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Stoneflies are a globally threatened aquatic insect order. In Arkansas, a diverse group of winter stonefly (Capniidae: Allocapnia) have not been surveyed since the 1980s, likely because species-level identification requires the rarely-collected adult form. Allocapnia mohri, a regional endemic, was previously commonly found in mountainous, intermittent streams from the Ouachita Mountains ecoregion north to the Ozark Highlands, but no species distributional models including land use or climate variables exist to our knowledge. We collected adults from 71 stream reaches from the historic Arkansas range from November to April 2020 and 2021. We modeled distributions using random forest (RF) models populated with landscape, climate, and both data to determine which were most predictive of species presence. Correlations between landscape or climate variables and presence were examined using multiple logistic regression. The landscape RF models performed better than the climate or landscape + climate RF models. A. mohri presence sites tended to have a greater elevation, a lower mean July temperature, and a greater percentage of very slow infiltration soils in the watershed, compared to absence sites. A. mohri was absent at the Ouachita Mountains sites and may be experiencing a range contraction or migration northward.

Restoration has been increasingly applied over the last decades as a way to improve the ecological conditions in stream ecosystems, but documentation of the impact of restoration on ecosystem functions is sparse. Here, we applied a space-for-time approach to explore effects of stream restoration on metabolism and organic matter decomposition in lowland agricultural streams. We included stream reaches that were restored >10 years ago and compared ecosystem functioning in these streams with those in channelized and naturally meandering stream reaches from the same geographical region. Specifically, we tested the following hypotheses: 1) rates of stream metabolism (gross primary production, GPP, and ecosystem respiration, ER) and organic matter decomposition in restored reaches resemble rates in naturally meandering reaches more than rates in channelized stream reaches and 2) higher resemblance in ecosystem metabolism and organic matter decomposition between restored reaches and meandering reaches can be attributed to the improved physical habitat conditions in the restored stream reaches. Overall, we did not find that stream metabolism or organic matter decomposition differed among restored, channelized and naturally meandering stream reaches even though habitat conditions differed among the three stream types. Instead, we found a large variation in ecosystem function characteristics across all sites. When analyzing all stream types combined, we found that GPP increased with increasing plant coverage and that ER increased with increasing stream size and with the coverage of coarse substratum on the stream bottom. Organic matter decomposition, on the other hand, only slightly increased with the number of plant species and declined with increasing concentrations of nutrients. Overall, our findings suggest that physical habitat improvements in restored stream reaches can affect ecosystem functions, but also that the restoration outcome is context-dependent since many of the physical characteristics playing a role for the measured functions were only to some extent affected by the restoration and/or clouded by interference with factors operating at a larger-scale. Restoration has been increasingly applied over the last decades as a way to improve the ecological conditions in stream ecosystems, but documentation of the impact of restoration on ecosystem functions is sparse. Here, we applied a space-for-time approach to explore effects of stream restoration on metabolism and organic matter decomposition in lowland agricultural streams. We included stream reaches that were restored >10 years ago and compared ecosystem functioning in these streams with those in channelized and naturally meandering stream reaches from the same geographical region. Specifically, we tested the following hypotheses: 1) rates of stream metabolism (gross primary production, GPP, and ecosystem respiration, ER) and organic matter decomposition in restored reaches resemble rates in naturally meandering reaches more than rates in channelized stream reaches and 2) higher resemblance in ecosystem metabolism and organic matter decomposition between restored reaches and meandering reaches can be attributed to the improved physical habitat conditions in the restored stream reaches. Overall, we did not find that stream metabolism or organic matter decomposition differed among restored, channelized and naturally meandering stream reaches even though habitat conditions differed among the three stream types. Instead, we found a large variation in ecosystem function characteristics across all sites. When analyzing all stream types combined, we found that GPP increased with increasing plant coverage and that ER increased with increasing stream size and with the coverage of coarse substratum on the stream bottom. Organic matter decomposition, on the other hand, only slightly increased with the number of plant species and declined with increasing concentrations of nutrients. Overall, our findings suggest that physical habitat improvements in restored stream reaches can affect ecosystem functions, but also that the restoration outcome is context-dependent since many of the physical characteristics playing a role for the measured functions were only to some extent affected by the restoration and/or clouded by interference with factors operating at a larger-scale.

Ovaj rad opisuje postupak recikliranja otpadnog materijala i položaj shredder-a u njemu. Prikazana je metoda upravljanja brzinom vrtnje shredder motora te sigurnosne mjere koje su poduzete za osiguravanje sigurnog rada osoblja u blizini stroja. Pomoću PLC-a komuniciramo s frekvencijskim regulatorom te mu šaljemo informacije za paljenje/gašenje motora i željenu brzinu, a od njega dobivamo trenutnu brzinu očitanu iz senzora. Drugi dio rada se je sastojao od izrade samog softvera u ljestvičastom dijagramu te njegovim povezivanjem s HMI uređajem koji služi za vizualizaciju. Operater preko grafičkog sučelja može upravljati i nadgledati kompletan sustav, od brzine motora do svih alarma te mijenjati načine rada., This paper describes the process of recycling and the purpose of the shredder in it. The motor speed control method is show together with all the safety precautions and systems that ensure workers can safely operate in the machines' vicinity. With help from a PLC, we established a communication with the frequency regulator to which start/stop commands are sent, together with the desired speed and in return we get the actual motor speed acquired from a sensor. The second part of this paper consisted of creating the automation software and connecting it to an HMI device used for visualization. Through the graphical interface, the operator can control and monitor the entire system and change the operating modes

The present system concept of metal and scrap recycling plants deals with possible effects of renewed legislative amendments and evaluates legal and technological as well as economical aspects of the value stream oriented shredder process. It is a system oriented approach to point out the main influencing factors on the development of shredder plants in scrap and metal recycling. Those factors are being merged into a superordinate system concept used to support strategic management decisions regarding future investments in the waste treatment sector.Under the given legal circumstances, the shredder process itself has to be resource-friendly, energy- and cost-efficient while still following the stated emission limit values.Therefore, the conceptual focus lies in the argumentation and evaluation of technical challenges as a major result of the implementation of national and international legal terms in the age of volatile market conditions, present recession, and value decline in prematerial compositions. The system concept is the result of a research project from October 2016 to December 2019 at the TSR Recycling GmbHCo. KG, Lünen, Germany.The concept itself forms a base for the development of plant technology in other metal recycling fields, such as e‑waste recycling. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, the model is extended to other and further influencing factors and helps to understand the short lifespan of theoretical modelling within the field of scrap metal recycling.

The research had as objective to evaluate the crops residues decomposition of cover crops mechanically managed and its effect on the soybean yield cultivated in succession. The design used was randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement (5 x 2), subdivided over time, with four replications, consisting of five soil covers (black oats, turnip, turnip + oats, common vetch and fallow) and two forms of species management (knife-roller and shredder). The six collection times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 110 days after management- DAM) were the subplots. The straw decomposition time was evaluated using the litter bags method. At 110 DAM, the covers that showed the greatest decomposition were vetch and fallow (91 and 90%) as well as the shortest half-life-T½ (31 and 33), evidencing their low soil protection. The cover that remained the most was black oats (35%) being a good option to keep the soil covered. In the first 60 DAM, the shredder accelerated the dry matter decomposition by 40% and presented a lower T½ (45). The cover crops cultivation and its management before soybean cultivation did not influence grain yield. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la descomposición de los residuos de cultivos de cultivos de cobertura manejados mecánicamente y su efecto sobre el rendimiento de la soja cultivada en sucesión. El diseño utilizado fue de bloques al azar en arreglo factorial (5 x 2), subdivididos en el tiempo, con cuatro repeticiones, compuesto por cinco coberturas de suelo (avena negra, rábano forrajero, rábano + avena, arveja común y barbecho) y dos formas de manejo de especies. (rodillo de cuchillas y trituradora). Los seis tiempos de recolección (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 y 110 días después de la gestión del-DAM) fueron las subparcelas. El tiempo de descomposición de la paja se evaluó mediante el método de las bolsas de arena. A 110 DAM, las coberturas que mostraron la mayor descomposición fueron la arveja y el barbecho (91 y 90%) así como la vida media más corta-T½ tiempo (31 y 33) mostrando su baja protección del suelo. La cobertura que más se mantuvo fue la de avena negra (35%) siendo una buena opción para mantener el suelo cubierto. En los primeros 60 DAM, la trituradora aceleró la descomposición de la materia seca en un 40% y tuvo una T½ (45) más baja. El cultivo de cultivos de cobertura y su manejo previo al cultivo de soja no influyó en el rendimiento de grano. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a decomposição dos resíduos culturais de plantas de cobertura manejadas mecanicamente e seu efeito na produtividade da soja cultivada em sucessão. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial (5 x 2), subdividido no tempo, com quatro repetições, sendo constituído de cinco coberturas de solo (aveia preta, nabo forrageiro, nabo+aveia, ervilhaca comum e pousio) e duas formas de manejo das espécies (rolo-faca e triturador). As seis épocas de coletas (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 110 dias após o manejo-DAM) foram as subparcelas. O tempo de decomposição da palhada foi avaliado pelo método das bolsas de decomposição (litter bags). Aos 110 DAM, as coberturas que apresentaram maiores decomposições foram a ervilhaca e pousio (91 e 90%) assim como os menores tempo de meia vida-T½ (31 e 33) evidencia sua baixa proteção do solo. A cobertura que mais permaneceu foi aveia preta (35%) sendo uma boa opção para manter o solo coberto. Nos primeiros 60 DAM, o triturador acelerou em 40% a decomposição da matéria seca e apresentou menor T½ (45). O cultivo das plantas de cobertura e seu manejo antecedente a cultura da soja não influenciou na produtividade de grãos.

