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In this paper, bifurcation analysis of a discrete Hindmarsh–Rose model is carried out in the plane. This paper shows that the model undergoes a flip bifurcation, a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation, and $1:2$ resonance which includes a pitchfork bifurcation, a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation, and a heteroclinic bifurcation. The sufficient conditions of existence of the fixed points and their stability are first derived. The flip bifurcation and Neimark–Sacker bifurcation are analyzed by using the inner product method and normal form theory. The conditions for the occurrence of $1:2$ resonance are also presented. Furthermore, the sufficient conditions of pitchfork, Neimark–Sacker, and heteroclinic bifurcations are derived and expressed by implicit functions. The numerical analysis shows us consistence with the theoretical results and exhibits interesting dynamics, especially symmetric and invariant closed orbits. The dynamics observed in this paper can be used to mimic the dynamical behaviors of one single neuron and design a humanoid locomotion model for applications in bio-engineering and so on.

In this study, the subject of investigation was the dynamic double pendulum crank mechanism used in a robotic arm. The arm is driven by a DC motor though the crank system and connected to a fixed side with a mount that includes a single spring and damping. Robotic arms are now widely used in industry, and the requirements for accuracy are stringent. There are many factors that can cause the induction of nonlinear or asymmetric behavior and even excite chaotic motion. In this study, bifurcation diagrams were used to analyze the dynamic response, including stable symmetric orbits and periodic and chaotic motions of the system under different damping and stiffness parameters. Behavior under different parameters was analyzed and verified by phase portraits, the maximum Lyapunov exponent, and Poincaré mapping. Firstly, to distinguish instability in the system, phase portraits and Poincaré maps were used for the identification of individual images, and the maximum Lyapunov exponents were used for prediction. GoogLeNet and ResNet-50 were used for image identification, and the results were compared using a convolutional neural network (CNN). This widens the convolutional layer and expands pooling to reduce network training time and thickening of the image, this deepens the network and strengthens performance. Secondly, the maximum Lyapunov exponent was used as the key index for the indication of chaos. Gaussian process regression (GPR) and the back propagation neural network (BPNN) were used with different amounts of data to quickly predict the maximum Lyapunov exponent under different parameters. The main finding of this study was that chaotic behavior occurs in the robotic arm system and can be more efficiently identified by ResNet-50 than by GoogLeNet, this was especially true for Poincaré map diagnosis. The results of GPR and BPNN model training on the three types of data show that GPR had a smaller error value, and the GPR-21 × 21 model was similar to the BPNN-51 × 51 model in terms of error and determination coefficient, showing that GPR prediction was better than that of BPNN. The results of this study allow the formation of a highly accurate prediction and identification model system for nonlinear and chaotic motion in robotic arms.

We consider a non-autonomous system of ordinary differential equations. Assume that the time dependence is periodic with a very high frequency 1 / ɛ , where ɛ is a small parameter and differentiability with respect to the parameter is lost when ɛ equals zero. We derive from Arenstorf's implicit function theorem a set of conditions to show the existence of periodic solutions. These conditions look formally like the standard analytic continuation method, namely, checking that a certain minor does not vanish. We apply this result to show the existence of a new class of periodic orbits of very large radii in the three-dimensional elliptic restricted three-body problem for arbitrary values of the masses of the primaries.

The existence of a new class of inclined periodic orbits of the collision restricted three{body problem is shown. The symmetric periodic solutions found are perturbations of elliptic kepler orbits and they exist only for special values of the inclination and are related to the motion of a satellite around an oblate planet.

The existence of a new class of inclined periodic orbits of the collision restricted three–body problem is shown. The symmetric periodic solutions found are perturbations of elliptic kepler orbits and they exist only for special values of the inclination and are related to the motion of a satellite around an oblate planet.