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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented social and economic crisis, not least for hybrid organisations, as they must manage the tension arising from their dual mission to create social and economic value. Building on a theoretical framework for hybrid tension, our work contextualises how tensions emerge and are managed in hybrid organisations when they are exposed to exogenous shocks. We address the following research question. How have hybrid organisations managed the tensions arising from their dual purpose during the COVID-19 crisis? Our focus is on Italian benefit corporations, which are organisations combining social and economic objectives. We conduct two focus groups with 12 Italian benefit corporations. Our findings show the emergence of four constructs that capture the responses to the COVID-19 crisis: social and/or commercial orientation; technological characterisation; internal and external stakeholder relationship; openness to changes. We explain the relationship of these constructs via a framework of performing, organising, learning, and belonging tensions.

Purpose This study aims to examine capital and competency variables – human capital, social capital and personal entrepreneurial competencies – in relation to social innovation development and growth of social enterprises in a developing country with an emerging social enterprise sector: Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A hypothetical-deductive approach was adopted and a quantitative survey by questionnaire was applied to collect data from owners/top management of 103 social enterprises in Thailand. The data were used to test hypotheses and further analysed using partial least squares technique. Findings The results revealed that there were positive direct and indirect (mediating) relationships between human capital, social capital, personal entrepreneurial competencies and social innovation development and growth of Thai social enterprises. Skills and training were key determinants of human capital, whereas social interaction, trust, social identification and shared knowledge were key determinants of social capital which affected social innovation development. Goal orientation, information seeking, opportunity seeking, persuasion and self-confidence were key determinants of entrepreneurial competencies that also affected social innovation development. This study ultimately revealed the mediating effects of social innovation development on the relationships between capital and competency variables and the growth of social enterprises. Originality/value This study fills the research gap, from the theoretical perspective, by identifying capital and competency variables as well as their additional determinants that are divergent from previous literature, which can potentially influence the social innovation development of social enterprises, and where only limited research is evidenced. From an empirical perspective, this study attempts to investigate the associations between these variables and growth indicators in the context of social enterprises in a developing nation, where its sector is in its infancy. This study further helps to clarify the existence of the direct and indirect (mediating) effects of social innovation development in the context of the economic and social accomplishments of social enterprises.

The concepts of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship have been ever more present in public discourse during the past 20–30 years, along with radically different views of the kind and level of socioeconomic or political change that these specific economic ventures (should) aim for. Although social enterprise discourse is often dominated by neoliberal perspectives, which present market-based activity as simply an efficient means of solving all kinds of more or less local and isolated social problems, more critically minded strands of research have been questioning this approach and calling for a broader and more critical perspective. This paper aims to see how these opposing discourses are represented in the Croatian news media, as a discursive sphere which is accessible to a broad public. The analysis focuses on online media in the period 2007–2019 and is based on a comparison between three media types: the online versions of a national daily newspaper and a regional daily newspaper, as well as an online-only progressive non-profit news site. A stark contrast is apparent between mainstream commercial media and alternative non-profit media, i.e. a dominance of neoliberal “enterprise discourse” in the former and more emphasis on a broader political and economic agenda calling for more fundamental, comprehensive and long-term change in the latter.

L'Autore esamina la disciplina del coinvolgimento degli stakeholder nelle imprese sociali, di cui all'art. 11, d.lgs. 112/2017, alla luce delle linee guida ministeriali del 7 settembre 2021. Tra i punti di forza, si evidenzia la presenza di meccanismi cogestionali, mentre tra quelli di debolezza l'esclusione delle cooperative sociali, che sono imprese sociali di diritto, dall'ambito applicativo dell'art. 11. Il saggio si conclude con una valutazione nel complesso positiva: le imprese sociali possono svolgere il ruolo di utile avanguardia nella sperimenta-zione di forme partecipative ambiziose, da estendere de iure condendo all'economia convenzionale.

Almost 25 years after Dees’ article on the meaning of social entrepreneurship, conceptual controversy persists. Based on a qualitative analysis of 209 definitions of social entrepreneurship and respective academic articles, we argue that the concept follows a family resemblance structure and identify the 12 distinct attributes that comprehensively define it. Membership in social entrepreneurship is not defined by a case possessing a universally accepted set of criterial features but by carrying shared attributes with other cases. The family resemblance structure points to the persistent fallacy of using the same term to label different phenomena and cautions researchers against causal homogeneity assumptions among different conceptual subtypes. Assuming a descriptive stance, we shed light on how distinct ethical positions relate to different definitions of social entrepreneurship. Among the existing conceptual variety, we identify four prominent subtypes and find that ‘market-based’ conceptualizations relate to economism, the ‘social business’ subtype relates to rule utilitarian positions, ‘efficiency-driven’ definitions are associated with hedonistic act utilitarian views, and the ‘transformational impact’ subtype is akin to a eudemonic act utilitarian stance.

Purpose This paper aims to analyse how sustainable second-hand stores (SSHSs) use storytelling as a legitimization strategy. Second-hand stores have traditionally relied on a charity identity to attract customers. More recently, changing market demands, the growing popularity of second-hand shopping, “vintage” and online shopping have opened up new opportunities for these social enterprises (SEs). This study asks how SSHSs can maintain their legitimacy with incumbent stakeholders while also exploiting these new opportunities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses an abductive approach starting from existing knowledge on how storytelling builds legitimacy in conventional enterprises. The authors collected qualitative data and interviewed owners and managers of second-hand stores in the Netherlands. This paper specifically looked at how second-hand stores are using their web shops to convey stories and build legitimacy with (new) audiences. Findings Contrary to the authors’ expectations, they found that the web shop is not used as a site for storytelling the mission of the store but is rather a stage for specific products that tell a story of trendy and vintage shopping. This attracts a new customer segment to the store that conventionally does not shop there. This paper concludes that second-hand stores use vintage products as symbols in storytelling through their web shop to gain access to a new market. By foregoing to tell the story of their mission on the web shop, the second-hand stores are choosing to keep their charity and business identity separate. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper makes an original contribution by analysing how second-hand stores are actively exploiting new opportunities created by a changing market context and seeking to maintain legitimacy while doing so. This paper argues that legitimacy is not a static “reward,” rather, something that evolves with the enterprise. This research adds to the body of literature on legitimacy and more specifically cultural entrepreneurship, which holds that entrepreneurs can actively gain and maintain legitimacy through storytelling.

