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1. The evolution, ecology, and conservation of hummingbirds and their interactions with flowering plants

Author

Kara G. Leimberger, Bo Dalsgaard, Joseph A. Tobias, Christopher Wolf, and Matthew G. Betts

Subjects
Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, Plant Nectar, mutualism, ANIMAL MUTUALISTIC NETWORKS, Flowers, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Birds, specialization, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Magnoliopsida, pollen dispersal, POLLINATOR-MEDIATED SELECTION, NECTAR-FEEDING BIRDS, Animals, pollination ecology, TROPICAL HUMMINGBIRD, Pollination, Biology, species interactions, Evolutionary Biology, Science & Technology, Trochilidae, CLIMATE-CHANGE, interaction networks, FOREST FRAGMENTATION, 06 Biological Sciences, Plants, EXTINCTION RISK, coevolution, PURPLE-THROATED CARIBS, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract

The ecological co-dependency between plants and hummingbirds is a classic example of a mutualistic interaction: hummingbirds rely on floral nectar to fuel their rapid metabolisms, and more than 7000 plant species rely on hummingbirds for pollination. However, threats to hummingbirds are mounting, with 10% of 366 species considered globally threatened and 60% in decline. Despite the important ecological implications of these population declines, no recent review has examined plant–hummingbird interactions in the wider context of their evolution, ecology, and conservation. To provide this overview, we (i) assess the extent to which plants and hummingbirds have coevolved over millions of years, (ii) examine the mechanisms underlying plant–hummingbird interaction frequencies and hummingbird specialization, (iii) explore the factors driving the decline of hummingbird populations, and (iv) map out directions for future research and conservation. We find that, despite close associations between plants and hummingbirds, acquiring evidence for coevolution (versus one-sided adaptation) is difficult because data on fitness outcomes for both partners are required. Thus, linking plant–hummingbird interactions to plant reproduction is not only a major avenue for future coevolutionary work, but also for studies of interaction networks, which rarely incorporate pollinator effectiveness. Nevertheless, over the past decade, a growing body of literature on plant–hummingbird networks suggests that hummingbirds form relationships with plants primarily based on overlapping phenologies and trait-matching between bill length and flower length. On the other hand, species-level specialization appears to depend primarily on local community context, such as hummingbird abundance and nectar availability. Finally, although hummingbirds are commonly viewed as resilient opportunists that thrive in brushy habitats, we find that range size and forest dependency are key predictors of hummingbird extinction risk. A critical direction for future research is to examine how potential stressors – such as habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, and introduction of non-native plants – may interact to affect hummingbirds and the plants they pollinate.

Published
2022
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2. Response to Midgley : the costs of reproduction cannot differ between the sexes

Author

Liu, Miao, Korpelainen, Helena, Li, Chunyang, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Population Genetics and Biodiversity Group, and Plant Production Sciences

Subjects
Sexual-dimorphism, Drought, Populus-cathayana, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Allocation, Ratio variation, Growth, Strategies, Plants, 11831 Plant biology, Stress, Tolerance
Abstract

Non

Published
2022

3. Roles of steroid receptors in the lung and COVID-19

Author

Damien A. Leach, Charlotte L. Bevan, Greg N. Brooke, Williams, C, Bondesson, M, and Frigo, DE

Subjects
SURFACTANT-PROTEIN-A, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Receptors, Steroid, medicine.medical_treatment, Respiratory System, nuclear receptors, Research & Experimental Medicine, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Bases of Health & Disease, Endocrinology, 0302 clinical medicine, Glucocorticoid receptor, Mineralocorticoid receptor, Medicine, Receptor, Review Articles, Lung, GENE-EXPRESSION, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Serine Endopeptidases, Medicine, Research & Experimental, Receptors, Estrogen, 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE-1, Receptors, Androgen, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, PULMONARY SURFACTANT, CONVERTING ENZYME 2, Female, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Receptors, Progesterone, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, estrogens, steroids, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Steroid hormone receptor, androgen, Biochemical Research Methods, Immunomodulation, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Hormone Antagonists, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Sex Factors, Progesterone receptor, Humans, Molecular Biology, Science & Technology, Gene Expression & Regulation, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, SARS-COV-2 RECEPTOR, COVID-19, GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Androgen receptor, Steroid hormone, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid, 030104 developmental biology, Nuclear receptor, Cancer research, FETAL LUNG, MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR, business
Abstract

COVID-19 symptoms and mortality are largely due to its devastating effects in the lungs. The disease is caused by the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)-CoV-2 coronavirus, which requires host cell proteins such as ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine protease 2) for infection of lung epithelia. The expression and function of the steroid hormone receptor family is important in many aspects that impact on COVID-19 effects in the lung – notably lung development and function, the immune system, and expression of TMPRSS2 and ACE2. This review provides a brief summary of current knowledge on the roles of the steroid hormone receptors [androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), progesterone receptor (PR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and oestrogen receptor (ER)] in the lung, their effects on host cell proteins that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 uptake, and provides a snapshot of current clinical trials investigating the use of steroid receptor (SR) ligands to treat COVID-19.

Published
2021
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4. Escalating the conflict? Intersex genetic correlations influence adaptation to environmental change in facultatively migratory populations

Author

Adam Kane, Daniel Ayllón, Ronan James O’Sullivan, Philip McGinnity, Thomas Eric Reed, and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme

Subjects
DEPENDENT DOMINANCE, LOUSE LEPEOPHTHEIRUS-SALMONIS, agent-based models, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS, anadromy, genetically explicit eco-evolutionary model, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, brown trout, INDUCED MORTALITY, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, intralocus sexual conflict, sexual antagonism, PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, Genetics, WILD SEA-TROUT, ALTERNATIVE LIFE-HISTORIES, TROUT SALMO-TRUTTA, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
Abstract

Males and females are often subject to different and even opposing selection pressures. When a given trait has a shared genetic basis between the sexes, sexual conflict (antagonism) can arise. This can result in significant individual-level fitness consequences that might also affect population performance, whilst anthropogenic environmental change can further exacerbate maladaptation in one or both sexes driven by sexual antagonism. Here, we develop a genetically explicit eco-evolutionary model using an agent-based framework to explore how a population of a facultatively migratory fish species (brown trout Salmo trutta) adapts to environmental change across a range of intersex genetic correlations for migration propensity, which influence the magnitude of sexual conflict. Our modelled focal trait represents a condition threshold governing whether individuals adopt a resident or anadromous (sea migration) tactic. Anadromy affords potential size-mediated reproductive advantages to both males and females due to improved feeding opportunities at sea, but these can be undermined by high background marine mortality and survival/growth costs imposed by marine parasites (sea lice). We show that migration tactic frequency for a given set of environmental conditions is strongly influenced by the intersex genetic correlation, such that one sex can be dragged off its optimum more than the other. When this occurred in females in our model, population productivity was substantially reduced, but eco-evolutionary outcomes were altered by allowing for sneaking behaviour in males. We discuss real-world implications of our work given that anadromous salmonids are regularly challenged by sea lice infestations, which might act synergistically with other stressors such as climate change or fishing that impact marine performance, driving populations towards residency and potentially reduced resilience.

Published
2022

5. Craniofacial shape from pre- to post-adolescence

Author

Hans L L Wellens, Piotr Fudalej, Małgorzata Bilińska, and Aleksandra Maciejewska-Turek

Subjects
RV coefficient, Male, Adolescent, PREDICTION, Cephalometry, Orthodontics, Mandible, VARIABLES, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Maxilla, Humans, Craniofacial skeleton, Craniofacial, 610 Medicine & health, Mathematics, Principal Component Analysis, HERITABILITY, Regression analysis, CEPHALOMETRIC STANDARDS, AGES, Face, Principal component analysis, Mandibular plane, GROWTH, Female, Cephalogram
Abstract

Summary Aim Craniofacial growth demonstrates significant variation and is difficult to predict. The aim of the present investigation was twofold: (1) to assess the association (covariation) between craniofacial shape at pre- and post-adolescence and (2) to evaluate if pre-adolescent craniofacial shape is related (covaries) with growth magnitude and direction. Subjects and methods One hundred fifty subjects (86 males and 64 females) untreated orthodontically were selected from AAOF Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection. Each subject had cephalograms taken before 9 (pre-adolescent stage) and after 15 years of age (post-adolescent). Fourteen curves comprising 123 points (10 fixed and 113 sliding semilandmarks) comprehensively covering the craniofacial skeleton were digitally traced on each cephalogram. Procrustes alignment, principal component analysis, 2-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis, and regression analysis were done after sliding the semilandmarks to minimize bending energy. Results The first 16 principal components (PCs) were non-trivial and explained 85.2% of total shape variability in the sample. PC1 depicted mainly variability in the vertical direction, PC2 represented mostly variability in the saddle angle and in the antero-posterior position of the mandible, and PC3 depicted primarily variability of the mandibular shape (steep versus flat mandibular plane). The covariation between pre- and post-adolescent facial shape was statistically significant, both in the pooled sample (RV coefficient = 0.604) and in boys (RV = 0.639) and girls (RV = 0.629). The pre-adolescent shape was weakly associated with the magnitude of facial change—2-block PLS analysis demonstrated that blocks 1 and 2 were independent (P = 0.118, RV = 0.035). Conclusions The pre-adolescent shape of the craniofacial complex explained approximately 60% of the post-adolescent shape of the craniofacial complex; however, the relationship between pre-adolescent shape of the craniofacial complex and magnitude of its change was weak.