Organic waste and particularly waste matter may be a worldwide problem; it costs to be disposed of and zip is gained from it; on the contrary, it causes the emission of harmful gases like methane. In India, 35- 40 percent of the rubbish is a waste product. Every one of the key problems that face India nowadays is that there are not any serious moves towards solving the waste matter issue. Within the 2030 vision, one in each of their targets is to concentrate on pollution and its causes on that. Composting has proven to be a legitimate solution to the current problem but has not been entirely explored. The objectives of this project are to design a composting machine with certain parameters for planning, process time, ease to use, odorless, and power-saving. The design refuses decomposition system is meant for rapid composting performance. It is utilized by households, restaurants, hotels, schools, apartment buildings, communities, offices, and cafeterias reckoning on the capacity of the machine. The system employs hot temperatures, micro-organisms, and ground into small particles to decompose waste products and organic matter.

Freshwater amphipods have important role in decomposition of coarse particulate organic matter and often represent key species in aquatic food webs and organic matter cycling. The aim of this study was to test the differences in leaf litter decomposition rates between two pairs of sites, with and without invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus. The experiment was conducted in October 2021 at two locations on the Drava River in Croatia ; at each location at upstream site only native species were present, while at downstream site D. villosus co-occurred with native species. At each site 30 leaf bags (15 fine leaf bags for control and 15 coarse leaf bags) were placed into water containing 2.5 g of willow leaves dried for 16 hours at 60°C and sampled three times (after 3, 7 and 11 days). Leaves were conditioning in stream water for one week before the experiment. Leaf decomposition rates for coarse leaf bags were 1.1- 6.9 times lower at sites where D. villous was present, but significant difference between sites was established only at one location. The correlation between dry mass of native amphipods and leaf litter mass loss was significant at both sites (rs=0.44 and 0.65), while negative correlations were established for dry mass of D. villosus (rs=-0.55 and -0.33). These results indicate that invasion of D. villosus changes important functional role which native gammarids have in decomposition of leaf litter in the Drava River.

Введение. Отмечена роль зерновых в структуре сельскохозяйственного производства. Рассмотрены основные способы переработки зерновых. Отмечены основные особенности переработки влажного зерна и предложено техническое устройство для измельчения как сухого, так и влажного зерна. Материалы и методы. Представлен общий вид лабораторной установки. Рабочим органом измельчителя является фреза, которая установлена непосредственно на валу электродвигателя внутри корпуса цилиндрической формы. Влажность зерна определяли влагомером Фауна-М, массу измельченного зерна при определении количественных показателей ‒ весами Hottek, потребляемой мощности ‒ прибором К 505, частоты вращения фрезы ‒ тахометром DT2234C. Взвешивание проб для рассева дерти осуществляли лабораторными весами ВК‑300.01. Рассев проб дерти осуществляли на рассеве лабораторном РЛ. Все опыты проводили, начиная с максимальной частоты вращения фрезы с постепенным ее снижением до минимально возможного значения. Регулирование частоты вращения фрезы осуществляли частотным преобразователем. Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлено, что в отличие от сухого зерна влажное измельчается при более высокой частоте вращения фрезы. Минимальная частота вращения фрезы составила 2370 мин-1 при использовании решеток с диаметрами отверстий 4 и 5 мм. При использовании решетки с отверстиями диаметром 6 мм минимальная частота вращения фрезы составила 2770 мин-1. При измельчении влажного зерна максимальная пропускная способность составила около 13 кг/ч. Выявлено, что помольные характеристики измельченного влажного зерна носят неопределенный характер. Заключение. Наилучшие результаты резания влажного зерна наблюдаются при максимальной частоте вращения фрезы и составляют соответственно 12,7 кг/ч и 88 кВт·ч/т. Увеличение влажности зерна с 8 до 20 % ведет к снижению пропускной способности и росту удельных энергозатрат в среднем в 4 раза., Introduction. The role of cereals in the structure of agricultural production is noted. The main methods of grain processing are considered. The main features of processing wet grain are noted and a technical device for grinding both dry and wet grain is proposed. Materials and methods. A general view of the laboratory installation is presented. The working body of the shredder is a milling cutter, which is installed directly on the shaft of the electric motor inside the cylindrical body. Grain moisture was determined by the fauna-M moisture meter, the mass of crushed grain when determining quantitative indicators was determined by hottek scales, the required power was determined by the K 505 device, the speed of rotation of the milling cutter was determined by the DT2234C tachometer. The weighing of the samples for the screening of the dirt was carried out with laboratory scales VK-300.01. The screening of the samples of the dirt was carried out on the screening of the laboratory radar. All experiments were carried out starting from the maximum speed of the milling cutter with its gradual decrease to the lowest possible value. The speed control of the milling cutter was carried out by a frequency converter. Results and discussion. It is revealed that, unlike dry grain, wet grain is crushed at a higher speed of rotation of the milling cutter. The minimum rotation speed of the milling cutter was 2370 min-1 when using gratings with hole diameters of 4 and 5 mm. When using a sieve with holes with a diameter of 6 mm, the minimum rotation speed of the cutter was 2770 min-1. When grinding wet grain, the maximum throughput was about 13 kg/h. It was revealed that the grinding characteristics of the crushed wet grain are of an indefinite nature. Conclusion. The best results of cutting wet grain are observed at the maximum speed of the cutter and are respectively 12.7 kg/h and 88 kWh/t. An increase in grain moisture from 8 to 20 % leads to a decrease in throughput and an increase in specific energy consumption by an average of 4 times.

Increasing soil fertility requires high-quality preparation and timely application the doses of organic fertilizers. The quality of organic fertilizers is ensured by the preparation fertilizers using universal machines. The use of mobile machines for shredding and spreading manure on livestock farms makes it possible to prepare high-quality organic fertilizers. The analysis of organic fertilizer spreaders with different working bodies, construction is carried out in the work. The advantages and disadvantages listed of machines for grinding and spreading manure, such as PRT-10 ROU-6, RTD-5, MTU-10. According to the technical characteristics, the model for spreading manure on a small farm was chosen. Improved design of the feed shredder based on PRT-10. The basket has established corps placed in it with the mixing chamber with a paddle drum, the sealing conveyor. In the front part of the frame there is a manure pump driven by the GDP of the tractor. The paddle drum is made in the form of a shaft with articulated - articulated blades. The sealing conveyor can be installed at different angles, thus adjusting the thickness of the straw that is served into the mixing chamber. The work analyzes dependence of the efficiency of using mobile machines for grinding and spreading organic fertilizers in the direct operating costs for small family farms. It is established that the efficiency of using the machine for grinding and spreading of organic fertilizers PRT-10 is the highest, which makes it possible to operate the machine on small dairy farms. On family dairy farms it is advisable to use mobile mixers PRT-10. It is the most efficient to use. Its universal design allows us to upgrade the drum for shredding manure, which makes it possible to stack the resulting manure mixture in piles and to apply manure to the fields.

