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This contribution presents and discusses selected methods and techniques applied in the area of tourist event assessment with a main focus on their economic effects evaluation. Besides the traditional evaluation models, such as the Input-output analysis or the CGE model, one newer and less common methodology – the local multiplier LM3 is introduced. This evaluation method has not been applied yet (in its full version) on any particular event, but it seems to have a potential to become more widespread, especially for evaluating events of local character and impact. This paper also observes the current research stages in terms of event tourism in the Czech Republic, where event industry increased its importance in the last decades. It offers an exhaustive listing of all the studies observing primarily event economic impacts in the Czech regions. The results of this study present a classification of the Czech events´ economic impact studies according to the applied methodology and also some recommendations for selection particular methodology according to a specific type of an event.

Desde su aparición en el año 1982, el evento mototurístico “Pingüinos” se ha convertido en una de las concentraciones moteras más importantes del mundo. Declarado Fiesta de Interés Turística Regional en el año 2011, este encuentro viene demostrando su capacidad para atraer a Valladolid a miles de visitantes e involucrarles en distintos tipos de turismo. Sin duda, un alto poder de convocatoria que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de estudiar el papel desempeñado por las acciones de comunicación del principal agente inductivo del evento: el Club Turismoto. Se parte de las hipótesis de que la cartelería ha funcionado como catalizadora de la <>, que más allá de su valor informativo inicial, ha devenido en una <> creadora de lazos afectivos y reivindicadora de una identidad vinculada a un territorio. Tras la recogida de los formatos impresos, la muestra queda constituida por aquellos soportes publicitarios convencionales más representativos. Y así, a partir de un primer análisis estructural, se procede al análisis de contenido de los mensajes a través del programa LIWC y de la creación de un diccionario específico. Los principales resultados apuntan a que estas acciones de promoción han servido para poner en valor el destino turístico Valladolid y para respaldar como con el tiempo los mensajes de carácter divulgativo dan paso a la construcción de un mensaje más persuasivo, sustentado en valores simbólicos e identitarios, que trabaja cada vez más los atributos subjetivos inherentes al propio evento (marca-emocional).&nbsp, Since its appearance in 1982, “Pingüinos” motorcycle tourist event has become one of the most important biker concentrations in the world. Declared of Regional Tourist Interest in 2011, this meeting has demonstrated its ability to attract thousands of visitors to Valladolid and involve them in various types of tourism. Undoubtedly, the ability to convene highlights the need to study the role of the main event inductive agent’s communicative actions: the “Club Turismoto”. It is thus part of the hypothesis that the signage has worked as a catalyst for << Penguins image brand >>, that beyond its initial informative value, has become an <> bonding and vindicating of an identity linked to a territory. After collecting printed formats, the data is made up of the most representative conventional advertising media. And so, from a first structural analysis, proceed to the analysis of message content through the LIWC program and the creation of a specific dictionary. The main results suggest that these actions have served to promote Valladolid as a tourist destination. As time pass by, the messages with an informative nature give way to the construction of a more persuasive message, based on symbolic and identity values which increase the inherent subjective attributes at the same event (emotional brand).

Events create different types of impact on the local economy and host communities. They can trigger a variety of short- or long-term, positive or negative impacts. Literature distinguishes the term ‘impact' from ‘legacy.' While impacts affect the economy of the host place in the short-term, legacy remains longer than the event itself. Thus, if residents perceive benefits from the event, they will be supportive of hosting in the future. This chapter focuses on events as entrepreneurial opportunities of tourism and hospitality for a hosting place. It is based on the perceptions expressed by the different categories of local stakeholders involved in an international literary festival hosted in Italy. The study shows that evaluating and understanding the legacy effects for a place hosting an event, as perceived by the different local stakeholders involved, can provide managerial insights for planning over time events in the same place.

Events are a privileged way of creating experiences. Experiential marketing brings the brand to life, establishing a more complete, interactive and compelling perception, and is an essential source of competitive advantage for event organizers in the tourism context.

Baština predstavlja važan element identiteta svake zajednice, a njeno očuvanje predstavlja jamstvo za opstojnost naroda u suvremenom globaliziranom svijetu. Očuvanje baštine predstavlja nužan element za jačanje samosvijesti pojedinca i stvaranja osjećaja pripadnosti određenom narodu i kulturi s ciljem jačanja osobnoga identiteta. Zbog svoje važnosti baština predstavlja važan element doktorske disertacije te je u cilju njenoga očuvanja i unapređenja postojala potreba istražiti modele uključivanja baštine u turistički proizvod na način da se elementi baštine sačuvaju od zaborava (nematerijalna baština) ili od propadanja (materijalna baština) uz primjenu principa održivoga razvoja. Uspješna sinergija turizma i baštine moguća je putem osmišljavanja modela turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini koji će svojim osobitostima pridonijeti stvaranju veće konkurentske snage destinacije u kojoj se nalazi baština, što izravno pridonosi jačanju ekonomskih performansi, jačanju identiteta i samosvijesti lokalne zajednice. U svrhu prikupljanja primarnih podataka te testiranja hipoteza, provedeno je empirijsko istraživanje na modelu četiri turistička događaja u različitim turističkim destinacijama Republike Hrvatske, tijekom kojeg su ispitani stavovi posjetitelja turističkih događaja temeljenih na baštini. Jedan od ciljeva istraživanja bio je utvrditi koja struktura posjetitelja posjećuje navedene turističke događaje, kolika je njihova razina zadovoljstva posjetom i ponudom na lokalitetu događaja, te koliki utjecaj na njihovu odluku za posjetom događaju ima motiv upoznavanja baštine. Nadalje, cilj je bio utvrditi mogućnosti održivoga uključivanja baštine u turistički proizvod uz očuvanje njene izvornosti te određivanje prednosti i nedostataka koje ima sinergija između kulture i turizma na očuvanje baštine. Osim navedenog cilj je bio utvrditi koji je najoptimalniji model financiranja obnove baštine i turističkih događaja te na koji način primjena suvremenih IT tehnologija utječe na povećanje zadovoljstva posjetitelja, očuvanje i promociju baštine, i na povećanje konkurentnosti turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini. Fokus rada je bio usmjeren na sistematizaciju svih dobivenih rezultata istraživanja u svrhu iznalaženja optimalnoga modela turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini. U cilju povećanja kvalitete i konkurentnosti turističke ponude i prepoznatljivosti događaja temeljenih na baštini u radu je prezentiran model turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini i proces certificiranja CroHeritage Festival Awards (CFA)., Contemporary tourism demand is more and more heterogeneous, and the diversity of offers on the tourist market stimulates destination management to continuously create new and innovative products in the form of tourist events, which will result in creating new experiences and motivations for tourist arrival in a destination. The goal of creating tourist events is to improve a competitive position of tourist offers on the tourist market. Formation of tourist events based on heritage will contribute to this by contributing to quality and diversity of a tourist product, creating additional economic value and strengthening the identity and sense of belonging, and building trust among visitors and destination inhabitants. National heritage represents an important element of identity for every community, and its preservation represents a foundation for survival of a nation in the contemporary globalized world. National heritage preservation represents an important element for strengthening self-consciousness of an individual and creating a sense of belonging for a certain people and culture with a goal of strengthening personal identity. Today, national heritage represents a much broader term than a mere witness to a historical period. It is a witness of a material and non-material legacy of our ancestors, and it’s a testament to the way of life, beliefs, customs, and other elements of human identity, as well as the development of human thought through the turbulent centuries and historical periods. In numerous cases over time, heritage has been exposed to numerous risks which can cause its permanent damage or disappearance, through pollution, acid rain, erosion, inadequate conservation, change of developmental guidelines by the owner or manager of the material heritage, emigration and immigration of people, high mortality, or lack of interest of the contemporary population for tradition of their non-material heritage. Due to its importance and previously mentioned, heritage represents an important element of research of a Doctoral Dissertation with a goal of ensuring its sustainable development, renewal and conservation through value-added tourism. Synergy of tourism and heritage provides exceptional developmental possibilities for the tourism offer carriers, but also preserves the nature of the heritage itself, as an exceptionally sensitive resource. With a goal of its preservation and improvement, and while noticing lack of any similar analysis, there was a necessity to explore and offer in a scientific and professional way, sustainable models of inclusion of heritage in a tourist product in a way that the elements of heritage are preserved from oblivion (non-material heritage) or waste (material heritage) while applying the principles of sustainable development. As previously mentioned, it is possible to achieve by applying, in the dissertation presented international system of quality ISO, such as managing sustainability of events ISO20121, to create new models of certification such as CroHeritage Festival Awards (CFA) as an exceptionally important element for creating recognisability and branding of the tourist offer or introducing green events into the tourist offer of a destination. Tourism and by its conditioned offers of products and services present a developmental opportunity for a destination, especially if the developmental guidelines in tourism are harmonized with the desires and needs of the local community, but also all the interested stakeholders in the destination, managed by the state of the offer and demand, and the contemporary demands of tourists on the market. Through application of contemporary knowledge and skills, as well as contemporary technological solutions, the destination management creates a new tourist product of additional value, and gives particular attention towards preservation of resources as a foundation and comparative advantage of a destination for achieving competitiveness of a tourist offer. Successful synergy of tourism and heritage is possible through the creation of a model of a tourist event based on heritage which will, through its particularities, contribute to the creation of a greater competitive strength of a destination in which the heritage is situated, which directly contributes to the strengthening of economic performances, and strengthening of identity and self-consciousness of the local community. An empirical research was conducted, with a purpose of gathering primary data, and testing the hypothesis, on a model of four top tourist events according to the criteria of the Croatian Tourist Board, which are related on the estimate of visitors, and needs to be above 10,000 in different tourist destinations of the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted with the goal of determining the influence of tourist events on satisfaction of guests with the offer of tourist events based on heritage. Considering the fact that neither tourist boards, nor organizers of events don´t have precise data about the number of visitors of events, but have expressed interest during the contact merely an estimate of the number of visitors, for the calculation of the sample in the dissertation the author used the number of accommodation units (bearing in mind basic and additional accommodation units), and methods used in similar previous researches were applied. V A research was conducted for the purpose of the Dissertation on the sample of guests situated in the accommodation units in the cities of Rijeka, Varaždin, Koprivnica and Đakovo, in a way that an opinion of visitors of events was acquired personally by interview, or by filling out a questionnaire. Visitors who stayed in the destinations during the selected events were questioned. Empirical research based on gathering primary data was conducted in the field by using the survey method by which the basic instrument of acquiring the data was the questionnaire printed in Croatian and English languages. In the mentioned research, there was some words about value-adding of tourist events from the aspect of visitor´s satisfaction, their motives for their visits, the way of informing potential visitors about the events and similar. The survey was conducted during the tourist events based on heritage, and the respondents were selected randomly. During the collection of data, the technique of personal interview was used mostly, while the survey method was used less. The author conducted data gathering along with the help of specially prepared interviewers to whom the research goals were explained previously, the elements of the questionnaire and the ways of conduct in the field. Following, a questionnaire made up of six questions was presented and explained to every respondent, and the questions were related to the socio-demographic profile of respondents, information related about the motive of their visit to the destination, way of being informed about the destination´s offer, level of satisfaction of the destination´s offer and tourist event based on heritage which they visited, and achieved tourist consumption. One of the research goals was to determine how high influence has the motive of getting acquainted with the heritage on their decision for visiting the event and a destination, as well as getting to know their habits and consumption during the tourist event. Managing models of tourist events based on heritage were made based on the gathered results of the primary research, weaknesses and flaws of the existing offer were presented, as well as opportunities and threats that can be brought by further development of the offer to the tourist event. In the remaining chapters of the Doctoral Dissertation, and based on the conducted primary and secondary research, in which contemporary scientific literature and findings about the characteristics about the tourist offer and demand were taken into consideration, the goal was to determine possibilities of inclusion of heritage in a tourist product while preserving its originality and determining advantages and disadvantages that synergy between culture and tourism has on heritage preservation. Besides the already mentioned, the goal was to determine the most optimal model of financing the heritage renewal and tourist events, and in which way application of modern Information Technologies influences the increasing satisfaction of visitors, preservation and promotion of heritage, and increasing competitiveness of a tourist event based on heritage, especially if taken into consideration contemporary habits of visitors regarding informing themselves through websites and social networks, and applicative solutions created by the offer carriers. The focus of the Dissertation was focused on systematization of all gathered results of research with a purpose of finding the most optimal model of a tourist event based on heritage as a product which will result in achieving synergy between heritage and tourism, in a way that heritage is preserved and improved according to the principles of sustainable development. A model of certification CroHeritage Festival Awards (CFA) and model of organization of tourist events based on heritage were presented in the Dissertation, with a goal of increasing quality and recognisability of the events based on heritage. Before conducting the empirical research, all available domestic and foreign scientific and professional literature was consulted, and the result of the research represents systematization of previous researches of influence of tourist events on a tourist destination, heritage, identity and life habits of local communities and all stakeholders in a destination. Based on the analysis of results obtained by primary research, and interpretation of secondary data obtained by secondary literature with the application of scientific methods of induction, deduction, historical method, method of definition, method of analysis and synthesis, and application of statistical methods, all the given goals in the Dissertation were achieved, and all the set hypothesis were tested.

