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The subsurface is a crucial dimension of cities’ landscapes, and its qualities and structures have direct repercussions on the urban environment above surface. However, systematic accounts of its characteristics in urban planning processes are virtually absent, rendering it an underappreciated asset because it is overlooked. When integrated in urban planning, the consideration of subsurface functions and space scarcity can improve and optimize infrastructure management and urban development. Sustainable urban development must include the subsurface as a space, and needs to account for the exploiting, preservation and occupation of that natural environment. The geosystem services approach allows for the evaluation of competing or even conflicting uses, to determine the implications for human wellbeing and sustainability. This paper looks at the implementation of heat-distribution networks in the city of Amsterdam as part of their heat-transition plan. This plan contains an order of implementation in different neighbourhoods without looking further into detail in the subsurface consequences. The present research intends to address this knowledge gap by applying an indicator for the measurement of underground space scarcity. An analysis is performed using GIS-data and detailed data from the Dutch cadastre database on the existing urban underground infrastructure to determine an infrastructure density (Urban Underground Infrastructure Density) indicator with the assumption that this may support further prioritization to determine the order of implementation. Showing the thermal interaction between heat distribution and drinking water supply pipelines furthermore points to the subsurface heat balance as an important geosystem service to be accounted for in the onset heat-transition. Finally, a quantitative analysis investigates the relationships between this indicator and other relevant socio-demographic and geo-spatial factors. This represents an important attempt to analyse the role of the subsurface in strategic masterplans and in the planning of large urban infrastructure projects. The study reports methodological findings, highlighting the opportunities and challenges of integrating subsurface needs into urban planning, and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches.

This paper describes the actual problem of groundwater contamination with petroleum products and its transformation under the influence of climatic factors. The global experience of studying the influence of groundwater table fluctuations on the transformation of petroleum contamination, in particular, the processes of redistribution of mobile petroleum products, dissolution, evaporation, and biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds, as well as the difference between the actual thickness of a mobile petroleum product layer in porous media and the apparent thickness of a mobile petroleum product layer in a monitoring well was analyzed, which is important to plan remedial actions. The impact of groundwater table fluctuations on transformation of the petroleum contamination source within the warehouse of fuels and lubricants of the Boryspil airport was studied. As a result of groundwater table fluctuations, kerosene was “smeared” in the vadose zone, which led to an increase in the soil contamination area. During the observation period, a mobile kerosene layer almost disappeared when a groundwater table rose and restored when a groundwater table decreased, while the vadose zone was additionally contaminated since a new capillary zone was formed during each rise ofa groundwater table and kerosene. The long-term amplitude of groundwater table fluctuations was 2.4 m, and apetroleum contamination zone was also within these limits. During the observation period, the largest area of groundwater contamination with dissolved petroleum products was observed at the lowest groundwater table elevations in 2016. The highest concentration of dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater (75.98 mg/dm3) wasfound within amobile kerosene lens. Beyond the mobile kerosene lens, spreading of groundwater contamination with dissolved hydrocarbons is limited. The analysis of the monitoring data of the petroleum contamination source within the warehouse of fuels and lubricants of the Boryspil airport indicates that at present subsurface contamination with petroleum products is localized, and its further spreading is not expected. It is recommended to continue in the future monitoring of the natural attenuation of subsurface contamination., Розглянуто актуальну проблему забруднення підземного середовища нафтопродуктами та його трансформації під впливом коливань рівнів ґрунтових вод. Проаналізовано світовий досвід дослідження впливу коливань рівнів ґрунтових вод на трансформацію нафтопродуктового забруднення, зокрема процеси перерозподілу мобільних нафтопродуктів, розчинення, випаровування та біодеградації вуглеводневих сполук, а також на різницю між дійсною потужністю шару мобільних нафтопродуктів у пористому середовищі та уявною потужністю нафтопродуктів у спостережній свердловині, що має важливе значення при плануванні ремедіаційних заходів. Досліджено вплив коливань рівнів ґрунтових вод на трансформацію осередку нафтопродуктового забруднення підземного середовища на ділянці складу паливно-мастильних матеріалів аеропорту «Бориспіль». В результаті коливань рівня ґрунтових вод відбувались «розмазування» гасу в зоні аерації, що призвело до збільшення зони забруднення ґрунтів у вертикальному розрізі. Багаторічна амплітуда коливань рівня ґрунтових вод становить 2,4 м, зона забруднення ґрунтів нафтопродуктами також знаходиться в цих межах. Найбільша площа забруднення ґрунтових вод розчиненими нафтопродуктами спостерігалась при найнижчих рівнях ґрунтових вод. Найвищі концентрації розчинених нафтопродуктів (75,98 мг/дм3) зафіксовані в районі лінзи гасу. Поза лінзою гасу площинне поширення забруднення ґрунтових вод є обмеженим. Аналіз даних моніторингу свідчить про те, що на даний час забруднення підземного середовища нафтопродуктами на ділянці складу паливно-мастильних матеріалів аеропорту «Бориспіль» локалізовано, подальше його поширення не прогнозується. Рекомендовано проводити моніторинг процесів природного ослаблення осередку нафтопродуктового забруднення.

Considering the devastating menace of gully erosion for which lithology is one amongst several other agents that drives soil loss and gully erosion, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity (ERT) techniques were adopted to investigate subsurface lithology in Iguosa gully erosion site. PASI 16GL model resistivity meter was used in acquiring data for VES and ERT in the area under investigation. VES data acquired were processed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and geoelectric sections were generated using AUTOCAD software by combination of two or more interpreted VES results along a profile. ERT data were processed using Res2dinv software to an inverse model resistivity section. The geoelectric image generated were interpreted to obtain lithology of the subsurface. The analysis and interpretation of the subsurface image reveals presence of topsoil, sand, dry sand, clayey sand and coarse sand. The subsurface lithology within the study location is predominantly sandy. The result obtained from the resistivity of all profiles shows that erodibility increases with depth within this study area with corresponding high resistivity values. Due to the fact that sand within the study area is loose coarse and silty, which can give rise to high resistivity and causes erosion.

A 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was undertaken at the site of the blocks of flats in the Ugbowo Campus of the University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria with a view to determining the integrity of the soil in and around the location of the buildings. The survey employed the Wenner-Schlumberger electrode array for data acquisition over an area measuring approximately 200 X 200 m2. Data acquisition was carried out on two (2) sets of six (6) traverses of lengths 200 m and 100 m each respectively. The electrode separation was 10 m and 5 m respectively. The study was aimed at determining the integrity of the soil where the apartment blocks are located. The values of resistance measured in the field are converted to apparent resistivity values which are then inverted with RES2DINV software developed by Geotomo and the results displayed as pseudosections. Analysis of the 2-D electrical resistivity tomography results showed wide vertical and lateral variation in resistivity along the traverses. Resistivity values in the range of 20 Ωm to 14,000 Ωm were obtained during the field survey. The results also showed that the subsurface is made up of mostly lateritic sand, gravel and basement rock. The results did not show the presence of clay, faults, cavities or any subsurface feature that poses any danger to the buildings. The results of the survey indicate that the high-rise blocks of apartments are in no danger of collapse from the effect of unstable subsurface structures

Microbial assembly and metabolic potential in the subsurface critical zone (SCZ) are substantially impacted by subsurface geochemistry and hydrogeology, selecting for microbes distinct from those in surficial soils. In this study, we integrated metagenomics and geochemistry to elucidate how microbial composition and metabolic potential are shaped and impacted by vertical variations in geochemistry and hydrogeology in terrestrial subsurface sediment. A sediment core from an uncontaminated, pristine well at Oak Ridge Field Research Center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, including the shallow subsurface, vadose zone, capillary fringe, and saturated zone, was used in this study. Our results showed that subsurface microbes were highly localized and that communities were rarely interconnected. Microbial community composition as well as metabolic potential in carbon and nitrogen cycling varied even over short vertical distances. Further analyses indicated a strong depth-related covariation of community composition with a subset of 12 environmental variables. An analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quality via ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry suggested that the SCZ was generally a low-carbon environment, with the relative portion of labile DOC decreasing and that of recalcitrant DOC increasing along the depth, selecting microbes from copiotrophs to oligotrophs and also impacting the microbial metabolic potential in the carbon cycle. Our study demonstrates that sediment geochemistry and hydrogeology are vital in the selection of distinct microbial populations and metabolism in the SCZ. IMPORTANCE In this study, we explored the links between geochemical parameters, microbial community structure and metabolic potential across the depth of sediment, including the shallow subsurface, vadose zone, capillary fringe, and saturated zone. Our results revealed that microbes in the terrestrial subsurface can be highly localized, with communities rarely being interconnected along the depth. Overall, our research demonstrates that sediment geochemistry and hydrogeology are vital in the selection of distinct microbial populations and metabolic potential in different depths of subsurface terrestrial sediment. Such studies correlating microbial community analyses and geochemistry analyses, including high resolution mass spectrometry analyses of natural organic carbon, will further the fundamental understanding of microbial ecology and biogeochemistry in subsurface terrestrial ecosystems and will benefit the future development of predictive models on nutrient turnover in these environments.

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a popular non-destructive electromagnetic (EM) technique that is used in diverse applications across different fields, most commonly geophysics and civil engineering. One of the most common applications of GPR is concrete scanning, where it is used to detect structural elements and support the assessment of its condition. However, in any GPR application, the data have no resemblance to the characteristics of targets of interest and a means of extracting information from the data regarding the targets is required. Interpreting the GPR data, to infer key properties of the subsurface and to locate the targets is a difficult and challenging task and is highly dependent on the processing of the data and the experience of the user. Traditional processing techniques have some drawbacks, which can lead to misinterpretations of the data in addition to the interpretation being subjective to the user. Machine learning (ML) has proven its ability to solve a variety of problems and map complex relationships and in recent years, is becoming an increasingly attractive option for solving GPR and other EM problems regarding processing and interpretation. Numerical modelling has been extensively used to understand the EM wave propagation and assist in the interpretation of GPR responses. If ML is combined with numerical modelling, efficient solutions to GPR problems can be acquired. This research focuses on developing a numerical equivalent of a commercial GPR transducer and utilising this model to produce realistic synthetic training data sets for deep learning applications. The numerical model is based on the high-frequency 2000 MHz "palm" antenna from Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. (GSSI). This GPR system is mainly used for concrete scanning, where the targets are located close to the surface. Unknown antenna parameters were found using global optimisation by minimising the mismatch between synthetic and real responses. A very good match was achieved, demonstrating that the model can accurately replicate the behaviour of the real antenna which was further validated using a number of laboratory experiments. Real data were acquired using the GSSI transducer over a sandbox and reinforced concrete slabs and the same scenarios were replicated in the simulations using the antenna model, showing excellent agreement. The developed antenna model was used to generate synthetic data, which are similar to the true data, for two deep learning applications, trained entirely using synthetic data. The first deep learning application suggested in the present thesis is background response and properties prediction. Two coupled neural networks are trained to predict the background response given as input total GPR responses, perform background removal and subsequently use the predicted background response to predict its dielectric properties. The suggested scheme not only performs the background removal processing step, but also enables the velocity calculation of the EM wave propagating in a medium using the predicted permittivity value. The ML algorithm is evaluated using a number of synthetic and measured data demonstrating its efficiency and higher accuracy compared to traditional methods. Predicting a permittivity value per A-scan included in a B-scan results in a permittivity distribution, which is used along with background removal to perform reverse-time migration (RTM). The proposed RTM scheme proved to be superior when compared with the commonly used RTM schemes. The second application was a deep learning-based forward solver, which is used as part of a full-waveform inversion (FWI) framework. A neural network is trained to predict entire B-scans given certain model parameters as input for reinforced concrete slab scenarios. The network makes predictions in real time, reducing by orders of magnitude the computational time of FWI, which is usually coupled with an FDTD forward solver. Therefore, making FWI applicable to commercial computers without the need of high-performance computing (HPC). The results clearly illustrate that ML schemes can be implemented to solve GPR problems and highlight the importance of having a digital representation of a real transducer in the simulations.