To improve service life of shredder cutters, new technologies such as ultrasonic vibrationassisted cutting and cooling technology (jet and spray) are introduced into the design of the cutter for a two-axis horizontal shredder. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting technology is theoretical analyzed, and result shows that the effect of friction reduction only happens when the speed of cutting is less than vibration speed. Therefore, the vibration-assisted cutting get a friction reduction of 52.5% and a cutting temperature reduction of 10.5% when the vibration-assisted cutting with an amplitude of 25 μm and a frequency of 20 kHz is performed on the shredder with the rotational speed of 60 r/min. Three cooling methods are proposed to lower the temperature of shredder tools such as air jet cooling, water jet cooling, and spray cooling. They are all simulated with Ansys-fluent software on the basis of the Lagrangian model. Simulation results show that water jet cooling can realize better cooling effect, whereas its cooling effect will not improve obviously until the jet diameter increases to around 4 mm. In addition, the cooling effect of the spray with vibration cutting which has less coolant consumption is very close to that of the water jet without vibration cutting. Therefore, the mode of spray cooling with vibration cutting can be used instead of the mode of water jet cooling for higher coolant utilization. By comparing with the traditional cutting of shredder, the spray cooling with vibration cutting has a cutting temperature reduction of 65%.

Particle size distributions (PSDs) belong to the most critical properties of particulate materials. They influence process behavior and product qualities. Standard methods for describing them are either too detailed for straightforward interpretation (i.e., lists of individual particles), hide too much information (summary values), or are distribution-dependent, limiting their applicability to distributions produced by a small number of processes. In this work the distribution-independent approach of modeling isometric log-ratio-transformed shares of an arbitrary number of discrete particle size classes is presented. It allows using standard empirical modeling techniques, and the mathematically proper calculation of confidence and prediction regions. The method is demonstrated on coarse-shredding of mixed commercial waste from Styria in Austria, resulting in a significant model for the influence of shredding parameters on produced particle sizes (with classes: &gt, 80 mm, 30–80 mm, 0–30 mm). It identifies the cutting tool geometry as significant, with a p-value &lt, 10–5, while evaluating the gap width and shaft rotation speed as non-significant. In conclusion, the results question typically chosen operation parameters in practice, and the applied method has proven to be valuable addition to the mathematical toolbox of process engineers.

Diyarbakır ili bağcılık faaliyetleri açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bölgede bağcılık faaliyetleri genellikle insan el emeğine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Mekanizasyon kullanımı yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu yüzden Diyarbakır'da bağ budama sürgün ve atıklarının değerlendirmesi hem iş gücü hem de maliyet açısından önemli sorunlar yaratmaktadır. Budama atıklarının değerlendirilmesine yönelik yapılan bu tez çalışması kapsamında termik bir motordan hareket alarak çalışan dal parçalama makinasının performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada Diyarbakır yöresinde yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan üç yerel üzüm çeşidinden Boğazkere, Öküzgözü ve Şire üzüm çeşitlerinin budama atıkları kullanılmıştır. Çalışma; motordan hareket alan kıyıcı bıçakların üç farklı devir sayısında (1500, 2000, 2500 d/d ) yürütülmüş olup, bu devir sayılarına bağlı olarak saatlik yakıt tüketimi, özgül yakıt tüketimi, moment, güç, kapasite, emisyon, gürültü değerleri ile kıyıcı bıçak devir sayılarına bağlı olarak parçalanan budama atıklarının boyutları ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca her çeşit için kesme özelliklerinden kesme kuvveti, kesme gerilmesi, kesme enerjisi ile özgül enerji tüketimi belirlenmiştir. Saatlik yakıt tüketimi; ; 1500, 2000 ve 2500 d/d'da sırasıyla Boğazkere çeşidi , 1.001, 1.681 ve 1.922 kg/h, Öküzgözü çeşidi için 0.811, 1.293 ve 1.633 kg/h ve Şire çeşidi için de 0,652 kg/h, 0,815 kg/h 1.287 kg/h olarak ölçülmüştür. Farklı devir sayılarında güç değerlerine ilişkin değerler 1.500 kW ile 6.962 kW arasında değişmektedir. Moment değerleri; Üç farklı devir sayısı içinde Boğazkere çeşidinde 23,098 ile 29,080 Nm arasında ve Öküzgözü çeşidinde de 18.708 ile 22.601 Nm arasında olurken Şire çeşidinde ise 14.106 Nm ile 17.802 Nm arasında kaydedilmiştir. Çeşit ve bıçak devir sayısına bağlı olarak makina kapasitesi değerleri 366 kg/h ile 549.81 kg/h arasındadır. Emisyon ölçümleri sonucunda en yüksek değerler; Karbon monoksit (CO) için % 0.294, Karbondioksit (CO₂) için % 12.6, Toplam Oksit Miktarı için (NOX) 1048 ppm ve Hidrokarbon (HC) için ise 134 ppm olarak elde edilmiştir. Ortalama gürültü değerleri incelendiğinde en yüksek değer 2500 d/d'da Öküzgözü çeşidinde 107,43 desibel (dB) olarak ölçülmüştür. Parçacık boyut dağılımları 12.5 mm ile 50 mm arasındadır. Dal parçalama makinasının performans değerlendirmesinde yukarıda verilen değerler incelendiğinde; bıçakların devir sayılarının artışına bağlı olarak her üç çeşit için saatlik yakıt tüketimi, güç, moment, kapasite ve gürültü değerleri artmıştır. Emisyon değerlerinde ise NOX değerleri artmış fakat HC değerleri azalmıştır bunun yanında CO ve CO₂ değerlerinde değişim gözlenmemiştir. Çeşitlere ve dal çaplarına bağlı olarak kesme değerleri incelendiğinde; En yüksek kesme kuvveti, kesme gerilmesi ve kesme enerjisi Boğazkere çeşidinde elde edilmiştir ve onu sırasıyla Öküzgözü ve Şire çeşidi takip etmiştir. Dal çapına bağlı olarak ise dal kesit alanları arttıkça kesme kuvveti, kesme gerilmesi ve kesme enerjisi artmıştır. Diyarbakir province has an important place in terms of viticulture activities. Viticulture activities in the region are generally based on human manual labor. The use of mechanization is negligible. Therefore, the evaluation of vine pruning shoots and wastes in Diyarbakır creates significant problems in terms of both labor and cost. Within the scope of this thesis study on the evaluation of pruning wastes, the performance of the branch shredder operating by taking action from a thermal engine was evaluated. In the study, pruning wastes of Boğazkere, Öküzgözü and Şire grape varieties, which are widely grown in Diyarbakır region, were used. Work; It was carried out at three different revolutions of the engine (1500, 2000, 2500 rpm). Fuel consumption rate, specific fuel consumption, torque, power, capacity, emission, noise values depending on these rotation numbers and the dimensions of the pruning wastes that were shredded depending on the chopper blade revolutions were measured. In addition, shear force, shear stress, shear energy and specific energy consumption were determined for each variety. Hourly fuel consumption at 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm; fuel consumption rate at 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm; Boğazkere variety, 1.001, 1.681 and 1.922, 0.811, 1.293 and 1.633 kg/h for Öküzgözü variety, and 0.652 kg/h, 0.815 kg/h 1.287 kg for Şire variety, respectively. The values for power values at different revolutions per minute vary changed between 1.500 kW and 6.962 kW. While the moment values were recorded between 23.098 and 29.080 Nm for Boğazkere, it was changed between 18.708 and 22.601 Nm for Öküzgözü variety, it was recorded between 14.106 Nm and 17.802 Nm for Şire variety depend on rotational per minute. Depending on the variety and blade revolution, the machine capacity values were changed between 366 kg/h and 549.81 kg/h. The highest values of emission; it was obtained as % 0.294 for Carbon monoxide (CO), %12.6 for Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), 1048 ppm for Total Oxide (NOX) and 134 ppm for Hydrocarbon (HC). When the average noise values were examined, the highest value was measured as 107.43 decibels (dB) in Öküzgözü variety at 2500 rpm. Particle size distributions range from 12.5 mm to 50 mm. When the above-given values were examined in the performance evaluation of the branch shredder; Depending on the increase in the number of revolutions of the blades, fuel consumption rate, power, torque, capacity and noise values increased for all three types. In emission values, NOX values increased, but HC values decreased, and no change was observed in CO and CO₂ values. When the shear values were examined depending on the varieties and branch diameters; The highest shear force, shear stress and shear energy were obtained in Boğazkere variety,followed by Öküzgözü and Şire, respectively. Depending on the branch diameter, the shear force, shear stress and shear energy increased as the branch cross-sectional areas increased. Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (DÜBAP) tarafından ZİRAAT.20.010 no'lu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Recycling gewinnt in der modernen Industrielandschaft immer mehr an Bedeutung. Es wird versucht, Industrieprozesse umweltfreundlicher zu gestalten und anfallende Abfälle zu vermeiden bzw. wiederverwertbar zu machen. Das steigende Umweltbewusstsein in der Bevölkerung fördert den Absatz von umweltfreundlichen Produkten, also Produkte, deren Herstellung eine geringe Belastung der Umwelt darstellt. Daher ist es für Unternehmen der Kunststoffbranche wichtig, die Produktionsprozesse so umweltfreundlich wie möglich zu gestalten. Ein momentaner Trend in der diesbezüglichen Produktionsoptimierung ist es, Anlagen in den Herstellungsprozess zu integrieren, die Produktionsausschüsse an Ort und Stelle wiederverwerten können. Diese Anlagen werden als In-house Recycling Lösungen bezeichnet und sollen die internen Abfälle in ein Recyclat umwandeln. Dieses Recyclat wird dann wieder dem primären Produktionsprozess zugeführt oder kann als Ausgangsstoff für andere Produkte dienen. Durch das lokale Recycling werden Transporte der Recyclingmaterialien reduziert und senken so die C02-Emissionen des Produktionsprozesses. Darüber hinaus entfallen die laufenden Kosten für das externe Recycling. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine In-house Recycling Lösung für Unternehmen der Spritzgussbranche zu entwickeln. Die entworfene Lösung sieht die Konstruktion einer mehrstufigen Anlage vor, welche die bei der Produktion anfallenden Ausschussteile zerkleinert und dann aufbereitet. Durch die Verarbeitung in einem Shredder mit integrierter Plastifiziereinheit soll in weiterer Folge ein Filamentstrang hergestellt werden. Der Filamentstrang soll in einem Wasserbad abgekühlt werden und dann auf Filamentrollen transportfähig gelagert werden. Dieses Filament soll als Ausgangsstoff für das FDM-Verfahren – eine Variante des 3D-Drucks - verwendet werden. Recycling is becoming more and more important in the modern industrial landscape. Attempts are made to make industrial processes more friendly for the environment and to avoid unnecessary waste or to make it recyclable. The increasing environmental awareness in the population promotes the sale of environmentally friendly products, i.e. products whose manufacturing process has a low impact on the environment. It is therefore important for companies in the plastics industry to make production processes as environmentally friendly as possible. A current trend in the related production optimization is to integrate systems into the manufacturing process that can recycle production rejects on site. These systems are known as In-house recycling solutions and are intended to convert internal waste into a recyclize. This recyclize is then fed back into the primary production process or can be used as a raw material for other products. Local recycling reduces the transport of recycle material and thus lowers the C02-emissions of the production process. In addition, there are no running costs, for the external recycling process anymore. The aim of this work is to develop an In-house recycling solution for companies in the injection molding industry. The designed solution provides a system that cuts and then processes the rejects, that arise during production. By processing the rejects in a shredder unit with an integrated extruder, a filament strand is to be produced subsequently. The filament strand will be stored on rolls so that it can be transported and can then be further processed using the FDM method, a subtype of 3D-printing.