Holy Week is one of the most important traditional celebrations in many parts of the world. It has a deep-rooted cultural and social tradition, yet also embraces a tourist dimension, which ultimately impacts on the economy of the places where it is held. The present work seeks to explore the impact of Holy Week on the city of Palencia (Spain). To do this, an economic impact study based on a description and evaluation of three types of effect, direct, indirect and induced, is carried out. Results show that this event generated a total of €2.258 million, of which 82% remained in the economy of the city itself, with the hotel and restaurant sectors benefitting the most. This traditional celebration thus contributes to creating revenue and employment, to maintaining traditional industries, to preserving cultural heritage and to enhancing the area’s image and projection.

This article aims to analyse the effects generated by regional events. The article identifies the social and economic effects of mass events, which are organized by public institutions. In determining the social and economic effects the methodology of New Public Management (NPM) concept was employed. This article presents the results of examination of the effects of special events organized in Poland in the Podlaskie region, where on a regional scale, tourism is a complementary segment of the economy, and, in the case of several local destinations, plays a dominant role both in employment and income of the population. Based on the evaluation of the Socio-cultural Impact, Existance Impact and the Direct expediture of regional events, it can be stated that these events have no direct bearing on the development of tourism in the region, in which they are organized. They contribute to raising the satisfaction connected with staying in the region, and slightly to the growth of the direct expenditure.

This work, using previous researches of socio-demographic influences upon tourist market, studies habits and behavior of tourists (visitors) on tourist event Haymaking on Rajac mountain, as well as the use of advertising means for the purposes of gaining new information. The poll was conducted among 352 people selected by chance whereas the data analysis was carried out according to gender and aging structure. The aim of this research is to determine if there is a significant difference in the number or motives of traveling, choice of transport means, the amount of funds intended for staying and the way of spending money, as well as in using different means of tourist propaganda.

The event "Days of Plum - My Plum" at Blace has been one of 42 events dedicated to fruits and vegetables and one of three events dedicated to plum in Serbia. It has been held for nine consecutive years in the town situated in the wide Toplica valley at the foot of Jastrebac, where in a relatively favourable climate conditions there are good conditions for development of plum, so it has become a traditional event. This paper analyzes the results of a survey conducted during the last event, August 2011. The survey is used as methodical procedure because in relatively short time period a relatively large amount of information and data has been obtained. The survey includes 304 randomly selected respondents of different gender, age and educational structures. It was performed to examine the tourism market, attitudes and behaviour of visitors, as well as tourism promotion. In addition to the survey, the tourist valorisation of events is done in which the elements of geographic and economic groups of criteria are analyzed in order to investigate the tourism potential in terms of development of tourism as an economic sector that can contribute to the development of Blace as an underdeveloped area. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 47007]

Манифестације заузимају све важније место у савременој туристичкој понуди наше земље. Према истраживањима релевантних организација, оне су прве на листи туристичких мотива за долазак иностраних туриста у Србију. Музичке манифестације (фестивали у Новом Саду, Београду и Гучи) са међународним учешћем посетилаца, имају велики утицај на саму дестинацију у којој се одржавају и представљају погодно средство за туристичку промоцију на интернационалном нивоу. Истраживање у раду посвећено је анализирању података добијених теренским истраживањима, ради утврђивања ефеката и степена туристичке мотивисаности код иностраних туриста, да посете три највеће музичке манифестације у Србији. Значај испитивања, идентификовања и издвајања кључних мотива, који покрећу иностране туристе да присуствују наведеним манифестацијама, може се посматрати кроз шансу за унапређење иностраног туризма у нашој земљи, али и унапређење културног, економског и друштвеног потенцијала одређеног географског простора, на ком се ове манифестације одвијају. Такође, спроведена истаживања могу допринети одређивању основних смерница којим би се туристичка понуда овог вида туризма могла подићи на виши ниво. Events are taking an increasingly important place in modern tourism offer of our country. According to research of relevant organizations, they are the main reasons for the arrivals of foreign tourists in Serbia. Music events (festivals in Novi Sad, Belgrade and Guca) with international participation of visitors, have a great impact on the destination where they maintain and provide a suitable means of tourism promotion at the international level. The research in this paper is devoted to analyzing the data obtained by field surveys, to determine the effects and degree of tourist motivation of foreign tourists to visit the three largest music events in Serbia. The importance of testing, identifying and allocating light motives that initiate foreign tourists to attend the mentioned events can be viewed through the opportunity for developing foreign tourism in our country, but also the advancement of cultural, economic and social potential of a particular geographical area in which these events take place. Also, conducted the research may contribute to determining the basic guidelines that would be tourism offer of that kind which could raise to a higher level.

Assessing the revenue generation and other economic influences of a one-time megaevent raises unique measurement problems. This is especially true when the event is a “cultural” tourist activity held in a place where many “casual” tourists flock. This article describes this delineation process and presents the basis for encouragement of cultural tourist events.

There has been an increasing tendency for hallmark events to be included as an integral part of tourism destination marketing strategies, with events in effect becoming extensions of the region's inventory of attractions. This trend, coupled with the growing acceptance of sustainability as a guiding principle for managing tourism development, has highlighted the importance of systematically monitoring the social impacts of major events in much the same way as for tourism generally. The study described in this article contributes to the development of such an approach by drawing on past research on the social impacts of tourism to provide a foundation for examining local resident perceptions of the Gold Coast Indy event. It reveals that, although there is overwhelming support for the event among the resident population irrespective of their exposure to its impacts, negative impacts are nevertheless recognized. Thus, although the benefits of the event with regard to tourism promotional effects, community self-esteem, and business and employment opportunities are broadly appreciated, costs of the event associated with noise levels, traffic congestion, overcrowding, and disruption to lifestyle are also acknowledged. This response appears to indicate that the benefits are generally regarded as outweighing the costs. However, in an unambiguous signal to organizations responsible for event/tourism planning, variations in the response of residents also indicate a strong relationship between acceptance of the event and resident perceptions of social justice outcomes and satisfaction with the level of public participation. Residents who regarded the event's costs and benefits as being justly distributed and public participation in its planning as adequate tended to be more positively disposed to the event.

This article describes a study undertaken to estimate the economic impact on the state of Rhode Island of the Tall Ships '76 Celebration, a short-term tourist-attracting event. The research method involved identifying distinct segments of the participating population, which accounted for major sources of expenditures induced by the event. Six expenditure segments were identified: (1) Tall Ships '76 sponsor, (2) visiting public, (3) ships' personnel, (4) visiting ships, (5) crew-hosting families, and (6) miscellaneous groups. In addition to providing estimates of economic impact, the study generated a number of descriptive measures of the event which served to evaluate pre-event planning estimates. Demographic and other measures of visitors also enabled tourist profiles to be constructed, which were useful for planning future events and comparing to profiles derived from other events.