Archaea have long been thought to reside solely in extreme environments like hot springs, volcanos, or salt lakes and this is reflected in the majority of their available isolates. However, culture-independent methods such as metagenomics have shown Archaea to be ubiquitous in the environment, though they typically are the minority compared to Bacteria with the exception of extreme environments. The terrestrial subsurface is one of the most important environments these techniques have made accessible, as it is poorly explored and yet hosts approximately 25 % of organisms on Earth. In this environment, characterized by both extremely low energy yields and limited dispersal, the extent of horizontal gene transfer influencing evolutionary adaptation as well as the growth parameters facilitating evolution are virtually unknown. In this thesis, we aimed to recover high quality archaeal genomes of uncultivated. Altiarchaeaota to investigate how they adapt to their deep terrestrial subsurface habitats. These Archaea dominate their moderate temperature environments, and thus identifying their adaptations, allowing them to gain an edge, is of particular interest. To accomplish this, we developed a workflow to recover archaeal genomes from metagenomes. One step frequently neglected in the recovery of genomes from metagenomes is the genome curation, due to it both being a manual task and there being a limited amount of available software. Hence, we developed the genome curation software uBin to fill this gap and enable easy, GUI-based curation of genomes. Bin curation using uBin improved the quality of 78.9 % of genomes of the CAMI dataset. Finally, we metagenomically characterized the CO2-geyser with the highest water fountain in the world, the Geyser Andernach, which was dominated by Ca. Altiarchaeum GA. We binned and curated hundreds of MAGs from this and other deep terrestrial subsurface sites. To estimate the growth potential of microbes in the deep terrestrial subsurface, we compared the Geyser Andernach ecosystem to these 16 other sites. Their sampling depth ranged from near-surface caves to samples up to 3 km in depth. We identified a trend of organisms being able to replicate faster the deeper their habitant but having less replication forks at the time of sampling, a possible adaptation to oscillating nutrient availabilities. Additionally, we compared newly binned with available Ca. Altiarchaea genomes and identified an extreme conservation of genetic content between Ca. Altiarchaea of the clade Alti-1. These genomes clustered biogeographically by continent, indicating plate tectonics as a possible route for dispersal. Their genetic repertoire showed a strong conservation of the core metabolism but differed in their peripheral genes, such as peptidases, with some showing signs of being horizontally transferred from the bacterial domain. I further substantiated these findings by using the complete Ca. Altiarchaeum GA genome recovered from the environment as a reference to identify sequence sections of genetic variability between populations of Ca. Altiarchaea. This analysis was congruent with prior biogeographic results and indicated that there is a lot more genome diversity in Ca. Altiarchaea than previously estimated. Some of these regions of genetic variability are likely caused by horizontal gene transfer, as evidenced by the presence of transposase genes. Thus, we conclude, that horizontal gene transfer may act to mitigate the otherwise very slow evolution within this phylum. In summary, this thesis provides a valuable workflow for the recovery of archaeal genomes from metagenomes, along with the new, easy to use genome curation tool uBin to ensure their quality, and gives valuable insights into the genetic diversity of one of the few dominant archaea in moderate temperature deep biosphere environments. Dissertation, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2022

Agricultural phosphorus (P) inputs to surface waters are a primary driver of surface water eutrophication. In agroecosystems that experience significant winters, P loss primarily occurs during the non-growing season (NGS). As air temperatures continue to warm, NGS hydrology is expected to change, leading to diminished snowpacks and soils being exposed to fluctuating temperatures, leading to an increase in soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). This thesis aimed to investigate the effects of FTCs on soil P dynamics and transport and the soil physical properties that regulate soil P processes across three dominant agricultural soil textures in southern Ontario. The results suggest the effects of FTCs on soil properties and P processes are most notable in silt-textured soils, reducing soil aggregate stability and promoting the quantity of labile P. These changes in soil P processes did not promote dissolved reactive P (DRP) loading in subsurface discharge but may promote total P (TP) loading. NSERC, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MOECP) 2024-03-30

Background Microbial colonization of subsurface shales following hydraulic fracturing offers the opportunity to study coupled biotic and abiotic factors that impact microbial persistence in engineered deep subsurface ecosystems. Shale formations underly much of the continental USA and display geographically distinct gradients in temperature and salinity. Complementing studies performed in eastern USA shales that contain brine-like fluids, here we coupled metagenomic and metabolomic approaches to develop the first genome-level insights into ecosystem colonization and microbial community interactions in a lower-salinity, but high-temperature western USA shale formation. Results We collected materials used during the hydraulic fracturing process (i.e., chemicals, drill muds) paired with temporal sampling of water produced from three different hydraulically fractured wells in the STACK (Sooner Trend Anadarko Basin, Canadian and Kingfisher) shale play in OK, USA. Relative to other shale formations, our metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed an expanded taxonomic and metabolic diversity of microorganisms that colonize and persist in fractured shales. Importantly, temporal sampling across all three hydraulic fracturing wells traced the degradation of complex polymers from the hydraulic fracturing process to the production and consumption of organic acids that support sulfate- and thiosulfate-reducing bacteria. Furthermore, we identified 5587 viral genomes and linked many of these to the dominant, colonizing microorganisms, demonstrating the key role that viral predation plays in community dynamics within this closed, engineered system. Lastly, top-side audit sampling of different source materials enabled genome-resolved source tracking, revealing the likely sources of many key colonizing and persisting taxa in these ecosystems. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of resource utilization and resistance to viral predation as key traits that enable specific microbial taxa to persist across fractured shale ecosystems. We also demonstrate the importance of materials used in the hydraulic fracturing process as both a source of persisting shale microorganisms and organic substrates that likely aid in sustaining the microbial community. Moreover, we showed that different physicochemical conditions (i.e., salinity, temperature) can influence the composition and functional potential of persisting microbial communities in shale ecosystems. Together, these results expand our knowledge of microbial life in deep subsurface shales and have important ramifications for management and treatment of microbial biomass in hydraulically fractured wells.

Previous microbial studies of subsurface ecosystems like caves focused mainly on the natural biodiversity in these systems. So far, only a few studies focused on the biotechnological potential of microbes in these systems, focusing in particular on their antibacterial potential, antibiotic production, and, to some extent, enzymatic potential.The interest and exploration of biodiversity in subsurface ecosystems have increased significantly during the last 2 decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro probiotic properties of spore-forming bacteria isolated from deep caves. Two hundred fifty spore-forming microbes were enriched from sediment samples from 10 different pristine caves in Algeria at different depths. Isolates showing nonpathogenic profiles were screened for their potential to produce digestive enzymes (gliadinase and beta-galactosidase) in solid and liquid media, respectively. Different probiotic potentialities were studied, including (i) growth at 37 degrees C, (ii) survival in simulated gastric juice, (iii) survival in simulated intestinal fluid, and (iv) antibiotic sensitivity and cell surface properties. The results showed that out of 250 isolates, 13 isolates demonstrated nonpathogenic character, probiotic potentialities, and ability to hydrolyze gliadin and lactose in solution. These findings suggest that a selection of cave microbes might serve as a source of interesting candidates for probiotics. IMPORTANCE Previous microbial studies of subsurface ecosystems like caves focused mainly on the natural biodiversity in these systems. So far, only a few studies focused on the biotechnological potential of microbes in these systems, focusing in particular on their antibacterial potential, antibiotic production, and, to some extent, enzymatic potential. This study explores whether subsurface ecosystems can serve as an alternative source for microbes relevant to probiotics. The research focused on the ability of cave microbes to degrade two substrates (lactose and gliadin) that cause common digestive disorders. Since these enzymes may prove to be useful in food processing and in reducing the effect of lactose and gliadin digestion within intolerant patients, isolation of microbes such as in this study may expand the possibilities of developing alternative strategies to deal with these intolerances.

A flexible, Arduino-based camera platform for long-term timelapse photography and monitoring of remote habitats.

Nanowire-based nanocomposite materials are being developed as transparent and flexible electrodes or as stretchable conductors and dielectrics for biosensing. Here, we theoretically investigate the use of scanning dielectric microscopy (SDM) to characterize these materials in a nondestructive way, with a special focus on the achievable spatial resolution and the possibility of detection of the capacitive coupling between nearby nanowires. Numerical calculations with models involving single and multiple buried nanowires have been performed. We demonstrate that the capacitance gradient spread function of a single buried nanowire consists of a modified Lorenzianan with a cubic decay. We show that the achievable spatial resolution can be determined with good accuracy with the help of this spread function. It is shown that, in general, the spatial resolution worsens when any system parameter decreases the maximum of the nanowire spread function or increases its width, or both. Finally, we show that SDM measurements are also sensitive to the capacitive coupling between nearby nanowires. This latter result is of utmost relevance since the macroscopic electric properties of nanowire nanocomposites largely depend on the electric interaction between nearby nanowires. The present results show that SDM can be a valuable nondestructive subsurface characterization technique for nanowire nanocomposite materials.