Human induced alterations to rivers and steams have resulted in significant changes to the structure and diversity of riparian and aquatic plant communities. These changes will impact on the dynamics of riverine carbon cycles and food web structure and function. Here we investigate the principal sources of organic carbon supporting local shredder communities across a gradient in different levels of anthropogenic development along riverine reaches, in South Australia. In forested/wooded reaches with minimum to limited development, semi-emergent macrophytes were the principal sources of organic carbon supporting the local shredder communities. However, in developed reaches, course particulate organic matter and filamentous algae were the principal food sources. The C:N ratios of the food sources in developed reaches were higher than those of their consumers indicating a stoichiometric mismatch. This imbalanced consumer-resource nutrient ratio in those developed reaches is likely to impose constraints on the growth and reproduction of their aquatic shredder communities with probable knock-on effects to higher trophic levels.

Оқ чўянга юқори ҳароратларда ишлов бериш йўли билан барқарор структура ҳосил бўлишини таъминлаш ва суюқ металлга печдан ташқари ишлов бериш асосида қолипда металлнинг кристалланиш режимлари ишлаб чиқилди. Юқори хароратларда ишлов берилган суюқ металлга таркибида 3-4% титан ва 1-1,5% молибден бўлган модификатор ѐрдамида ишлов бериш технологияси ишлаб чиқилиб, ушбу ишлаб чиқилган технологиялар асосида “Навоий КМК” нинг “НМЗ” корхонаси ишлаб чиқариш шароитида ейилишга бардош бўлган насослар эхтиѐт қисмлари ва майдалагич (дробилка) роторларини олиш масалалари кўриб чиқилган. Олиб борилган таҳлиллар шуни кўрсатдики, “Навоий КМК”нинг “НМЗ” корхонаси шароитида қуйма усулида олинган маҳсулотларнинг ишлаш ресурсини ошириш учун уларга махсус термик ишлов бериш усулларини қўллаш таклиф этилди., Crystallization regimes of the metal in the mold have been developed on the basis of ensuring the formation of a stable structure by processing white cast iron at high temperatures and out-of-furnace processing of liquid metal. The technology of processing liquid metal processed at high temperatures using a modifier containing 3-4% titanium and 1-1.5% molybdenum was developed. Based on of these developed technologies, the issues of obtaining spare parts for pumps and crusher rotors that can resistant to corrosion in the production conditions of “NMZ” enterpriseof Navoi MMC were considered. The analysis showed that in order to increase the performance resource of products obtained by the method of casting in the conditions of the company “NMZ” enterpriseof Navoi MMC, they were offered to use special heat treatment methods.

На 43 с., 27 рисунков, 1 приложение. Данная работа посвящена разработке концептуального конструктивно-компоновочного и дизайнерского решения оборудования для обработки и рециклирования, а также хранения пластика. Задачи, которыерешалисьвходеисследования: 1. Анализ экологической ситуации по переработке и утилизации пластиковых отходов на примере города Санкт-Петербург. 2. Анализ существующих устройств по измельчению пластика, а также их стилистических аналогов 3. Выявление возможных способов вторичной переработки пластика 4. Разработка концептуального конструктивно-компоновочного и дизайнерского решения устройства по измельчению пластика. 5. Разработка системы хранения для обработанного пластикового сырья. 6. Разработка элементов фирменного стиля. Во время работы проводился обзор существующего оборудования для измельчения пластика разных масштабов, а также их внутреннее наполнение, для создания будущего дизайн-решения. В том числе рассматривались различные виды хранения обработанных материалов. Вся разработка 3Dмоделей производилась с использованием “Autodesk 3D Max”, “AutodeskInventor”, текстурирование проводилось в “LuxionKeyshot”.Разработка логотипа, паттерна и фирменной графики проводилась с использованием программвекторной и растровой графики, а именно “AdobeIllustrator” и“AdobePhotoshop”. В результате были выявлены и сформулированы все необходимые требования к разрабатываемым объектам, а также к графической составляющей. В процессе работы был подобраны подходящие материалы, их цвето-графическое исполнение, внутреннее наполнение, проведены эргономические исследования для последующего комфортного использования разрабатываемых объектов, создано графическое сопровождение оборудования., 43 pages, 27 figures, 1appendix. The project is devoted to development of the conceptual design and design decision of the equipment for processing and recycling, and also storage of plastic. Tasks which were solved during all researches: 1. Analysis of the environmental situation in plastic waste processing and recycling on the example of the city of St. Petersburg. 2. Identification of possible ways of plastics recycling. 3. Analysis of existing plastic shredding devices as well as their stylistic analogues. 4. Development of the conceptual constructive-structural and design decision of the device on plastic crushing. 5. Development of the storage system for the processed plastic raw materials. 6. Development of the branding design. During the work, the existing plastic shredding equipment of different sizes as well as their internal filling were reviewed to create a future design solution. This included a review of different types of storage of processed materials. All working out 3D models was made with use "Autodesk 3D Max", "Autodesk Inventor", texturing was spent in "LuxionKeyshot". The development of logo, pattern and corporate graphics was carried out using vector and raster graphics programs, namely "Adobe Illustrator" and "Adobe Photoshop". As a result, all the necessary requirements for the objects under development, as well as for the graphic component, were identified and formulated. In the process of work the suitable materials, their color-graphic execution, internal filling were selected, ergonomic researches for the subsequent comfortable use of the developed objects were conducted, graphic support of the equipment was created.