У статті висвітлено сучасний стан подієвого туризму в Рівненській області. Акцентовано увагу на недостатньо розвиненій у регіоні мережі засобів розміщення для туристів. Наведено результати опитування жителів області щодо визначення туристичних пріоритетів. Найбільше туристи зацікавлені у відпочинку на природі. Головним центром формування пропозицій туристичних подій є обласний центр і рекреаційні території природних парків. Туристичні події розглянуто в розрізі сезонів. Найбільша кількість заходів припадає на весняно-літній період. Найпопулярнішими заходами за кількістю відвідувачів є фестивалі «ArtJazzCorporation», «Бурштиновий шлях», «Музейні гостини». Великий потенціал мають фестивалі й веломарафони, організовані в мальовничих регіонах області: «Поліська Січ», «Буща папороть», «Новомалинська Любава», «Тарас Бульба» та ін. Найактивніша участь в організації туристичних подій Рівненщини належить громадським організаціям. Серед перспективних напрямів – апітуризм і зелений маршрут «Медове коло». Акцент цього туристичного маршруту ґрунтується на бортництві – древній формі бджільництва. Апітуризм – найперспективніший для залучення іноземних туристів, оскільки в Рівненській області до цього часу збереглися родини, які отримують мед таким давнім автентичним способом, як бортництво. Для покращення розвитку подієвого туризму на Рівненщині запропоновано таки перспективні напрями, як розвиток апітуризму, роміщення детальної багатомовної інформації про туристичні заходи на веб-сайтах, розвиток екскурсійної діяльності з елементами інтерпретації природи й історико-культурної спадщини, здійснення потужної інформаційної реклами туристичної події, розробка маркетингової стратегії просування подієвого туризму, залучення інвесторів і спонсорів. The current state of event tourism in Rivne region is reviewed in this article. The authors emphasize that the network of accommodation for tourists is not well developed in the region. The results of the survey of the inhabitants of the region in determining the tourist priorities is provided. Most tourists are interested in outdoor activities. The main center for the formation of tourist events is the regional center and recreational areas of nature parks. Tourist events are considered in the context of the seasons. The largest number of touristic events are in the spring-summer period. The most popular events by number of visitors were the «ArtJazzCorporation», «Amber Way», «Museum feasting» festivals. Great potential has for festivals and bike marathons organized in the picturesque areas of the region: «Poliska Sich», «Bushcha Paporot», «Novomalinska Lyubava», «Taras Bulba» etc. Public organizations take the active part in the organization of touristic events in Rivne region. Among the promising directions is apiturism and the green route Medovy Kolo. The emphasis of this tourist route is based on honey harvesting – an ancient form of beekeeping. Apitourism has great prospects for attracting foreign tourists, since in the Rivne region until this time there are families who receive honey in an old authentic way, such as beekeeping. In order to improve the development of event tourism in the Rivne region, such promising directions are proposed: the development of apitourism; provide detailed multilingual information about travel events on websites; development of excursion activities with elements of interpretation of nature and historical and cultural heritage; implementing a powerful informational advertisement of a tourist event; development of a marketing strategy for promoting event tourism; attraction of investors and sponsors.

Tourist flows in historical cities are continuously growing in a globalized world and adequate governance processes, politics and tools are necessary in order to reduce impacts on the urban livability and to guarantee the preservation of cultural heritage. The ICTs offer the possibility of collecting large amount of data that can point out and quantify some statistical and dynamic properties of human mobility emerging from the individual behavior and referring to a whole road network. In this paper we analyze a new dataset that has been collected by the Italian mobile phone company TIM, which contains the GPS positions of a relevant sample of mobile devices when they actively connected to the cell phone network. Our aim is to propose innovative tools allowing to study properties of pedestrian mobility on the whole road network. Venice is a paradigmatic example for the impact of tourist flows on the resident life quality and on the preservation of cultural heritage. The GPS data provide anonymized georeferenced information on the displacements of the devices. After a filtering procedure, we develop specific algorithms able to reconstruct the daily mobility paths on the whole Venice road network. The statistical analysis of the mobility paths suggests the existence of a travel time budget for the mobility and points out the role of the rest times in the empirical relation between the mobility time and the corresponding path length. We succeed to highlight two connected mobility subnetworks extracted from the whole road network, that are able to explain the majority of the observed mobility. Our approach shows the existence of characteristic mobility paths in Venice for the tourists and for the residents. Moreover the data analysis highlights the different mobility features of the considered case studies and it allows to detect the mobility paths associated to different points of interest. Finally we have disaggregated the Italian and foreigner categories to study their different mobility behaviors.

Recognising modern tourist demands, tourist destinations perceive comparative advantages and potential available resources, placing them in the tourist market through selective tourist products and events. "How are gastronomic events perceived within the framework of sustainable tourist development?" is the research problem area, which leads to the definition of the paper purpose and goal. It relates to the assessment of perception of the importance of organisation of gastronomic events within the framework of sustainable tourist destination development by the local producers of original tourist products and the local population. The research includes assessment of how many gastronomic events intensify gastronomic tourism and how they valorise pre and post tourist season, which the Strategy of Development of Croatian and Istrian tourism recognises as the terms which must be touristically intensified, strategically enriching the tourist offer. In the paper, the social component of sustainability is also perceived through the attitudes of gastronomic event visitors. The research, which affirmed new scientific knowledge, was conducted by means of survey and interview methodology. For data processing, quantitative methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, meta-analysis and other scientific and research methods were used. The generated knowledge confirms the purpose of the paper, which is channelled towards the determination of the importance of promotion of original products at gastronomic events, in accordance with the principles of sustainability. The research was conducted at the event Days of Fresh Olive Oil in Vodnjan, which was organised as a sustainable gastronomic tourist event.

Rad ne sadrži sažetak.

Западна Србија у себи обједињује три округа са24 општине у Републици Србији и смештена је у њеном западном делу. Простире се на површини од11.882 km² што представља 13,45% територије Републике. Транзитност положаја је, кроз историју, условио богато културно-историјско наслеђе. Западна Србија се у овом истраживању нашла као раскрсница различитих идеологија, култура, менталитета, вера, те богатог материјалног и духовног наслеђа прожетог изузетним природним вредностима. Темељном валоризацијом њених потенцијала, могла би постати окосница развоја туризма, како у административним границама, тако и у ширем региону. Обилује споменицима културе где су заступљени најразличитији облици, од археолошких налазишта, преко дела са споменичким и уметничким својствима, до савремених облика културног уздизања. Сви ови облици требало би да на адекватан начин буду укључени у креирање и развој културног туризма и да, као такви, постану стална понуда у осталим облицима туристичких кретања, као што су спортско-рекреативни, екскурзиони, излетнички туризам и сл. Културно-историјско наслеђе није адекватно заштићено, недовољно је презентовано, интерпретирано и промовисано, тако да није адекватно укључено у туристичку понуду. Међутим, оно што поседујемо је богато нематеријално наслеђе. Туристима треба понудити нематеријалне културне ресурсе што је основ туристичког доживљаја– уживање у културној интеракцији, упознавање другачије културе и културног идентитета. Акценат треба ставити на старе занате, машине, рурална домаћинства, разне манифестације(сајмове , вашаре, изложбе). Ово може бити значајна конкурентска предност у региону. У комбинацији са природним ресурсима као главним мотивима туристичких кретања у Западној Србији, културни туризам би могао постати значајан фактор унапређења туризма уопште и издвојити се као самостални вид туристичких кретања. С обзиром на тренутно стање, тај моменат ће сачекати неке наредне генерације. Zapadna Srbija u sebi objedinjuje tri okruga sa24 opštine u Republici Srbiji i smeštena je u njenom zapadnom delu. Prostire se na površini od11.882 km² što predstavlja 13,45% teritorije Republike. Tranzitnost položaja je, kroz istoriju, uslovio bogato kulturno-istorijsko nasleđe. Zapadna Srbija se u ovom istraživanju našla kao raskrsnica različitih ideologija, kultura, mentaliteta, vera, te bogatog materijalnog i duhovnog nasleđa prožetog izuzetnim prirodnim vrednostima. Temeljnom valorizacijom njenih potencijala, mogla bi postati okosnica razvoja turizma, kako u administrativnim granicama, tako i u širem regionu. Obiluje spomenicima kulture gde su zastupljeni najrazličitiji oblici, od arheoloških nalazišta, preko dela sa spomeničkim i umetničkim svojstvima, do savremenih oblika kulturnog uzdizanja. Svi ovi oblici trebalo bi da na adekvatan način budu uključeni u kreiranje i razvoj kulturnog turizma i da, kao takvi, postanu stalna ponuda u ostalim oblicima turističkih kretanja, kao što su sportsko-rekreativni, ekskurzioni, izletnički turizam i sl. Kulturno-istorijsko nasleđe nije adekvatno zaštićeno, nedovoljno je prezentovano, interpretirano i promovisano, tako da nije adekvatno uključeno u turističku ponudu. Međutim, ono što posedujemo je bogato nematerijalno nasleđe. Turistima treba ponuditi nematerijalne kulturne resurse što je osnov turističkog doživljaja– uživanje u kulturnoj interakciji, upoznavanje drugačije kulture i kulturnog identiteta. Akcenat treba staviti na stare zanate, mašine, ruralna domaćinstva, razne manifestacije(sajmove , vašare, izložbe). Ovo može biti značajna konkurentska prednost u regionu. U kombinaciji sa prirodnim resursima kao glavnim motivima turističkih kretanja u Zapadnoj Srbiji, kulturni turizam bi mogao postati značajan faktor unapređenja turizma uopšte i izdvojiti se kao samostalni vid turističkih kretanja. S obzirom na trenutno stanje, taj momenat će sačekati neke naredne generacije. Western Serbia unites the three districts with 24 municipalities. It covers an area of 11,882 km² (13.45% of the territory of the Republicof Serbia). Its position ensured intensive transit which resulted in rich cultural and historical heritage. In this study, Western Serbia is presented as a crossroad of different ideologies, cultures, mentalities, religions, and rich material and spiritual heritage permeated with outstanding natural values. Thorough evaluation of its potential, it could become the driver of tourism development, both within its administrational borders and in wider region. Cultural sites are various – from archeological sites, historical and sacral monuments, to modern forms of culture. All these sites should be adequately included in creating and developing cultural tourism and it should become permanent offer in other forms of cultural movement, such as sports and recreation, excursions, site seeing tourism etc. Cultural and historical heritage in Western Serbia is not adequately protected, not enough interpreted and promoted, so it is not an integral part of the tourist industry. However, we have rich immaterial heritage. Tourism sector of this region should offer immaterial cultural resources as a basis of the tourist experience - enjoying in cultural interaction, learning about different cultures and cultural identity. Emphasis should be placed on the old crafts, industrial heritage, rural households, various events (trade shows, fairs, exhibitions). This could be a significant competitive advantage in the region. In combination with the natural resources as the main motive of tourist movement in western Serbia, cultural tourism can become an important factor for increasing tourism in general, and distinguish itself as an independent type of tourist movements. Considering current conditions, this will be a challenge for the next generations.