Published
2022
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6. Facial Masculinity Increases Perceptions of Men’s Age, But Not Perceptions of Their Health: Data From an Arab Sample

Author

Iris J Holzleitner, S. Adil Saribay, Sarah A. H. Alharbi, Benedict C. Jones, Anthony J. Lee, and Sarıbay, S. Adil

Subjects
Facial masculinity, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, BF, Face (sociological concept), 050109 social psychology, Sample (statistics), FACES, PREFERENCES, 050105 experimental psychology, Health data, Developmental psychology, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Perception, Formerly Health & Social Sciences, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, media_common
Abstract

Masculine characteristics in men’s faces are often assumed to function as health cues. However, evidence for this assumption from empirical tests is mixed. For example, research on Western women’s face perceptions found that masculinized versions of men’s faces were perceived to be older, but not healthier, than feminized versions. Since research on this topic has focused on Western women’s face perceptions, we investigated the effects of masculinizing face images on Arab women’s perceptions of men’s health (study 1, N = 211) and age (study 2, N = 209). Arab women perceived masculinized versions of male face images to be older, but not healthier, than feminized versions. These results add to a growing body of evidence challenging the assumption that male facial masculinity functions primarily as a health cue.

Published
2020
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7. Estrogen receptor alpha signaling in extrahypothalamic neurons during late puberty decreases bone size and strength in female but not in male mice

Author

Dirk Vanderschueren, Brigitte Decallonne, G. Harry van Lenthe, Ludo Deboel, Geert Carmeliet, Leen Antonio, Rougin Khalil, Na Ri Kim, Vanessa Dubois, Dieter Schollaert, Jan-Åke Gustafsson, Marie K Lagerquist, Frank Claessens, Claes Ohlsson, and Ferran Jardi

Subjects
Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, Male, 0301 basic medicine, puberty, medicine.medical_treatment, Biochemistry, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Bone Density, Bone cell, neuroendocrine bone axis, Sexual Maturation, Mice, Knockout, Neurons, Bone growth, Sex Characteristics, Skeleton (computer programming), GH, Biomechanical Phenomena, DEFICIENCY, IGF-1, INACTIVATION, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Signal Transduction, Biotechnology, Peak bone mass, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, medicine.medical_specialty, ER-ALPHA, BETA, Biology, Bone and Bones, skeletal sexual dimorphism, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, ANDROGENS, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, Genetics, medicine, Animals, sex steroids, Femur, GROWTH-HORMONE-SECRETION, RNA, Messenger, Molecular Biology, INNERVATION, Science & Technology, Bone Development, Growth factor, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Cell Biology, X-Ray Microtomography, GENE, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Sexual dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, HYPOTHALAMUS, Estrogen receptor alpha, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Sexually dimorphic bone structure emerges largely during puberty. Sex steroids are critical for peak bone mass acquisition in both genders. In particular, the biphasic effects of estrogens mediate the skeletal sexual dimorphism. However, so far the stimulatory vs inhibitory actions of estrogens on bone mass are not fully explained by direct effects on bone cells. Recently, it has become evident that there is possible neuroendocrine action of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) on the skeleton. Based on these considerations, we hypothesized that neuronal ERα-signaling may contribute to the skeletal growth during puberty. Here, we generated mice with tamoxifen-inducible Thy1-Cre mediated ERα inactivation during late puberty specifically in extrahypothalamic neurons (N-ERαKO). Inactivation of neuronal ERα did not alter the body weight in males, whereas N-ERαKO females exhibited a higher body weight and increased body and bone length compared to their control littermates at 16 weeks of age. Ex vivo microCT analysis showed increased radial bone expansion of the midshaft femur in female N-ERαKO along with higher serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 as well as IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3. Furthermore, the 3-point bending test revealed increased bone strength in female N-ERαKO. In contrast, inactivation of neuronal ERα had no major effect on bone growth in males. In conclusion, we demonstrate that central ERα-signaling limits longitudinal bone growth and radial bone expansion specifically in females potentially by interacting with the GH/IGF-1 axis. ispartof: FASEB JOURNAL vol:34 issue:5 pages:7118-7126 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2020
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8. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis: Pathophysiology of Hypogonadism

Author

Aditi Sharma, Channa N. Jayasena, Waljit S. Dhillo, National Institute for Health Research, and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust- BRC Funding

Subjects
Adult, Male, CENTRAL PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, LUTEINIZING-HORMONE, Hypothalamus, TOTAL TESTOSTERONE, Endocrinology & Metabolism, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Endocrinology, Testis, Humans, HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM, Testosterone, Testes, GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE, LEPTIN RECEPTOR, INSULIN-RESISTANCE, Science & Technology, BINDING-GLOBULIN, Hypogonadism, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, NEUROKININ B, Pituitary Gland, 1114 Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Gonadotropins
Abstract

Male hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the diminished functional activity of the testis resulting in low levels of testosterone and/or spermatozoa. Defects at one or more levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis can result in either primary or secondary hypogonadism. The changes that occur in the HPT axis from fetal to adult life are fundamental to understanding the pathophysiology of hypogonadism. In this article, we summarize the maturation and neuroendocrine regulation of the HPT axis and discuss the major congenital and acquired causes of male hypogonadism both at the (1) hypothalamic-pituitary (secondary hypogonadism) and (2) testicular (primary hypogonadism) levels.

Published
2022

9. The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

Author

Aurélien Lowie, Barbara De Kegel, Mark Wilkinson, John Measey, James C. O'Reilly, Nathan J. Kley, Philippe Gaucher, Jonathan Brecko, Thomas Kleinteich, Dominique Adriaens, and Anthony Herrel

Subjects
PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL, Physiology, Aquatic Science, DIET, Bite Force, Amphibians, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Cranial morphology, Muscle architecture, Animals, KINEMATICS, Muscle, Skeletal, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Geometric morphometrics, Feeding mechanics, LOCOMOTION, Skull, Biology and Life Sciences, DERMOPHIS-MEXICANUS AMPHIBIA, PERFORMANCE, EVOLUTION, Biomechanical Phenomena, SOIL, Jaw, Insect Science, MORPHOLOGY, Animal Science and Zoology, Head
Abstract

Caecilians are enigmatic limbless amphibians that, with a few exceptions, all have an at least partly burrowing lifestyle. Although it has been suggested that caecilian evolution resulted in sturdy and compact skulls as an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance has been demonstrated to date. However, the unique dual jaw-closing mechanism and the osteological variability of their temporal region suggest a potential relationship between skull shape and feeding mechanics. Here, we explored the relationships between skull shape, head musculature and in vivo bite forces. Although there is a correlation between bite force and external head shape, no relationship between bite force and skull shape could be detected. Whereas our data suggest that muscles are the principal drivers of variation in bite force, the shape of the skull is constrained by factors other than demands for bite force generation. However, a strong covariation between the cranium and mandible exists. Moreover, both cranium and mandible shape covary with jaw muscle architecture. Caecilians show a gradient between species with a long retroarticular process associated with a large and pennate-fibered m. interhyoideus posterior and species with a short process but long and parallel-fibered jaw adductors. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between form and function of this jaw system. Further studies that focus on factors such as gape distance or jaw velocity will be needed in order to fully understand the evolution of feeding mechanics in caecilians.

Published
2022
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10. Ischiofemoral impingement: the evolutionary cost of pelvic obstetric adaptation

Author

Peter Claes, Kate Duquesne, E. Audenaert, Bhushan Borotikar, Vikas Khanduja, Tinashe Mutsvangwa, J De Roeck, Audenaert, EA [0000-0001-5508-6743], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, VIRTUAL POPULATION, STRIDE, QUADRATUS FEMORIS, 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, SIZE DIMORPHISM, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, AcademicSubjects/MED00960, SPACE, Femur, COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY, 3202 Clinical Sciences, Pelvis, Research Articles, BODY-SIZE, business.industry, ABNORMALITIES, Statistical shape analysis, Pain Research, Buttock Pain, 030229 sport sciences, Posterior compartment of thigh, Gait, Sexual dimorphism, MODEL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Musculoskeletal, DISTANCE, Human medicine, Chronic Pain, business
Abstract

Funder: Flemmish research foundation, The risk for ischiofemoral impingement has been mainly related to a reduced ischiofemoral distance and morphological variance of the femur. From an evolutionary perspective, however, there are strong arguments that the condition may also be related to sexual dimorphism of the pelvis. We, therefore, investigated the impact of gender-specific differences in anatomy of the ischiofemoral space on the ischiofemoral clearance, during static and dynamic conditions. A random sampling Monte-Carlo experiment was performed to investigate ischiofemoral clearance during stance and gait in a large (n = 40 000) virtual study population, while using gender-specific kinematics. Subsequently, a validated gender-specific geometric morphometric analysis of the hip was performed and correlations between overall hip morphology (statistical shape analysis) and standard discrete measures (conventional metric approach) with the ischiofemoral distance were evaluated. The available ischiofemoral space is indeed highly sexually dimorphic and related primarily to differences in the pelvic anatomy. The mean ischiofemoral distance was 22.2 ± 4.3 mm in the females and 29.1 ± 4.1 mm in the males and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Additionally, the ischiofemoral distance was observed to be a dynamic measure, and smallest during femoral extension, and this in turn explains the clinical sign of pain in extension during long stride walking. In conclusion, the presence of a reduced ischiofemroal distance and related risk to develop a clinical syndrome of ischiofemoral impingement is strongly dominated by evolutionary effects in sexual dimorphism of the pelvis. This should be considered when female patients present with posterior thigh/buttock pain, particularly if worsened by extension. Controlled laboratory study.