This article presents the device and the principle of operation of forage grain crushers that use the centrifugal force of inertia to supply the working bodies—which occurs as a result of rotation of the rotor with a vertical axis. The results of some tests of machines working on this principle have been characterized. Attention is drawn to the disadvantages of most research works, namely the lack of premises for creating shredders of this class with a wide range of performance. The aim of this work is to establish the relationship between the design and technological parameters for the operation of a centrifugal-rotary shredder using the theory of similarity and a dimensional analysis. Moreover, the experimental data show an empirical relationship when calculating the efficiency for the shredder model considered above. By applying the similarity criteria, dimensionless complexes were obtained, which allow to determine the significance of the parameters selected at the initial stage for the efficiency of the shredder. The novelty of this research is the application of the theory of similarity and the use of dimensional analysis, which allowed for scaling the results of the experimental data and obtaining a centrifugal-rotary shredder with higher efficiency, while maintaining the quality of the obtained product. This technique indicates the energy costs of the grinding process, which can be used to select the ratio of parameters in the shredder that would ensure that a minimum amount of energy is consumed.

В статье представлены подходы к формированию общей расчетной схемы по моделированию движения частицы по осесимметричной вращающейся криволинейной поверхности с вертикальной осью вращения. Для описания сложного движения частицы по заданной поверхности использовалось основное уравнение динамики точки в неинерциальной системе отсчета, при проецировании которого на оси цилиндрических координат получены дифференциальные уравнения Лагранжа первого рода. Математическая модель движения строится на основе пошагового численного интегрирования полученной замкнутой системы дифференциальных уравнений с уравнением связи, описывающим поверхность вращения. По предложенному алгоритму на языке С# разработана программа, предоставляющая возможность графического и числового контроля результатов расчета. Интерфейс программы содержит шесть экранных форм с табличными исходными данными и таблицей пошагового расчета результатов; графики перемещений, скорости и ускорений частицы, построенные по осям системы цилиндрических координат и ; графическое изображение образующей поверхности вращения и траектории абсолютного движения частицы по вращающейся осесимметричной поверхности, построенной в полярных координатах. Представлены примеры расчета движения частицы. Использование полученных результатов возможно для исследования и проектирования машин, например, центробежно-роторных измельчителей., The article presents approaches to the formation of a general design scheme for modeling the motion of a particle on an axisymmetric rotating curved surface with a vertical axis of rotation. To describe the complex motion of a particle on a given surface, the basic equation of the dynamics of a point in a non-inertial frame of reference was used when projecting it on the axis of cylindrical coordinates, differential Lagrange equations of the first kind were obtained. The mathematical model of motion is based on a step-by-step numerical integration of the resulting closed system of differential equations with the coupling equation describing the surface of rotation. According to the proposed algorithm in the C# language, a program is developed that provides the possibility of graphical and numerical control of the calculation results. The program interface contains six screen forms with tabular initial data and a table of step-by-step calculation of the results; graphs of displacements, velocities and accelerations of the particle built on the axes of the cylindrical coordinate system p and z; graphical representation of the forming surface of rotation and the trajectory of the absolute motion of the particle on the rotating axisymmetric surface built in polar coordinates. Examples of particle motion calculation are presented. Use of the obtained results is possible for research and design of machines, for example, centrifugal-rotary grinders.

The final thesis is theoretical-research. It is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part deals with the soil from the point of view of its importance for man and introduces its types. From the point of view of soil cultivation it introduces two different technologies of its processing, namely plowing and deep loosening. It shows types of cultivators and plows. The research part analyzes the results of the research obtained by practical measurement of yields in the spring barley sowing using both tillage technologies. It compares these technologies in terms of economy, impact on growth, soil and yield.

Urgency of the research. Expanding the range of food products, increasing their biological value, as well as creating new generation products that meet the requirements of a healthy diet, is an urgent problem. One of the directions of realization of this problem is the development of technologies for the production of milk-protein semi-finished products based on buttermilk co-precipitate with the addition of a vegetable component.Target setting. The proposed technology of preparation of milk-protein semi-finished products with the addition of puree carrots provides for obtaining a final product of a uniform consistency. In order to simplify the process of manufacturing semifinished products, it is suggested to consider the possibility of carrying out a process of joint dispersion of its components.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The latest publications are publicly available on the basis of the definition of consistency indicators for plastic systems.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. One of the key factors that form the parameters of the conformity of the food system to the properties that are expected of it is the way to optimize the grinding of its formulation components.The research objective. To solve the optimization problem, it is necessary to conduct a study of the dispersion of the mass of semi-finished products from the duration (degree) of grinding and the type of the installed knife.The statement of basic materials. The problems of determining the ultimate shear stress of the components of protein-carbohydrate precursors for the purpose of optimizing the joint dispersion of the milk protein and vegetable components are considered.Conclusions. The optimal dispersion time of semi finished milk-protein with carrot puree was determined., Актуальность темы исследования. Расширение ассортимента продуктов питания, повышения их биологической ценности, а также создание продуктов нового поколения, отвечающих требованиям здорового питания, является актуальной проблемой. Одним из направлений реализации этой проблемы является разработка технологий производства молочно-белковых полуфабрикатов на основе копреципитата пахты с добавлением овощной составляющей.Постановка проблемы. Предложенная нами технология приготовления молочно-белковых полуфабрикатов с добавлением пюре моркови предусматривает получение конечного продукта однородной консистенции. С целью упрощения процесса изготовления полуфабрикатов предложено рассмотреть возможность проведения процесса совместного диспергирования его компонентов.Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. Рассмотрены последние публикации в открытом доступе по определению показателей консистенции пластичных систем.Выделение неисследованных частей общей проблемы. Одним из ключевых факторов, которые формируют параметры соответствия пищевой системы к свойствам, которые от нее ожидают, выступает способ оптимизации измельчения ее рецептурных составляющих.Постановка задачи. Для решения задачи оптимизации необходимо провести исследования диспергирования массы полуфабрикатов от продолжительности (степени) измельчения и вида установленного ножа.Изложение основного материала. Рассмотрены вопросы определения предельного напряжения сдвига компонентов полуфабрикатов белково-углеводных с целью оптимизации совместного диспергирования молочно-белковой и овощной составляющих.Выводы соответствии со статьей. Определено оптимальное время диспергирования полуфабрикатов молочно-белковых с пюре моркови., Актуальність теми дослідження. Розширення асортименту продуктів харчування, підвищення їхньої біологічної цінності, а також створення продуктів нового покоління, які б відповідали вимогам здорового харчування, є актуальною проблемою. Одним із напрямків реалізації цієї проблеми є розробка технологій виробництва молочно-білкових напівфабрикатів на основі копреципітату зі сколотин із додаванням овочевої складової.Постановка проблеми. Запропонована нами технологія приготування молочно-білкових напівфабрикатів із додаванням пюре моркви передбачає отримання кінцевого продукту однорідної консистенції. З метою спрощення процесу виготовлення напівфабрикатів запропоновано розглянути можливість проведення процесу сумісного диспергування його компонентів.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Розглянуто останні публікації у відкритому доступі щодо визначення показників консистенціїпластичних систем.Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Одним із ключових чинників, що формує параметри відповідності харчової системи до властивостей, які від неї очікують, виступає спосіб оптимізації подрібнення її рецептурних складових.Постановка завдання. Для вирішення задачі оптимізації необхідно провести дослідження диспергування маси напівфабрикатів від тривалості (ступеня) здрібнювання і виду встановленого ножа.Виклад основного матеріалу. Розглянуто питання визначення граничної напруги зсуву компонентів напівфабрикатів білково-вуглеводних з метою оптимізації сумісного диспергування молочно-білкової та овочевої складових.Висновки відповідно до статті. Визначено оптимальний час диспергування напівфабрикатів молочно-білкових із пюре моркви.

Computer-aided design is now the primary design tool, providing opportunities for improving project quality, allowing for in-depth analysis of the specific features of the solution. In the methodology, computer simulation applications were used. Computer simulation aims to reconstruct the course of the studied process from its mathematical model using a computer and to examine the influence of the environment (input signals) and the internal properties of the object (process parameters) on the characteristics of the object. In designing the shredder, in addition to the selection of structural features, it is also possible to perform strength and kinematic simulations, resulting in a higher quality of the target solution. The results of the simulation work presented in the paper indicate a wide range of possible applications - also in the field of food engineering and processing of polymers - eg shredder mechanisms. Particular attention has been paid to the reduction of energy consumed by the deformation of samples, eg by pre-compaction of sample before introduction to the working area of the shredder. It has been estimated that the gap between the rotating discs should be minimized. Establishing design guidelines has resulted in a number of concept designs.