Западна Србија у себи обједињује три округа са24 општине у Републици Србији исмештена је у њеном западном делу. Простире се на површини од11.882 km² што представља13,45% територије Републике. Транзитност положаја је, кроз историју, условио богато културно-историјско наслеђе.Западна Србија се у овом истраживању нашла као раскрсница различитих идеологија,култура, менталитета, вера, те богатог материјалног и духовног наслеђа прожетог изузетнимприродним вредностима. Темељном валоризацијом њених потенцијала, могла би постатиокосница развоја туризма, како у административним границама, тако и у ширем региону.Обилује споменицима културе где су заступљени најразличитији облици, од археолошкихналазишта, преко дела са споменичким и уметничким својствима, до савремених обликакултурног уздизања. Сви ови облици требало би да на адекватан начин буду укључени у креирањеи развој културног туризма и да, као такви, постану стална понуда у осталим облициматуристичких кретања, као што су спортско-рекреативни, екскурзиони, излетнички туризам и сл.Културно-историјско наслеђе није адекватно заштићено, недовољно је презентовано,интерпретирано и промовисано, тако да није адекватно укључено у туристичку понуду. Међутим,оно што поседујемо је богато нематеријално наслеђе. Туристима треба понудити нематеријалнекултурне ресурсе што је основ туристичког доживљаја– уживање у културној интеракцији,упознавање другачије културе и културног идентитета. Акценат треба ставити на старе занате,машине, рурална домаћинства, разне манифестације(сајмове , вашаре, изложбе). Ово може битизначајна конкурентска предност у региону.У комбинацији са природним ресурсима као главним мотивима туристичких кретања уЗападној Србији, културни туризам би могао постати значајан фактор унапређења туризмауопште и издвојити се као самостални вид туристичких кретања. С обзиром на тренутно стање, тајмоменат ће сачекати неке наредне генерације.&nbsp, Zapadna Srbija u sebi objedinjuje tri okruga sa24 opštine u Republici Srbiji ismeštena je u njenom zapadnom delu. Prostire se na površini od11.882 km² što predstavlja13,45% teritorije Republike. Tranzitnost položaja je, kroz istoriju, uslovio bogato kulturno-istorijsko nasleđe.Zapadna Srbija se u ovom istraživanju našla kao raskrsnica različitih ideologija,kultura, mentaliteta, vera, te bogatog materijalnog i duhovnog nasleđa prožetog izuzetnimprirodnim vrednostima. Temeljnom valorizacijom njenih potencijala, mogla bi postatiokosnica razvoja turizma, kako u administrativnim granicama, tako i u širem regionu.Obiluje spomenicima kulture gde su zastupljeni najrazličitiji oblici, od arheološkihnalazišta, preko dela sa spomeničkim i umetničkim svojstvima, do savremenih oblikakulturnog uzdizanja. Svi ovi oblici trebalo bi da na adekvatan način budu uključeni u kreiranjei razvoj kulturnog turizma i da, kao takvi, postanu stalna ponuda u ostalim oblicimaturističkih kretanja, kao što su sportsko-rekreativni, ekskurzioni, izletnički turizam i sl.Kulturno-istorijsko nasleđe nije adekvatno zaštićeno, nedovoljno je prezentovano,interpretirano i promovisano, tako da nije adekvatno uključeno u turističku ponudu. Međutim,ono što posedujemo je bogato nematerijalno nasleđe. Turistima treba ponuditi nematerijalnekulturne resurse što je osnov turističkog doživljaja– uživanje u kulturnoj interakciji,upoznavanje drugačije kulture i kulturnog identiteta. Akcenat treba staviti na stare zanate,mašine, ruralna domaćinstva, razne manifestacije(sajmove , vašare, izložbe). Ovo može bitiznačajna konkurentska prednost u regionu.U kombinaciji sa prirodnim resursima kao glavnim motivima turističkih kretanja uZapadnoj Srbiji, kulturni turizam bi mogao postati značajan faktor unapređenja turizmauopšte i izdvojiti se kao samostalni vid turističkih kretanja. S obzirom na trenutno stanje, tajmomenat će sačekati neke naredne generacije.&nbsp, Western Serbia unites the three districts with 24 municipalities. It covers an area of11,882 km² (13.45% of the territory of the Republicof Serbia). Its position ensured intensivetransit which resulted in rich cultural and historical heritage.In this study, Western Serbia is presented as a crossroad of different ideologies, cultures,mentalities, religions, and rich material and spiritual heritage permeated with outstanding naturalvalues. Thorough evaluation of its potential, it could become the driver of tourism development,both within its administrational borders and in wider region.Cultural sites are various – from archeological sites, historical and sacral monuments, tomodern forms of culture. All these sites should be adequately included in creating anddeveloping cultural tourism and it should become permanent offer in other forms of culturalmovement, such as sports and recreation, excursions, site seeing tourism etc.Cultural and historical heritage in Western Serbia is not adequately protected, not enoughinterpreted and promoted, so it is not an integral part of the tourist industry. However, we haverich immaterial heritage. Tourism sector of this region should offer immaterial cultural resourcesas a basis of the tourist experience - enjoying in cultural interaction, learning about differentcultures and cultural identity. Emphasis should be placed on the old crafts, industrial heritage,rural households, various events (trade shows, fairs, exhibitions). This could be a significantcompetitive advantage in the region.In combination with the natural resources as the main motive of tourist movement inwestern Serbia, cultural tourism can become an important factor for increasing tourism ingeneral, and distinguish itself as an independent type of tourist movements. Considering currentconditions, this will be a challenge for the next generations.

Западна Србија у себи обједињује три округа са24 општине у Републици Србији исмештена је у њеном западном делу. Простире се на површини од11.882 km² што представља13,45% територије Републике. Транзитност положаја је, кроз историју, условио богато културно-историјско наслеђе.Западна Србија се у овом истраживању нашла као раскрсница различитих идеологија,култура, менталитета, вера, те богатог материјалног и духовног наслеђа прожетог изузетнимприродним вредностима. Темељном валоризацијом њених потенцијала, могла би постатиокосница развоја туризма, како у административним границама, тако и у ширем региону.Обилује споменицима културе где су заступљени најразличитији облици, од археолошкихналазишта, преко дела са споменичким и уметничким својствима, до савремених обликакултурног уздизања. Сви ови облици требало би да на адекватан начин буду укључени у креирањеи развој културног туризма и да, као такви, постану стална понуда у осталим облициматуристичких кретања, као што су спортско-рекреативни, екскурзиони, излетнички туризам и сл.Културно-историјско наслеђе није адекватно заштићено, недовољно је презентовано,интерпретирано и промовисано, тако да није адекватно укључено у туристичку понуду. Међутим,оно што поседујемо је богато нематеријално наслеђе. Туристима треба понудити нематеријалнекултурне ресурсе што је основ туристичког доживљаја– уживање у културној интеракцији,упознавање другачије културе и културног идентитета. Акценат треба ставити на старе занате,машине, рурална домаћинства, разне манифестације(сајмове , вашаре, изложбе). Ово може битизначајна конкурентска предност у региону.У комбинацији са природним ресурсима као главним мотивима туристичких кретања уЗападној Србији, културни туризам би могао постати значајан фактор унапређења туризмауопште и издвојити се као самостални вид туристичких кретања. С обзиром на тренутно стање, тајмоменат ће сачекати неке наредне генерације.&nbsp, Zapadna Srbija u sebi objedinjuje tri okruga sa24 opštine u Republici Srbiji ismeštena je u njenom zapadnom delu. Prostire se na površini od11.882 km² što predstavlja13,45% teritorije Republike. Tranzitnost položaja je, kroz istoriju, uslovio bogato kulturno-istorijsko nasleđe.Zapadna Srbija se u ovom istraživanju našla kao raskrsnica različitih ideologija,kultura, mentaliteta, vera, te bogatog materijalnog i duhovnog nasleđa prožetog izuzetnimprirodnim vrednostima. Temeljnom valorizacijom njenih potencijala, mogla bi postatiokosnica razvoja turizma, kako u administrativnim granicama, tako i u širem regionu.Obiluje spomenicima kulture gde su zastupljeni najrazličitiji oblici, od arheološkihnalazišta, preko dela sa spomeničkim i umetničkim svojstvima, do savremenih oblikakulturnog uzdizanja. Svi ovi oblici trebalo bi da na adekvatan način budu uključeni u kreiranjei razvoj kulturnog turizma i da, kao takvi, postanu stalna ponuda u ostalim oblicimaturističkih kretanja, kao što su sportsko-rekreativni, ekskurzioni, izletnički turizam i sl.Kulturno-istorijsko nasleđe nije adekvatno zaštićeno, nedovoljno je prezentovano,interpretirano i promovisano, tako da nije adekvatno uključeno u turističku ponudu. Međutim,ono što posedujemo je bogato nematerijalno nasleđe. Turistima treba ponuditi nematerijalnekulturne resurse što je osnov turističkog doživljaja– uživanje u kulturnoj interakciji,upoznavanje drugačije kulture i kulturnog identiteta. Akcenat treba staviti na stare zanate,mašine, ruralna domaćinstva, razne manifestacije(sajmove , vašare, izložbe). Ovo može bitiznačajna konkurentska prednost u regionu.U kombinaciji sa prirodnim resursima kao glavnim motivima turističkih kretanja uZapadnoj Srbiji, kulturni turizam bi mogao postati značajan faktor unapređenja turizmauopšte i izdvojiti se kao samostalni vid turističkih kretanja. S obzirom na trenutno stanje, tajmomenat će sačekati neke naredne generacije.&nbsp, Western Serbia unites the three districts with 24 municipalities. It covers an area of11,882 km² (13.45% of the territory of the Republicof Serbia). Its position ensured intensivetransit which resulted in rich cultural and historical heritage.In this study, Western Serbia is presented as a crossroad of different ideologies, cultures,mentalities, religions, and rich material and spiritual heritage permeated with outstanding naturalvalues. Thorough evaluation of its potential, it could become the driver of tourism development,both within its administrational borders and in wider region.Cultural sites are various – from archeological sites, historical and sacral monuments, tomodern forms of culture. All these sites should be adequately included in creating anddeveloping cultural tourism and it should become permanent offer in other forms of culturalmovement, such as sports and recreation, excursions, site seeing tourism etc.Cultural and historical heritage in Western Serbia is not adequately protected, not enoughinterpreted and promoted, so it is not an integral part of the tourist industry. However, we haverich immaterial heritage. Tourism sector of this region should offer immaterial cultural resourcesas a basis of the tourist experience - enjoying in cultural interaction, learning about differentcultures and cultural identity. Emphasis should be placed on the old crafts, industrial heritage,rural households, various events (trade shows, fairs, exhibitions). This could be a significantcompetitive advantage in the region.In combination with the natural resources as the main motive of tourist movement inwestern Serbia, cultural tourism can become an important factor for increasing tourism ingeneral, and distinguish itself as an independent type of tourist movements. Considering currentconditions, this will be a challenge for the next generations.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the main strategic factors in tourist and cultural events' creation and implementation, taking into account the role of socio-institutional stakeholders and the relative governance choices. More precisely, the role of citizenship is examined.