Pristine groundwater is a highly stable environment with microbes adapted to dark, oligotrophic conditions. Input events like heavy rainfalls can introduce the excess particulate organic matter, including surface-derived microorganisms, thereby disturbing the groundwater microbiome. Some surface-derived bacteria will not survive this translocation, leading to an input of necromass to the groundwater. Here, we investigated the effects of necromass addition to the microbial community in fractured bedrock groundwater, using groundwater mesocosms as model systems. We followed the uptake of 13C-labeled necromass by the bacterial and eukaryotic groundwater community quantitatively and over time using a complementary protein-stable and DNA-stable isotope probing approach. Necromass was rapidly depleted in the mesocosms within 4 days, accompanied by a strong decrease in Shannon diversity and a 10-fold increase in bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers. Species of Flavobacterium, Massilia, Rheinheimera, Rhodoferax, and Undibacterium dominated the microbial community within 2 days and were identified as key players in necromass degradation, based on a 13C incorporation of >90% in their peptides. Their proteomes comprised various proteins for uptake and transport functions and amino acid metabolization. After 4 and 8 days, the autotrophic and mixotrophic taxa Nitrosomonas, Limnohabitans, Paucibacter, and Acidovorax increased in abundance with a 13C incorporation between 0.5% and 23%. Likewise, eukaryotes assimilated necromass-derived carbon either directly or indirectly. Our data point toward a fast and exclusive uptake of labeled necromass by a few specialists followed by a concerted action of groundwater microorganisms, including autotrophs presumably fueled by released, reduced nitrogen and sulfur compounds generated during necromass degradation. IMPORTANCE Subsurface microbiomes provide essential ecosystem services, like the generation of drinking water. These ecosystems are devoid of light-driven primary production, and microbial life is adapted to the resulting oligotrophic conditions. Modern groundwater is most vulnerable to anthropogenic and climatic impacts. Heavy rainfalls, which will increase with climate change, can result in high surface inputs into shallow aquifers by percolation or lateral flow. These inputs include terrestrial organic matter and surface-derived microbes that are not all capable to flourish in aquatic subsurface habitats. Here, we investigated the response of groundwater mesocosms to the addition of bacterial necromass, simulating event-driven surface input. We found that the groundwater microbiome responds with a rapid bloom of only a few primary degraders, followed by the activation of typical groundwater autotrophs and mixotrophs, as well as eukaryotes. Our results suggest that this multiphase strategy is essential to maintain the balance of the groundwater microbiome to provide ecosystem services.

Geological entropy is based on Shannon information entropy and measures order in the structure of a spatial random variable. Metrics have been defined to quantify geological entropy in multidimensional (2D and 3D) heterogeneous systems, for instance, porous and fractured geological media. This study introduces GEOENT, a toolbox that can efficiently be used to calculate geological entropy metrics for any kind of input-gridded field. Additionally, the definition of geological entropy metrics is updated to consider anisotropy in the structure of the heterogeneous system. Directional entrograms provide more accurate descriptions of spatial order over different Cartesian directions. This study presents the development of the geological entropy metrics, a description of the toolbox, and examples of its applications in different datasets, including 2D and 3D gridded fields, representing a variety of heterogeneous environments at different scales, from pore-scale microtomography (μCT) images to aquifer analogues.

Global challenges of ongoing urbanization especially in areas with increased coastal, fluvial and pluvial flooding cannot be solved by mere engineering solutions. Reversed Engineering with Nature is a concept that puts the natural system central, but it does seek symbioses with engineering systems into a new hybrid condition. This spatial hybridity is not only about integrating natural and engineered systems but also in considering surface and subsurface as one united space. Anticipating global challenges by synchronizing natural and engineered system and the spatial planning of surface and subsurface means innovating governance processes and products. This paper focusses on the question on how to integrate information the natural and engineered systems in surface and subsurface in urban development plans. The study of a series of plans for the case studies, New York (USA) and Natori (Japan), both struck by natural disasters, should expose the role of technical information. Especially the impact of an disaster to which usually engineering solutions are installed is an important test factor in this study. The conclusions show that the role of the spatial plan defines the visualization, to work consciously with the effects of climate change, it is important to include the subsurface information.

Background There is a dearth of sequenced and closed microbial genomes from environments that exceed > 500 m below level terrestrial surface. Coupled with even fewer cultured isolates, study and understanding of how life endures in the extreme oligotrophic subsurface environments is greatly hindered. Using a de novo hybrid assembly of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequences we produced a circular genome with corresponding methylome profile of the recently characterized thermophilic, anaerobic, and fumarate-respiring subsurface bacterium, Thermanaerosceptrum fracticalcis, strain DRI-13T to understand how this microorganism survives the deep subsurface. Results The hybrid assembly produced a single circular genome of 3.8 Mb in length with an overall GC content of 45%. Out of the total 4022 annotated genes, 3884 are protein coding, 87 are RNA encoding genes, and the remaining 51 genes were associated with regulatory features of the genome including riboswitches and T-box leader sequences. Approximately 24% of the protein coding genes were hypothetical. Analysis of strain DRI-13T genome revealed: 1) energy conservation by bifurcation hydrogenase when growing on fumarate, 2) four novel bacterial prophages, 3) methylation profile including 76.4% N6-methyladenine and 3.81% 5-methylcytosine corresponding to novel DNA methyltransferase motifs. As well a cluster of 45 genes of unknown protein families that have enriched DNA mCpG proximal to the transcription start sites, and 4) discovery of a putative core of bacteriophage exclusion (BREX) genes surrounded by hypothetical proteins, with predicted functions as helicases, nucleases, and exonucleases. Conclusions The de novo hybrid assembly of strain DRI-13T genome has provided a more contiguous and accurate view of the subsurface bacterium T. fracticalcis, strain DRI-13T. This genome analysis reveals a physiological focus supporting syntrophy, non-homologous double stranded DNA repair, mobility/adherence/chemotaxis, unique methylome profile/recognized motifs, and a BREX defense system. The key to microbial subsurface survival may not rest on genetic diversity, but rather through specific syntrophy niches and novel methylation strategies.

Presented here is a transfer‐learning model for classifying basin‐scale stratigraphic geometries from subsurface formation tops. Support vector, decision trees, random forests, AdaBoost and K‐nearest neighbour classification models are evaluated to support this challenge. Each model is trained on labelled synthetic stratigraphic geometry data generated in Python using observable geological principles and concepts. Accuracy is measured using a weighted Jaccard similarity coefficient score, and certainty of each prediction is quantified using margin sampling. The random forest classifier has the highest initial accuracy, and the optimal hyperparameters for the model that yield 88.4% accuracy and 72.8% mean certainty via five‐fold cross‐validation and active learning are documented on a real‐world subsurface dataset. The random forest classifier with optimised hyperparameters is then used to make predictions on the real‐world subsurface formation tops dataset. The dataset consists of formation tops for the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene strata of the Eastern Greater Green River Basin in south‐central Wyoming. Results from model predictions include an area of truncation in the Lance Formation across the basin, and an area of onlap and truncation on the nose of the Rock Springs Uplift that previous studies in the region corroborate. It is believed that this model is most useful for guided interpretation, and identifying regions that warrant further inquiry by domain experts.

Land subsidence is a global threat to coastal areas worldwide, including the North Java coastal area. Of many areas experiencing land subsidence in North Java, the rate of land subsidence in Pekalongan has matched the high subsidence rates usually found in big cities. The rate of land subsidence in Pekalongan far exceeds the sea-level rise, resulting in a looming threat of land loss. The devastating impacts of land subsidence are the manifestation of its subsurface movement. Therefore, it is essential to understand the subsurface to elucidate the mechanism of land subsidence. Previous studies on land subsidence in Pekalongan are mainly related to subsidence rate monitoring and have not elaborated on the subsurface condition. This paper reviews the Pekalongan subsurface geology based on available literature to provide insight into the land subsidence problem. The results revealed that the land subsidence occurs in the recent alluvial plain of Pekalongan, consisting of a 30-70 m thick compressible deposit. Possible mechanisms of land subsidence arise from natural compaction, over-exploitation of confined groundwater, and increased built areas. As the seismicity of the study area is low, tectonic influence on land subsidence is considered negligible. It is expected that the offshore, nearshore, and swamp deposits are still naturally compacting. As the surface water supply is minimal, over-exploitation of groundwater resources from the deltaic and Damar Formation aquifers occurs. In the end, future research direction is proposed to reduce the impacts of the subsidence hazard., Slijeganje površine tla prijetnja je svim obalnim područjima, pa tako i obali sjeverne Jave. Niz područja u tome prostoru podložno je takvu slijeganju. Iznos toga spuštanja posebno je izražen u velikim gradovima područja Pekalongan. Taj iznos daleko nadilazi porast morske razine rezultirajući gubitkom kopna. Vrlo velik učinak takvih površinskih spuštanja odražava se također i u dubini. Zato je nužno razumjeti ispodpovršinske pojave kako bi se objasnilo samo spuštanje površine. Prethodna istraživanja tih pojava u Pekalonganu uglavnom su bila usmjerena na praćenje iznosa spuštanja, bez uvida u dubinske odnose. Ovdje je prikazana dubinska geologija istraživanoga područja, pregledom dostupne literature. Rezultati su pokazali kako se spuštanje događa u recentnoj aluvijalnoj ravnici Pekalongana, koja obuhvaća tlo debljine 30 – 70 m. Jedan od mogućih uzroka spuštanja jest prirodno zbijanje, zatim pretjerana eksploatacija podzemnih voda te prevelika izgrađenost. Seizmičnost je prostora mala, stoga je i utjecaj tektonike na taj proces zanemariv. Nadalje, morski, priobalni i močvarni talozi podložni su recentnom, prirodnom zbijanju. Kako je pritok svježe, meteorske vode minimalan, dolazi do pretjerane eksploatacije vodonosnika formacije Damar u delti. Predložena su buduća tematska istraživanja kojima bi se smanjio utjecaj opasnosti proizišlih iz slijeganja.

The visualization of property and resources is a defining foundation of the construction and application of a property rights framework. When humans encounter resources they cannot see— or hidden resources—, they have difficulties imagining an appropriate property regime. These hidden resources include subsurface resources (oil and gas reservoirs, groundwater, pore space), biological resources (migration paths, plant and animal dormancy cycles), informal and unrecognized land titles, and extraplanetary resources (asteroid mining and water). As a result, we often apply an existing two-dimensional property framework from visible resources to three and four-dimensional hidden resources. This article argues that lacking the ability to see resources—resource blindness—directly impacts our ability to use, manage, and conserve them. Conversely, resource sight—the ability to see resources—can tremendously aid the development of an effective and efficient property rights framework. This article also contends that hidden resources are best governed when owners and users understand the resource’s scientific properties. And those properties are likewise better gathered when the natural resource is visible to the human eye. Finally, if resource sight cannot be acquired, this article proposes avoiding resource conflicts by creating small groups of local and knowledgeable community property owners to advise in the resource’s management and encourage cooperative development.