Published
2021
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11. The island rule explains consistent patterns of body size evolution in terrestrial vertebrates

Author

Ana Benítez-López, Borja Milá, Joe Tobias, Luca Santini, Juan Gallego-Zamorano, Patrick Walkden, and Mark A. J. Huijbregts

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, dwarfism, island rule, Insular dwarfism, Fauna, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, ATLANTIC-RAIN-FOREST, Body size, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Birds, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, TORTOISE TESTUDO-HERMANNI, WHITE-TOOTHED SHREW, medicine, Animals, Body Size, gigantism, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, Island biogeography, Mammals, Evolutionary Biology, Science & Technology, amphibians, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, MAINLAND POPULATIONS, Ecology, Phylogenetic tree, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, vertebrates, mammals, birds, reptiles, Foster rule, NATURAL-HISTORY, medicine.disease, Biological Evolution, Gigantism, LIZARD TAKYDROMUS-SEPTENTRIONALIS, COSTATA SQUAMATA TEIIDAE, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Island faunas can be characterized by gigantism in small animals and dwarfism in large animals, but the extent to which this so-called 'island rule' provides a general explanation for evolutionary trajectories on islands remains contentious. Here we use a phylogenetic meta-analysis to assess patterns and drivers of body size evolution across a global sample of paired island-mainland populations of terrestrial vertebrates. We show that 'island rule' effects are widespread in mammals, birds and reptiles, but less evident in amphibians, which mostly tend towards gigantism. We also found that the magnitude of insular dwarfism and gigantism is mediated by climate as well as island size and isolation, with more pronounced effects in smaller, more remote islands for mammals and reptiles. We conclude that the island rule is pervasive across vertebrates, but that the implications for body size evolution are nuanced and depend on an array of context-dependent ecological pressures and environmental conditions.

Published
2021

12. Cranial variation in common dolphinsDelphinusspp. off South Africa, with the inclusion of information from the holotype ofDelphinus capensis

Author

Anders Galatius, G. J. G. Hofmeyr, S.G. Ngqulana, Stephanie Plön, and Pierre A. Pistorius

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Cranial morphology, HUMPBACK DOLPHINS, BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS, TAXONOMIC STATUS, Common dolphin, delphinus delphis, STENELLA, Morphological variation, Zoology, Delphinus delphis, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS, taxonomy, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, biology.animal, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, geometric morphometrics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Delphinus, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, geographical variation, PORPOISE, Holotype, cranial morphology, Delphinus delphis, geographical variation, geometric morphometrics, rostral index, sexual dimorphism, taxonomy, cranial morphology, rostral index, biology.organism_classification, Geography, sexual dimorphism, MORPHOLOGY, Delphinus capensis, Taxonomy (biology)
Abstract

The common dolphins (genus Delphinus) are widely distributed in all temperate and tropical oceans. Over this wide geographical distribution they show considerable range in morphological variation, which has led to descriptions of several species in the genus. Until recently, only two species of Delphinus were accepted, but this classification has become contentious. This study investigated the occurrence of morphologically different types of Delphinus in South African waters and assessed geographic and morphometric variations within each type. A total of 296 skulls of Delphinus spp., obtained from the Port Elizabeth Museum and the Iziko South African Museum, were photographed in their dorsal and ventral aspects for geometric morphometric analysis. Our results revealed three clusters of specimens based on analysis of the dorsal aspect of the skull, and two clusters for the ventral aspect. Significant differences in cranial size were found between clusters. Both cranial aspects showed that the main variations in skull shape occurred in the rostral region and braincase area, indicating divergent adaptations relating to these features. There was a substantial difference between the composition of the dorsal-aspect and ventralaspect clusters, suggesting the presence of only one species in South African waters. Significant differences between morphological clusters associated with the three regions within the study area (cold-temperate, warm-temperate and subtropical) are probably mediated through differences in local environmental conditions (e.g. different water temperatures and productivity).Keywords: cranial morphology, Delphinus delphis, geographical variation, geometric morphometrics, rostral index, sexual dimorphism, taxonomy

Published
2019
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13. Preference for attractive faces is species-specific

Author

David Méary, Fabrice Damon, Zhihan Li, Yin Yan, Kun Guo, Paul C. Quinn, Wu Li, Olivier Pascalis, Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Normal University (BNU), DIAMOND Light source, and This research was supported by the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 91432102).

Subjects
bias, Visual perception, averageness, perception, Attentional bias, Choice Behavior, infant preferences, Macaque, Attentional Bias, 0302 clinical medicine, humans, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, choice, Behavior, Animal, [SDV.NEU.PC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Psychology and behavior, biology, attractiveness, 05 social sciences, Sensory Systems, Preference, Social Perception, Mate choice, Categorization, Psychology (miscellaneous), Psychology, Facial Recognition, evolutionary psychology, Cognitive psychology, Adult, Attractiveness, Adaptation (eye), Sensory system, beauty, mate, 050105 experimental psychology, rhesus macaques, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, biology.animal, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, symmetry preferences, eye-tracking, Facial expression, Physical attractiveness, Macaca mulatta, color, sexual-dimorphism, facial attractiveness, Ophthalmology, Averageness, faces, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Studies on facial attractiveness in human adults, infants, and newborns have consistently reported a visual preference for faces rated as attractive compared to faces rated as unattractive. Biological accounts of facial attractiveness have typically presented such preferences as arising from adaptations for mate choice or as by-products of general sensory bias. In this cross-species study, we examined whether explicit ratings of attractiveness made by human judges would predict implicit visual preferences in other humans and also in rhesus macaques, and if they do, whether such preferences would extend beyond conspecific faces. Results showed that human ratings of attractiveness can predict implicit preferences in non-human primates (macaque monkeys, Macaca mulatta). However, we also found a species-specific effect of face attractiveness in which humans showed a visual preference for human faces (but not macaque faces) rated as attractive, and macaques displayed a visual preference for macaque faces (but not human faces) rated as attractive. Overall, the findings suggest that attentional bias toward attractive faces is neither the result of an exclusive operation of mate choice adaptation mechanisms, nor does it reflect the sole influence of a general sensory bias, but rather reflects their interaction. The influence of a general sensory bias may be modulated by the categorization of a face as conspecific or heterospecific, leading to species-specific preference for attractive faces.

Published
2019
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14. Contrasting heterozygosity-fitness correlations across life in a long-lived seabird

Author

Michael Wink, Oscar Vedder, Peter H. Becker, Coraline Bichet, Sandra Bouwhuis, Hedwig Sauer-Gürth, and Verhulst lab

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, life history, INBREEDING DEPRESSION, Heterozygote, Genotype, Sterna, Outbreeding depression, GENETIC-BASIS, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, microsatellites, COMMON TERN POPULATION, Loss of heterozygosity, Charadriiformes, 03 medical and health sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Germany, Genetics, Hirundo, Inbreeding depression, Animals, heterozygosity, REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE, common tern, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Genetic diversity, biology, Sterna hirundo, Fledge, OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION, MICROSATELLITE MARKERS, MULTILOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY, LOCAL RECRUITMENT, biology.organism_classification, fitness, Genetics, Population, 030104 developmental biology, Female, Genetic Fitness, North Sea, Tern, INDIVIDUAL QUALITY, Microsatellite Repeats, Demography
Abstract

Selection is a central force underlying evolutionary change and can vary in strength and direction, for example across time and space. The fitness consequences of individual genetic diversity have often been investigated by testing for multilocus heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs), but few studies have been able to assess HFCs across life stages and in both sexes. Here, we test for HFCs using a 26-year longitudinal individual-based data set from a large population of a long-lived seabird (the common tern, Sterna hirundo), where 7,974 chicks and breeders of known age were genotyped at 15 microsatellite loci and sampled for life-history traits over the complete life cycle. Heterozygosity was not correlated with fledging or post-fledging prospecting probabilities, but was positively correlated with recruitment probability. For breeders, annual survival was not correlated with heterozygosity, but annual fledgling production was negatively correlated with heterozygosity in males and highest in intermediately heterozygous females. The contrasting HFCs among life stages and sexes indicate differential selective processes and emphasize the importance of assessing fitness consequences of traits over complete life histories.

Published
2019

15. Genetics of Somatotype and Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents

Author

António M. Antunes, Duarte L. Freitas, Aline Jelenkovic, Sara Pereira, José Maia, Martine Thomis, Jaakko Kaprio, Johan Lefevre, Élvio R. Gouveia, Karri Silventoinen, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Population Research Unit (PRU), Center for Population, Health and Society, Sociology, University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland

Subjects
Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, Male, Physical fitness, Age categories, Twins, body-mass index, ADULTHOOD, heritability, Physical strength, 0302 clinical medicine, STRENGTH, 0601 history and archaeology, Child, risk-factors, Motor ability, Anthropometry, HERITABILITY, 4. Education, phenotypes, dominant somatotype, 06 humanities and the arts, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Phenotype, Child, Preschool, Female, Anatomy, Psychology, strength, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, adulthood, Adolescent, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, PHENOTYPES, components, 03 medical and health sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Genetics, Humans, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Science & Technology, 060101 anthropology, Portugal, business.industry, Somatotypes, COMPONENTS, Genetic Variation, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Heritability, sexual-dimorphism, BODY-MASS INDEX, Physical Fitness, Anthropology, RISK-FACTORS, business, Body mass index, Demography, DOMINANT SOMATOTYPE
Abstract