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os aspectos organizacionais da Festa Nacional do Peixe, em Tramandaí. Foi escolhida a 18ª edição por sua consolidação como um evento cultural no Litoral Norte, tanto em termos de público quanto em desenvolvimento estrutural. A pesquisa foi um estudo de caso de cunho qualitativo, feita a partir do estabelecimento de critérios que orientassem o estudo da gestão de um evento: a) objetivos organizacionais; b) envolvimento dos stakeholders; c) análise de desempenho; d) estrutura organizacional. O estudo empregou análise de documentos, entrevistas abertas e estruturadas, questionários fechados e observações in loco. Os documentos consistiram em projetos, materiais de publicidade, leis e decretos sobre as características da gestão da Festa e foram fornecidos pela Prefeitura Municipal de Tramandaí. As entrevistas foram realizadas com representantes do poder público do município e da iniciativa privada, num total de 43 entrevistados. Os questionários foram realizados com a comunidade local e com os visitantes da Festa, num total de 600 entrevistados. As observações, num total de 9, aconteceram dentro da Secretaria de Turismo de Tramandaí e nos pavilhões da Festa, durante as fases pré-evento, transevento e pós-evento. Os resultados evidenciaram que existem problemas pontuais na gestão da Festa Nacional do Peixe. Os objetivos da Festa são pouco específicos e redundantes, a participação dos stakeholders no evento não é simétrica e os gestores não elaboraram mecanismos de mensuração para analisar o desempenho que o evento atingiu. Quanto à estrutura organizacional da Festa, constatou-se que ela apresenta alguns traços do modelo Burocrático, o que dificulta uma gestão inovadora, ágil e flexível. This study had for objective to analyze the organizational aspects of the Festa Nacional do Peixe, in Tramandaí. The 18th edition was chosen considering its consolidation as a cultural event in the North Coast because of the great number of visitors and because of the structural development. The research was a study of case of qualitative stamp, starting from the establishment of rules that guided the research of an event´s administration: a) organizational objectives; b) involvement of the stakeholders; c) acting analysis; d) structural organizational. The research used analysis of documents, open and structured interviews, unopened questionnaires and observations in loco. The documents consisted of projects, publicity materials, laws and ordinances about the characteristics of the administration of the Party and they were supplied by the City hall of Tramandaí. The interviews were accomplished with people of the Municipal Administration and of private initiative, in a total of 43 interviewees. The questionnaires were accomplished by the local community and by the visitors to the Party in a total of 600 interviewees. The observation, in a total of 9, were realized inside the Tourism Office and in the pavilions of the Party, by the phases: pre-event, during the event and after the event. The results evidenced that there are specific problems in the administration of the Festa Nacional do Peixe. The objectives of the Party were little specific and redundant; the participation of the stakeholders in the event was not symmetrical and the managers didn´t elaborate measuring mechanisms to analyze the performance reached by the event. We noticed that the organizational structure of the Party presents some vestiges of the Bureaucratic model, what hinders an innovatory, clever and flexible administration.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics and motivations of event visitors. The goals are to systematically identify socio-demographic characteristics of visitors to tourist events and identify key motivation for visiting tourist events. In addition, the research aims to investigate the correlation between the socio-demographic characteristics of visitors and their motivations for visiting a tourist event. The research was conducted among the visitors of a tourist event (103 respondents), using the survey method and a pre-designed structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted in April 2017, during the duration of an event which is held every year in the city of Zagreb in the Republic of Croatia. The results of the conducted research have shown significant differences between the different socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their motivations. Thus, women are more highly motivated by a desire for cultural experiences (34%), while men are motivated the most by curiosity/desire for new experiences (45%). Furthermore, correlation analysis has led to the conclusion that there is a significant correlation between motivation domains and the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (gender, age and education). Understanding the visitors’ characteristics and event motivations could serve as a useful tool for event managers. It could help them to develop and manage events, with the aim of improving the event offering to meet the needs and demands of different visitors. Given the growing importance of events as an enrichment element of the tourism offering, this research can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this field., Svrha rada je ispitati obilježja i motivaciju posjetitelja događaja. Ciljevi uključuju sustavnu identifikaciju sociodemografskih obilježja posjetitelja turističkih događaja, te njihove ključne motivacije za posjet turističkih događaja.Osim toga, istraživanje ima za cilj istražiti povezanost između sociodemografskih obilježja posjetitelja i njihovih motivacija za obilazak turističkog događaja. Istraživanje je provedeno među posjetiteljima turističkog događaja (103 ispitanika) primjenom metode anketiranja te unaprijed pripremljenog strukturnog upitnika. Istraživanje je provedeno u travnju 2017., tijekom trajanja događaja koji se svake godine održava u gradu Zagrebu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja ukazali su na postojanje signifikantnih razlika između različitih sociodemografskih karakteristika ispitanika te njihovih motivacija. Tako se kod žena javlja viša motiviranost za doživljajima u kulturi (34 %), dok su muškarci u najvećem udjelu motivirani doživljajem u kontekstu provoda slobodnog vremena (45 %). Nadalje, korelacijska analiza dovela je do zaključka da postoji značajna povezanost između domena motivacije i sociodemografskih obilježja ispitanika (spol, dob i obrazovanje). Razumijevanje karakteristika posjetitelja i motivacija događaja moglo bi poslužiti kao koristan alat za menadžere događaja. Moglo bi im pomoći da razviju i upravljaju događajima s ciljem poboljšanja ponude kako bi se zadovoljile potrebe i zahtjevi različitih posjetitelja. S obzirom na rastuću važnost događaja kao elementa obogaćivanja turističke ponude, ovo istraživanje može pridonijeti unapređenju znanja u ovome području.

The article presents a client loyalty model which may be used in the process of managing an optimum portfolio of clients by means of identifying and selecting key clients of a tourist enterprise. There are also described results of the author’s own research allowing us to identify the key factors determining the occurrence of behavioral loyalty of travel agency clients. The analysis covered real data from the booking system of one of the Polish nationwide franchise networks consolidating 44 travel agencies, referring to 3 923 tourist services reservations. In the study of the occurring relationships a non-parametric method of MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron) neural networks was applied. The following variables turned out to be the most important determinants of behavioral loyalty: duration of the tourist event, number of purchased offers and time between the booking date and the date of tourist event commencement. The customer loyalty prediction model was used to carry out in-depth customer segmentation which, in turn, allowed the development of a loyal customer portrait. A loyal client of travel services is a family-oriented client, travelling for a period of two weeks or longer, accompanied by the family, very often with children under 14, planning and booking holidays well in advance, attached to the place of making the booking (i.e., the travel agent).