One of the most important aspects of social entrepreneurship is its ability to not only provide training to unemployed people but also to provide employment opportunities for them. While both unemployment and non-employment refer to situations in which people are not working, they represent different groups of people and have different economic and social consequences. Unemployment is generally regarded as a negative outcome that leads to lower economic growth and social challenges, whereas for some people, nonemployment can be a deliberate choice or a necessary stage of life. The global spread of the COVID-19 virus coincided with the onset of a severe economic downturn. Unemployment and Non-employment disproportionately affect those living in poverty and those already at a disadvantage. If social entrepreneurship is to be successful in significantly lowering the unemployment rate, it must be approached with clarity, strategy, and consistency. The rural economy is the focus of social entrepreneurship, which aims to improve it by employing the unskilled and uneducated. Chetna Sinha's Mann Deshi Mahila Bank provided job opportunities and financial services to rural Indian women. MIMO and other social enterprises hope to train rural residents to work in the digital economy. This prevents those individuals from traveling to cities in search of employment. The article discusses the importance of social entrepreneurship, what factors contribute to unemployment, and provides several examples of successful social enterprises that have actively served as a platform for the unemployed. The article focuses on India's and Europe's perspectives in particular.

Cybercrime has become a global issue, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. As the reliance on digital technology continues to grow, cybercriminals have found novel methods to take advantage of weaknesses and perpetrate illegal activities online. The main reasons which contribute to this sharp rise in the cases of cyberbullying are the widespread availability of the internet, the anonymity provided by the sites and the urge to exert power. Victims generally face severe consequences like deteriorating mental health, depression and suicidal tendency. The bullies also show a correlation with substance abuse, dysfunctional families and mental health struggles. Introduction of intervention programs in schools and educational centres along with social apps which are now available online, the mitigation measures for cyberbullying have increased exponentially. This article explores the effect of cyberbullying on the victims, the offenders and the bystanders. It evaluates the possible reasons a cyberbully chooses to attempt the practice and what role a bystander has during the occurrence of the bullying. Following that social start-ups and policies combating cyberbullying are listed. The impact created by these intervention programs and social policies is discussed. Overall, the advent of cybercrime has transformed the landscape of crime and security, presenting new challenges and opportunities for countries around the world.

An Ontology for Representing Impact The Common Impact Data Standard (Data Standard) is a standardized way to represent a social purpose organization’s impact model (i.e. a theory of change, logic model, outcome chain, etc.) and the effects of their work on people and the planet. The purpose of the Common Impact Data Standard is to create a shared data model with which to capture, export, and import data about impact measurement. The standard is essentially a set of detailed descriptions of how data should be structured to allow interoperability with other aligned software products. This approach allows data to be moved between applications without any additional mapping., {"references":["Fox, M., Chionglo, J.F., and Fadel, F.G., (1993), \"A Common Sense Model of the Enterprise\", Proceedings of the 2nd Industrial Engineering Research Conference , pp. 425-429, Norcross GA: Institute for Industrial Engineers.","Fox, M.S., Barbuceanu, M., Gruninger, M., and Lin, J., (1998), \"An Organisation Ontology for Enterprise Modeling\", In Simulating Organizations: Computational Models of Institutions and Groups, M. Prietula, K. Carley & L. Gasser (Eds), Menlo Park CA: AAAI/MIT Press, pp. 131-152.","Fox, M.S., (2013), \"A Foundation Ontology for Global City Indicators\", Working Paper, Enterprise Integration Laboratory, University of Toronto, Revised 13 October 2017.","Fox, M.S. (2015) \"The Role of Ontologies in Publishing and Analyzing City Indicators\", Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 54, pp. 266-279.","Horridge, M., Drummond, N., Goodwin, J., Rector, A. L., Stevens, R., & Wang, H. (2006, November). The Manchester OWL syntax. In OWLed (Vol. 216).","Poblet, M., Casanovas, P., & Rodríguez-Doncel, V. (2019). Introduction to Linked Data. In Linked Democracy (pp. 1-25). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-13363-4_1","Rijgersberg, H., Wigham, M., and Top, J.L., (2011), \"How Semantics can Improve Engineering Processes: A Case of Units of Measure and Quantities\", Advanced Engineering Informatics, Vol. 25, pp. 276-287.","Ralser, T., (2008). Organizational Value/Nonprofit ROI. ROI For Nonprofits: The New Key to Sustainability (pp. 51–66). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley."]}

Universities have an important role in advancing sustainable development by educating future professionals. As an effective approach to scaling sustainability education, the author implemented a problem-based service-learning (PBSL) project with Ten Thousand Villages, a fair-trade non-profit social enterprise (SE), into a Product Innovation and Management course at a public university in the US. The purpose of this study was first, to explore the significance of, strategies for, and barriers to sustainability education in higher education; second, to present a case of a PBSL project systemically incorporated into a course; and third, to propose a PBSL model to facilitate its wide adoption in other courses. A qualitative research method was adopted employing open coding and the constant comparative method to analyze students’ written reflections. Unlike the hypothesized model with a commercial enterprise, the findings revealed that fourteen new themes emerged for the PBSL model; most were consistent with the characteristics of SE. Through this study, educators and practitioners will be able to recognize the urgent need for the scaling of sustainability education and will be inspired to adopt problem-based service learning as a viable pedagogical approach. Further, the study will provide educators and practitioners with insights into its effective implementation into higher education.

The National Social Enterprise Policy of Ireland was launched in 2019 following a slow and episodic process. The aim of the paper is to examine the development and implementation of the National Social Enterprise Policy. In particular the interaction between key sectoral stakeholders in the development of the policy and the primary influences on the process. The results of a substantial qualitative enquiry details the complex set of relationships underpinning the development of social enterprise policy in a multi-level governance framework. It situates the National Social Enterprise Policy in an environment unusually susceptible to sub-sectoral advocacy and highlights the particular characteristics of the Irish case where social enterprise policy is largely removed from broader social economy policy interventions in Ireland and the European Union. The paper highlights the complex and fluid environment in which various stakeholders articulated and advocated for their policy positions. It also details how the relevant policy institutions engaged with and were influenced by stakeholders. It contributes to the understanding of social enterprise policy formulation and how this process can become more inclusive.