Objectives To analyze the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the variation in somatotype, physical fitness, and their mutual associations. Methods Twins from 214 pairs (87 monozygotic) of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, from 3 to 18 years of age (51% girls) were assessed in anthropometry and physical fitness tests. We estimated endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy based on anthropometric measures and physical fitness using the Eurofit test battery. Two age categories were analyzed: children (3-11 years) and adolescents (12-18 years). Genetic and environmental variations were estimated using quantitative genetic twin modeling. Results No genetic sex differences were found, thus boys and girls were pooled in all genetic analyses. Heritability estimates were high for somatotype (a(2)= 0.80-0.93), physical fitness traits (a(2)= 0.67-0.83), and largely similar in children and adolescents. Positive correlations were found for ectomorphy with motor ability and cardiorespiratory endurance as well as for endomorphy and mesomorphy with muscular strength (r= 0.25-0.37). In contrast, negative associations were found for ectomorphy with muscular strength, as well as for endomorphy and mesomorphy with motor ability and cardiorespiratory endurance (-0.46 to -0.26). Twin modeling indicated that these associations were explained mostly by genetic factors in common to the two associated traits (84% or more). Conclusions Associations between somatotype and physical fitness tests are mainly explained by common genetic background in children and adolescents. Therefore, interventions in youth should consider that a child's performance in physical fitness tests partly reflects their inherited physique. Academy of Finland, Grant/Award Number: #312073; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: POCI/DES/56834/2004

Published
2021

16. The Terrific Skink bite force suggests insularity as a likely driver to exceptional resource use

Author

Michael J. Jowers, Yuri Simone, Anthony Herrel, M. Pilar Cabezas, Raquel Xavier, Magaly Holden, Renaud Boistel, John C. Murphy, Mathieu Santin, Stephane Caut, Renoir J. Auguste, Arie van der Meijden, Franco Andreone, Ivan Ineich, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Center for NeuroImaging Research-Human MRI Neuroimaging core facility for clinical research [ICM Paris] (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), The University of the West Indies, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)

Subjects
PHASE CONTRAST, DIVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS, Brachyura, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], BIOLOGY, Bite Force, DIET, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, HEAD SIZE, STABLE-ISOTOPES, Animals, Humans, Multidisciplinary, PHASE CONTRAST MICROTOMOGRAPHY, Biology and Life Sciences, Lizards, EVOLUTION, BIOMIMETICS, Biomechanical Phenomena, Diet, LACERTID LIZARDS, Jaw, Predatory Behavior, LIZARD PODARCIS-ATRATA, DARWINS FINCHES, NICHE DIVERGENCE
Abstract

Natural history museum collections hold extremely rare, extinct species often described from a single known specimen. On occasions, rediscoveries open new opportunities to understand selective forces acting on phenotypic traits. Recent rediscovery of few individuals of Bocourt´s Terrific Skink Phoboscincus bocourti, from a small and remote islet in New Caledonia allowed to genetically identify a species of land crab in its diet. To explore this further, we CT- and MRI-scanned the head of the holotype, the only preserved specimen dated to about 1870, segmented the adductor muscles of the jaw and bones, and estimated bite force through biomechanical models. These data were compared with those gathered for 332 specimens belonging to 44 other skink species. Thereafter we recorded the maximum force needed to generate mechanical failure of the exoskeleton of a crab specimen. The bite force is greater than the prey hardness, suggesting that predation on hard-shelled crabs may be an important driver of performance. The high bite force seems crucial to overcome low or seasonal variations in resource availability in these extreme insular environments. Phoboscincus bocourti appears to be an apex predator in a remote and harsh environment and the only skink known to predate on hard-shelled land crabs.

Published
2022
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17. Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms

Author

Wilts, Bodo D., Vey, Aidan J. M., Briscoe, Adriana D., and Stavenga, Doekele G.

Subjects
SELECTION, animal structures, genetic structures, Evolution, Thin films, Butterflies/anatomy & histology, Color, WING PATTERN EVOLUTION, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Aposematism, QH359-425, Animals, Wings, Animal, WARNING COLOR, Phylogeny, Vision, Ocular, Pigmentation, Spectrum Analysis, ERATO, Light scattering, Nymphalidae, MIMICRY, Signaling, Wings, Animal/ultrastructure, CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, SHIFTING BALANCE, SCALES, Butterflies, Research Article, Ommochromes
Abstract

Background Longwing butterflies, Heliconius sp., also called heliconians, are striking examples of diversity and mimicry in butterflies. Heliconians feature strongly colored patterns on their wings, arising from wing scales colored by pigments and/or nanostructures, which serve as an aposematic signal. Results Here, we investigate the coloration mechanisms among several species of Heliconius by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry, and imaging scatterometry. We identify seven kinds of colored scales within Heliconius whose coloration is derived from pigments, nanostructures or both. In yellow-, orange- and red-colored wing patches, both cover and ground scales contain wavelength-selective absorbing pigments, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthommatin and/or dihydroxanthommatin. In blue wing patches, the cover scales are blue either due to interference of light in the thin-film lower lamina (e.g., H. doris) or in the multilayered lamellae in the scale ridges (so-called ridge reflectors, e.g., H. sara and H. erato); the underlying ground scales are black. In the white wing patches, both cover and ground scales are blue due to their thin-film lower lamina, but because they are stacked upon each other and at the wing substrate, a faint bluish to white color results. Lastly, green wing patches (H. doris) have cover scales with blue-reflecting thin films and short-wavelength absorbing 3-OH-kynurenine, together causing a green color. Conclusions The pigmentary and structural traits are discussed in relation to their phylogenetic distribution and the evolution of vision in this highly interesting clade of butterflies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-017-1073-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2017
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18. The Zhenya Mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius (Blum.)): Taphonomy, geology, age, morphology and ancient DNA of a 48,000 year old frozen mummy from western Taimyr, Russia

Author

Beth Shapiro, Irina Streletskaya, G.E. Oblogov, J. van der Plicht, Eugene Potapov, N. V. Serdyuk, E. N. Maschenko, Olga Potapova, Alisa O. Vershinina, Alexey N. Tikhonov, Konstantin K. Tarasenko, A. A. Vasiliev, Anastasia Kharlamova, and Isotope Research

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, YAMAL PENINSULA, 010506 paleontology, Taphonomy, Woolly mammoth, Pleistocene, RADIOCARBON, ARCTIC SIBERIA, 01 natural sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Cheek teeth, Tusk, Juvenile, WOOLLY MAMMOTH, Carnivore, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, biology, BROWN ADIPOSE-TISSUE, SITE, ELEPHANT LOXODONTA-AFRICANA, biology.organism_classification, Archaeology, 030104 developmental biology, Ancient DNA, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, GROWTH, NORTHWEST SIBERIA
Abstract

This paper reports the results of an in-depth analysis of the frozen remains of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) named Zhenya, which has been dated to 48,000 cal BP. The carcass, found near the mouth of the Yenisey River in eastern Siberia, was a juvenile male whose ontogenetic age at death was 8-10 AEY. Its reconstructed live height at the shoulders (pSH 227.4 cm) was the equal of some adult female woolly mammoths and extant elephants. The large stature and a flaked off tusk tip that matches breaks on tusks of male African elephants are indirect indications that this mammoth most likely had reached sexual maturity, had been expelled from its maternal herd, and had been in at least one fight with another male. The mammoth's bones were relatively healthy, although some had minor lesions. Rudimentary upper second molars (M2/m2) were present, but no lower second molars were found in the alveoli, and the left tusk had never developed. Despite the abnormal development of the upper and lower second molars, the cheek teeth which were in wear (Dp4/dp4 and M1/m1) showed normal function without any indications of developmental delay. The completed growth of the light-colored dentin bands on the tusk strongly suggests the Fall of the year was the season of death. This season is also supported by accumulated fat in the upper parts of the torso, indicative of physiological preparation for the winter ahead. The few minor traces of carnivore scavenging, the little disturbed condition of the carcass, and the absence of bone modifications made by human actions, along with the social status of this young male animal, are interpreted here as highly probable evidence that the Zhenya Mammoth died from unrecoverable injuries inflicted during a bull-to-bull fight. The mineralogical analysis of site sediments revealed that the mammoth's burial in situ took place in the Yenisey River valley seasonally inundated by the river, which together with Fall's freezing temperatures protected the carcass from scavengers. An analysis of ancient DNA provides strong support for Zhenya's mitochondrial lineage within the deeply diverging clade III haplogroup B.

Published
2017
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19. No downregulation of immune function during breeding in two year-round breeding bird species in an equatorial East African environment

Author

Muchane Muchai, B. Irene Tieleman, Maaike A. Versteegh, Henry K. Ndithia, Tieleman lab, and Behavioural & Physiological Ecology

Subjects
agglutination, LIFE-HISTORY, COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY, media_common.quotation_subject, Zoology, Mirafra africana, non-breeding, tropics, chick-feeding, larks, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, nitric oxide, TROPICAL BIRDS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, SEASONAL-CHANGES, media_common, immune function, lysis, Ecological niche, biology, RE-EXCRETION, sympatric species, PACE, biology.organism_classification, Breed, haptoglobin, environmental conditions, Sexual dimorphism, Habitat, Sympatric speciation, Calandrella cinerea, HOUSE SPARROWS, Animal Science and Zoology, REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT, Reproduction, ANNUAL-CYCLE
Abstract

Some equatorial environments exhibit substantial within-location variation in environmental conditions throughout the year and yet have year-round breeding birds. This implies that breeding in such systems are potentially unrelated to the variable environmental conditions. By breeding not being influenced by environmental conditions, we become sure that any differences in immune function between breeding and non-breeding birds do not result from environmental variation, therefore allowing for exclusion of the confounding effect of variation in environmental conditions. This create a unique opportunity to test if immune function is down-regulated during reproduction compared to non-breeding periods. We compared the immune function of sympatric male and female chick-feeding and non-breeding red-capped Calandrella cinerea and rufous-naped larks Mirafra africana in equatorial East Africa. These closely-related species occupy different niches and have different breeding strategies in the same grassland habitat. Red-capped larks prefer areas with short grass or almost bare ground, and breed during low rainfall periods. Rufous-naped larks prefer areas of tall grass and scattered shrubs and breed during high rainfall. We measured the following immune indices: nitric oxide, haptoglobin, agglutination and lysis, and measured total monthly rain, monthly average minimum (T-min) and maximum (T-max) temperatures. Contrary to our predictions, we found no down-regulation of immune function during breeding; breeding birds had higher nitric oxide than non-breeding ones in both species, while the other three immune indices did not differ between breeding phases. Red-capped larks had higher nitric oxide concentrations than Rufous-naped larks, which in turn had higher haptoglobin levels than red-capped larks. T-max was higher during breeding than during non-breeding for red-capped larks only, suggesting potential confounding effect of T-max on the comparison of immune function between breeding and non-breeding birds for this species. Overall, we conclude that in the two year-round breeding equatorial larks, immune function is not down-regulated during breeding.