The main results of the review of existing methods, methods, equipment for grinding, distribution of coarse forages, including rolled feed, on cattle–breeding farms are given in the article. This allows us to identify the main factors affecting the productivity of grinders — distributors and the quality of supply of finished material to feeders. On the basis of research works and analysis of existing technical means for the preparation and distribution of coarse forages, we propose a constructive technological scheme for a mobile shredder–distributor with a longitudinal arrangement of a knife–type working organ. Analysis of mobile shredders and distributors revealed that they should provide loading in the places of storage of coarse forages, transportation, grinding and dispensing in the feeding zone. The technical tool that performs the totality of the above operations is a dynamic system that operates under conditions of changing external influences. The model of the shredder–distributor functioning is proposed, which can be calculated with incoming variables that determine the conditions of its operation: feeding feed roll, which can be changed if necessary, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the material, mainly density and humidity, which are uncontrollable factors and are monitored in advance experiments., {"references":["Patent no. 2053658 RF MKI 6 A 01K 5/00. Razdatchik-izmelchitel kormov / Sysuev V.A., Sapozhnikov V.D. (RF). 7 s: il. Opubl. 10.02.96. Byul., no. 4","Savinykh, P. A., Chernyatev, N. A., Sychyugov, Yu. V., & Tupitsyn, V. E. (2006). Modeli funktsionirovaniya mobilnogo izmelchitelya-razdatchika grubykh kormov. Problemy intensyfikacji produkcji zwierzecej z uwzglednieniem ochrony srodowiska і standardow UE: Materialy na konferencje. Warszawa, 447-448","Savinykh, P. A., Chernyatev, N. A., Tupitsyn, V. E. (2004). K voprosu razrabotki tekhnicheskikh sredstv dlya izmelcheniya i razdachi grubykh kormov. Problemy intensyfikacji produkcji zwierzecej z uwzglednieniem ochrony srodowiska і standardow UE: Materialy na konferencje. Warszawa, 423-426"]}

International audience; Addition of large wood (LW, wood pieces longer than 1 m and wider than 10 cm) into stream channels is a common restoration practice aimed at enhancing habitat diversity and fish populations, as well as the abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrates. Nevertheless, there is some controversy regarding the effects of LW restoration on invertebrate assemblages, and the effects could differ depending on the season of the year as well as on the scale of observation (habitat vs reach scale). In this study we analysed the effects of a LW restoration experiment performed in 4 mountain streams following a BACI (Before-After/Control-Impact) design. We sampled benthic invertebrates in 3 main habitats (fine inorganic sediments, called gravel; coarse inorganic sediments, called cobbles; and particulate organic matter, called POM) in winter and summer before and after the addition of LW into experimental reaches, and compared the results to those obtained from upstream control reaches. LW addition promoted the retention of gravel and organic matter, resulting in an overall decrease in the areal cover of cobbles and a significant increase in the cover of organic matter in summer. Invertebrate richness was highest in cobbles and lowest in POM, whereas density and biomass were highest in POM and lowest in gravel. At the habitat scale, LW addition promoted invertebrate and shredder richness, diversity and biomass in summer, but the opposite effect was found in winter. Community composition changed significantly with wood addition, most notably as a result of increased density of elmids, limnephilids and limoniids, and decreased density of baetids. Density of limnephilids increased 20-fold and that of limoniids 5-fold. At the reach scale, LW addition enhanced the biomass of invertebrates and shredders in summer but the effects were opposite in winter. LW addition did not affect invertebrate density. The results show the effects of LW restoration on invertebrates to differ among seasons. Positive effects on biomass occur in summer, when retention by LW enhances food availability compared to unrestored reaches, whereas effects are slightly negative in winter, a period of large food availability.

Consumption of fuelwood, mainly in the form of wood chips, is growing to achieve the goal fixed by the “Grenelle de l’Environment” Laws. Increasing wood chip production needs more and more raw materials and use of wood chippers or shredders is well established. These machines are very energy-consuming particularly in gasoline. First, this thesis presents original methods for measuring chipper performance and focuses on influence of cutting parameters on energy efficiency. Wood chipper energy performance is defined by the ratio between tonnes of dry wood chips and power consumed by the machine to produce them. Using energy efficiency determination method, all wood chippers will be compared and will help customer to choose the machine that consumes the least energy to produce wood chips. Wood chipper performance is measured at two different locations: one closer to the cutting area and the other at the wood chipper drive. The results show that wood chipper performance factor is properly defined and cutting parameters impacts wood chip performance. Cutting optimization halves the chipper fuel consumption to produce the same wood chips quantity. The results also show the limits of safeguard that reduce by 40% chipper performance. This thesis must help designers for developing more efficient machines to reduce their impact on the environment, L’utilisation des plaquettes bois dans le secteur de l’énergie est en pleine croissance depuis les objectifs fixés par le grenelle de l’environnement. Cette utilisation croissante nécessite de plus en plus de matière première ainsi que des matériels de transformation. Ces machines de type déchiqueteuse / broyeur forestier consomme beaucoup d’énergie et dont la principale source est le pétrole. C’est pourquoi cette recherche propose dans un premier temps de définir un moyen d’évaluer la performance énergétique de ces machines puis dans un deuxième temps d’évaluer l’influence des paramètres de coupe sur la performance énergétique. Ce critère est défini comme le rapport entre la tonne de plaquettes sèches et l’énergie consommée par la déchiqueteuse. Il permettra d’évaluer une déchiqueteuse du marché. L’évaluation de la performance énergétique est réalisée en deux endroits distincts de la déchiqueteuse, proche de la coupe et de manière globale. Les différents résultats de l’influence des paramètres de coupe sont présentés afin de caractériser les plus importants dans le but d’une optimisation de la machine étudiée. Cette optimisation a permis de doubler la performance énergétique de la machine. La thèse a également mis en évidence les limites de l’utilisation de certains organes de sécurité réduisant la performance énergétique de 40%. Les différents travaux de recherche doivent permettre d’aider les concepteurs dans le dimensionnement de la source d’énergie nécessaire pour déchiqueter le bois

AIM: This study tested whether the macroconsumer Aegla longirostri is able to modify the invertebrate community associated with decomposing leaves. METHODS: The study was performed in a first-order stream located in central Rio Grande do Sul state. Two types of channels containing leaf litter of Ficus luschnathiana were placed in the stream; one type allowed aeglids to access the leaf litter (PA), and the other type did not (AA). Both types allowed aquatic insects to access the leaf litter. In addition, a control treatment (C) was established, in which no channel was used. After 3, 7, 11, 15 and 19 days, a litter bag was removed from each replicate of each treatment. RESULTS: A total of 926 organisms belonging to 19 families were identified. The most common taxon in all treatments was Chironomidae, which comprised 71% of the total and was represented by 16 genera. The presence of aeglids decreased the total abundance of organisms by 89% and the taxonomic richness by 35%. The presence of A. longirostri altered the taxonomic composition of the invertebrates and the structure of the trophic groups, causing a decrease in the abundance of all groups, except for shredders and predators. The gathering-collectors trophic group was the most important (65%), in both the presence and absence of A. longirostri. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that A. longirostri, as well as other macroconsumers, was able to modify the structure of the invertebrate community associated with decomposing leaves in the stream. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi testar se o macroconsumidor Aegla longirostri é capaz de modificar a comunidade de invertebrados associados ao folhiço em decomposição. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em riacho de primeira ordem na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram colocados no riacho dois tipos de canais com pacotes de folhas de Ficus luschnathiana, um canal permitia o acesso dos eglídeos (PA) às folhas e outro restringia o seu acesso (AA), mas ambos permitiam o acesso dos insetos aquáticos. Além disso, foi utilizado um controle (C) onde não havia a presença dos canais. Após 3, 7, 11, 15 e 19 dias foi retirado um pacote de folhas de cada réplica de cada tratamento. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 926 organismos pertencentes a 19 famílias. O táxon mais comum em todos os tratamentos foi Chironomidae, compreendendo 71% do total e foi representado por 16 gêneros. A presença dos eglídeos diminuiu a abundância total dos organismos em 89% e a riqueza taxonômica em 35%. A presença de A. longirostri modificou a composição taxonômica dos invertebrados e também a estrutura dos grupos tróficos funcionais, promovendo um decréscimo na abundância de todos os grupos, com exceção dos fragmentadores e predadores. O grupo funcional coletor-galhador foi o mais representativo (65%) tanto na presença quanto na ausência de A. longirostri. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo demonstrou que A. longirostri, assim como outros macroconsumidores, é capaz de modificar a estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados que fica aderida às folhas no riacho, corroborando nossa hipótese inicial.