The research work is based on gravity data is taken from numerous parts of an active tectonic belt of Azad Kashmir to delineate the crustal thickness and demarcation of thin- skin and thick-skin structures in the study area. The study area includes Bagh, Dhirkot, Arja, Kohala, Sudhan Gali, Ghazi Abad, Chikkar and Chakoti. The study area bounded by the latitude 33°59′3′′ and 34°9′22′′ N and longitude 73°37′26′′ and 73°40′16′′ E. The proposed study area is a complex geological entity and is an active zone. This study has been focused to assess the subsurface lithology and structural geometry present in Bagh and surrounding areas. For this purpose the gravity data has been acquired with the help of CG-5 Auto-grav using multi-profile survey technique. Gravity model suggested that Riasi Thrust in the study zone is plunging at an angle of 42° NE and pierces to a depth of 7 km in the sub-surface. The model also suggested that Bagh Basement Fault in the study area is dipping at an angle of 75° NE in the crystalline basement up to Moho depth. Shaheed Galli Thrust has been delineated in Dhirkot area. The fault dips at 49° NE and penetrated up to a depth of 8 km in the sedimentary/meta-sedimentary wedge. The geological model demarcated, 11 km depth of sedimentary/meta-sedimentary wedge in the southwest and 13 km in the northeast area. The crustal thickness increases from 51 km in the southwest area to about 53.17 km in the northeast area.

Determining the mechanisms, traits, and pathways that regulate microbial transformation of natural organic matter (NOM) is critical to informing our understanding of the microbial impacts on the global carbon cycle. The capillary fringe of subsurface soils is a highly dynamic environment that remains poorly understood. Characterization of organo-mineral chemistry combined with a nuanced understanding of microbial community composition and function is necessary to understand microbial impacts on NOM speciation in the capillary fringe. We present a critical review of the popular analytical and omics techniques used for characterizing complex carbon transformation by microbial communities and focus on how complementary information obtained from the different techniques enable us to connect chemical signatures with microbial genes and pathways. This holistic approach offers a way forward for the comprehensive characterization of the formation, transformation, and mineralization of terrestrial NOM as influenced by microbial communities.

Metrology challenges surrounding nanosheet structures used in next generation semiconductor devices based around Forksheet and Gate-All-around Field Effect Transistors include procuring measurements in the planar directions, such as critical dimensions, as well as in the vertical direction, such as sheet and recess thicknesses. Subsurface Scanning Probe Microscopy (SSPM) can be used to distinguish and measure features that are buried beneath opaque layers. In this work, we investigate if SSPM can contribute to this challenge and can be used to solve the inverse problem. It is shown that qualitative agreement between modelling and experiments is good, when the experimental contact conditions are sufficient. Quantitative measurements, however, are still out of reach.

We are leaving traces on the surface of earth, and have been doing so, for a long time. However, for the last 300 years or so, we seem not only to be leaving traces, but objects foreign to our system on an abnormal scale. Traces that are not obvious to the eye, but hidden behind the obviousness of the present. They can be found in the air, in the water, in the rings of the trees or in the glaciers of Greenland. What will be left after us? In a search of time and traces, to come closer to an understanding of how time passes, I have looked into man made objects. Objects, that have been constructed with time written differently into their structures. These ideas have been implemented in a geographical focal point in the area of Rosenlund sand banks, by lake Vättern, Sweden. From an architect’s point of view I have tried to understand the present that we are now dealing with, the Anthropocene, its implications and the impact of what we create as humans. This, by reconnecting a past and a future to the present through speculation, and by letting the ground play a major part as a mute, inverted infinity with all its layers bearing witness of a past that once laid super strata.

Background Subarctic regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change, yet little is known about nutrient availability and biodiversity of their cave ecosystems. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to consequences of climate change. Thus, to improve our understanding of life in these habitats, we characterized environmental variables, as well as bacterial and invertebrate communities of six subarctic caves in Northern Norway. Results Only a minuscule diversity of surface-adapted invertebrates were found in these caves. However, the bacterial communities in caves were compositionally different, more diverse and more complex than the nutrient-richer surface soil. Cave soil microbiomes were less variable between caves than between surface communities in the same area, suggesting that the stable cave environments with tougher conditions drive the uniform microbial communities. We also observed only a small proportion of cave bacterial genera originating from the surface, indicating unique cave-adapted microbial communities. Increased diversity within caves may stem from higher niche specialization and levels of interdependencies for nutrient cycling among bacterial taxa in these oligotrophic environments. Conclusions Taken together this suggest that environmental changes, e.g., faster melting of snow as a result of global warming that could alter nutrient influx, can have a detrimental impact on interactions and dependencies of these complex communities. This comparative exploration of cave and surface microbiomes also lays the foundation to further investigate the long-term environmental variables that shape the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems.

In agricultural fields, tile drains represent potential pathways for the migration of solutes, such as nitrates, in groundwater and surface water bodies. Tile drain flow is controlled by the temporal and spatial dynamics of the shallow groundwater table, which results from complex interactions between climate, topography and soil heterogeneity. Studies on the effect of topsoil heterogeneity on shallow water and drainage dynamics by fully 3D surface water and groundwater flow modeling are limited. The objective of our study is to demonstrate the use of depth specific electrical conductivity (EC) estimates to improve hydrological simulations in a tile-drained field. The model was applied to a field site in Denmark where times series of drainage discharge and water table elevations are available. Clay-rich soil zones were identified in a tile-drained field using depth specific electrical conductivity estimates generated by the inversion of apparent electrical conductivity data measured using an electromagnetic induction instrument. One model that included the low-permeability clayey zones in the soil layers down to a depth of 1.2 m was compared to a simpler model that assumed homogeneous soil layers. Both models simulate drainage discharge that compares well to the observations. However, including the clayey zones improves the simulation of hydraulic heads, and water table fluctuations, and generates flooded areas that are more representative of those observed during the wet seasons. Our results suggest that the simulation of water table fluctuations can be improved when the soil heterogeneity determined from depth specific EC estimates is included in integrated hydrological models. A better representation of the subsurface flow dynamics will also improve subsequent simulations of the transport and fate of agrochemical substances leaching from fields such as nitrate, which may deteriorate the quality of groundwater and surface water bodies.

Defect engineering in photocatalysts represents a fundamental method toward tailoring their solar-to-chemical energy conversion performance, although determining the nature and impact of subsurface...

Violacein has different bioactive properties conferring distinct selective advantages, such as defense from predation and interspecific competition. Adaptation of Janthinobacterium to diverse habitats likely leads to variation in violacein production among phylogenetically closely related species inhabiting different environments, yet genomic mechanisms and the influence of adaptive evolution underpinning violacein biosynthesis in Janthinobacterium are not clear. In this study, we performed genome sequencing, comparative genomic analysis, and phenotypic characterization to investigate genomic factors regulating violacein production in nine Janthinobacterium strains, including a type strain from soil and eight strains we isolated from terrestrial subsurface sediment and groundwater. Results show that although all nine Janthinobacterium strains are phylogenetically closely related and contain genes essential for violacein biosynthesis, they vary in carbon usage and violacein production. Sediment and groundwater strains are weak violacein producers and possess far fewer secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, indicating genome adaptation compared to soil strains. Further examination suggests that quorum sensing (QS) may play an important role in regulating violacein in Janthinobacterium: the strains exhibiting strong potential in violacein production possess both N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) QS and Janthinobacterium QS (JQS) systems in their genomes, while weaker violacein-producing strains harbor only the JQS system. Preliminary tests of spent media of two Janthinobacterium strains possessing both AHL QS and JQS systems support the potential role of AHLs in inducing violacein production in Janthinobacterium. Overall, results from this study reveal potential genomic mechanisms involved in violacein biosynthesis in Janthinobacterium and provide insights into evolution of Janthinobacterium for adaptation to oligotrophic terrestrial subsurface environment. IMPORTANCE Phylogenetically closely related bacteria can thrive in diverse environmental habitats due to adaptive evolution. Genomic changes resulting from adaptive evolution lead to variations in cellular function, metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The most well-known secondary metabolite produced by Janthinobacterium is the purple-violet pigment violacein. To date, the mechanisms of induction of violacein biosynthesis in Janthinobacterium is not clear. Comparative genome analysis of closely related Janthinobacterium strains isolated from different environmental habitats not only reveals potential mechanisms involved in induction of violacein production by Janthinobacterium but also provides insights into the survival strategy of Janthinobacterium for adaptation to oligotrophic terrestrial subsurface environment.

International audience; The introduction to this special issue on the politicization of the subsurface aims to analyse the multiple uses of the subsurface that are emerging due to global changes, and the conflicts about these uses, through the prism of the politicization of this environment. The paper starts from the specific nature of this environment for which no direct experience is possible and whose knowledge and utilization must therefore depend on techniques. This partly explains the particular forms taken by opposition to the uses of the subsurface, which range from population enlistment, eruptive social movements to radical criticism of capitalism. However, the uses of the subsurface and their contestation do not always lead to politicization, meaning that no public debate takes place about the choice of a technical option in terms of energy transition. Reading the articles in this special issue from the analytical standpoint of politicization, which implies that uses should be credible, governable and legitimate, this introduction shows the insufficient politicization of French subsurface.; L’introduction de ce numéro spécial sur la politisation du sous-sol se propose d’analyser les utilisations du sous-sol qui émergent du fait des changements globaux et les conflits autour de ces utilisations, au travers du prisme de la politisation d’un milieu. Il part pour cela de la spécificité de ce milieu, pour lequel aucune expérience directe n’est possible et dont la connaissance et l’utilisation passent donc par le truchement de techniques. Cette caractéristique explique pour partie les formes particulières que prennent les contestations des usages du sous-sol, qui oscillent entre enrôlements des populations, contestations éruptives et critiques radicales du capitalisme. Or, les utilisations du sous-sol et leurs contestations ne conduisent pas nécessairement à une mise en politique, c’est-à-dire une mise en choix d’une option technique en matière de transition énergétique. Soumettant les articles du numéro spécial à une grille de lecture de la politisation qui implique que les utilisations soient crédibles, gouvernables et légitimes, cette introduction montre l’incomplétude de la politisation du sous-sol français.

Little is known of how the confluence of subsurface and surface processes influences the assembly and habitability of hydrothermal ecosystems. To address this knowledge gap, the geochemical and microbial composition of a high-temperature, circumneutral hot spring in Yellowstone National Park was examined to identify the sources of solutes and their effect on the ecology of microbial inhabitants. Metagenomic analysis showed that populations comprising planktonic and sediment communities are archaeal dominated, are dependent on chemical energy (chemosynthetic), share little overlap in their taxonomic composition, and are differentiated by their inferred use of/tolerance to oxygen and mode of carbon metabolism. The planktonic community is dominated by putative aerobic/aerotolerant autotrophs, while the taxonomic composition of the sediment community is more evenly distributed and comprised of anaerobic heterotrophs. These observations are interpreted to reflect sourcing of the spring by anoxic, organic carbon-limited subsurface hydrothermal fluids and ingassing of atmospheric oxygen that selects for aerobic/aerotolerant organisms that have autotrophic capabilities in the water column. Autotrophy and consumption of oxygen by the planktonic community may influence the assembly of the anaerobic and heterotrophic sediment community. Support for this inference comes from higher estimated rates of genome replication in planktonic populations than sediment populations, indicating faster growth in planktonic populations. Collectively, these observations provide new insight into how mixing of subsurface waters and atmospheric oxygen create dichotomy in the ecology of hot spring communities and suggest that planktonic and sediment communities may have been less differentiated taxonomically and functionally prior to the rise of oxygen at ∼2.4 billion years ago (Gya). IMPORTANCE Understanding the source and availability of energy capable of supporting life in hydrothermal environments is central to predicting the ecology of microbial life on early Earth when volcanic activity was more widespread. Little is known of the substrates supporting microbial life in circumneutral to alkaline springs, despite their relevance to early Earth habitats. Using metagenomic and informatics approaches, water column and sediment habitats in a representative circumneutral hot spring in Yellowstone were shown to be dichotomous, with the former largely hosting aerobic/aerotolerant autotrophs and the latter primarily hosting anaerobic heterotrophs. This dichotomy is attributed to influx of atmospheric oxygen into anoxic deep hydrothermal spring waters. These results indicate that the ecology of microorganisms in circumneutral alkaline springs sourced by deep hydrothermal fluids was different prior to the rise of atmospheric oxygen ∼2.4 Gya, with planktonic and sediment communities likely to be less differentiated than contemporary circumneutral hot springs.