Published
2019

20. Plasma Proteomics Analysis Reveals Dysregulation of Complement Proteins and Inflammation in Acquired Obesity-A Study on Rare BMI-Discordant Monozygotic Twin Pairs

Author

Aila Rissanen, Alen Lovric, Navid Sahebekhtiari, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Sakari Joenväärä, Adil Mardinoglu, Sanna Kaye, Jaakko Kaprio, Riikka Jokinen, Mayank Saraswat, Risto Renkonen, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, HUSLAB, Transplantation Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Management, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Department of Public Health, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Risto Renkonen / Principal Investigator, Infection Biology Research Program, HUS Abdominal Center, Department of Medicine, Endokrinologian yksikkö, and Genetic Epidemiology

Subjects
Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical Biochemistry, Monozygotic twin, Adipose tissue, Inflammation, MASS, complement cascade, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Insulin resistance, monozygotic twins, label-free proteomics, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Obesity, 2. Zero hunger, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, business.industry, acquired obesity, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, plasma proteomics, Complement System Proteins, Twins, Monozygotic, ASSOCIATION, medicine.disease, BIOMARKER DISCOVERY, Complement system, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, ADIPOSE-TISSUE, LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-BINDING PROTEIN, LIVER FAT, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Proteome, RISK-FACTORS, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, Female, Insulin Resistance, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, SYSTEM
Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effect of excess body weight and liver fat on the plasma proteome without interference from genetic variation. Experimental Design The effect of excess body weight is assessed in young, healthy monozygotic twins from pairs discordant for body mass index (intrapair difference (Delta) in BMI > 3 kg m(-2), n = 26) with untargeted LC-MS proteomics quantification. The effect of liver fat is interrogated via subgroup analysis of the BMI-discordant twin cohort: liver fat discordant pairs (Delta liver fat > 2%, n = 12) and liver fat concordant pairs (Delta liver fat

Published
2019

21. Genetic analysis on body weight at different ages in broiler chicken raised in commercial environment

Author

Danye Marois, Per Madsen, John M. Henshall, Thinh Tuan Chu, Just Jensen, E. Norberg, and Lei Wang

Subjects
maternal effect, Male, Multivariate statistics, Multifactorial Inheritance, Broiler chicken, MODELS, Biology, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Breeding, Body weight, Genetic analysis, sex by genotype interactions, PARAMETERS, Filosofie, Correlation, body weight, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Animal science, STANDARD, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Food Animals, EGG-PRODUCTION TRAITS, genetic parameters, Animals, Fokkerij en Genomica, HATCHING EGG, PROGENY, Models, Statistical, Models, Genetic, Body Weight, Maternal effect, Broiler, Genetic Variation, General Medicine, Heritability, PERFORMANCE, Philosophy, broiler chicken, Phenotype, Variance components, maternal effects, Animal Science and Zoology, Female, Maternal Inheritance, GROWTH TRAITS, Chickens, STORAGE
Abstract

A multivariate model was developed and used to estimate genetic parameters of body weight (BW) at 1–6 weeks of age of broilers raised in a commercial environment. The development of model was based on the predictive ability of breeding values evaluated from a cross‐validation procedure that relied on half‐sib correlation. The multivariate model accounted for heterogeneous variances between sexes through standardization applied to male and female BWs differently. It was found that the direct additive genetic, permanent environmental maternal and residual variances for BW increased drastically as broilers aged. The drastic increase in variances over weeks of age was mainly due to scaling effects. The ratio of the permanent environmental maternal variance to phenotypic variance decreased gradually with increasing age. Heritability of BW traits ranged from 0.28 to 0.33 at different weeks of age. The direct genetic effects on consecutive weekly BWs had high genetic correlations (0.85–0.99), but the genetic correlations between early and late BWs were low (0.32–0.57). The difference in variance components between sexes increased with increasing age. In conclusion, the permanent environmental maternal effect on broiler chicken BW decreased with increasing age from weeks 1 to 6. Potential bias of the model that considered identical variances for sexes could be reduced when heterogeneous variances between sexes are accounted for in the model.

Published
2019
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22. Variation in cranial morphology of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) off South Africa

Author

Sibu G. Ngqulana, Pierre A. Pistorius, Stephanie Plön, G.J. Greg Hofmeyr, and Anders Galatius

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Cranial morphology, Tursiops spp, bottlenose dolphin, Zoology, Aquatic Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genus Tursiops, taxonomy, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, TRUNCATUS, DELPHINUS-DELPHIS, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, geometric morphometrics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, PORPOISE, COMMON DOLPHIN, Bottlenose dolphin, biology.organism_classification, MORPHOMETRY, SKULL, Taxonomy (biology), cranial morphology, EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY
Abstract

Taxonomy plays an important role in conservation biology. Despite the variety of methods used to differentiate units, some groups, such as Delphinidae within the Cetacea have proven difficult to untangle. This study aimed to shed light on morphological variation of the genus Tursiops in South African waters using geometric morphometrics and to distinguish morphological groups and variation in these groups. A total of 241 crania of Tursiops spp. were analyzed using a suite of 2-dimensional landmarks defined on photographs of the specimens. Results revealed two distinct morphological groups, with the smaller cluster comprised mainly of specimens from the cold temperate region off the west coast and the larger cluster comprised of specimens mainly from the warm temperate and subtropical regions off the south and east coast, respectively. We suggest that these groups correspond to different species of Tursiops, but this result requires further support. These groups were treated as separate entities and sexual dimorphism and geographic variation were assessed within each group. While sexual dimorphism and geographic variation were not significant within Cluster D1 and V1, they were significant within Clusters D2 and V2. The few Cluster 1 specimens found in the warm temperate and subtropical regions, relative to the number of Cluster 2 specimens, could be an indication of an offshore distribution for this group in these regions. Alternatively, the smaller cluster may also be indicative of a potentially small population size.

Published
2019
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23. Gaining insights in the nutritional metabolism of amphibians: analysing body nutrient profiles of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

Author

Wouter H. Hendriks, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Guido Bosch, Geert Janssens, and Andrea Brenes-Soto

Subjects
African clawed frog, Animal Nutrition, Xenopus, lcsh:Medicine, DIGESTIBILITY, Biochemistry, Body composition, FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION, ENERGY, chemistry.chemical_compound, Xenopus laevis, Nutrient, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, biology, General Neuroscience, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Diervoeding, Amino acid, GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE, GROWTH, Amino acids, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Veterinary Medicine, SELENIUM, Zoology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Fatty acids, 030304 developmental biology, Nutrition, Methionine, lcsh:R, 0402 animal and dairy science, Biology and Life Sciences, Fatty acid, Metabolism, biology.organism_classification, 040201 dairy & animal science, chemistry, TISSUE, General Biochemistry, WIAS, BIOCHEMISTRY
Abstract

Whole bodies ofXenopus laevis(n = 19) were analysed for chemical composition and morphometrics. The nutrient profile (macronutrients, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals) was evaluated by sex; interactions among variables with body weights and lengths, and comparisons made with different species of marine and fresh water fish. Significant differences were found in morphometric measurements, water content, several minerals and fatty acids between sexes ofX. laevis. Amino acid profiles differed in methionine, proline and cysteine, which could underlie different metabolic pathways in frogs when compared to fish. In addition, fatty acid profiles revealed more monounsaturated andn − 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in frogs than in fish, more similar to values reported for terrestrial than aquatic vertebrates. Important interactions were also found between body measurements and fat, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as between essential and non-essential amino acids. The results indicate that frogs might have particular biochemical pathways for several nutrients, dependent on sex and linked to body weight, which ultimately could reflect specific nutrient needs.