Društveno poduzetništvo nastalo je kao nužan odgovor na potrebe današnjeg društva i gospodarstva. Diplomski rad bavi se društvenim poduzetništvom u Hrvatskoj, te njegovim izazovima razvoja. Definiraju se pojam društvene ekonomije i njemu srodni pojmovi, kao i principi društvene ekonomije. Definira se i pojam društvenog poduzetništva, dimenzije i načela istog te se daje prikaz SWOT analize sektora u Hrvatskoj. Također se definira pojam društvenog poduzeća te se daje prikaz razlika u odnosu na tradicionalna poduzeća, uz glavna područja njihova djelovanja. Prikazuju se ekosustav društvenih poduzeća u Europi i Hrvatskoj, kriteriji za prepoznavanje društvenih poduzeća, strateški okvir, zakonodavni okvir, financijski okvir, te institucionalni okvir društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj. Provedeno istraživanje potvrdilo je postavljene hipoteze, nedovoljna institucionalna podrška otežava razvoj društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj te je postojeći financijski okvir nedostatan za razvoj društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj. Istraživanjem se potvrđuje kako je potrebno uložiti veće napore u sustav podrške razvoju društvenom poduzetništvu, posebice u institucionalni i financijski okvir podrške. Rad zaključuje kako društveno poduzetništvo može igrati ključnu ulogu u rješavanju izazova siromaštva, socijalne nejednakosti, klimatskih promjena i društvene nepravde te da posjeduje vrijedan potencijal za stvaranje vrijednosti za zajednicu i gospodarstvo. Social entrepreneurship has emerged as a necessary response to the needs of today's society and economy. The thesis deals with social entrepreneurship in Croatia and its development challenges. The concept of social economy and its related concepts, as well as the principles of social economy, are defined. The concept of social entrepreneurship, dimensions and principles thereof are also defined and the SWOT analysis of the sector in Croatia is presented. It also defines the concept of social enterprise, and gives an overview of differences from traditional enterprises along the main areas of their activity. Social enterprise ecosystem in Europe and Croatia, criteria for identifying social enterprises, strategic framework, legislative framework, financial framework, and institutional framework of social entrepreneurship in Croatia are presented. The conducted research confirmed the hypotheses, insufficient institutional support hinders the development of social entrepreneurship in Croatia and the existing financial framework is insufficient for the development of social entrepreneurship in Croatia. The research confirms the need for greater efforts in the development support system for social entrepreneurship, especially in the institutional and financial support framework. The paper concludes that social entrepreneurship can play a key role in addressing the challenges of poverty, social inequality, climate change and social injustice, and that it has valuable potential to create values for the community and the economy.

PurposeThis paper aims to verify which intangible assets attributable to intellectual capital (IC) influence the anti-cyclical nature and the resilience of social enterprises (SEs) during systemic crises and whether these factors take on particular connotations in female-run SEs.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative methodology based on multiple case studies is used to answer the research questions. A set of SEs operating in the catering sector is analyzed. The analysis is carried out by in-depth interviews with male and female managers of SEs to understand which resilience IC factors were most activated during full emergency and recovery stages.FindingsThe results confirm the anti-cyclical nature of SEs and their resilience to systemic crises. No distinct differences emerge between female and male SEs. Concerning the IC, relational capital (RC) is the most relevant intangible asset for small and medium-sized SEs. Internal and external relations support them during the crisis and the consolidation of trusted ties, formal and informal, external and internal, favor the Recovery. The RC is a crucial resource even in bigger SEs, but some differences are detected concerning the smaller ones. In the smaller SEs, informal relations prevail, while formal relations prevail in the larger ones, particularly with institutions. Furthermore, the RC is the sole or primary resource in the smaller SEs, while the bigger SEs can count on more varied intangible resources.Originality/valueThis study offers an original contribution to studies on IC by focusing on the factors little analyzed by existing studies: (1) SE management, (2) the contribution of IC to the resilience of non-profit-oriented enterprises and (3) the search for elements of differentiation between SEs with male and female leadership.

Social problems can accumulate for years in various areas of our life: education, medicine, environmental protection. An effective way is to create organizations that independently generate income to solve social problems based on innovative approaches and solutions. The combination of a business approach and a social component form the concept of social entrepreneurship. The variety of definitions is due to the fact that entrepreneurship, as a type of activity, is based on various scientific disciplines: economics, sociology, business, anthropology, ethics, psychology. The work provides a critical analysis of the definition of the concept of "social entrepreneurship", the definition of a social enterprise, and defines the main features of a social entrepreneur. The obtained results are structured with an emphasis on the main factors affecting the formation of social entrepreneurship. It is suggested that social entrepreneurship should be understood as the process of introducing innovative solutions and ideas with the help of business tools into the country’s economic system with the aim of having a social impact on society. On the basis of the analysis of social enterprises in different locations, the challenges of today, which concern both social entrepreneurship and classical business, have been identified. These challenges relate to the essential issues of creating jobs and directing profits to solve important social problems and help the country. Examples of the functioning of social enterprises in Ukraine in war conditions with the aim of supporting society are given.&nbsp, Соціальні проблеми можуть накопичуватися роками в різних сферах нашого життя: освіті, медицині, охороні навколишнього середовища. Ефективним шляхом є створення організацій, які самостійно генерують дохід для вирішення соціальних проблем на основі інноваційних підходів і рішень. Поєднання бізнес-підходу та соціальної складової формують концепцію соціального підприємництва. Різноманітність визначень зумовлена тим, що підприємництво, як вид діяльності, базується на різних наукових дисциплінах: економіці, соціології, бізнесі, антропології, етиці, психології. У роботі проведено критичний аналіз визначення поняття «соціальне підприємництво», дефініції соціального підприємства та визначено основні риси соціального підприємця. Отримані результати структуровано з акцентуванням уваги на основних факторах, що впливають на формування соціального підприємництва. Запропоновано під соціальним підприємництвом розуміти процес впровадження інноваційних рішень та ідей за допомогою бізнес-інструментів в економічну систему країни з метою соціального впливу на суспільство. На основі проведеного аналізу соціальних підприємств у різних локаціях виявлено виклики сьогодення, які стосуються як соціального підприємництва, так і класичного бізнесу. Ці виклики торкаються суттєвих питань створення робочих місць і спрямування прибутків на вирішення важливих соціальних проблем і допомогу країні. Наведено приклади функціонування соціальних підприємств в Україні в умовах війни з метою підтримки суспільства.&nbsp