Ovaj rad prikazuje važnost utjecaja prošlih naroda, povijesti i kulture za razvoj nekog mjesta. Događaji i manifestacije koje su se održavale u dalekoj prošlosti, u sadašnjosti mogu biti od velike važnosti ne samo z a turizam, nego i za lokalno stanovništvo. Trka na Prstenac za Barban danas predstavlja mnogo više od turističkog događaja. Ona je dio kulturne baštine svakog Barbanca, njegov ponos i kulturno nasljeđe. Trka na prstenac viteška je igra iz daleke prošlosti. Vezana je uz viteške turnire, a njihov su vrhunac bili viteški dvoboji na konjima s dugim kopljima. Prema najstarijem zapisu u Barbanu, datira čak iz 1696. Sve do obnavljanja trke 1976. bila je zaboravljena, a prema za pisima posljednji je put organizirana davne 1703. Danas Trka na prstenac predstavlja zaštitni znak Općine Barban i jednu od najposjećenijih manifestacija u Istri. Valorizacija ovakvih događaja u turističke svrhe neophodna je. Njome se ističe povijest turis tičke destinacije i njezina autentičnost, a još veću ulogu igra povezivanje turista s lokalnim stanovništvom i stvaranje autentičnog doživljaja. Rad je koncipiran u šest osnovnih cjelina, uključujući uvod i zaključak. Uvod se sastoji od hipoteze, ciljeva i svrhe istraživanja. Prvi dio rada vezan je uz povijest viteških igara i navodi gdje se sve u prošlosti bila održavala Trka na prstenac, prema povijesnim zapisima. U ovom je dijelu rada opisano prvo održavanje Trke na prstenac u Barbanu. Drugi dio rada ba zira se na Barbanu, njegovim povijesnim obilježjima i obnavljanju Trke na prstenac 1976. U trećem dijelu rada uglavnom se opisuje organizacija, dijelovi, oprema i pravila Trke. Zadnji, četvrti dio rada, sagledava valorizaciju Trke na prstenac kao kulturno turistički događaj i njegovu turističku ponudu Barbana. This paper presents the importance of the influence of past peoples, history and culture for the development of a location. The events and celebrations that took place in the distant past can be of great importance today not only for tourism but also for t he local population. The Tilting at the Ring represents much more than a tourist event for the village of Barban. It is part of the cultural heritage of every Barban dweller and his pride. The Tilting at the Ring is a centuries old form of jousting. It wa s common at knightly tournaments whose highlights were duels between knights charging each other with levelled lances. According to the oldest records held in Barban, the Tilting at the Ring dates back to 1696. It had been forgotten until 1976 when it was reinstated, and according to local records, it was last organized in 1703. Today, the Tilting at the Ring joust is a trademark of the municipality of Barban and one of the most visited events in Istria. Attaching importance to such events for tourism relat ed purposes is necessary. It emphasises the history of the tourist destination and its authenticity and plays an even greater role in connecting tourists with the local population and creating an authentic experience. The paper has six basic sections, inc luding the introduction and the conclusion. The introduction presents the hypothesis, the goals and the purpose of the research. The first part of the paper deals with the history of knightly tournaments and presents all the locations where the a Tilting a t the Ring joust was held according to historical records. This part of the paper describes the first occurrence of the Tilting at the Ring in Barban. The second part of the paper is focused on Barban, its historical features and the reinstating of the Til ting at the Ring in 1976. The third part of the paper mainly describes the organization, the parts, the equipment and rules of the joust. The last, fourth part of the paper considers the importance of the Tilting at the Ring as a cultural and tourist event and the tourist offer of Barban related to it.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics and motivations of event visitors. The goals are to systematically identify socio- demographic characteristics of visitors to tourist events and identify key motivation for visiting tourist events. In addition, the research aims to investigate the correlation between the socio- demographic characteristics of visitors and their motivations for visiting a tourist event. The research was conducted among the visitors of a tourist event (103 respondents), using the survey method and a pre-designed structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted in April 2017, during the duration of an event which is held every year in the city of Zagreb in the Republic of Croatia. The results of the conducted research have shown significant differences between the different socio- demographic characteristics of the respondents and their motivations. Thus, women are more highly motivated by a desire for cultural experiences (34%), while men are motivated the most by curiosity/desire for new experiences (45%). Furthermore, correlation analysis has led to the conclusion that there is a significant correlation between motivation domains and the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (gender, age and education). Understanding the visitors’ characteristics and event motivations could serve as a useful tool for event managers. It could help them to develop and manage events, with the aim of improving the event offering to meet the needs and demands of different visitors. Given the growing importance of events as an enrichment element of the tourism offering, this research can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this field.

Purpose – To explore possibilities for improvement of the existing tourist offer of the city of Rijeka on the example of the event Rijeka Carnival. Event managing must be focused on creating the additional value of tourist offer. Due to its characteristics, Rijeka Carnival enables the formation of a new and innovative model of managing tourist product based on heritage, it improves the level of satisfaction and level of competitiveness on the tourist market. Methodology – Managing the development and determining strategic guidelines of development of Rijeka Carnival will be created based on the research of attitudes and satisfaction of its visitors, and by studying available scientific literature. The research was conducted using a structured questionnaire during the Rijeka Carnival in 2016. The authors will use the following scientific methods: statistical methods, historical method, the method of induction and deduction, the method of conclusion, desk- research, and others. Findings – Rijeka Carnival is the most famous tourist event of this sort in Croatia, and it possesses numerous insufficiently used developmental possibilities. In order to improve the existing offer of Rijeka Carnival, it is mandatory to determine the habits, desires, and level of satisfaction of Carnival visitors, and based on the finding make a new developmental strategy. Contribution – The paper provides guidelines for the destination management for improvement of the existing event managing model. Based on the research results destination management will be able to manage more efficiently the Rijeka Carnival tourist offer in a way to remove possible threats for life-cycle of a tourist event.

The analysis of the article covers selected issues related to the right of withdrawal from the contract for participation in a tourist event by the traveler. The reason for taking it is the content of article 47 of the Act on tourist events and related tourist services of 24 November 2017 and references made to the content of Directive 2015/2302/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on tourist events and related tourist services. It seems justified to precede the main considerations with a concise presentation of legal regulations strictly referring to the nature of the contract for participation in a tourist event and to define the basic concepts related to this issue.

Baština predstavlja važan element identiteta svake zajednice, a njeno očuvanje predstavlja jamstvo za opstojnost naroda u suvremenom globaliziranom svijetu. Očuvanje baštine predstavlja nužan element za jačanje samosvijesti pojedinca i stvaranja osjećaja pripadnosti određenom narodu i kulturi s ciljem jačanja osobnoga identiteta. Zbog svoje važnosti baština predstavlja važan element doktorske disertacije te je u cilju njenoga očuvanja i unapređenja postojala potreba istražiti modele uključivanja baštine u turistički proizvod na način da se elementi baštine sačuvaju od zaborava (nematerijalna baština) ili od propadanja (materijalna baština) uz primjenu principa održivoga razvoja. Uspješna sinergija turizma i baštine moguća je putem osmišljavanja modela turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini koji će svojim osobitostima pridonijeti stvaranju veće konkurentske snage destinacije u kojoj se nalazi baština, što izravno pridonosi jačanju ekonomskih performansi, jačanju identiteta i samosvijesti lokalne zajednice. U svrhu prikupljanja primarnih podataka te testiranja hipoteza, provedeno je empirijsko istraživanje na modelu četiri turistička događaja u različitim turističkim destinacijama Republike Hrvatske, tijekom kojeg su ispitani stavovi posjetitelja turističkih događaja temeljenih na baštini. Jedan od ciljeva istraživanja bio je utvrditi koja struktura posjetitelja posjećuje navedene turističke događaje, kolika je njihova razina zadovoljstva posjetom i ponudom na lokalitetu događaja, te koliki utjecaj na njihovu odluku za posjetom događaju ima motiv upoznavanja baštine. Nadalje, cilj je bio utvrditi mogućnosti održivoga uključivanja baštine u turistički proizvod uz očuvanje njene izvornosti te određivanje prednosti i nedostataka koje ima sinergija između kulture i turizma na očuvanje baštine. Osim navedenog cilj je bio utvrditi koji je najoptimalniji model financiranja obnove baštine i turističkih događaja te na koji način primjena suvremenih IT tehnologija utječe na povećanje zadovoljstva posjetitelja, očuvanje i promociju baštine, i na povećanje konkurentnosti turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini. Fokus rada je bio usmjeren na sistematizaciju svih dobivenih rezultata istraživanja u svrhu iznalaženja optimalnoga modela turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini. U cilju povećanja kvalitete i konkurentnosti turističke ponude i prepoznatljivosti događaja temeljenih na baštini u radu je prezentiran model turističkoga događaja temeljenoga na baštini i proces certificiranja CroHeritage Festival Awards (CFA)., Contemporary tourism demand is more and more heterogeneous, and the diversity of offers on the tourist market stimulates destination management to continuously create new and innovative products in the form of tourist events, which will result in creating new experiences and motivations for tourist arrival in a destination. The goal of creating tourist events is to improve a competitive position of tourist offers on the tourist market. Formation of tourist events based on heritage will contribute to this by contributing to quality and diversity of a tourist product, creating additional economic value and strengthening the identity and sense of belonging, and building trust among visitors and destination inhabitants. National heritage represents an important element of identity for every community, and its preservation represents a foundation for survival of a nation in the contemporary globalized world. National heritage preservation represents an important element for strengthening self-consciousness of an individual and creating a sense of belonging for a certain people and culture with a goal of strengthening personal identity. Today, national heritage represents a much broader term than a mere witness to a historical period. It is a witness of a material and non-material legacy of our ancestors, and it’s a testament to the way of life, beliefs, customs, and other elements of human identity, as well as the development of human thought through the turbulent centuries and historical periods. In numerous cases over time, heritage has been exposed to numerous risks which can cause its permanent damage or disappearance, through pollution, acid rain, erosion, inadequate conservation, change of developmental guidelines by the owner or manager of the material heritage, emigration and immigration of people, high mortality, or lack of interest of the contemporary population for tradition of their non-material heritage. Due to its importance and previously mentioned, heritage represents an important element of research of a Doctoral Dissertation with a goal of ensuring its sustainable development, renewal and conservation through value-added tourism. Synergy of tourism and heritage provides exceptional developmental possibilities for the tourism offer carriers, but also preserves the nature of the heritage itself, as an exceptionally sensitive resource. With a goal of its preservation and improvement, and while noticing lack of any similar analysis, there was a necessity to explore and offer in a scientific and professional way, sustainable models of inclusion of heritage in a tourist product in a way that the elements of heritage are preserved from oblivion (non-material heritage) or waste (material heritage) while applying the principles of sustainable development. As previously mentioned, it is possible to achieve by applying, in the dissertation presented international system of quality ISO, such as managing sustainability of events ISO20121, to create new models of certification such as CroHeritage Festival Awards (CFA) as an exceptionally important element for creating recognisability and branding of the tourist offer or introducing green events into the tourist offer of a destination. Tourism and by its conditioned offers of products and services present a developmental opportunity for a destination, especially if the developmental guidelines in tourism are harmonized with the desires and needs of the local community, but also all the interested stakeholders in the destination, managed by the state of the offer and demand, and the contemporary demands of tourists on the market. Through application of contemporary knowledge and skills, as well as contemporary technological solutions, the destination management creates a new tourist product of additional value, and gives particular attention towards preservation of resources as a foundation and comparative advantage of a destination for achieving competitiveness of a tourist offer. Successful synergy of tourism and heritage is possible through the creation of a model of a tourist event based on heritage which will, through its particularities, contribute to the creation of a greater competitive strength of a destination in which the heritage is situated, which directly contributes to the strengthening of economic performances, and strengthening of identity and self-consciousness of the local community. An empirical research was conducted, with a purpose of gathering primary data, and testing the hypothesis, on a model of four top tourist events according to the criteria of the Croatian Tourist Board, which are related on the estimate of visitors, and needs to be above 10,000 in different tourist destinations of the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted with the goal of determining the influence of tourist events on satisfaction of guests with the offer of tourist events based on heritage. Considering the fact that neither tourist boards, nor organizers of events don´t have precise data about the number of visitors of events, but have expressed interest during the contact merely an estimate of the number of visitors, for the calculation of the sample in the dissertation the author used the number of accommodation units (bearing in mind basic and additional accommodation units), and methods used in similar previous researches were applied. V A research was conducted for the purpose of the Dissertation on the sample of guests situated in the accommodation units in the cities of Rijeka, Varaždin, Koprivnica and Đakovo, in a way that an opinion of visitors of events was acquired personally by interview, or by filling out a questionnaire. Visitors who stayed in the destinations during the selected events were questioned. Empirical research based on gathering primary data was conducted in the field by using the survey method by which the basic instrument of acquiring the data was the questionnaire printed in Croatian and English languages. In the mentioned research, there was some words about value-adding of tourist events from the aspect of visitor´s satisfaction, their motives for their visits, the way of informing potential visitors about the events and similar. The survey was conducted during the tourist events based on heritage, and the respondents were selected randomly. During the collection of data, the technique of personal interview was used mostly, while the survey method was used less. The author conducted data gathering along with the help of specially prepared interviewers to whom the research goals were explained previously, the elements of the questionnaire and the ways of conduct in the field. Following, a questionnaire made up of six questions was presented and explained to every respondent, and the questions were related to the socio-demographic profile of respondents, information related about the motive of their visit to the destination, way of being informed about the destination´s offer, level of satisfaction of the destination´s offer and tourist event based on heritage which they visited, and achieved tourist consumption. One of the research goals was to determine how high influence has the motive of getting acquainted with the heritage on their decision for visiting the event and a destination, as well as getting to know their habits and consumption during the tourist event. Managing models of tourist events based on heritage were made based on the gathered results of the primary research, weaknesses and flaws of the existing offer were presented, as well as opportunities and threats that can be brought by further development of the offer to the tourist event. In the remaining chapters of the Doctoral Dissertation, and based on the conducted primary and secondary research, in which contemporary scientific literature and findings about the characteristics about the tourist offer and demand were taken into consideration, the goal was to determine possibilities of inclusion of heritage in a tourist product while preserving its originality and determining advantages and disadvantages that synergy between culture and tourism has on heritage preservation. Besides the already mentioned, the goal was to determine the most optimal model of financing the heritage renewal and tourist events, and in which way application of modern Information Technologies influences the increasing satisfaction of visitors, preservation and promotion of heritage, and increasing competitiveness of a tourist event based on heritage, especially if taken into consideration contemporary habits of visitors regarding informing themselves through websites and social networks, and applicative solutions created by the offer carriers. The focus of the Dissertation was focused on systematization of all gathered results of research with a purpose of finding the most optimal model of a tourist event based on heritage as a product which will result in achieving synergy between heritage and tourism, in a way that heritage is preserved and improved according to the principles of sustainable development. A model of certification CroHeritage Festival Awards (CFA) and model of organization of tourist events based on heritage were presented in the Dissertation, with a goal of increasing quality and recognisability of the events based on heritage. Before conducting the empirical research, all available domestic and foreign scientific and professional literature was consulted, and the result of the research represents systematization of previous researches of influence of tourist events on a tourist destination, heritage, identity and life habits of local communities and all stakeholders in a destination. Based on the analysis of results obtained by primary research, and interpretation of secondary data obtained by secondary literature with the application of scientific methods of induction, deduction, historical method, method of definition, method of analysis and synthesis, and application of statistical methods, all the given goals in the Dissertation were achieved, and all the set hypothesis were tested.