Published
2019
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24. Diet-induced phenotypic plasticity in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Author

Joachim Christiaens, Jens De Meyer, and Dominique Adriaens

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, DIVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS, animal structures, Physiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Zoology, Aquatic Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Head shape, Competition (biology), Dimorphism, Predation, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, education, Molecular Biology, Elver eel stage, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, SNAKES, media_common, education.field_of_study, Phenotypic plasticity, Ecology, Feeding, JAPONICA, Skull, Soft diet, Biology and Life Sciences, Anguilla, EVOLUTION, Diet, MODEL, Sexual dimorphism, SIZE, 030104 developmental biology, Biting, Predatory Behavior, Insect Science, Trophic plasticity, MORPHOLOGY, Animal Science and Zoology, HEAD-SHAPE, BODY SHAPE
Abstract

Two phenotypes are present within the European eel population: broad-heads and narrow-heads. The expression of these phenotypes has been linked to several factors, such as diet and differential growth. The exact factors causing this dimorphism, however, are still unknown. In this study, we performed a feeding experiment on glass eels from the moment they start to feed. Eels were either fed a hard diet, which required biting and spinning behavior, or a soft diet, which required suction feeding. We found that the hard feeders develop a broader head and a larger adductor mandibulae region than eels that were fed a soft diet, implying that the hard feeders are capable of larger bite forces. Next to this, soft feeders develop a sharper and narrower head, which could reduce hydrodynamic drag, allowing more rapid strikes towards their prey. Both phenotypes were found in a control group, which were given a combination of both diets. These phenotypes were, however, not as extreme as the hard or the soft feeding group, indicating that some specimens are more likely to consume hard prey and others soft prey, but that they do not selectively eat one of both diets. In conclusion, we found that diet is a major factor influencing head shape in European eel and this ability to specialize in feeding on hard or soft prey could decrease intra-specific competition in European eel populations.

Published
2016
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25. Kisspeptin and the control of emotions, mood and reproductive behaviour

Author

Edouard Mills, Alexander N Comninos, and Waljit S. Dhillo

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Emotions, sexual processing, HYPOTHALAMIC KISSPEPTIN, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Limbic system, Kisspeptin, limbic system, KISS-1, BRAIN, NEURONS, GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE, Kisspeptins, Reproduction, WOMEN, amygdala, anxiety, PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, medicine.anatomical_structure, Hypothalamus, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, KISS1/Kiss1, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, olfaction, medicine.medical_specialty, partner preference, mood, Biology, Amygdala, kisspeptin, KISS1R/Kiss1r, Endocrinology & Metabolism, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Mediator, Internal medicine, 0702 Animal Production, medicine, Endocrine system, Animals, Humans, Social Behavior, Science & Technology, 0707 Veterinary Sciences, TESTOSTERONE SUPPLEMENTATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Mood, reproductive behaviour, Neuroscience, SYSTEM, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Hormone, Receptors, Kisspeptin-1
Abstract

Reproduction is fundamental for the survival of all species and requires meticulous synchronisation of a diverse complement of neural, endocrine and related behaviours. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/Kiss1 gene) is now a well-established orchestrator of reproductive hormones, acting upstream of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the apex of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) reproductive axis. Beyond the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is also expressed in limbic and paralimbic brain regions, which are areas of the neurobiological network implicated in sexual and emotional behaviours. We are now forming a more comprehensive appreciation of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin signalling and the complex role of kisspeptin as an upstream mediator of reproductive behaviours, including olfactory-driven partner preference, copulatory behaviour, audition, mood and emotion. An increasing body of research from zebrafish to humans has implicated kisspeptin in the integration of reproductive hormones with an overall positive influence on these reproductive behaviours. In this review, we critically appraise the current literature regarding kisspeptin and its control of reproductive behaviour. Collectively, these data significantly enhance our understanding of the integration of reproductive hormones and behaviour and provide the foundation for kisspeptin-based therapies to treat related disorders of body and mind.

Published
2018

26. Personality and performance are affected by age and early life parameters in a small primate

Author

Lucile Rabardel, Anthony Herrel, Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas, Emmanuelle Pouydebat, Martine Perret, Fabienne Aujard, Isabelle Hardy, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon), Harvard University, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MAOAC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Adaptations et évolution des systèmes ostéomusculaires (AESO), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, life history, Microcebus murinus, Evolution, Birth weight, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], DETERMINANTS, Biology, BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, Behavioral syndrome, Grip strength, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Behavior and Systematics, BITE FORCE, Personality, early life, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Original Research, media_common, Nature and Landscape Conservation, phenotypic correlation, Ecology, ANIMAL PERSONALITY, 05 social sciences, MOUSE LEMURS, Biology and Life Sciences, Phenotypic trait, biology.organism_classification, Bite force quotient, Sexual dimorphism, personality, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, MORPHOLOGY, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, REPEATABILITY, performance, Demography
Abstract

A whole suite of parameters is likely to influence the behavior and performance of individuals as adults, including correlations between phenotypic traits or an individual's developmental context. Here, we ask the question whether behavior and physical performance traits are correlated and how early life parameters such as birth weight, litter size, and growth can influence these traits as measured during adulthood. We studied 486 captive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) and measured two behavioral traits and two performance traits potentially involved in two functions: exploration behavior with pull strength and agitation score with bite force. We checked for the existence of behavioral consistency in behaviors and explored correlations between behavior, performance, morphology. We analyzed the effect of birth weight, growth, and litter size, while controlling for age, sex, and body weight. Behavior and performance were not correlated with one another, but were both influenced by age. Growth rate had a positive effect on adult morphology, and birth weight significantly affected emergence latency and bite force. Grip strength was not directly affected by early life traits, but bite performance and exploration behavior were impacted by birth weight. This study shows how early life parameters impact personality and performance.

Published
2018
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27. The importance of accounting for sex in the search of proteomic signatures of mycotoxin exposure

Author

Isabelle P. Oswald, Laura Soler, Biosynthèse & Toxicité des Mycotoxines (ToxAlim-BioToMyc), ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Oswald, Isabelle P.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biophysics, Accounting, Food Contamination, medicine.disease_cause, Proteomics, Biochemistry, endocrine disruptor, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, mycotoxins, proteomics, sexual-dimorphism, Patulin, 03 medical and health sciences, Mycotoxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sex Factors, medicine, Animals, Humans, Mycotoxin, Fumonisin B1, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, biology, business.industry, Toxin, food and beverages, Environmental Exposure, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrine disruptor, chemistry, Proteome, Female, business, Biomarkers
Abstract

Mycotoxins are natural food and feed contaminants that are toxic to human and animals. Proteomics is an adequate toolbox to investigate the mode of action and the effects of mycotoxins, as these toxicants often alter protein synthesis and degradation, as well as induce changes of important post-translational modifications. For instance, the contaminant deoxynivalenol induces a severe ribosomal stress that affects protein production, whereas the toxin Fumonisin B1 can alter the phosphorylation of a large number of proteins, and patulin is a potent proteotoxic molecule. The response to most mycotoxins is sex-dependent, males being generally more sensitive than females. In addition, for some toxins, the toxic effects observed were different for each sex. Nevertheless, the importance of accounting for a sex-dependent response is often overlooked in toxicology studies involving mycotoxins. Here we review the information that proteomics has provided in pre-clinical studies of mycotoxin exposure as well as the differential response of males and females to these molecules to highlight the need of including male and female individuals when evaluating the impact of mycotoxins in the cell proteome. Significance The current trend in mycotoxicology is the combination of several -omics techniques in order to understand the mechanism of action and effects of these toxic natural food contaminants. One of the goals of these experiments is to determine “potential biomarkers” of mycotoxicoses. Nevertheless, the strategy followed in biomarker research must take into account as many possible factors as possible in order to find robust biomarkers for differential diagnosis. Among the factors that can have an influence in the response to mycotoxins, one of the most important is sex. Traditionally, males are preferentially used in research, as they are more sensitive to mycotoxins and their response is not dependent on hormonal levels, thus less variable. However the intrinsic and hormonal differences between sexes makes that results obtained in males are often not directly transferrable to females. In this review, we want to highlight (1) that proteomics has a great potential on mycotoxin research, and (2) the need in taking into account sex differences in proteomic studies, mostly when the discovery of robust biomarkers of mycotoxins response is desired.

Published
2018
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28. Dental size variability in Central African Pygmy hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers

Author

Alejandro Romero, Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Biotecnología, and Grupo de Inmunología, Biología Celular y del Desarrollo

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Sexual-dimorphism, Black People, Bantu languages, Rainforest, Biología Celular, Tooth crown, Anthropology, Physical, 03 medical and health sciences, stomatognathic system, Extant taxon, Humans, Odontometry, TOOTH SIZE, Permanent teeth, Sex Characteristics, Farmers, Tooth size, Phenetic variation, Organ Size, Bantu-speakers, African hunter-gatherers, Population variability, Sexual dimorphism, stomatognathic diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Anthropology, Female, Anatomy, Tooth, Demography
Abstract

Objectives: Odontometric studies of African populations show high within‐group variation in tooth size. Overall, North Africans exhibit smaller dimensions than groups from eastern and southern sub‐Saharan regions, but no previous studies have analyzed the full dental metrics among extant African Pygmy hunter‐gatherers and Bantu‐speaking farmers. Furthermore, the population variability in tooth crown sizes from equatorial rainforest regions remains to be elucidated. Materials and Methods: The mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of the permanent teeth (I1‐M2) were measured in vivo using high‐resolution replicas from Baka Pygmies and Mvae and Yassa Bantu‐speakers from Cameroon (western Africa). Analyses of variance were used to record sex‐related and population‐level differences in tooth sizes, and a principal component analysis of geometrically scaled measures was used to plot the odontometric variability among groups. Results: Cameroonian Baka Pygmies differ in dental size from their Bantu‐speaking neighbors. Molar teeth are larger in Pygmies than in Bantu individuals, while the anterior dentition is larger in the Bantu. Baka males exhibit significantly larger teeth than females, whereas sexual dimorphism in non‐Pygmies is only present in the anterior dentition. Discussion: Odontometric patterns and the degree of sexual dimorphism in dental size differ among Central African groups, indicating adaptation to their different forager and farmer lifestyles. In particular, the admixture of Bantu‐speakers in Baka populations is smaller than that in other western Pygmy groups. The greater dental phenetic diversity in Baka compared to that of the smaller‐toothed farmers suggests that ecogenetic and microevolutionary factors are influencing a particular divergence scenario. Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Grant/Award Numbers: CGL2010-15340, CGL2011-22999, and CGL2014-52611-C2-1-P; Wenner-Gren Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 7819; National Geographic Society, Grant/Award Number: 8863-10; The French National Research Agency, Grant/Award Number: ANR-11-BSV7-0011.