We study how receiving credit from a social bank (Banca Prossima), created in 2008, has affected the economic performance of social enterprises in Italy in the following years. Social enterprises are key providers of welfare services in the country, but due to their legal status as not-for-profit organizations they have difficulty raising capital. Consequently, their growth is often very slow. Credit could replace capital, but not-for-profit organizations are often subject to credit constraints. Moreover, given that they cannot choose the optimal combination of credit and capital, the effect of credit on the economic performance of social enterprises is far from clear. We use a proprietary data set and a difference-in-differences approach to compare social enterprises that received credit from the social bank and those that did not receive it. The results suggest that receivers significantly increase their production, fixed assets, properties, and employment when they have access to new credit. The results are robust to several tests and an alternative identification strategy that combines matching and difference-in-differences methods.

日本では、経済の不均衡発展により、生産･生活条件が不利な地域で過疎化が深刻な状況にある。高齢化･更なる人口減少は、地域の維持を困難にするだけでなく、国土保全、食糧確保、生物多様性の確保など、地域社会だけの問題ではなく、日本社会全体の生活・環境問題へとつながっており、政策課題として重視されている。愛媛県西予市明浜町狩江地区では過疎化・高齢化の進む地域の問題を、環境保全型農業を推進している地域農業者集団「無茶々園」を核として解決に挑んできた。その1 つは、不足する農業労働者を外国人研修生により補完することだが、彼らの母国で環境保全型農業を普及することにより、途上国の有機農業の発展、過疎化の防止を目論む。母国での有機農業を支援し、競合しない有機農産物を日本に輸入することにより、自らの集団を維持しながら途上国の問題も解決できると考えた。一方、地区内の高齢化に対しては、特別養護老人ホームに入れない高齢者のための施設を開設し、社会的企業としての活動している。In Japan, due to uneven economic development, depopulation is more serious in areas where agricultural production and living conditions are considered unfavorable. Aging and further decline in population not only makes it difficult to maintain the regional community, but also impacts national land conservation, food security, and biodiversity. These issues present livelihood and environmental challenges for Japanʼs society and are therefore prioritized as a policy issue. In the Karie district of Akehama-cho, Ehime Prefecture, a local farmer group called “Muchachaen” have been trying to solve the problems of depopulation and aging by promoting environment-friendly agriculture. One of the goals of the project is to supplement the shortage of agricultural workers with foreign trainees. By teaching the trainees methods in environment-friendly agriculture, the trainees can promote this in their home countries, and as a result this helps to expand organic agriculture in developing countries and prevent depopulation. By supporting organic farming in their home countries and importing non-competitive organic agricultural products into Japan, the “Muchachaen” group aim to solve the problems of developing countries while maintaining their own organization. Regarding the issue of aging, the “Muchachaen” group opened a facility for the elderly who cannot afford special nursing homes. It operates as a social enterprise.

In this paper we report on the perceptions of co-production in the UK voluntary, community and social enterprise sector from those directly involved. We conducted five case studies, each involving interviews with two people who had formed a co-production relationship. We found positive perceptions of co-production from all interviewees. We suggest organisational and individual factors that are important to successful co-production and provide practical examples. We reflect on implications for practice by considering co-production relationships, time and resources.

Social entrepreneurs need resources to develop their organizations and catalyze social impact. Existing research focuses on how social entrepreneurs access and use resources, yet it neglects how they search for resource holders. This issue is particularly salient in social entrepreneurs’ decisions about whom to approach for interpersonal feedback as a valuable resource. The current literature offers lists of individuals whom social entrepreneurs approach for feedback and implies these individuals can be easily accessed. Thus, it offers little insight into how social entrepreneurs select whom to approach for feedback and why, or why they struggle to access feedback. We conducted an in-depth inductive study based on 82 interviews with 36 nascent social entrepreneurs to investigate how they search for and select individuals to approach for feedback within and outside their social networks through an iterative appraisal process. Our findings start to open the black box of searching for resource holders in the resource mobilization process and offer insights on power and stigma in social entrepreneurship.

The literature on social enterprises has largely examined tradeoffs at the organizational level. In this study, we examine tradeoffs at the employee level. By analyzing the case of an Ecuadorian microfinance institution, we show that the tenure of social enterprise employees affects individual social and financial performance differently: the relationship between tenure and social performance is positive, whereas the relationship between tenure and financial performance is an inverted U-shape. Furthermore, our results suggest that social enterprise employees with the longest tenure are the least inclined to experience tradeoff tensions.

Humanitarian social enterprises (HSEs) are facing mounting pressure to incorporate social innovation into their practice. This study thus identifies how HSEs leverage organizational capabilities toward developing social innovation. Specifically, it considers how resource scarcity and operating circumstances affect the capabilities used by HSEs for developing social innovation, using a longitudinal case study approach with qualitative data from 12 hunger-relief HSEs operating in the United States. Based on 59 interviews with 31 managers and directors and related documents, several propositions are posited. The findings suggest that resource availability (i.e., scarcity vs. abundance) leads some HSEs to focus on developing social innovation using their collaborative capabilities, while others leverage their absorptive capacity. Further, HSEs adjust their approach to developing social innovation based on whether they are operating in ordinary circumstances (i.e., before the COVID pandemic) or extraordinary ones (i.e., during the COVID pandemic). Interestingly, the findings suggest that the organizational capabilities used by HSEs are adjusted as these enterprises become more familiar with extraordinary operating circumstances. For example, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, resource-scarce HSEs focused on parallel bricolage to develop social innovation. Subsequently, they focused on selective bricolage. The findings offer novel insights by relating the social innovation of social enterprises to crisis management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10551-021-05014-9.