Tourism in the Caribbean islands is approached mainly under the prism of the beach, the sun, with a whole series of clichés that forget the indigenous populations, their daily life, their culture and their tradition which make their identity. The tourist industry imposes itself, denying everyday life. Our study is devoted to understanding a nautical festival in Martinique (West Indies). This festival, which is part of the history of the island, endures in culture and identity. It becomes a major festive event for the destination, without being planned as a "tourist attraction". It is a tourist event that is part of a cultural continuity between the Martinicans of Martinique and the diaspora returning to the country for the holidays. Le tourisme dans les îles des Caraïbes est abordé principalement sous le prisme de la plage, du soleil, avec toute une série de clichés qui oublient les populations indigènes, leur quotidien, leur culture et leur tradition qui font leur identité. L'industrie touristique s'impose en niant le quotidien. Notre étude est consacrée à la compréhension d'une fête nautique en Martinique (Antilles). Cette fête, qui fait partie de l'histoire de l'île, perdure dans la culture et l'identité. Elle devient un événement festif majeur pour la destination, sans être envisagée comme une « attraction touristique ». C'est un événement touristique qui s'inscrit dans une continuité culturelle entre les Martiniquais de la Martinique et la diaspora de retour au pays pour les vacances.

Šokačko sijelo“ je najznačajnija i najposjećenija turistička manifestacija na području grada Županje, s dugom tradicijom održavanja te folklornim izričajem i bogatim kulturnim nasljeđem, kao polaznicom. U radu je analiziran marketing program ove tradicijske manifestacije po pojedinim segmentima. U tom je smislu provedena analiza politike proizvoda, cijena, distribucije i promocije te ljudski resursi i fizički dokazi kao dodatni marketing elementi koji su također u funkciji stvaranja veće prepoznatljivosti ove manifestacije na turističkim tržištima., Šokačko sijelo“ is the most important and most visited tourist event in the area of the city of Županja, with a long tradition of holding and folklore expression and rich cultural heritage, as the starting point. The paper analyzes the marketing program of this traditional event, including particular elements. In this sense, it was carried out an analysis of the policy of products, prices, distribution and promotion, as well as the analysis of human resources and physical evidences as additional marketing elements that are also in the function of creating greater recognition of this event on the tourist markets.

The aim of the paper is to present differences regarding the sources of searching for information about the travel agency, the determinants which the respondents follow when purchasing tourist events in a given travel agency and the main purposes of the journey, taking into account the respondents’ place of residence. The research used the method of a diagnostic survey using the direct questionnaire technique. The research was carried out in 2017 in various regions of Poland among residents using off-line services of travel agencies (tourism organizers). A fivepoint Likert scale was used to measure attitudes. The size of the research sample was based on the size of the adult population of Poland. A layered selection was used, in which respondents were selected on the basis of availability, taking into account the criteria related to adulthood, gender and age. Statistica 13.1 PL was used for statistical calculations. The discriminant function analysis was used. The tourist services market is a very variable and difficult to predict market. Research of the author of the paper indicates that for people living in villages and small towns the most important thing is the recommendation of a travel agency by friends, a well-known brand to which tourists are convinced and a price. For people from medium-sized cities, location of travel agency is very important, and the inhabitants of large cities pay particular attention to the rich offer of travel agencies and adjustment of the tourist event to individual needs of clients. The least important is the equipment and decoration of the office.

This study examined the Ojúde-Ǫba festival in Ijȩbu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria, with a view to underscoring its roles in tourism development in Ogun State. The study employed the ethnographic research design. The participant observation method was used to elicit data for the study during the 2015, 2016 and 2017 editions of the festival. The purposive sampling technique was utilized to select four local policy makers and two festival planning committee members and key informant interviews were conducted with each of them. Data gathered from the study was content analysed. The Ojúde-Ǫba festival is said to have originated over 100 years ago and has metamorphosed into a tourist event. This has attracted corporate branding of the festival and has resulted in the generation of funds for the community. Proceeds from the festival were reported to be used for the provision of boreholes, electricity transformers, and hospitals for public use, and for the repair of public schools. In preparation for the annual event, community roads and street lights are repaired, drainages are cleared and community cleaning efforts are intensified. The participation of the traditional Ijȩbu age-grade groups (Rȩgbȩ-Rȩgbȩ) of the community in the festival activities has increased attendance at the Ojúde-Ǫba festival. The study concludes that the Ojúde-Ǫba festival contributes to the promotion of tourism and the development of its host community and recommends that the festival be further promoted to enable the community derive more benefits.

Organizing a heritage-based tourist event is a comprehensive and extremely demanding task for both the event organizer and the destination management. The overall success of the event is associated with many elements of the tourist product with special emphasis on the quality of the organization and the related level of satisfaction of the needs and desires of visitors. This paper examines the basic relationships of selected elements of recognition and quality of facilities: recognition/image (before arrival), access to information, quality of event organization, originality, interest and quality of interpretation with regard to the general level of satisfaction with the visit. Empirical research was conducted by the method of interviewing on a sample of 351 respondents/holders during tourist events based on heritage – Rijeka Carnival, which is of extreme importance for the Croatian tourist offer. Data are presented using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (regression analysis, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation coefficient). The results indicate a significant correlation between a higher level of visitor´s overall satisfaction with the visit, who value more recognizability/Image (before arrival), availability of information and originality of the event. Additional tests were performed on the relationships of the observed variables. By using Spearman's correlation coefficient, the highest correlations were registered between the variables: availability of information and quality of information / propaganda materials as well as recognizability/Image (before arrival) and availability of information. These findings confirm the importance of constant monitoring the satisfaction of event visitors as well as raising the elements of quality in order to improve the tourist offer. The authors offered guidelines for the benefit of event organizers and destination management in order to achieve the desired positive effects and ensure their competitiveness.