In order to accelerate deployment of distributed recycling by providing low-cost feed stocks of granulated post-consumer waste plastic, this study analyzes an open source waste plastic granulator system. It is designed, built, and tested for its ability to convert post-consumer waste, 3D printed products and waste into polymer feedstock for recyclebots of fused particle/granule printers. The technical specifications of the device are quantified in terms of power consumption (380 to 404 W for PET and PLA, respectively) and particle size distribution. The open source device can be fabricated for less than $2000 USD in materials. The experimentally measured power use is only a minor contribution to the overall embodied energy of distributed recycling of waste plastic. The resultant plastic particle size distributions were found to be appropriate for use in both recyclebots and direct material extrusion 3D printers. Simple retrofits are shown to reduce sound levels during operation by 4dB-5dB for the vacuum. These results indicate that the open source waste plastic granulator is an appropriate technology for community, library, maker space, fab lab, or small business&ndash, based distributed recycling.

Sa porastom količina otpada postajemo sve svjesniji problema potrebe za zbrinjavanjem toga otpada. Odlaganje na odlagalištima nije pogodno zbog opasnih tvari koje se mogu naći u otpadu te zbog gubitka sekundarnih sirovina koja ostaju odložena na odlagalištima. U radu su prikazane količine elektroničkog otpada koje danas nastaju, te princip rada hladnjaka i opasne komponente koje se u njemu nalaze. U radu se opisuje postrojenje C.I.O.S. d.o.o. u kojem se recikliraju hladnjaci i slični otpad. Opisani su postupci recikliranja hladnjaka te svaki stroj zasebno kao i opis ručne predlinije. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata izrađena je tehnološka i ekonomska analiza postrojenja, te je zaključeno da je postrojenje ekonomski isplativo bez štetnog utjecaja na okoliš., With the increasing amount of waste we become aware of the problems with the need for disposal of waste. Land-filling is not suitable because of hazardous substances that can be found in the WEEE waste and because of the loss of raw materials which remain deposited in landfills. This graduate work shows the amounts of electric waste that are present today, as well as the working principle of refrigerator and dangerous components contained in it. This text describes C.I.O.S. d.o.o. plant which recycles refrigerators and similar waste. Recycling process of refrigerator is and each machine individual, as well as manual front line are described. Based on given results, technological and economic analysis of plant has been developed, and it has been concluded that the plant is economically feasible without adverse impact on environment.

This paper presents the development of particleboard based on common reed, reproducing the industry standard manufacturing process applied to wood chipboard. One of the main properties of the resulting board was its resistance to water, due to the hydrophobic properties of the common reed, despite there being no incorporation of melamine or any other waterproofing additive. The boards that were developed were analyzed using 2 mm and 4 mm sieves for fibre selection, a manufacturing pressure of 3 N/mm2 and 25 N/mm2, and a volume of urea formaldehyde resin content ranging from 5.2% to 13% (8 to 20% liquid format). Standard destructive tests were performed. It was found that under certain applied conditions, namely high pressure and adequate resin proportion (a pressure of over 3 N/mm2 and over 15% liquid resin), Arundo donax L. particleboard demonstrated full recovery from the swelling test. This finding highlights an unmatched property in terms of recovery from the swelling test of the designed board. This property confers a interesting property to be used in high humidity environments without the need for special resin or waterproofing process.

Developed technological system in parametric form, in which the relationship between paper characteristics, technological factors of the cutting process sheet of the paper stack on a cutting machine with a reciprocating movement of the blade and the vibration of it along the line of motion., Разработана технологическая система в параметрическом виде, в которой установлена взаимосвязь между характеристиками бумаги, технологическими факторами процесса резания листовой стопы бумаги на резальной машине с сабельным движением ножа и вибрацией его вдоль линии движения., Розроблено технологічну систему в параметричному вигляді, в якій встановлено взаємозв’язок між характеристиками паперу, технологічними факторами процесу різання листового стосу паперу на різальній машині з шабельним рухом ножа і вібрацією його вздовж лінії руху.

Present work elaborates on systems and engineering procedures to create particleboards based on Common Reed. Particleboard was manufactured using the shredding blades, usually applied by wood-particleboard industry. Diverse types of boards were manufactured keeping the same proportion of urea formaldehyde resin (for indoor use), but with different particle proportions according to ISO standard sieves, and varying the pressure from 3 N/mm2 to 25 N/mm2. Mechanical Density, bending resistance and elasticity tests were performed and results were compared against commercial wood particleboards. Results allowed us to state that particle size and pressure plays a significant role in common reed particleboard properties. Common reed particleboards were classified according to UNE EN standards, taking into account relevant standard tests carried out as well as additional classification standard-rules.

Розроблено технологічну систему в параметричному вигляді, в якій встановлено взаємозв’язок між характеристиками паперу, технологічними факторами процесу різання листового стосу паперу на різальній машині з шабельним рухом ножа і вібрацією його вздовж лінії руху. Developed technological system in parametric form, in which the relationship between paper characteristics, technological factors of the cutting process sheet of the paper stack on a cutting machine with a reciprocating movement of the blade and the vibration of it along the line of motion. Разработана технологическая система в параметрическом виде, в которой установлена взаимосвязь между характеристиками бумаги, технологическими факторами процесса резания листовой стопы бумаги на резальной машине с сабельным движением ножа и вибрацией его вдоль линии движения.

Background: In inland water systems, it is important to characterize the trophic links in order to identify the ‘trophic species’ and, from the studies of functional diversity, understand the dynamics of matter and energy in these environments. The aim of this study is to analyze the natural diet of Trichodactylus kensleyi of subtropical rainforest streams and corroborate the temporal variation in the trophic activity during day hours. Results: A total of 15 major taxonomic groups were recognized in gut contents. The index of relative importance identified the following main prey items in decreasing order of importance: vegetal remains, oligochaetes, chironomid larvae, and algae. A significant difference was found in the amount of full stomachs during day hours showing a less trophic activity at midday and afternoon. The index of relative importance values evidenced the consumption of different prey according to day moments. Results of the gut content indicate that T. kensleyi is an omnivorous crab like other trichodactylid species. Opportunistic behavior is revealed by the ingestion of organisms abundant in streams such as oligochaetes and chironomid larvae. The consumption of allochthonous plant debris shows the importance of this crab as shredder in subtropical streams. However, the effective assimilation of plant matter is yet unknown in trichodactylid crabs. Conclusions: This research provides knowledge that complements previous studies about trophic relationships of trichodactylid crabs and supported the importance of T. kensleyi in the transference of energy and matter from benthic community and riparian sources to superior trophic levels using both macro- and microfauna. Fil: Williner, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina Fil: de Azevedo Carvalho, Debora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Collins, Pablo Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina

International audience; During past decades, several mechanisms such as resource quality and habitat complexity have been proposed to explain variations in the strength of trophic cascades across ecosystems. In detritus-based headwater streams, litter accumulations constitute both a habitat and a resource for detritivorous macroinvertebrates. Because litter edibility (which promotes trophic cascades) is usually inversely correlated with its structural complexity (which weakens trophic cascades), there is a great scope for stronger trophic cascades in litter accumulations that are dominated by easily degradable litter species. However, it remains unclear how mixing contrasting litter species (conferring both habitat complexity and high quality resource) may influence top–down controls on communities and processes. In enclosures exposed in a second-order stream, we manipulated litter species composition by using two contrasting litter (alder and oak), and the presence–absence of a macroinvertebrate predator (Cordulegaster boltonii larvae), enabling it to effectively exert predation pressure, or not, on detritivores (consumptive versus non-consumptive predation effects). Leaf mass loss, detritivore biomass and community structure were mostly controlled independently by litter identity and mixing and by predator consumption. However, the strength of predator control was mediated by litter quality (stronger on alder), and to a lesser extent by litter mixing (weaker on mixed litter). Refractory litter such as oak leaves may contribute to the structural complexity of the habitat for stream macroinvertebrates, allowing the maintenance of detritivore communities even when strong predation pressure occurs. We suggest that considering the interaction between top–down and bottom–up factors is important when investigating their influence on natural communities and ecosystem processes in detritus-based ecosystems.