As of June 2019, there are 14,094 cooperatives that are registered under the Malaysian Cooperative Commission with a total membership of 6,068,570. The contribution of the cooperative towards the community development is significant especially in the socio-economic impact. The cooperatives are operated based on the values and principles that revolve around the economic well-being of the society. A high percentage of businesses has failed during their startup period but this phenomenon can be reduced to a minimum if the can understand their business model. In Malaysia, one of the most common strategic tools used to gauge the business model of a company is Business Model Canvas (BMC) by Alexander Osterwalder. Although its use is widespread among startup businesses, the concept of BMC strategic tools in the context of cooperative business in Malaysia has not been thoroughly evaluated especially when it comes to the application by the cooperatives. This paper will examine the 9 buildings block in BMC and evaluate their compatibility towards the cooperative sector in Malaysia. The author will give suggestions on improving the current BMC to best suit the cooperative sector, {"references":["Ariffin, S., & Hamidon, S. (2017). Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Shah Alam: Oxfor Fajar Sdn Bhd","Chesbrough, H. W. (2003, Spring). The Era of Open Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(3), pp. 34-41","Ching, H. Y., & Fauvel, C. (2013, December). Criticisms, Variations and Experiences with Business Model Canvas. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research, 1(2), 26-37","Chlopkova, J. (2002). European Cooperative Movement - Bcakground and Common Denominators. Denmark: The Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University Food and Resource Economic Institute","Cleverism. (2019, August 27). How to Assess the Quality of Your Business Model. Retrieved from CLEVERISM: http://www.cleverism.com/how-to-assess-quality-of-business-model..."]}

To commemorate 40 years since the founding of the Journal of Business Ethics, the editors in chief of the journal have invited the editors to provide commentaries on the future of business ethics. This essay comprises a selection of commentaries aimed at creating dialogue around the theme Business versus Ethics? (inspired by the title of the commentary by Jefrey Harrison). The authors of these commentaries seek to transcend the age-old separation fallacy (Freeman in Bus Ethics Q 4(4):409–421, 1994) that juxtaposes business and ethics/society, posing a forced choice or trade of. Providing a contemporary take on the classical question “if it’s legal is it ethical?”, David Hess explores the role of the law in promoting or hindering stakeholder-oriented purpose and governance structure. Jefrey Harrison encourages scholars to move beyond the presupposition that businesses are either strategic or ethical and explore important questions at the intersection of strategy and ethics. The proposition that business models might be inherently ethical or inherently unethical in their design is developed by Sheila Killian, who examines business systems, their morality, and who they serve. However, the conundrum that entrepreneurs are either lauded for their self-belief and risk-taking, or loathed for their self-belief and risk-taking, is discussed by M. Tina Dacin and Julia Rolof using the metaphor of taboos and totems. These commentaries seek to explore positions that advocate multiplicity and tensions in which business ethics is not either/or but both.

ABAC Journal, 43, 2, 188-206

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to evaluate benefits of the re-use centre Kabinet CB s.r.o. for the South Bohemian Region, with emphasis on cooperation between the re-use centre Kabinet CB s.r.o. and the Nábytková banka Jihočeského kraje z.s. These benefits are evaluated from an environmental, social and economic perspective. Data collected from interviews with representatives of both organisations are used to assess these benefits. The diploma thesis is complemented with a model example of cooperation between the two organisations, represented by a selected type of furniture (wooden chairs). The obtained results of the diploma thesis will be used for further development of both organizations, but also for the whole local area within the Česká federace nábytkových bank a re-use center.

Social entrepreneurship plays a key role in making tourism an inclusive activity. Literature on the topic is increasing but needs to pay more attention to collaboration, which is crucial for social enterprises. To overcome this gap, the present study focuses on the impact that social entrepreneurs’ drivers and barriers towards collaboration might have on providing decent work in rural tourism. The research considers the case of social farming, which has important implications for developing inclusive tourism. By applying the coding technique to twelve in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs in the Marche region (Italy), the research reveals different themes and sub-themes influencing the four pillars of decent work identified by the International Labour Organization. Results show that the drivers towards collaboration positively impact new employment opportunities and social security for social entrepreneurs and the most fragile people targeted by their services. Instead, the lack of resources for social businesses and the low embeddedness are the main dimensions hindering the provision of well-being through tourism. This study provides managerial and policy implications to sustain inclusive tourism activities in social farming. It concludes with the main limitations and possible directions for future research.

Motivation: My motivation for conducting this research project is to understand the sensemaking process of the members of Green Savers Bangladesh (GSB) and Yunus & You Ventures (YYV) to understand the key challenges to engage citizens and stakeholders to pursue social sustainability values through the organizational activities. This research project can contribute to the field of social entrepreneurship to grasp new knowledge in the country perspective of Bangladesh in understanding the key challenges in achieving social sustainability value creation through civic engagement through the lens of the case organization’s members. However, this research cannot be considered to assess all the other unexplored social enterprises in Bangladesh. I intend to apply Karl Weick’s theory of Organizational Sensemaking in understanding the sensemaking process of the members of the case organizations. Besides, Robert Putnam’s theory of Social Capital explained by Julia Häuberer is also applied to recognize the organizational strategies in building relationships with locality and engaging potential stakeholders. Overall, the social constructivist approach has been applied to understand the distinctive features of societal context and practices experienced by the members of GSB and YYV in creating knowledge and sensemaking to recognize key challenges. Objective: I aim to explore the two social enterprises in Bangladesh to understand how the members of GSB & YYV make sense of understanding key challenges while pursuing social sustainability value creation through civic engagement through their organizational activities. Research Method: A qualitative research method is applied to collect data from the field. A total of six qualitative semi-structured expert interviews have been conducted online. The thematic coding method is applied for data analysis and to generate thematic coding from the data NVIVO software was used. Besides, secondary data was also collected to enrich the to add new perspectives to data analysis. Conclusion: GSB is a social enterprise working closely with community people, different networks, and public and private institutions to advocate for ecological sustainability. YYV is aiming to engage potential entrepreneurs to create a sustainable social business in Bangladesh. GSB & YYV engage stakeholders/partners to sustain economically while creating value for society through organizational actions. Both GSB and YYV claimed to experience diverse challenges in operating organizational actions while engaging the community people and stakeholders. The members' empirical experiences explaining the past and current challenges reveal the formation of their sensemaking process.