River regulation globally has reduced the riverine connectivity (longitudinal, lateral and vertically) with significant consequences for their abiotic and biotic components. To restore the ecological integrity of regulated rivers, artificial floods are increasingly being employed in large-scale flow restoration efforts. Despite considerable recognition regarding the ecological and geomorphological effects of artificial floods on benthic habitats, understanding the implications for the hyporheic zone is essentially absent. This void in our management knowledge base is considerable given that one of the most widely associated consequences of flow regulation is excessive deposition of fine sediment (sedimentation; particles, Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 2 (4), ISSN:2688-8319

From summer 2023, the Rosalind Franklin rover of the ExoMars 2022 mission (ESA/ROSCOSMOS) will seek out past or present traces of life down to 2 m in the Martian subsurface with a drill, where collected samples could have been shielded from the harsh conditions of the surface. In order to give an insight into the structure and composition of the shallow subsurface prior to any drilling operations, and to provide clues on the geological context of the rover landing site, one of the 9 instruments onboard Rosalind Franklin is a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): WISDOM (Water Ice and Subsurface Deposits Observation on Mars). WISDOM will sound the first meters of the Martian shallow subsurface with a vertical resolution of a few cm. This thesis was dedicated to the assessment and implementation of new and sophisticated tools in the processing and interpretation chain of the WISDOM data, enhancing the quality and readability of future Martian observations.Data acquired by WISDOM consist in“radargrams”, displaying the amplitude of received signals (after reflection/scattering on subsurface structures) as a function of their time delays. Converting these time delays into distances requires the knowledge of the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves in the subsurface, which is linked to the dielectric permittivity of this subsurface. In the case of WISDOM, this property can be estimated from the surface echo intensity or from the shape of diffraction curves from scatter points buried in the subsurface. Since, unlike most GPR, WISDOM antennas are not directly on the ground, the latter method must account for the refraction of radar signals at the surface, which impacts the shape of the curves and thus the permittivity estimation. During this thesis, an automated tool of detection and characterization of diffraction curves was developed and validated, guarantying the display of radargrams as a function of distance.This thesis also focused on the enhancement of the vertical resolution (in range/depth) of WISDOM radargrams. The instrument operating on a large frequency bandwidth, a resolution of a few cm in the subsurface is already assured. A super-resolution technique based on the “Bandwidth Extrapolation” (BWE) was tested and implemented to the WISDOM data processing chain. This resulted in an improvement of the range resolution by a factor of 3. Such improvement has numerous positive implications on the interpretation of future WISDOM radargrams; echoes before impossible to separate can be now discriminated. Potential improvements of the BWE, exploiting for instance the polarimetric capabilities of WISDOM were also explored.Tools implemented during this thesis were systematically validated on both synthetic (analytical or simulated) and experimental data acquired on Earth with replicas of WISDOM instrument (in laboratory or natural environments). Two field campaigns were organised in the frame of this thesis (in the Desert of Atacama and at the Technical University of Dresden (TUD)), providing interesting datasets to validate the WISDOM processing and interpretation chains on, in preparation of future Martian operations., A partir de l’été 2023, le rover Rosalind Franklin de la mission ExoMars 2022 (ESA/ROSCOSMOS) recherchera à l’aide d’une foreuse de potentielles traces de vie, passées ou présentes, dans les 2 premiers mètres du sous-sol martien, là où les échantillons collectés pourraient avoir été protégés des conditions inhospitalières de la surface. Dans le but d’offrir un aperçu de la structure et de la composition de la proche sous-surface avant toute opération de forage et d’aider à reconstituer le contexte géologique du site d’atterrissage du rover, l’un des 9 instruments à bord de Rosalind Franklin est un radar à pénétration de sol (ou GPR pour Ground Penetrating Radar) : WISDOM (Water Ice and Subsurface Deposits Observation on Mars). WISDOM sondera les premiers mètres du sous-sol martien avec une résolution verticale centimétrique. Cette thèse a été dédiée à la mise en place d’une chaine de traitement et d’interprétation des données de WISDOM destinée à optimiser la qualité et lisibilité de ses futures observations sur Mars.Les données de WISDOM se présentent sous forme de « radargrammes » qui donnent l’amplitude des signaux reçus (après réflexion/diffusion sur des structures enfouies) en fonction de leur temps d’arrivée. La conversion de ces temps d’arrivée en distances requiert la connaissance de la vitesse de propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans le sous-sol, qui elle-même est liée à la permittivité diélectrique du sol. Dans le cas de WISDOM, cette dernière peut être estimée à partir de l’intensité de l’écho de surface ou de la forme des courbes de diffraction provenant de réflecteurs ponctuels enfouis. Les antennes de WISDOM n’étant pas plaquées au sol (contrairement à celles de la majorité des GPR), cette seconde méthode d’estimation doit tenir compte de la réfraction des signaux du radar à la surface, qui a un impact sur la forme des courbes et donc l’estimation de la permittivité. Durant cette thèse, une chaîne automatique de détection et de caractérisation des courbes de diffraction tenant compte de la réfraction à la surface, a été développée et validée, garantissant la possibilité d’exprimer les radargrammes WISDOM en fonction de la distance.Cette thèse s’est aussi attachée à améliorer la résolution verticale (en distance/profondeur) des radargrammes de WISDOM. L’instrument opère sur une large bande de fréquences, ce qui lui assure déjà une résolution en distance de quelques cm dans le sous-sol. Une technique dite de super-résolution, fondée sur l’« Extrapolation de largeur de bande » (BWE), a été testée et implémentée dans la chaîne de traitement des données WISDOM. Il a été montré que cette technique permet d’améliorer la résolution en distance d’un facteur 3. Une telle amélioration de la résolution revêt un intérêt évident pour l’interprétation des futurs radargrammes WISDOM ; des échos avant impossible à séparer le sont à présent. De potentielles améliorations de la BWE, tirant par exemple partie des capacité polarimétriques de WISDOM, ont aussi été explorées.Les outils mis en place pendant cette thèse ont été systématique validés sur des données aussi bien synthétiques (analytiques ou numériques) qu’expérimentales acquises sur Terre avec des répliques de l’instrument (en laboratoire ou sur site naturel). Deux campagnes de mesures ont d’ailleurs été organisées durant cette thèse (dans le désert d’Atacama au Chili et à l’Université Technique de Dresden (TUD)), fournissant des observations sur lesquelles tester les chaînes de traitement et d’interprétation WISDOM pour préparer au mieux les futures opérations martiennes.

The characterization of metabolically active fungal isolates within the deep marine subsurface will alter current ecosystem models and living biomass estimates that are limited to bacterial and archaeal populations. Although marine fungi have been studied for over fifty years, a detailed description of fungal populations within the deep subsurface is lacking. Fungi possess metabolic pathways capable of utilizing previously considered non-bioavailable energy reserves. Therefore, metabolically active fungi would occupy a unique niche within subsurface ecosystems, with the potential to provide an organic carbon source for heterotrophic prokaryotic populations from the transformation of non-bioavailable energy into substrates, as well as from the fungal necromass itself. These organic carbon sources are not currently being considered in subsurface energy budgets. Sediments from South Pacific Gyre subsurface, one of the most energy-limited environments on Earth, were collected during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329. Anoxic and oxic sediment slurry enrichments using fresh sediment were used to isolate multiple fungal strains in media types that varied in organic carbon substrates and concentration. Metabolically active and dormant fungal populations were also determined from nucleic acids extracted from in situ cryopreserved South Pacific Gyre sediments. For further characterization of physical growth parameters, two isolates were chosen based on their representation of the whole South Pacific Gyre fungal community. Results from this study show that fungi have adapted to be metabolically active and key community members in South Pacific Gyre sediments and potentially within global biogeochemical cycles.

The island of Surtsey was formed in 1963–1967 on the offshore Icelandic volcanic rift zone. It offers a unique opportunity to study the subsurface biosphere in newly formed oceanic crust and an associated hydrothermal-seawater system, whose maximum temperature is currently above 120°C at about 100m below surface. Here, we present new insights into the diversity, distribution, and abundance of microorganisms in the subsurface of the island, 50years after its creation. Samples, including basaltic tuff drill cores and associated fluids acquired at successive depths as well as surface fumes from fumaroles, were collected during expedition 5059 of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program specifically designed to collect microbiological samples. Results of this microbial survey are investigated with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. To distinguish endemic microbial taxa of subsurface rocks from potential contaminants present in the drilling fluid, we use both methodological and computational strategies. Our 16S rRNA gene analysis results expose diverse and distinct microbial communities in the drill cores and the borehole fluid samples, which harbor thermophiles in high abundance. Whereas some taxonomic lineages detected across these habitats remain uncharacterized (e.g., Acetothermiia, Ammonifexales), our results highlight potential residents of the subsurface that could be identified at lower taxonomic rank such asThermaerobacter, BRH-c8a (Desulfallas-Sporotomaculum),Thioalkalimicrobium,andSulfurospirillum. Microscopy images reveal possible biotic structures attached to the basaltic substrate. Finally, microbial colonization of the newly formed basaltic crust and the metabolic potential are discussed on the basis of the data.

Land surface models (LSMs) simulate water and energy cycles at the atmosphere–soil interface, however, the physical processes in the subsurface are typically oversimplified and lateral water movement is neglected. Here, a cross-evaluation of land surface model results (with and without lateral flow processes), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission soil moisture product, and cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS) measurements is carried out over a temperate climate region with cropland and forests over western Germany. Besides a traditional land surface model (the Community Land Model (CLM) version 3.5), a coupled land surface-subsurface model (CLM-ParFlow) is applied. Compared to CLM stand-alone simulations, the coupled CLM-ParFlow model considered both vertical and lateral water movement. In addition to standard validation metrics, a triple collocation (TC) analysis has been performed to help understanding the random error variances of different soil moisture datasets. In this study, it is found that the three soil moisture datasets are consistent. The coupled and uncoupled model simulations were evaluated at CRNS sites and the coupled model simulations showed less bias than the CLM-standalone model (−0.02 cm3 cm−3 vs. 0.07 cm3 cm−3), similar random errors, but a slightly smaller correlation with the measurements (0.67 vs. 0.71). The TC-analysis showed that CLM-ParFlow reproduced better soil moisture dynamics than CLM stand alone and with a higher signal-to-noise ratio. This suggests that the representation of subsurface physics is of major importance in land surface modeling and that coupled land surface-subsurface modeling is of high interest.