A intensidade de fragmentação de fitomassa, predominantemente o capim-colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.), por uma roçadora foi analisada com base na variabilidade do tamanho dos fragmentos. Para tanto, antes da passada da máquina, determinou-se a massa de material vegetal existente em parcelas de 1 m2, localizadas em 75 áreas amostrais de 5 x 5m, formando uma malha regular com 5 linhas por 15 colunas. Após a operação, o comprimento de 100 fragmentos do material nos mesmos 75 pontos e os dados foram registrados e processados com base na estatística descritiva e em técnicas de controle estatístico de qualidade. A quantidade média de fitomassa foi de 1.796 kg.ha-1, com um coeficiente de variação de 77,5%. Após a passagem da roçadora, a fitomassa picada apresentou fragmentos médios de 19,1 cm de comprimento, com um coeficiente de variação de 19,1%. Os resultados mostraram que, apesar da alta variabilidade na quantidade de fitomassa, a fragmentação ocorreu uniformemente.The intensity of fragmentation of biomass by a rotary shredder was analyzed according to the size of the cuttings. Prior to shredding, the mass of the green cover per meter square was recorded for 75 equally spaced 1m2 areas. After the operation, the lengths of 100 fragments of the cut material were taken from the same 75 1m2 area samples. Data was processed using descriptive statistics and quality control techniques. The average quantity of biomass was about 1,796 kg.ha-1 with a coefficient of variation of 77.5%. After rotary shredder work the average lengths of fragments was about 19.1 cm with a coefficient of variation of 19.1%. The results showed that the fragmentation was uniforme despite the high variability of the biomass quantity.

A indústria siderúrgica é grande consumidora de energia e de materiais e é responsável pela geração de significativo volume de resíduos sólidos bem como de efluentes líquidos e gasosos. As usinas semi-integradas de produção de aço têm como matéria-prima básica a sucata no processo de fusão. Os trituradores de sucata proporcionam a entrega de sucata ferrosa fragmentada com elevada limpeza. Entretanto, no processo de separação, são gerados resíduos não aproveitados pela indústria siderúrgica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização tecnológica do resíduo gerado em um triturador de sucata no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e avaliar as possibilidades de aproveitamento do material. Através de peneiramento foi possível separar o material em uma fração fina (< 2 mm) e uma fração grossa (> 2 mm). A fração fina (< 2 mm) foi analisada em relação à granulometria, massa específica, composição elementar, composição mineralógica e periculosidade. Pode se concluir que a fração fina, rica em óxidos de ferro e sílica, possui potencial de aproveitamento em processos de redução de ferro na siderurgia e na indústria cimenteira. A fração com granulometria (> 2 mm), rico em materiais poliméricos, apresenta potencial para uso energético. Os resultados obtidos nas duas frações são discutidos em termos das implicações tecnológicas, ambientais e econômicas do processo. The steel industry is a major consumer of energy and materials and it is responsible for generating a significant volume of atmospheric emissions, liquid effluents, and solid waste. The semi-integrated mills that produce steel have scrap as their basic raw material in the melting process. The scrap shredders provide the fragmented delivery of steel scrap with high cleanliness. However, the separation process generates wastes that are not used by the steel industry. The objective of this study was to characterize the waste generated in a scrap shredder in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and evaluate the potential use of the material. Through screening it was possible to separate the material into a fine fraction (< 2 mm) and a coarse fraction (> 2 mm). The fine fraction was characterized in terms of its particle size, specific weight, elemental composition, mineralogical composition, and environmental harm. It was possible to conclude that the fine fraction, rich in iron oxides and silica, can be potentially used as a raw material for iron reduction in steel plants or for cement production. The coarse fraction (> 2 mm), rich in polymeric material, presented potential in energy use. The results obtained in the two fractions are discussed in terms of technological, environmental and economic process.

Recycling processes that take place after the end of the useful lifetime of a product generate secondary raw materials to substitute primary ones. This is a step towards sustainable development. Recycling processes proceed during a short period compared to the lifetime of a product of up to several decades. Recycling involves costs, specific to processing and materials. The comparison of recycling and utilization of a product leads to an investigation of the influence of the intended use on the cost of recycling. To analyse this relationship and to identify cost relevant aspects, different kinds of recycling are explained and characterized by their mass relevance. The connection of recycling and product use is based on dispersion. Dispersion means the distribution of materials within the environment and can be analysed according to the three categories material, time and place which can also interact. The mass stream of copper has been selected to analyse the quantitative aspects of dispersion. The total of all copper considered for four different product applications is made available for the recycling process as the so-called copper deposit. For a more detailed analysis of the product specific and dispersion related costs of recycling, attention is focussed on the waste sector of electric and electronic equipment and here, in special, on white goods. Washing machines have been experimentally prepared for recycling purposes. The common recycling method for washing machines is the use of car shredders. The shredding technique combined with an airflow separation is explained and experimentally applied on the laboratory scale of a technical school. The shredding process combined with a magnetic separation creates three output fractions: iron products, the non-ferrous metal fraction and the shredder light fraction (SLF). The cost structure of recycling is described by the determination of the SLF fraction as a function of the age of the washing machines and by the composition of the product masses. A special SLF indicator is defined. The total mixture of raw materials in the shredder - old cars, electrical goods and further scrap - is of importance for environmental and economic reasons. Different legislative directives become relevant for the shredding process; laws for end-of-life-vehicles concern also electrical products. The definition of processing and recycling quotas by law influences the choice of recycling techniques and input materials and proves to be cost effective. Calculations and analyses of recycling situations are presented and point out the relevance of the SLF indicator.

Public concerns about incinerator emissions, as well as the creation of federal regulations for medical waste incinerators, are causing many health care facilities to rethink their choices in medical waste treatment. As stated by Health Care Without Harm, non-incineration treatment technologies are a growing and developing field. Most medical waste is incinerated, a practice that is short-lived because of environmental considerations. The burning of solid and regulated medical waste generated by health care creates many problems. Medical waste incinerators emit toxic air pollutants and toxic ash residues that are the major source of dioxins in the environment. International Agency for Research on Cancer, an arm of WHO, acknowledged dioxins cancer causing potential and classified it as human carcinogen. Development of waste management policies, careful waste segregation and training programs, as well as attention to materials purchased, are essential in minimizing the environmental and health impacts of any technology.

A intensidade de fragmentação de fitomassa, predominantemente o capim-colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.), por uma roçadora foi analisada com base na variabilidade do tamanho dos fragmentos. Para tanto, antes da passada da máquina, determinou-se a massa de material vegetal existente em parcelas de 1 m2, localizadas em 75 áreas amostrais de 5 x 5m, formando uma malha regular com 5 linhas por 15 colunas. Após a operação, o comprimento de 100 fragmentos do material nos mesmos 75 pontos e os dados foram registrados e processados com base na estatística descritiva e em técnicas de controle estatístico de qualidade. A quantidade média de fitomassa foi de 1.796 kg.ha-1, com um coeficiente de variação de 77,5%. Após a passagem da roçadora, a fitomassa picada apresentou fragmentos médios de 19,1 cm de comprimento, com um coeficiente de variação de 19,1%. Os resultados mostraram que, apesar da alta variabilidade na quantidade de fitomassa, a fragmentação ocorreu uniformemente. The intensity of fragmentation of biomass by a rotary shredder was analyzed according to the size of the cuttings. Prior to shredding, the mass of the green cover per meter square was recorded for 75 equally spaced 1m2 areas. After the operation, the lengths of 100 fragments of the cut material were taken from the same 75 1m2 area samples. Data was processed using descriptive statistics and quality control techniques. The average quantity of biomass was about 1,796 kg.ha-1 with a coefficient of variation of 77.5%. After rotary shredder work the average lengths of fragments was about 19.1 cm with a coefficient of variation of 19.1%. The results showed that the fragmentation was uniforme despite the high variability of the biomass quantity.

The breakdown of willow (Salix alba) and beech (Fagus silvatica) leaves and their colonization by invertebrates were studied in a third-order mountain stream (breakdown rate k = 0.0147 and 0.0052∙d−1, respectively) and a seventh-order lowland river (k = 0.0094 and 0.0027∙d−1). Willow leaves broke down three times faster than beech leaves; this difference was twice that between streams. Total invertebrate densities and biomass and the proportion of shredders were higher in the large river; therefore, differences in breakdown capacities between streams cannot be attributed to differences in invertebrate community structure. Instead, microbial processing and abiotic fragmentation are suggested as factors controlling breakdown rates. Owing to the abundance of naidids, up to 2000 invertebrates per leaf bag were recorded in the large river. These oligochaetes appeared to use litter accumulations as a microhabitat that provided shelter and a rich supply of food in the form of fine particulate organic matter. Tubificid oligochaetes accounted for 55% of total biomass on partly degraded leaves at this site. Their abundance and regular occurrence inside willow leaves suggest that tubificids enhance leaf fragmentation and possibly mediate the incorporation of organic matter in river sediments once the plant tissue is sufficiently macerated.