Purpose In 2022, the EMES Network celebrated its 20th anniversary. The purpose of this paper is to trace the intellectual path of social enterprise (SE) research that has unfolded through some of the major EMES research projects. Design/methodology/approach This journey is recounted through three major milestones: (1) the emergence and development of the EMES approach; (2) the identification of various SE schools of thought; (3) the International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project. Findings The first section digs into the roots of the EMES approach—an ideal-type which allowed researchers to explore an SE field that was then largely unknown. In a second stage, a reading grid was developed to identify the different SE conceptions, their convergences and their divergences. In a third step, the ICSEM Project, acknowledging the impossibility to provide a single, universal definition of SE, aimed to identify SE models across the world. Defourny and Nyssens developed an SE typology and made the hypothesis that it was neither countryspecific nor even context-specific. Based on the EMES ideal-type (which constituted a particularly relevant tool to inform the diversity of SE models), data were collected on over 700 social enterprises worldwide; three major SE models were found in almost all the countries covered. Originality This contribution does not aim to summarise all the—numerous and fruitful—research projects carried out by EMES members, but to show the common thread that runs through several of them.

Background: Among the biggest threats to mankind are various environmental problems which have been mainly triggered by human interference with the planet. There have been various ineffective efforts to mitigate these detrimental effects. Therefore, another solution might come in the form of social enterprises tackling the aforesaid environmental problems. However, to increase the impact, they need to scale up. It is therefore of paramount importance to understand their major scale-up challenges as well as proposed solutions to scale up successfully. Along with that, we also scrutinize further scale-up opportunities to uncover the hidden potential of scaling up. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between social enterprises and their power to tackle environmental problems. We further build on what social enterprises tackling environmental problems must do to mitigate identified scale-up challenges successfully and to be able to seize any scale-up opportunity that comes their way with the main aim of scaling up their positive environmental impact.Method: Ontology – Relativism; Epistemology – Social Constructionism; Strategy –Qualitative, Exploratory; Approach – Inductive; Design – Grounded theory; Data Collection –10 semi-structured interviews; Sampling – Purposive, snowball; Data Analysis – Grounded AnalysisConclusion: Several factors hinder scaling up and solutions to those lie mainly in four key concepts i.e. business idea, value proposition, competency and collaboration. That has been presented in our proposed model (The Hot Air Balloon Model of Scaling Up). We believe that if these four key concepts are well addressed by SEEPs, they are likelier to overcome challenges as well as are in a better position to attract opportunities. Successful scale-up leads to better financial performance along with the overall objective of scaling up the positive environmental impact.

Cross-sector partnerships offer great potential by bringing public and private organisations together to share resources, knowledge and expertise as they work to address complex economic, social and environmental issues. Despite this potential, the diverse perspectives and approaches inherent in cross-sector partnerships mean that they do not always deliver on their promise. This is particularly the case in partnerships where Indigenous and non-Indigenous partners are collaborating to create value for Indigenous communities, as different priorities of partners can lead to tensions in how work is conceptualised, organised, and experienced. My research involves a three-year, longitudinal case study of an Indigenous-led, cross-sector partnership bringing together over 40 organisations. Led by the Eden Local Aboriginal Land Council, this cross-sector partnership aims to create a cultural tourism social enterprise along the Bundian Way, a 365-kilometre walking route of major significance to Aboriginal custodians of the region. My research explores how partners overcome tensions and develop new ways of working together. I present an original theoretical model of reflexive emotio-temporal work, which I define as a process through which temporal frames may be adjusted in response to the reflexive questioning generated and reinforced by emotions. I contribute to the literature on temporal work by highlighting the role emotions play in temporal work processes. At the same time, this work contributes to research on emotions by articulating how emotions play a role in organising. I also contribute to Indigenous organisational studies, emphasising the important roles Indigenous peoples, knowledges and ways of thinking can play in developing innovative approaches to organising. Finally, I contribute to theory on cross-sector partnerships by illustrating how emotions, reflexivity and temporal work are fundamental to the long-term engagement these partnerships require.