The hypothesis of this paper is that infiltration into drip irrigated soils can be described by simple spherical considerations as well as two dimensional (2D) numerical modeling. The major goal was to test a very simple model based on geometry of a sphere formulas, and compare it with elaborated numerical solutions and field experiments. Detailed analysis of soil–water infiltration under trickle regimes is shown to be pre-requisite in the search for the optimal design of system layout. Optimality and simplicity are sought by modeling a sphere for subsurface trickle/drip (SDI) and hemisphere (DI) pattern of moisture distributions during infiltration. Numerical simulations by MATLAB software were used to describe the distribution of soil water. The data produced by this simulation were successfully compared with analytical models and numerical results of Panoche clay loam. To simulate the four discharge rates (0.5, 1, 2, 3 Lh) under DI and SDI we used the input of Panoche soil properties, i.e., hydraulic conductivity function (Kθ) and soil water retention curve (ψθ). The resulting regression equation of numerical analysis (N) vs. spherical interpretation (S) was N = 0.97 × S − 19.1; r2 = 0.98. This result exposes the novelty of the approach by showing that infiltration from a drip/trickle source can be described by simple spherical radial symmetry in addition to analytical or numerical simulations. An example of a design parameter for 3000 cm3h suggested more emitters per meter laterals for SDI than for DI (100 vs. 77 unites, respectively) due to the shorter distance between SDI emitters that are required in order to maintain wetting continuity. At a discharge of around 500 cm3h of three different soils’ SDI, positive pressure was detected near the orifice and it caused discharge reduction. This is a self-compensating property of SDI that regulates individual emitters according to the soil hydraulic properties. In conclusion SDI is associated with larger capital investment compared to DI, but it can be compensated by improving the water use efficiency due to increased productivity while reducing losses of water through evaporation, but this option should be investigated as part of specific research.

Aim: To determine the effects of leaking septic tanks on groundwater quality in Owerri Municipal. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, and Department of Chemistry, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, between January 2013 to May 2014. Methodology: Geophysical and geochemical analysis was carried out using chemical and geophysical analyses. Owerri Municipal is located within Longitudes 6o59’E to 7o06’E and Latitudes 5o33’N. It falls within the coastal plains sands. The quality of groundwater was determined by taking samples from three locations namely Amakohia, Naze and Nekede and carrying out physiochemical analysis on each to ascertain the nature of dissolved substances in the groundwater. Also, physiochemical parameters like bulk density, porosity and permeability of the samples were determined. Description of the lithology and aquifer parameters were obtained using vertical electrical sounding method. Results: The density of the samples ranged from 1.49 to 1.98 mg/L, the porosity values are from 0.20 to 0.38 while the permeability varies from 0.053 mg/L to 2.49 mg/L. The chemical analysis revealed that some heavy metals have concentrations above the amount acceptable by WHO standards. Iron 18.6 to 63.9 mg/L, Nickel 7.5 mg/L and Manganese, 0.46 mg/L. The resistivity of the topsoil ranges from 618 Ωm to 3800 Ωm. An average resistivity range of 7500 Ωm exist up to 30 m while a layer of low resistivity indicating clay and clayey sand extends to 60 m at Naze, 60 m at Nekede and 50 m at Amakohia. Beyond these depths, the resistivity is high on the average of 3500 Ωm. Conclusion: The results showed that the subsurface is permeable which implies that traces of heavy metals present in the samples are contained in the leachets from surrounding environments either from septic tanks or from industrial activities on the surface. Groundwater quality can be improved within this environment by recommending boreholes drilled from 70 m where leachet permeability is negligible. The high concentration of some of the heavy metals is suspected to be present in the leachets which could have infiltrated as a result of human deposits and industrial activities within the environment.

Kara B. De Leόn works in the field of microbial ecology, environmental biofilms, and microbial genetics., Kara B. De Leόn works in the field of microbial ecology, environmental biofilms, and microbial genetics. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the paper “Multigenerational memory and adaptive adhesion in early bacterial biofilm communities” by C. K. Lee et al. (C. K. Lee, J. de Anda, A. E. Baker, R. R. Bennett, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:4471–4476, 2018, https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720071115) made an impact on her by changing the way she thinks about initial cell attachment to a surface in an environment.

Most of the terrestrial deep subsurfaces are oligotrophic environments in which some gases, mainly H2, CH4 and CO2, play an important role as energy and/or carbon sources. In this work, we assessed their biotic and abiotic origin in samples from subsurface hard-rock cores of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) at three different depths (414, 497 and 520 m). One set of samples was sterilized (abiotic control) and all samples were incubated under anaerobic conditions. Our results showed that H2, CH4 and CO2 remained low and constant in the sterilized controls while their levels were 4, 4.1 and 2.5 times higher respectively, in the unsterilized samples compared to the abiotic controls. The δ13CCH4-values measured in the samples (range −31.2 to −43.0 ‰) reveals carbon isotopic signatures that are within the range for biological methane production. Possible microorganisms responsible for the biotic production of the gases were assessed by CARD-FISH. The analysis of sequenced genomes of detected microorganisms within the subsurface of the IPB allowed to identify possible metabolic activities involved in H2 (Rhodoplanes, Shewanella and Desulfosporosinus), CH4 (Methanobacteriales) and CO2 production. The obtained results suggest that part of the H2, CH4 and CO2 detected in the deep subsurface has a biological origin, Authors thank all the IPBSL project team members for facilitating access to the samples. This work was supported by MICINN grant PID2019‐1048126GB‐I00. Thanks are due to A. I. Morato for her valuable technical assistance

Infrastructures play an important role in urbanization and economic activities but are vulnerable. Due to unavailability of accurate subsurface infrastructure maps, ensuring the sustainability and resilience often are poorly recognized. In the current paper a 3D topographical predictive model using distributed geospatial data incorporated with evolutionary gene expression programming (GEP) was developed and applied on a concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) in Guilan province- northern to generate spatial variation of the subsurface bedrock topography. The compared proficiency of the GEP model with geostatistical ordinary kriging (OK) using different analytical indexes showed 82.53% accuracy performance and 9.61% improvement in precisely labeled data. The achievements imply that the retrieved GEP model efficiently can provide accurate enough prediction and consequently meliorate the visualization insights linking the natural and engineering concerns. Accordingly, the generated subsurface bedrock model dedicates great information on stability of structures and hydrogeological properties, thus adopting appropriate foundations.

Subsurface imaging is challenging; it is difficult to detect objects visually. In this research, a novel non-contact photoacoustic (PA) imaging system was developed to detect subsurface objects. The Rosencwaig-Gersho (RG) model was successfully employed to capture micro-object images covered by rough paint. The experiments were conducted using a copper ring with a 1-mm diameter fully coated by rough paint with an average thickness of 2.3 μm. The resulting PA images exhibited up to 72% consistency despite the rough paint; the shapes of the objects were clearly recognized before and after coating. To conduct the experiment, simulations and image acquisitions were arranged. Then, the system capability to produce tomographic images was improved by adjusting the thermal diffusion lengths, and subsurface object images were successfully acquired at depths of 2.0, 2.6, 9.8, and 52 μm. The detailed composition of image slices displayed the structure profile of subsurface objects appropriately.

Most studies on sediment-inhabiting microphytobenthos are based on the biomass present on the surface layers of intertidal flats. However, large amounts of microalgal biomass are known to exist below the surface. This study tested the role of subsurface microalgal biomass as a potential source of photosynthetically active cells for the biofilm on the surface. The resilience of buried cells was evaluated by exposing samples from various depths to surface conditions and investigating the recovery of photosynthetic activity. Additionally, vertical migration by subsurface epipelic diatoms was followed at sub-millimeter scales to evaluate its role for transporting cells to the vicinity of the sediment surface. Finally the relative importance of subsurface microalgal biomass was assessed by estimating the proportion of subsurface:surface biomass for different types of sediments from the Ria de Aveiro. Vertical profiles of chlorophyll a, 10 cm-deep, were measured on samples from three intertidal sites, representative of the range of sediment characteristics found in this estuary. The ratio of total biomass to surface biomass (‘subsurface biomass fraction’) based on total biomass (0–10 cm depth interval; Csub, total) and on viable biomass (between the surface and the maximum depth with significant photosynthetic recovery; Csub, viable). The experiments showed that buried cells were able to recover photosynthetic activity within 1.5–3 h of light exposure, with the rate of recovery being dependent on depth and type of sediment. Furthermore, subsurface vertical migration was found to enable motile cells to reach the surface from layers deeper than 1 mm within a low tide period. Overall, the results showed that surface biomass (0–0.5 cm) only accounted for one fifth to one third of the total biomass present between the surface and 10 cm, and that the amount of subsurface viable biomass reached 2–3 times the biomass present at the surface. Applying the estimates of Csub, total and Csub, viable to the whole intertidal area of the Ria de Aveiro, spatially-weighted averages for subsurface biomass fractions were found to reach 3.8 and 2.1 respectively.

Pore network models (PNMs) offer a computationally efficient way to analyse transport in porous media. Their effectiveness depends on how well they represent the topology and geometry of real pore systems, for example as imaged by X-ray CT. The performance of two popular algorithms, maximum ball and watershed, is evaluated for three porous systems: an idealised medium with known pore throat properties and two rocks with different morphogenesis—carbonate and sandstone. It is demonstrated that while the extracted PNM simulates simple flow (permeability) with acceptable accuracy, their topological and geometric properties are significantly different. This suggests that such PNM may not serve more complex studies, such as reactive/convective transport of contaminants or bacteria, and further research is necessary to improve the interpretation of real pore spaces with networks. Linear topology–geometry relations are derived and presented to stimulate development of more realistic PNM.