O principal objetivo desta investigação é demonstrar a importância da criatividade, enquanto fator motivacional na participação de um evento turístico-cultural. Neste sentido foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário a 192 participantes do evento ‘Serralves em Festa’ de diferentes edições ocorridas desde a criação do evento. Verificou-se que, apesar do evento não ter acontecido no ano de 2020, devido à pandemia de Covid-19, cerca de 76% dos inquiridos, indicaram que gostariam de ter participado na edição desse ano. Além disso, averiguou-se que, aproximadamente, 49% dos inquiridos participaram no evento de 1 a 3 vezes e a maioria vem acompanhada por amigos. Relativamente aos motivos pelos quais os participantes vão ao ‘Serralves em Festa’, identificaram-se os três mais selecionados: Assistir aos espetáculos e concertos; Diversão/Entretenimento; Passar o tempo em família ou com amigos. No que toca à criatividade, as atividades que foram consideradas as mais criativas na opinião dos participantes do evento foram: Exposições, Performance e Música. Concluiu-se que a criatividade é uma estratégia de sucesso para os eventos, pois surge como uma solução para um mercado exigente, ajuda na captação de novos públicos e na conquista dos já existentes, de forma muito subtil e divertida, completando a experiência no destino e tornando-a memorável. The main object of this research is to reveal the importance of creativity as a motivational factor in the participation of a cultural-tourist event. In this sense, there was applied a questionnaire that had 192 participants that took part of different editions of ‘Serralves em Festa’ in a different years since the creation of the event. In 2020, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the event was cancelled, but around 76% of respondents indicated that they would like to participate in that year’s edition. Moreover, approximately 49% of respondents participated in the event 1 to 3 times and most are accompanied by friends. There are three main reasons why participants go to ‘Serralves em Festa’: first is to attend shows and concerts. Second reason is entertainment that provides this event. And the last but not the least is to spend time with family or friends. Most of the participants of this event consider that the most creative parts of this event were: Exhibitions, Performance and Music. It was proved that creativity is a successful strategy, as it appears as a solution for a demanding market, helps in attracting new audiences and conquering existing ones, in a very subtle and fun way, completing the experience at the destination and making it memorable. Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

Diplomsko delo se na podlagi analize javnega dogodka posveča razumevanju pojmovanj, ki se prireditvi bodisi s strani medijev ali organizatorjev pripisujejo. Ob tem pri proučevanju sodobne turistične prireditve v ospredje postavlja pojem tradicije, ki ga po pripovedovanju organizatorjev Prangerijade lahko razumemo kot oznako za njeno kontinuirano, neprekinjeno izvajanje. S kategorizacijo javnega dogodka kot tradicionalnega organizatorji poskušajo nakazati tudi na oblikovanje vsebinskega modela prireditve, ki je vezan na (re)prezentacijo segmentov preteklosti, zato avtor v prispevku poda kulturnozgodovinski okvir na Prangerijadi izpostavljenega dela človeške zgodovine, tj. sramotilnega kaznovanja, s katerim prepoznava preteklost kot navdih za sodobno človeško (po)ustvarjanje. Sodobno prikazovanje sramotilnih praks kaznovanja, odigrano v obliki ljudskega gledališča, je sestavni del programske zasnove javnega dogodka, ki predstavlja skupaj s srednjeveško tržnico, ki v fizičnem prostoru prevzema funkcijo turističnega trga, jedrni del programske zasnove prireditve, s katerim organizatorji upravičuje pripisovanje tradicije javnemu dogodku. Based on an analysis of a public event, the thesis sheds light on the conceptions ascribed to the event either by the media or by its organizers. In doing so and by exploring a modern tourist event, the thesis focuses on the notion of tradition, which can be understood — as maintained by the organizers of Prangerijada — as a mark of its continual, uninterrupted taking place. By categorizing a public event as a traditional one, organizers seek to hint also at the shape of the event’s content-related model, which is associated with the (re-)presentation of segments of the past. Consequently, the author provides a cultural and historical framework of that part of human history which is placed at the forefront of Prangerijada, i.e. public shaming as a form of punishment, identifying the past as an inspiration for contemporary human (re-)production. Contemporary presentation of shaming practices enacted by folk theatres is a constituent part of this public event’s programme, which — along with a medieval marketplace acting as a tourist market — forms the central part of the content-related model of the event by means of which the organizers justify attributing tradition to a public event.

The article studies the existence experience of historical cities as centers of tourism development as in the case of Elabuga. The city of Elabuga is among the historical cities of Russia. The major role in the development of the city as a tourist center is played by the Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The object of the research in the article is Elabuga as a medium-size historical city. The subject of the research is the activity of the museum-reserve which contributes to the preservation and development of the historical look of Elabuga and increases its attractiveness to tourists. The tourism attractiveness of Elabuga is obtained primarily through the presence of the perfectly preserved historical center of the city with the blocks of integral buildings of the 19th century. The Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which emerged in 1989, is currently an object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. Museum-reserves with their significant territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of large partnership projects. Such projects are not only aimed at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulate interest in the reserve from the business elite, municipal and regional authorities. The most famous example is the Spasskaya Fair which revived in 2008 in Elabuga. It was held in the city since the second half of the 19th century, and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and successful development of the fair can be viewed as the creation of a special tourist event contributing to the formation of new and currently important tourism products.

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the contribution of tourist event and satisfaction with tourism events as a product of regional tourism competitiveness, as well as evaluate factors of competitiveness.Design/methodology/approachThe research followed a quantitative methodology by conducting a questionnaire on the four largest tourist events in Madeira (Carnival, Flower Festival, Atlantic Festival and Wine Festival), an insular island located in Portugal.FindingsThe sample consisted of 2,262 tourists surveyed during the year 2017 and structural equation models were used as the statistical method. Results showed that satisfaction is reflected in the client's loyalty to the choice of a tourist destination and also contributes directly and indirectly to the regional tourist competitiveness.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the valorization of local and regional events, perceived by the level of satisfaction and loyalty of tourists, as products of regional competitiveness of a tourist destination.

The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of the development of the cosplay in Ukraine as a recreational and tourist event, the concept of which is based on the creation by participants of images of popular heroes using a costume.

This paper analyzes the influence of social media in the revitalization of tradition. The case studied here is the Vegetarian Festival in Phuket, Thailand. This festival has been promoted as the largest local tourist event since the tourism industry became a dominant business in the 1990s. Through this festival, Chinese people whose ancestors migrated from Fujian have gained an opportunity to strengthen their Chinese identity, which was oppressed in the era of Thai nationalism. However, only some dominant groups have been accepted by the local government as knowledgeable enough to portray the authenticity of the Vegetarian Festival. As a result, a master narrative (Cohen 2001) explaining the history of the festival has been published by the Tourism Authority of Thailand. The narrative gives prominence to dominant shrines in Phuket, where various regulations were created to preserve the original traditions of the festival. Subsequently, younger generations who questioned the authenticity of the practices of the dominant shrines found that the festival had its origins in Taoism. Due to social media, online counterpublics emerged where counter-narratives were circulated among subordinates who were excluded from the public sphere of Phuket's dominant shrines.

Interest in wildlife ecotourism is increasing but many studies have identified detrimental effects making it unsustainable in the long run. We discuss a relatively new wildlife ecotourism event where tourists visit Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand to witness a mass migration of freshwater shrimp that emerge from the water and move across land known as “shrimp parading.” As this has been developed into a tourist event, the number of migrating shrimp have declined, suggesting that it may be unsustainable as currently practiced. We used a questionnaire to ask how locals, tourists, and stakeholders value the shrimp and their willingness to change their behavior to mitigate anthropogenic impacts. We found that three groups of participants were not aware of potential negative impacts to the shrimp from tourism. Locals valued the tourism in terms of the economy, culture, and environment less than tourists and stakeholders. The local government applied a top-down approach to manage this tourism without a fundamental understanding of the shrimp's biology, impacts of tourists on the shrimp, or the various stakeholder perceptions. We discuss the problems and possible solutions that may be employed to help sustain this fascinating biological and cultural event and propose a framework to develop a sustainable wildlife ecotourism management plan. This case study serves as a model for others developing wildlife watching ecotourism, especially in developing countries.

Aim of the thesis: The aim of the diploma thesis is the analysis of a questionnaire survey before and after the implementation of a boating tourist event with people with spinal cord lesions, including the formulation of recommendations for practice, which result from this survey. How to possibly eliminate discrepancies in expectations or possible barriers in the implementation of one's own action. The obtained results will point to the perception of the whole event and also to the trends in the organization of boating events for people with spinal cord injuries. I assume that my own research will reveal the potential of positive emotions and motivation of each new participant for self-realization at outdoor events. Comparison of the results of my research with research dealing with similar research topics. Methodology: theoretical-empirical work of a qualitative nature using data collection methods: semi-structured questionnaire of own design, STAI questionnaire. Number of participants 7, age 18 and more (according to registration for the course), the participation of people with spinal cord lesions who have already completed this course in previous years and also the participation of those who have not yet participated in the river rafting course and their experience will be compared and...

The modern pop-culturization of All Saints’ Day has encouraged the author to explore the profane sphere of this festival, using selected examples from Łódź cemeteries, as well as to write a short comparative description of a Latin American festival honouring the dead celebrated in early November. In the 20th century, visiting cemeteries in Poland on 1st November acquired some attributes of recreation and cultural tourism, visible in the atmosphere of a country fair and the ludic character of the cemetery surroundings, as well as the visitors’ commemorative, contemplative and cognitive motivations. Due to cultural changes, All Saints’ Day is increasingly perceived as a tourist event or even a cultural tourism product. The article presents a comparative description of the All Saints’ Day celebrations in Poland and the Day of the Dead in Latin America, and an analysis of visitors at selected Łódź cemeteries along with a description of the cemetery surroundings on 1st November 2019. The author has used unpublished research results from 2004, as well as discussing the secular and recreational aspects of All Saints’ Day.

Social media has changed how individuals interact and communicate with others. It has become one of the essential communication platforms as users share their thoughts, ideas, and daily activities. Individuals like to socialize at their attended events publicly. Snapchat is a perfect platform that allows sharing ephemeral life-events via video or photo. Recently, Snapchat released the ability to access web-based SnapMap, which offers a real-time heat map of all snaps posted to “Our Story.” This paper will present the use of geo-tagged Snapchat posts (snaps) that are published on Snapchat public stories (i.e., SnapMap) to analyze tourists' impressions of selected Riyadh seasonal events using spatial, temporal, thematic, and sentiment descriptors. The initial results suggest the high potential for Snapchat to be used as a platform for preforming tourist event analysis such as crowd behaviour analysis, tourist preferences analysis and impression analysis.