Starptautiskais bizness un tiesības Vadība, administrēšana un nekustamo īpašumu pārvaldība International Business and Law Management, Administration and Real Estate Management Nabadzība, klimata izmaiņas, veselības un izglītības trūkums, enerģētikas krīze ir tikai dažas no globālām pasaules problēmām, kas rosinājuši politikas veidotājus pievērsties ilgtspējīgai uzņēmējdarbības veidošanai, kas ietver ekonomikas atjaunošanu, videi draudzīgākus risinājumus, lielāku sociālo vienlīdzību un iekļaušanu, uzņemoties lielāku atbildību par radīto ietekmi. Sociālā uzņēmējdarbība ir dzīvotspējīgs un vajadzīgs biznesa modelis, kā virzīt pasauli tuvāk ilgtspējīgas attīstības mērķu sasniegšanai. 2021. gada 9. decembrī Eiropas Komisija apstiprināja Sociālās ekonomikas rīcības plānu, kas ietver virkni pasākumu laika posmā no 2021. gada – 2030. gadam, lai atbalstītu sociālās ekonomikas attīstību. Sociālais uzņēmums ir viena no sociālās ekonomikas sastāvdaļām, kurš darbojas ar mērķi sasniegt kādu sociālu vai videi nepieciešamu ilgtspējīgu risinājumu, taču lielākā sociālo uzņēmumu attīstības problēmām ir nepietiekamas finansējums. Pētījums sastāv no 3 daļām. Pētījuma pirmajā daļā tiek apskatīta sociālā uzņēmuma un sociālās uzņēmējdarbības jēdziens, attīstība, galvenie sociālo uzņēmumu alternatīvie finansējuma avoti un to veidi. Otrajā nodaļā tiek pētīts sociālo uzņēmumu Latvijā un Eiropas savienībā statistikas dati, kāda veida alternatīvo finansējums pieejams sociālajiem uzņēmumiem, tā apguve un aktualitāte. Pētījuma trešā daļa sastāv no pētījumu metodoloģijas apraksta un rezultātiem. Pētījumā beigās definēti galvenie secinājumi un priekšlikumi. Pētījumā tika izmantotas vairākas pētījuma metodes: monogrāfiskā metode, statistisko datu analīze, sekundārā datu analīze, grafiskā metode, kvalitatīvā pētījuma metode – ekspertu intervijas. Pētījuma mērķis ir izstrādāt priekšlikumus alternatīvā finansējuma pilnveidei un attīstībai sociālajiem uzņēmumiem Latvijā. Kvalitatīvās metodes ietvaros tika veiktas intervijas ar sociālās uzņēmējdarbības jomas ekspertiem, kā rezultātā tika novērtēti alternatīvā finansējuma pieejamība, aktualitāte sociālajiem uzņēmumiem Latvijā, kā arī konkrētu alternatīvā finansējuma veidu pilnveides un attīstības iespējas. Pētījumā tika secināts, ka sociālie uzņēmumi Latvijā pagaidām ir mazi, vēl neattīstījušies, un to pieprasījums un aktualitāte pēc alternatīvā finansējuma, izņemot valsts grantus, ir maza. Taču sociālo uzņēmumu vajadzība pēc papildus finansējuma ir būtiska, tādēļ ir potenciāls attīstīt atsevišķus alternatīvā finansējuma veidus sociālajiem uzņēmumiem Latvijā. Poverty, climate change, lack of health and education, the energy crisis are just few of the global world problems that have prompted policy makers to focus on developement of sustainable business, which includes regeneration of economics, greener solutions, greater social equity and inclusion, taking greater responsibility for impact. Social entrepreneurship is a viable and necessary business model for moving the world closer to achieving sustainable development goals. On December 9, 2021, the European Commission approved the Social Economy Action Plan, which includes a series of measures in the period from 2021 to 2030 to support the development of the social economy. A social enterprise is one of the components of the social economy, which operates with the goal of achieving some socially or environmentally necessary sustainable solution, but the biggest problem of social enterprise development is insufficient funding. The thesis title is “Availability of alternative financing and development opportunities for social enterprises in Latvia”. The thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part examines the concept and development of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship, the main alternative sources of financing for social enterprises and their types. The second chapter examines the statistical data of social enterprises in Latvia and the European Union, what kind of alternative financing is available for social enterprises, its acquisition and relevance. The third chapter of the thesis consists of the description of the research methodology and the results. At the end of the thesis, the main conclusions and proposals are defined. There were several methods used in the study: the monographic method, the analysis of statistical data, the analysis of secondary data, the graphical method, the method of qualitative research - expert interviews. The aim of the research is to develop prerequisites for the improvement and development of alternative financing for social enterprises in Latvia. Within the framework of the qualitative method, interviews were conducted with experts in the field of social entrepreneurship, as a result of which the availability of alternative financing, the relevance of social enterprises in Latvia, as well as the improvement and development possibilities of specific types of alternative financing were evaluated. It was concluded that social enterprises in Latvia are still small, undeveloped, and their demand and relevance for alternative financing, except for state grants, is small. However, the need for additional funding for social enterprises is essential, therefore there is potential to develop certain types of alternative financing for social enterprises in Latvia.

The lockdown regulations aiming at avoiding the spread of the new coronavirus COVID-19 have caused disruptions in organizations of all types or sizes. In order to survive and remain competitive, enterprises have moved online. In line with the dramatic changes around the globe triggered by the regulations as a part of preventive measures, social enterprises switched to working from home. As a result, entrepreneurs have to learn new digital skills to capture the potential of digitalization as it is considered to have an ability to accelerate economic recovery after the pandemic. Yet digitalization influences organizational processes and operations and requires changes in strategies. In light of these transformations, researching social enterprises from different angles is of particular importance when economies are facing the threat of recession, as social entrepreneurship addresses market failure and can tackle social problems. Social entrepreneurs can find innovative solutions to modern challenges and help society and economies to transform. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the feasibility of remote working and digitalization in social enterprises. The paper outlines remote working concerns in social enterprises in the Republic of Georgia and analyses flextime opportunities for enterprise employees. The empirical study is based on a qualitative research approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with the seventeen Georgian social entrepreneurs to explore the research questions. The paper contributes to understanding remote working in social enterprises and offers suggestions for future study directions in this under-researched area.

The chapter is intended to share the author's experience with social enterprise and start-ups gained in the developing countries of Africa. Relying on her ample professional practice, the author believes that many a good idea can be translated into a successful social enterprise project. The chapter will therefore provide an example of good practice. Supported by an already accomplished qualitative research and many years of relevant practice, the author argues that social enterprise and start-up may lay the groundwork for social recognition, self-determination and improved living generally. The persons involved in such enterprise will also enhance their social status and become fully or partially independent of foreign developmental assistance.

This exploratory study aims at understanding the social aspects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution by suggesting how the interface involving technological innovation and social innovation can resolve societal and socioeconomic problems with stress on sustainable development. The authors view social innovation and social enterprise as new amalgam for solving social problems in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. By applying theoretical analysis of the existing literature about the correlation between the Fourth Industrial Revolution and social innovation and social enterprise, they aim to describe the opportunities, forms, and the challenges unfolding in this new age. UK and China case studies will provide the empirical evidences that could support social innovators and social enterprises understand the implications in fields of application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution plus the interplay between them.

The social enterprise concept, a business with specific social objectives, has been questioned by scholars and practitioners for its sustainability. More importantly, a paucity of research exists on how a social enterprise can be sustainable, indicating the necessity of developing a sustainable model of social enterprise, particularly in the Asian context. Filling in the gap in the literature, the present study’s prime objective is to explore a sustainable social enterprise model. The bodies of knowledge on social enterprise and sustainable enterprise are reviewed, followed by identifying a sustainable social enterprise model for exploration. The identified model is among the few sustainable social enterprise models available, thus making it appropriate for the exploration. To explore the model, the phenomenological paradigm is adopted. The study uses the case study approach with open-ended, semi-structured interview methods as well as documentation to explore a case enterprise called Amphawa Chaipattananurak (ACCP) in Thailand. To ensure data validity, the data, method, investigator, and theory triangulation methods are adopted. Ninety-five stakeholder informants were interviewed, ranging from the management team, staff, community people, and visitors to customers. In terms of analysis, the working analytical framework is adopted to analyze the collected data. Findings indicate that the ACCP practices and outcomes are consistent with those of the sustainable social enterprise model, indicating the model’s applicability. Based on the findings, a refined sustainable social enterprise model is derived. Limitations, future research directions, theoretical contributions and implications, and managerial implications are also discussed.