Published
2017

29. Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms

Subjects
SELECTION, Pigmentation, Vision, Spectrum Analysis, Butterflies/anatomy & histology, NYMPHALIDAE, ERATO, Color, MIMICRY, WING PATTERN EVOLUTION, Animal/ultrastructure, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, Ocular, Wings, Animals, WARNING COLOR, SHIFTING BALANCE, SCALES, Phylogeny
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Longwing butterflies, Heliconius sp., also called heliconians, are striking examples of diversity and mimicry in butterflies. Heliconians feature strongly colored patterns on their wings, arising from wing scales colored by pigments and/or nanostructures, which serve as an aposematic signal.RESULTS: Here, we investigate the coloration mechanisms among several species of Heliconius by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry, and imaging scatterometry. We identify seven kinds of colored scales within Heliconius whose coloration is derived from pigments, nanostructures or both. In yellow-, orange- and red-colored wing patches, both cover and ground scales contain wavelength-selective absorbing pigments, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthommatin and/or dihydroxanthommatin. In blue wing patches, the cover scales are blue either due to interference of light in the thin-film lower lamina (e.g., H. doris) or in the multilayered lamellae in the scale ridges (so-called ridge reflectors, e.g., H. sara and H. erato); the underlying ground scales are black. In the white wing patches, both cover and ground scales are blue due to their thin-film lower lamina, but because they are stacked upon each other and at the wing substrate, a faint bluish to white color results. Lastly, green wing patches (H. doris) have cover scales with blue-reflecting thin films and short-wavelength absorbing 3-OH-kynurenine, together causing a green color.CONCLUSIONS: The pigmentary and structural traits are discussed in relation to their phylogenetic distribution and the evolution of vision in this highly interesting clade of butterflies.

Published
2017
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30. Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms

Subjects
SELECTION, animal structures, genetic structures, Pigmentation, Vision, Spectrum Analysis, Butterflies/anatomy & histology, NYMPHALIDAE, ERATO, Color, MIMICRY, WING PATTERN EVOLUTION, Animal/ultrastructure, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, Ocular, Wings, Animals, WARNING COLOR, SHIFTING BALANCE, SCALES, Phylogeny
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Longwing butterflies, Heliconius sp., also called heliconians, are striking examples of diversity and mimicry in butterflies. Heliconians feature strongly colored patterns on their wings, arising from wing scales colored by pigments and/or nanostructures, which serve as an aposematic signal. RESULTS: Here, we investigate the coloration mechanisms among several species of Heliconius by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry, and imaging scatterometry. We identify seven kinds of colored scales within Heliconius whose coloration is derived from pigments, nanostructures or both. In yellow-, orange- and red-colored wing patches, both cover and ground scales contain wavelength-selective absorbing pigments, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthommatin and/or dihydroxanthommatin. In blue wing patches, the cover scales are blue either due to interference of light in the thin-film lower lamina (e.g., H. doris) or in the multilayered lamellae in the scale ridges (so-called ridge reflectors, e.g., H. sara and H. erato); the underlying ground scales are black. In the white wing patches, both cover and ground scales are blue due to their thin-film lower lamina, but because they are stacked upon each other and at the wing substrate, a faint bluish to white color results. Lastly, green wing patches (H. doris) have cover scales with blue-reflecting thin films and short-wavelength absorbing 3-OH-kynurenine, together causing a green color. CONCLUSIONS: The pigmentary and structural traits are discussed in relation to their phylogenetic distribution and the evolution of vision in this highly interesting clade of butterflies.

Published
2017
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31. Sex-specific adaptive homeostasis in

Author

Laura C D, Pomatto, Sarah, Wong, John, Tower, and Kelvin J A, Davies

Subjects
Proteomics and Biochemistry, 20S proteasome, Adaptive homeostasis, Sexual-dimorphism, D. melanogaster, Proteolysis
Abstract

Adaptive homeostasis enables rapid cellular signaling, leading to transcriptional and translational modifications (Davies, 2016) [1]. The Proteasome is one of the main cellular proteolytic enzymes that plays an essential role in the rapid clearance of oxidatively damaged cellular proteins, and is highly responsive to oxidative stress. Upon exposure to even very low, signaling levels of oxidants, the predominant form of the Proteasome becomes the ATP-independent 20S proteasome that enables rapid clearance of damaged proteins. Subsequently there is also a concurrent upregulation of de novo 20S proteasome synthesis. These cellular adaptations not only ensure effective and efficient removal of damaged proteins, but prepare cells to better cope with future, more severe oxidative insults. Male and female Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies were pretreated with an adaptive amount of an oxidant (10 µM hydrogen peroxide or 0.5 µM paraquat) to assess the changes in proteolytic capacity and the role of the 20S proteasome. Additionally, the adaptive signaling by non-damaging amounts of hydrogen peroxide or paraquat) were used to assess changes in male and female fruit flies, following a subsequent more toxic amount of the two oxidants. Further analysis and detailed results about the adaptive role of the 20S proteasome in multiple D. melanogaster strains can be found in “Sexual Dimorphism in Oxidant-Induced Adaptive Homeostasis in Multiple Wild-Type D. melanogaster Strains” (Pomatto et al., 2018) [2].

Published
2017

32. Responsiveness of pituitary to galanin throughout the reproductive cycle of male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Author

Alicia Felip, Soraia Santos, Zélia Velez, Carmen Sousa, M. V. Alvarado, André R. Andrade, Silvia Zanuy, Adelino V.M. Canario, Patrícia Pinto, Foundation for Science and Technology, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Generalitat Valenciana, Andrade, A., Felip, Alicia, Zanuy, Silvia, Canário, Adelino V. M., Andrade, A. [0000-0002-5900-8782], Felip, Alicia [0000-0003-4708-9754], Zanuy, Silvia [0000-0002-8231-8260], and Canário, Adelino V. M. [0000-0002-6244-6468]

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Sexual-dimorphism, Immunoreactive neurons, Autoradiographic distribution, Gametogenesis, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Endocrinology, Cyclic AMP, Gene-expression, Luteinizing-hormone secretion, Receptor, biology, Reproduction, Carassius-auratus, Lh-release, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Dicentrarchus, Luteinizing hormone, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system, Neuropeptide, Galanin, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, RNA, Messenger, 14. Life underwater, Sea bass, European sea bass, Gene Expression Profiling, Colforsin, Binding-sites, Luteinizing Hormone, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Pituitary, Bass, Animal Science and Zoology, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Receptors, Galanin, Teleost fish, Gonadotropins, Knockout mice
Abstract

The neuropeptide galanin (Gal) is a putative factor regulating puberty onset and reproduction through its actions on the pituitary. The present study investigated the pituitary responsiveness to galanin and the patterns of galanin receptors (Galrs) expression throughout the reproductive cycle of two years old male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), an important aquaculture species. Quantitative analysis of pituitary and hypothalamus transcript expression of four galr subtypes revealed differential regulation according to the testicular developmental stage, with an overall decrease in expression from the immature stage to the mid-recrudescence stage. Incubation of pituitary cells with mammalian 1–29 Gal peptide induced significant changes in cAMP concentration, with sensitivities that varied according to the testicular development stages. Furthermore 1–29 Gal was able to stimulate both follicle stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh) release from pituitary cell suspensions. The magnitude of the effects and effective concentrations varied according to reproductive stage, with generalized induction of Fsh and Lh release in animals sampled in January (full spermiation). The differential expression of galrs in pituitary and hypothalamus across the reproductive season, together with the differential effects of Gal on gonadotropins release in vitro strongly suggests the involvement of the galaninergic system in the regulation the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis of male sea bass. This is to our knowledge the first clear evidence for the involvement of galanin in the regulation of reproduction in non-mammalian vertebrates., This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [grant numbers SFRH/BPD/84033/2012, PTDC/MAR-BIO/3890/2012, UID/Multi/04326/2013]; the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [AQUAEXCEL grant number 262336]; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) and the Spanish Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) [KISSCONTROL project, AGL2009-11086]; the Spanish Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness and the Regional Government of Valencia (REPROBASS project, PROMETEOII/2014/051).