Despite the global significance of the subsurface biosphere, the degree to which it depends on surface organic carbon (OC) is still poorly understood. Here, we compare stable and radiogenic carbon isotope compositions of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) with those of in situ potential microbial C sources to assess the major C sources for subsurface microorganisms in biogeochemical distinct shallow aquifers (Critical Zone Exploratory, Thuringia Germany). Despite the presence of younger OC, the microbes assimilated 14C‐free OC to varying degrees; ~31% in groundwater within the oxic zone, ~47% in an iron reduction zone, and ~70% in a sulfate reduction/anammox zone. The persistence of trace amounts of mature and partially biodegraded hydrocarbons suggested that autochthonous petroleum‐derived hydrocarbons were a potential 14C‐free C source for heterotrophs in the oxic zone. In this zone, Δ14C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (−366 ± 18‰) and 11MeC16:0 (−283 ± 32‰), an important component in autotrophic nitrite oxidizers, were similar enough to indicate that autotrophy is an important additional C fixation pathway. In anoxic zones, methane as an important C source was unlikely since the 13C‐fractionations between the PLFAs and CH4 were inconsistent with kinetic isotope effects associated with methanotrophy. In the sulfate reduction/anammox zone, the strong 14C‐depletion of 10MeC16:0 (−942 ± 22‰), a PLFA common in sulfate reducers, indicated that those bacteria were likely to play a critical part in 14C‐free sedimentary OC cycling. Results indicated that the 14C‐content of microbial biomass in shallow sedimentary aquifers results from complex interactions between abundance and bioavailability of naturally occurring OC, hydrogeology, and specific microbial metabolisms., Key Points Microbial lipids (PLFAs) and C sources in aquifers with different subsurface‐surface relationships were analyzed for their 14C‐contentSubsurface microbes incorporated 14C‐free C in proportions depending on the physiological strategies of the microorganism communityAutotrophic nitrite oxidation occurred in oxic zone, whereas heterotrophy on sedimentary C dominated in sulfate reduction/anammox zone

Radar‐sounding surveys measuring ice thickness in Greenland have enabled an increasingly “complete” knowledge of basal topography and glaciological processes. Where such observations are spatially limited, bed elevation has been interpolated through mass conservation or kriging. Ordinary kriging fails to resolve anisotropy in bed geometry, however, leaving complex topography misrepresented in elevation models of the ice sheet bed. Here, we demonstrate the potential of new high‐resolution (≤5 m) surface topography data (ArcticDEM) to provide enhanced insight into basal and englacial geometry and processes. Notable surface features, quantified via residual surface elevation, are observed coincident with documented subglacial channels, and new, smaller‐scale tributaries (

The objective of this study is to develop and validate a noncontact, nondestructive inspection and imaging method for rapidly assessing the subsurface condition of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite structures. The method works on the principle of planar electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Unlike conventional ECT systems, electrodes are arranged on a rectangular planar surface in the form of a grid. The volume on one side of the electrode plane is interrogated with an electric field, and the mutual capacitances between the electrodes are measured. The volumetric electrical permittivity distribution of the interrogated region is then reconstructed from the measured capacitance responses. In this work, an ECT image reconstruction algorithm was implemented, and a customized planar capacitive imaging system was prototyped. First, different objects were placed near the electrode array, and the corresponding volumetric change in electrical permittivity was successfully captured. Second, the planar ECT system was employed for detecting artificially introduced subsurface defects in 3D-printed objects. Third, CFRP specimens with different sizes of single-layer delamination were fabricated and subjected to ECT interrogation. The results confirmed that the planar ECT system could detect the location and size of delamination in CFRP panels. The accuracy and resolution of the planar ECT prototype were also characterized.

Advanced engineering materials 23(11), 2001502 (2021). doi:10.1002/adem.202001502 special issue: "Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation - Unique Tools for the Characterization of Materials", Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a metal additive manufacturing technology,which enables the manufacturing of complex geometries for various metals andalloys. Herein, parts made from commercially pure titanium are studied usingin situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments. Both the phase transformationand the internal stress buildup are evaluated depending on the processingparameters. For this purpose, evaluation approaches for both temperatureand internal stresses from in situ diffraction patterns are presented. Four differentparameter sets with varying energy inputs and laser scanning strategiesare investigated. A combination of a low laser power and scanning speed leads toa more homogeneous stress distribution in the observed gauge volumes. Theresults show that the phase transformation is triggered during the primarymelting and solidification of the powder and subsurface layers. Furthermore, thestress buildup as a function of the part height during the manufacturing processis clarified. A stress maximum is formed below the part surface, extending intodeeper layers with increasing laser power. A temperature evaluation approach forabsolute internal stresses shows that directional stresses decrease sharply duringlaser impact and reach their previous magnitude again during cooling., Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft fu��r Materialkunde, Frankfurt, M.

Дисертацію присвячено визначенню змісту та особливостей адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування в Україні, існуючих проблем його реалізації та формулюванню напрямків їх усунення. У науковій праці вдосконалюється розуміння понять «надра» та «надрокористування». Набули подальшого розвитку історико-правові аспекти становлення адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування на території сучасної України, зокрема, виокремлено такі етапи: 1) прадавній період (III тис. до н. е. – IX ст.); 2) період Київської Русі та Галицько-Волинської держави (кін. IX ст. – XIII ст.); 3) період Польсько-Литовської держави (кін. XVIII ст. – XVI ст.); 4) період Австрійської держави (30-ті рр. XVI ст. – поч. XX ст.); 5) період Російської імперії (поч. XVIII ст. – XX ст.); 6) революційний період (1917-1921 рр.); 7) радянський період (із 1921 р. до 24 серпня 1991 р.); 8) надрокористування в Україні за часів незалежності (з 24 серпня 1991 р. до сьогодні); Пропонується «нормативно-правове забезпечення надрокористування в Україні» розуміти як правовий механізм, закріплений та конкретизований у нормах актів національного й міжнародного законодавств, спрямований на створення умов для вивчення, раціонального використання та охорони надр місцевого і загальнодержавного значення відповідно до потреб суспільства та держави. Виокремлюються джерела нормативно-правового забезпечення надрокористування в Україні. Визначається, що адміністративно-правовий режим надрокористування – це система встановлених, закріплених та гарантованих державою правових норм, що у своїй сукупності складають комплекс юридичних засобів, які регламентують поведінку суб’єктів надрокористування, порядок і спосіб реалізації ними своїх прав та обов’язків, опосередковані імперативним методом впливу та втілюються спеціально утвореними суб’єктами владних повноважень. До елементів адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування віднесено: 1) мету адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування; 2) принципи адміністративно-правового регулювання надрокористування; 3) систему норм права, що регулюють адміністративно-правові відносини у сфері надрокористування; 4) суб’єктів адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування: користувачів надр та органи управління у сфері надрокористування; 5) методи регулювання адміністративно-правових відносин у сфері надрокористування; 6) заходи забезпечення додержання адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування і припинення його порушень. Класифікуються принципи адміністративно-правового регулювання надрокористування на конституційні, загальні та спеціальні. Формулюється поняття «управління у сфері надрокористування». Установлюється, що: 1) управління у сфері надрокористування в Україні здійснюється уповноваженими органами, наділеними загальною чи спеціальною компетенцією, на загальнодержавному та місцевому рівнях; 2) органи управління у сфері надрокористування зовнішньо відокремлені, що закріплено в їх адміністративно-правовому статусі; 3) діяльність органів управління у сфері надрокористування регламентована нормами адміністративного права; 4) повноваження щодо здійснення державного контролю за раціональним використанням та охороною надр належить до компетенції декількох центральних органів виконавчої влади; 5) діяльність органів управління у сфері надрокористування спрямована на забезпечення сталого економічного розвитку в цій сфері, ефективне використання мінерально-сировинного комплексу в інтересах народу, забезпечення конкурентоспроможності економіки країни загалом. Розкривається зміст поняття «методи адміністративно-правового регулювання правовідносин у сфері надрокористування» та наголошується, що адміністративно-правове регулювання правовідносин у сфері надрокористування здійснюється одночасно за допомогою як імперативного та диспозитивного методів, так і методів заохочення, переконання, примусу, контролю й нагляду. Акцентується на доцільності чіткого розмежування на законодавчому рівні понять «контроль» і «нагляд», а також розроблення та прийняття нового порядку здійснення державного геологічного контролю. Розкриваються особливості адміністративної відповідальності у сфері надрокористування як невід’ємного елемента адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування, який є сукупністю визначених законом заходів впливу держави на неправомірну поведінку фізичних і юридичних осіб у галузі раціонального використання та охорони надр місцевого й загальнодержавного значення з метою припинення останньої, застосування санкцій до правопорушників, а також спонукання до додержання норм законодавства у галузі надрокористування в майбутньому. Установлюється неузгодженість положень ст. 231, 239, 255 КУпАП щодо визначення суб’єкта, наділеного повноваженнями, складати протокол про адміністративні правопорушення, розглядати справи про адміністративні правопорушення, передбачені ст. 57, 58 та 581 КУпАП. Узагальнюється зарубіжний досвід адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування (Норвегії, Франції, США, Канади, Австралії, Чилі, Казахстану, Азербайджану, Киргизстану) та визначаються можливості його використання в Україні. Визначаються напрямки вдосконалення адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування в Україні. Пропонується: 1) в ст. 1 проєкту нового Кодексу України про надра серед основних термінів закріпити поняття «електронні перевірки надрокористувачів» у такому значенні: це документальний невиїзний плановий або позаплановий захід державного контролю, який проводиться щодо надрокористувачів невисокого або середнього ступеня ризику та має на меті проведення комплексного заходу державного нагляду (контролю) для попередження порушень законодавства у галузі надрокористування; 2) доповнити Положення про Державну службу геології та надр України, затверджене Постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 30.12.2015 р. № 1174 п. 141, таким змістом: «висуває претензії про відшкодування шкоди, збитків і втрат, завданих державі внаслідок порушення законодавства з питань геологічного вивчення та раціонального використання надр, розраховує їх розмір, звертається до суду з відповідними позовами». Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що дисертація є одним із перших у вітчизняній юридичній науці адміністративного права комплексним правовим дослідженням адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування в Україні та визначення напрямків його вдосконалення. Теоретична і практична цінність висновків та положень дисертації підтверджується тим, що вони можуть бути використані: 1) для подальшого теоретичного розроблення напрямків удосконалення адміністративно-правового режиму надрокористування в Україні; 2) під час внесення змін до законодавства з питань надрокористування в Україні; 3) під час проведення занять та підготовки навчально-методичної літератури з дисциплін «Адміністративне право», «Земельне право». The dissertation is devoted to the definition of the content and features of the administrative law regime of subsurface use in Ukraine, the existing problems of its implementation and the formulation of directions for their elimination. The scientific work improves the understanding of the concepts of "subsurface resources" and "subsurface use". The historical and legal aspects of the establishment of the administrative law regime of subsurface use on the territory of modern Ukraine have been further developed, in particular, as well as the following stages have been identified: 1) the ancient period (III millennium BC - IX century); 2) the period of Kievan Rus and Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (end of IX century - XIII century); 3) the period of the Polish-Lithuanian state (end of the XVIII century - XVI century); 4) the period of the Austrian state (30's of the XVI century – beginning of XX century); 5) the period of the Russian Empire (beginning of the XVIII century - XX century); 6) the revolutionary period (1917-1921); 7) the Soviet period (from 1921 to August 24, 1991); 8) subsurface use in Ukraine since independence (from August 24, 1991 to the nowadays); It is proposed to understand "regulatory support of subsurface use in Ukraine" as a legal mechanism enshrined and specified in the rules of national and international legislations, aimed at creating conditions for the geological study, rational use and protection of subsurface of local and national significance in accordance with society and state. The sources of regulatory support of subsurface use in Ukraine are determined. The administrative law regime of subsurface use is determined as the system of established, enshrined and guaranteed by the government legal rules that collectively constitute a complex of legal measures that regulates behavior of subjects of subsurface use, the procedure and the way of realization by them their rights and obligations expressed by an imperative tool of impact and are implemented specially by a made public agency. The elements of the administrative law regime of subsurface use include: 1) the purpose of the administrative law regime of subsurface use; 2) principles of administrative law regulation of subsurface use; 3) the system of legal rules that regulate administrative law relations in the field of subsurface use; 4) subjects of the administrative law regime of subsurface use: users of subsurface resources and management bodies in the field of subsurface use; 5) methods of regulation of administrative law relations in the field of subsurface use; 6) measures to ensure compliance with the administrative law regime of subsurface use and termination of its violations. The principles of administrative law regulation of subsurface use are classified into constitutional, general and special. Also the concept of "management in the field of subsurface use" is determined. It is established that: 1) management in the field of subsurface use in Ukraine is carried out by authorized bodies endowed with general or special competence at the national and local levels; 2) management bodies in the field of subsurface use are externally separated, that is enshrined in their administrative and legal status; 3) the activities of government agencies in the field of subsurface use are regulated by administrative law; 4) the authority to exercise state control over the rational use and protection of subsurface belongs to the competence of several central executive bodies; 5) the activities of government agencies in the field of subsurface use are aimed at ensuring sustainable economic development in this area, the effective use of mineral resources for the sake of the people, ensuring the competitiveness of the economy as a whole. The content of the concept "methods of administrative law regulation of legal relations in the field of subsurface use" is clarified and it is emphasized that administrative law regulation of legal relations in the field of subsurface use is carried out simultaneously by imperative and dispositive methods. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of a clear discrepancy at the legislative level of the concepts of "control" and "supervision", as well as the development and adoption of a new procedure for state geological control. Features of administrative responsibility in the field of subsurface use as an integral part of the administrative law regime of subsurface use that includes the application of sanctions to offenders, as well as encouragement to comply with the rules in the field of subsurface use in the future, that is a set of statutory measures of state influence on illegal behavior of individuals and legal entities in the field of rational use and protection of subsurface of local and national significance in order to stop such behaviour. The inconsistency of the provisions of Art. 231, 239, 255 of the Code of Administrative Offenses determining the subject which is endowed with the authority to draw up a report on administrative offenses, to take up cases of administrative offenses under Art. 57, 58 and 581 of the Code of Administrative Offenses. The foreign experience of the administrative law regime of subsurface use (Norway, France, USA, Canada, Australia, Chile, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan) is summarized and the possibilities of its use in Ukraine are generally described. The directions of improvement of the administrative law regime of subsurface use in Ukraine are determined. It is offered: 1) in Art. 1 of the draft of the new Subsurface Code of Ukraine among the main terms to enshrine the concept of "electronic checks of subsurface users" in the following sense: it is a documentary scheduled or unscheduled measure of the state control to prevent violations of legislation in the field of subsurface use; 2) to ammend the Regulation on the State Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 30.12.2015 № 1174 item 141, by adding the following: “puts forward claims for compensation for damage, losses and damages caused to the state as a result of violation of legislation on geological study and rational use of subsurface resources, calculates their size, applies to the court with appropriate claims”. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the dissertation is one of the first a comprehensive legal study of the administrative law regime of subsurface use in Ukraine in the domestic legal science of administrative law and identifies areas for improvement. The theoretical and practical value of the conclusions and provisions of the dissertation is confirmed by the fact that they can be used: 1) for further theoretical development of areas for improving the administrative law regime of subsurface use in Ukraine; 2) when amending the legislation on subsurface use in Ukraine; 3) during classes and preparation of educational and methodical literature in the disciplines of "Administrative Law", "Land Law".

