the Preventing Wrongful Convictions Project (PWCP) dataset and multivariate modeling to examine the case and defendant characteristics that predict how an innocent defendant became a suspect. We found that investigators identify suspects in eight primary ways. The most common in the PWCP dataset were victim/eyewitness identification, citizen identification, and intentional misidentification. Defendant’s race, age, criminal history, relationship to the victim, cognitive/mental status, and whether the victim survived were strongly associated with an innocent defendant’s origin of implication. These results illuminate how tunnel vision begins in cases with innocent defendants, and how police practices may prevent innocent individuals from becoming suspects.

Disorders that specifically affect central and peripheral vision constitute invaluable models to study how the human brain adapts to visual deafferentation. We explored cortical changes after the loss of central or peripheral vision. Cortical thickness (CoTks) and resting-state cortical entropy (rs-CoEn), as a surrogate for neural and synaptic complexity, were extracted in 12 Stargardt macular dystrophy, 12 retinitis pigmentosa (tunnel vision stage), and 14 normally sighted subjects. When compared to controls, both groups with visual loss exhibited decreased CoTks in dorsal area V3d. Peripheral visual field loss also showed a specific CoTks decrease in early visual cortex and ventral area V4, while central visual field loss in dorsal area V3A. Only central visual field loss exhibited increased CoEn in LO-2 area and FG1. Current results revealed biomarkers of brain plasticity within the dorsal and the ventral visual streams following central and peripheral visual field defects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00429-018-1700-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Logic and science are in some respects fundamentally different disciplines, in that for example, application of rules of logic can yield conclusions that are at odds with physical reality. Not surprisingly, people have ample difficulty with logical thinking. Nonetheless, in some instances, logical thinking can fuel empirical decision making. In the current research, it was established that applying rules of logic to a particular area of empirical decision making, that is, criminal fact finding, is indeed quite difficult (Study 1). Furthermore, the ability to think logically was found to be associated with superior evaluation of criminal evidence (Study 2). Implications of these findings are discussed.

Levamisole-contaminated cocaine is an increasingly reported cause of a syndrome characterized by vasculitic skin lesions and immunologic abnormalities. With approximately 70% of cocaine in the United States now contaminated with levamisole, the incidence of this syndrome is likely to increase. We report the case of a 42 years-old Caucasian woman who presented with fronto-temporal pulsating headache and progressive bilateral loss of vision.

This study examines the influence of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 1999 results on mathematics education policy in Israel. Analyzing various documents, the study...

Background: With the emergence of social media, physicians who use social media, including emergency medicine physicians, have shared their experiences with their colleagues instead of working alone and keeping their experiences to themselves. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the rate and type of use of electronic online sources and social media, in order to improve learning and education among emergency medicine residents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from September 2015 until August 2016 on emergency medicine residents of two main medical universities of Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire was prepared by reviewing the existing studies and asking emergency medicine professors inside and outside Iran for opinions. Census sampling method was applied and all emergency medicine residents were included. The gathered data were analyzed using statistical tests of chi square, Independent-samples t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient via SPSS version 21. Results: Seventy three residents with the mean age of 34.2±5.2 years participated in this study (60.3% female). Smart phone is the most important tool they use for connecting to the Internet. About 30% use the Internet for about 1-2 hours a day. In half of these participants less than 25% of this time is spent on something related to their academic field of study. The correlation of sex (p=0.034) and age (p=0.049) with extent of using social media related to the academic field of study were significant. Other analytical analyses were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: In summary, the findings of current study showed that despite sufficient access to proper technology, use of social media and online sources by high majority of the studied EM residents regarding improvement of their learning and educational level is very limited.