Smart specialization has been a central strategy for regional smart specializations (RS3s) across the European Union (EU), as a way to stimulate innovative development of the EU regions. The strategy aims to stimulate development in areas or regions that do not necessarily have the highest technological advancement but that have specialized and have had a comparative advantage to implement innovations based on research. This paper aims to initiate a discussion on the potential use of S3 as a platform for social entrepreneurship and innovation with the goal to promote and improve population health through the lens of health equity. Social entrepreneurship and innovation embedded within smart specialization presents a unique opportunity for health promotion and health equity in an agenda for regional development. However, empirical research is needed to develop new models for investigating the intersections between S3, SE and SI, and health promotion, health equity and sustainable development goal 3 (ensure healthy lives at all ages).

Neoliberalisation of welfare has stimulated growth of hybrid organizational forms – including social enterprises – that bridge welfare objectives and market models of service provision. However, th...

Social Enterprises are becoming a significant force of social as well as economic good despite facing many difficulties that are brought about by their unique characteristics. Chief among these is the question of their perceived legitimacy that impinges upon their ability to gain funding, acquire contracts and appear as capable organisations to potential partnering institutions. This study explores the means by which Social Enterprises are legitimized through participation in the Social Enterprise Place (SEP) programme in the UK. By examining the Boundary Objects (BO) that span the intersections of the incumbent social groups it identifies three pillars upon which SEPs have facilitated SE legitimacy. These pillars comprise (i) the place-based language (syntactic BO), that enables the identification of (ii) common social goals (semantic BOs), and thereby enables the (iii) mobilization of resources toward their resolution (pragmatic BOs). This research provides insight into the facilitation of legitimacy for Social Enterprises that are engaged in a place-based initiative. By responding to Peterson’s (2016) call for macromarketers to take more note of meso level marketing dynamics in different industries the paper highlights the potential for place to facilitate the legitimacy of SEs. In addition, it reveals a further macromarketing dimension to Boundary Object plasticity whereby they may evolve through syntactic, semantic and pragmatic forms over time.

Despite the growing social entrepreneurship (SE) literature in other disciplines, the research on tourism social entrepreneurship (TSE) is still in its infancy, and the knowledge has not been expli...

The purpose of this paper is to examine commercialization model of appropriate technology through the case of the LaoKorea Science and Technology Center (LKSTC). LKSTC has developed washing, water treatment, and sterilization technology in the agrifood sector and three types of pico-hydro generator, Pico-solar hybrid system, and energy remote monitoring technology in the renewable energy sector. Commercialization of appropriate technology was successfully carried out through the establishment of Kaipan community business, school enterprises, and social enterprise. The policy implications are as follows. First, the commercialization of appropriate technology in developing countries should enhance the linkage with the regional development policies of the recipient countries. Second, in order to minimize market risk, innovative technology development and local startup networks should be properly established. Finally, the mid and long term efforts are needed to increase the sustainability of the business.

Purpose Social enterprises are defined in practice in terms of one operational model generating measurable value in more than one of the economic, social and natural/ecological value denomination categories. However, entrepreneurship theory does not generally or explicitly reflect this definition, which has generated confusion about the social enterprise concept. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to social enterprise theory by delineating novel aspects of this definition and their conceptual ramifications. Design/methodology/approach The authors review the social enterprise literature with a focus only on the most original contributions and most distinct research questions. The authors do not explicitly review research on traditional for-profit entrepreneurial ventures, not-for-profit/non-governmental organizations or mainstream social entrepreneurial ventures. Findings The authors offer several implications for social enterprise theory based on practices that are unique to the area but not amenable other areas of entrepreneurship. The contribution is instrumental to establishing social enterprise as a distinct theoretic area. Originality/value By focusing on novel aspects of social enterprise not easily explainable by mainstream theoretic traditions, the authors offer an original contribution to the development of social enterprise theory.

Problem definition: Difficulties in healthcare delivery in developing economies arise from poor road infrastructure of rural communities, where the bulk of the population resides. Although motorcycles are an effective means for delivering healthcare products, governments in developing economies lack expertise in proper maintenance, resulting in frequent vehicle breakdowns. Riders for Health, a nonprofit social enterprise (SE), has developed specialized capabilities that enable significant enhancements in vehicle maintenance. Riders for Health has engaged with the governments and provided its services using different contracting approaches. However, the effect of such practice on improving vehicle availability—the main social mission of Riders for Health—is not well understood. Academic/practical relevance: This paper presents one of the first rigorous analyses of how SEs achieve their goals through innovations in operations. Our analysis highlights the relationship between a social mission objective and a service contract choice, contrasting it with the choice by a profit-maximizing organization traditionally assumed in the service contracting literature in operations management. Methodology: We construct and analyze a stylized model that combines the elements of reliability theory and contract theory, explicitly accounting for the SE’s social mission in her objective function. Results: We find that the “total solution” approach of providing all aspects of vehicle maintenance, including fleet ownership, is a preferred choice for an SE that prioritizes improving vehicle availability; by contrast, an organization that focuses on profit maximization would find this approach less attractive. Moreover, we show that the total solution approach induces the SE to exert more efforts on failure prevention and repair lead time reduction in equilibrium. Our analysis also suggests that the SE could further improve vehicle availability by the total solution approach if it manages a large fleet that consists of vehicles with high resale values. Managerial implications: Our findings provide theoretical support for Riders for Health’s recent move toward the total solution approach as it expands its service into wider rural areas in many countries. The insights obtained from our analysis offer actionable guidelines to other SEs operating in developing economies.

This commentary is part of the Organizational Zoo case series exploring the social franchising model of Unjani Clinics, a South African healthcare-focused social enterprise. The social franchising model has enabled Unjani to gain early traction and the social enterprise has ambitious plans for future growth. I describe and elaborate on organizational features of the social franchising model that may enable or constrain efforts to scale up. Noting the unique challenges and opportunities presented by emerging market contexts, I outline scaling considerations across three dimensions: organizational design, team composition, and organizational culture.