In the area of Arcadia Planitia in the Northern hemisphere of Mars, mounds indicating fluid and sediment emissions have been already recognized. Here, we show that through fractal and fracture‐spacing analyses of a large vent population it is possible to infer the mechanical layering of the underlying subsurface. Our work includes the mapping of an entire population of 9,028 vents over an area of 122,000 km2. The analysis of mound distribution at the surface led to the formulation of inferences about the subsurface feeding conduits, and to the identification of three mechanical discontinuities at c. 4–5, c. 14–23, and c. 50–55 km. This evidence matches the mechanical stratigraphy recorded by the InSight NASA mission, and is in agreement with independent previous subsurface global modeling, supporting our conclusions., Plain Language Summary: The Martian northern hemisphere displays mounds interpreted to be the result of sediment and water erupting onto the surface. We analyzed the mounds spatial distribution and found patterns that reflects the extent at depth of the subsurface conduits that fed those mounds (array of fractures, i.e., high permeability pathways) allowing the sediment and water upwelling. These conduits thus connect the surface to the source of the erupted materials at depth. These source levels are located at the base of layers characterized by mechanical properties different from the adjacent ones (e.g., loose sediments vs. crystalline bedrock). Such layers are hence referred as mechanical discontinuities. We identified three discontinuities: at c. 4–5, c. 14–23, and c. 50–55 km. Our outcomes match the mechanical stratigraphy recorded by the InSight NASA mission, and is in agreement with independent previous subsurface global modeling, supporting our conclusions., Key Points: We present a complete mapping of a large vent population in the Arcadia Planitia region of the northern plains of Mars. We reconstructed the subsurface mechanical layering underlying the vent field using spatial distribution analysis. These analyses proved to be efficient and open the possibility of collecting subsurface rheological data from areas beyond InSight reach., H2020 Excellent Science (H2020 Priority Excellent Science) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010662, DLR Management Board Young Research Group Leader Program, Executive Board Member for Space Research and Technology

В статье рассмотрены проблемы лицензирования пользования участками недр местного значения для строительства и эксплуатации подземных сооружений местного и регионального значения, не связанных с добычей полезных ископаемых, заключающиеся в необходимости получения лицензии на пользование недрами лицами, осуществляющими указанную деятельность. Действующее законодательство Российской Федерации о недрах определяет строительство и эксплуатацию таких подземных сооружений в качестве вида пользования недрами, для осуществления которого необходима лицензия на пользование недрами. При этом правоприменительная практика по данному вопросу характеризуется своей неоднородностью. Кроме того, проблеме лицензирования пользования недрами для рассматриваемых целей сопутствует проблема отсутствия в законодательстве Российской Федерации о недрах определения рассматриваемых подземных сооружений либо случаев, когда их строительство и реконструкция влечет необходимость получения соответствующей лицензии. В связи с наличием данного пробела в законодательстве Российской Федерации о недрах возникает проблема определения отдельных сооружений в качестве указанных подземных сооружений, отнесения деятельности по их строительству и эксплуатации к деятельности, связанной с пользованием недрами и, соответственно, необходимости лицензирования пользования недрами. Данная проблема в правоприменительной практике приводит к нескольким (в большинстве случаев противоположным друг другу) последствиям, которые выражаются либо в самовольном (безлицензионном) пользовании недрами, либо в необходимости получения застройщиками лицензий на пользование недрами, например при строительстве наземных объектов с подземными частями, а также правообладателями таких объектов при их эксплуатации. Автором обоснована необходимость применения механизма лицензирования пользования недрами при осуществлении рассматриваемой деятельности, а также в целях устранения проблем, связанных с определением случаев отнесения строительства и эксплуатации подземных сооружений к деятельности, связанной с пользованием недрами; предлагается включить в законодательство Российской Федерации о недрах определение подземных сооружений, не связанных с добычей полезных ископаемых., This article deals with the problems of licensing the use of subsurface areas of local significance for the construction and operation of underground structures of local and regional significance that are not related to the extraction of minerals, which consist in the need to obtain a license for the use of subsurface resources by persons engaged in this activity. The current legislation of the Russian Federation on subsurface resources defines the construction and operation of such underground structures as a type of subsurface use, for which a license for the use of subsurface resources is required. At the same time, the law enforcement practice on this issue is characterized by its heterogeneity. In addition, the problem of licensing the use of subsurface resources for the purposes under consideration is accompanied by the problem of the lack of a definition of the underground structures under consideration, or the cases, where their construction and reconstruction entail the need to obtain a corresponding license in the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsurface resources. Due to this gap in the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsurface resources, there is a problem of defining certain structures as underground ones, attributing their construction and operation activities to activities related to the use of subsurface resources and, accordingly, the need for licensing the use of subsurface resources. This problem in law enforcement practice leads to contradictory consequences, which are expressed either in the unauthorized (unlicensed) use of subsurface resources, or in the need to obtain licenses for the use of subsurface resources for developers (e.g., during the construction of ground objects with underground parts), as well as for the right holders of such objects during their operation. The author substantiates the need to apply the mechanism of licensing the use of subsurface resources in the implementation of the activities under consideration, and in order to eliminate the problems associated with attributing the construction and operation of underground structures to activities related to the use of subsurface resources, it is proposed to include the definition of underground structures not related to the extraction of minerals in the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsurface resources., Бизнес. Образование. Право, Выпуск 3 (56) 2021

We present a synthetic hydraulic analysis of the propagation of oscillatory perturbations in a two-dimensional saturated zone bounded above by a capillary fringe. Unsaturated flows are simulated in a physical model using a hysteretic form of Richards' equation parameterized using the van Genuchten water retention curve and the Mualem hydraulic conductivity equation for a sand, loam, and intermediate soil. Soil type affects periodic responses as a function of their hydrodynamic and van Genuchten properties. We first analyze the effect of various hydraulic or signal properties on the oscillatory responses simulated at different locations and depths. We then test the imaging potential of oscillatory responses recorded in the saturated zone to spatially charaterize homogeneous or heterogeneous soils, also considering the effect of period of oscillation. We find that a separation of these responses into amplitude/phase couples permits to dissociate the characterization of different hydraulic properties. Periodic amplitudes decay with distance mainly as a function of hydraulic conductivity and phase lags decrease with frequency due to storage in the capillary fringe. Thus, responses amplitude appears to be especially sensitive to conductivity K , which allows to isolate this property from the others. Phases can then be used to better characterize the vertical flows effect, through the Van Genuchten parameters α and n . Higher periods will tend to accentuate the unsaturated flows effect on the responses and can therefore be adopted for a better characterization of α and n . However, using low-period responses can also be useful, as they provide better estimates of conductivity values in media with low heterogeneities. We consider this work as a useful preliminary analysis for future sandbox or field real cases applications and provide advices for such applications in the discussion.