Published
2017

33. A woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) carcass from Maly Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian Federation)

Author

Grigory N. Savvinov, Daniel C. Fisher, Viktoriya E. Egorova, Alexey E. Masharskiy, Yana A. Akhremenko, A. E. Goncharov, Evgeny V. Ivanov, Semyon Grigoriev, Ethan A. Shirley, Palmira P. Petrova, Gavril P. Novgorodov, Adam N. Rountrey, Sergei E. Vasilev, Theodor F. Obada, Alexei A. Galanin, Alexei Tikhonov, Maksim Yu. Cheprasov, Eya E. Egorova, Johannes van der Plicht, Darima K. Garmaeva, Sergei E. Fedorov, and Isotope Research

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Muscle tissue, 010506 paleontology, Maly Lyakhovsky Island, YAMAL PENINSULA, Woolly mammoth, Pleistocene, Soft tissue preservation, Zoology, Ice calving, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Late Pleistocene, Enterococcus hirae, PROBOSCIDEANS, medicine, Tusk, PRESERVATION, TUSK, Life history, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, biology, Ossification, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, PALEOBIOLOGY, COLLAGEN, Sexual dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mammuthus primigenius, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, GROWTH, medicine.symptom, NORTHWEST SIBERIA
Abstract

A partial carcass of an adult woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) found in 2012 on Maly Lyakhovsky Island presents a new opportunity to retrieve associated anatomical, morphological, and life history data on this important component of Pleistocene biotas. In addition, we address hematological, histological, and microbiological issues that relate directly to quality of preservation. Recovered by staff from North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, this individual is a relatively old female preserving soft tissue of the anteroventral portion of the head, most of both fore-quarters, and the ventral aspect of much of the rest of the body. Both tusks were recovered and subjected to computed tomographic analysis in which annual dentin increments were revealed as cycles of variation in X-ray attenuation. Measurements of annual increment areas (in longitudinal section) display a pulsed pattern of tusk growth showing cycles of growth rate variation over periods of 3-5 years. These intervals are interpreted as calving cycles reflecting regular shifts in calcium and phosphate demand for tusk growth vs. fetal ossification and lactation. Brown liquid associated with the frozen carcass turned out to include remains of hemolyzed blood, and blood samples examined microscopically included white blood cells with preserved nuclei. Muscle tissue from the trunk was unusually well preserved, even at the histological level. Intestinal contents and tissue samples were investigated microbiologically, and several strains of lacticacid bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae) that are widely distributed as commensal organisms in the intestines of herbivores were isolated. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Published
2017

34. Assortative mating for human height

Subjects
ADULT HEIGHT, GENETIC-TRAITS, BLOOD-PRESSURE, ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, meta-analysis, BODY-MASS INDEX, MATE CHOICE, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, VARIABLE PREFERENCES, stature, assortative mating, JAPANESE POPULATION, body size, FAMILIAL AGGREGATION
Abstract

ObjectivesThe study of assortative mating for height has a rich history in human biology. Although the positive correlation between the stature of spouses has often been noted in western populations, recent papers suggest that mating patterns for stature are not universal. The objective of this paper was to review the published evidence to examine the strength of and universality in assortative mating for height. MethodsWe conducted an extensive literature review and meta-analysis. We started with published reviews but also searched through secondary databases. Our search led to 154 correlations of height between partners. We classified the populations as western and non-western based on geography. These correlations were then analyzed via meta-analytic techniques. Results148 of the correlations for partner heights were positive and the overall analysis indicates moderate positive assortative mating (r=.23). Although assortative mating was slightly stronger in countries that can be described as western compared to non-western, this difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence for a change in assortative mating for height over time. There was substantial residual heterogeneity in effect sizes and this heterogeneity was most pronounced in western countries. ConclusionsPositive assortative mating for height exists in human populations, but is modest in magnitude suggesting that height is not a major factor in mate choice. Future research is necessary to understand the underlying causes of the large amount of heterogeneity observed in the degree of assortative mating across human populations, which may stem from a combination of methodological and ecological differences.

Published
2017

35. Assortative mating for human height

Subjects
ADULT HEIGHT, GENETIC-TRAITS, BLOOD-PRESSURE, ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, meta-analysis, BODY-MASS INDEX, MATE CHOICE, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, VARIABLE PREFERENCES, stature, assortative mating, JAPANESE POPULATION, mate choice, body size, FAMILIAL AGGREGATION
Abstract

ObjectivesThe study of assortative mating for height has a rich history in human biology. Although the positive correlation between the stature of spouses has often been noted in western populations, recent papers suggest that mating patterns for stature are not universal. The objective of this paper was to review the published evidence to examine the strength of and universality in assortative mating for height.MethodsWe conducted an extensive literature review and meta-analysis. We started with published reviews but also searched through secondary databases. Our search led to 154 correlations of height between partners. We classified the populations as western and non-western based on geography. These correlations were then analyzed via meta-analytic techniques.Results148 of the correlations for partner heights were positive and the overall analysis indicates moderate positive assortative mating (r=.23). Although assortative mating was slightly stronger in countries that can be described as western compared to non-western, this difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence for a change in assortative mating for height over time. There was substantial residual heterogeneity in effect sizes and this heterogeneity was most pronounced in western countries.ConclusionsPositive assortative mating for height exists in human populations, but is modest in magnitude suggesting that height is not a major factor in mate choice. Future research is necessary to understand the underlying causes of the large amount of heterogeneity observed in the degree of assortative mating across human populations, which may stem from a combination of methodological and ecological differences.

Published
2017
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36. Assortative mating for human height: A meta-analysis

Author

Stulp, Gert, Simons, Mirre JP, Grasman, Sara, Pollet, Thomas V, and Sociology/ICS

Subjects
ADULT HEIGHT, GENETIC-TRAITS, BLOOD-PRESSURE, ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, meta-analysis, BODY-MASS INDEX, MATE CHOICE, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, VARIABLE PREFERENCES, stature, assortative mating, JAPANESE POPULATION, body size, FAMILIAL AGGREGATION
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The study of assortative mating for height has a rich history in human biology. Although the positive correlation between the stature of spouses has often been noted in western populations, recent papers suggest that mating patterns for stature are not universal. The objective of this paper was to review the published evidence to examine the strength of and universality in assortative mating for height. METHODS: We conducted an extensive literature review and meta-analysis. We started with published reviews but also searched through secondary databases. Our search led to 154 correlations of height between partners. We classified the populations as western and non-western based on geography. These correlations were then analyzed via meta-analytic techniques. RESULTS: 148 of the correlations for partner heights were positive and the overall analysis indicates moderate positive assortative mating (r?=?.23). Although assortative mating was slightly stronger in countries that can be described as western compared to non-western, this difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence for a change in assortative mating for height over time. There was substantial residual heterogeneity in effect sizes and this heterogeneity was most pronounced in western countries. CONCLUSIONS: Positive assortative mating for height exists in human populations, but is modest in magnitude suggesting that height is not a major factor in mate choice. Future research is necessary to understand the underlying causes of the large amount of heterogeneity observed in the degree of assortative mating across human populations, which may stem from a combination of methodological and ecological differences.

Published
2017

37. Testosterone Reduces Promiscuity of Female Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus): An Experimental Study

Author

Ton G. G. Groothuis, Luc Lens, Peter Korsten, Jan Komdeur, Berber de Jong, Marco van der Velde, Komdeur lab, Behavioural & Physiological Ecology, and Groothuis lab

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, DARK-EYED JUNCOS, Offspring, BUDGERIGARS, WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS, mate, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Cyanistes caeruleus, Internal medicine, REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, medicine, BUDGERIGARS MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS, mate choice, COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR, Mating, female testosterone, choice, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Testosterone, MELOPSITTACUS-UNDULATUS, biology, Courtship display, Reproductive success, Cyanistes, Biology and Life Sciences, blue tit, EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY, EXOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE, biology.organism_classification, Sexual dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Mate choice, MICROSATELLITE LOCI, Animal Science and Zoology, MATING-BEHAVIOR, female attractiveness
Abstract

In many animal species, extra-pair copulations (EPCs) are common and can increase fitness in both sexes. In males, EPCs can increase total reproductive output, whereas in females benefits of EPCs can be indirect through improving the genetic quality of their offspring. Males and females of many vertebrates show an increase in levels of the hormone testosterone (T) during the mating period. In males, T plays an important role in regulating mating behaviour including increasing their EPC rate. While much is known about the role of T in male mating behaviour, the role of T in female reproduction remains unclear. To study the influence of T on extra-pair paternity rates in females in a field setting, we created three experimental groups of female blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus): treated with either T, flutamide (Flu; an androgen receptor blocker) or empty implants before egg laying. Subsequently, we scored the number of extra-pair offspring (EPO) in their broods. We also assessed the attractiveness of females treated with either T or Flu to males in mate choice trials in the laboratory. The overall proportion of EPO was lower for the T-implanted group compared with the control group, whereas Flu had no effect. Given that males did not show a preference for Flu- vs. T-treated females in the mate choice trials, it appears less likely that the reduction in EPO in the T-implanted females was due to a reduction in their attractiveness. T levels may have negatively influenced EPO rate by affecting female within-pair and/or extra-pair mating behaviour. Future behavioural studies should investigate how elevated T levels reduce the number of EPO.

Published
2017
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38. The height of choosiness

Author

Gert Stulp, Abraham P. Buunk, Simon Verhulst, Robert Kurzban, and Verhulst lab

Subjects
SELECTION, mutual mate choice, COMPETITION, Sexual conflict, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, stature, EXPERIENCE-MEDIATED PLASTICITY, sexual selection, human, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, UNIVERSAL, Human studies, PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS, Physical attractiveness, pair formation, HUMANS, Mating preferences, Sexual dimorphism, ROMANTIC PARTNER, Pair formation, Mate choice, VARIABLE PREFERENCES, Sexual selection, Animal Science and Zoology, speed dating, MATING PREFERENCES, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

Mutual mate choice is prevalent in humans, where both males and females have a say in their choice of partner. How the choices made by one sex constrain the choice of the other remains poorly understood, however, because human studies have mostly limited themselves to measuring preferences. We used a sample of 5782 speed-daters making 128 104 choices to link preferences for partner height to actual choice and the formation of a match (the mutual expression of interest to meet again). We show that sexual conflict at the level of preferences is translated into choice: women were most likely to choose a speed-dater 25 cm taller than themselves, whereas men were most likely to choose women only 7 cm shorter than themselves. As a consequence, matches were most likely at an intermediate height difference (19 cm) that differed significantly from the preferred height difference of both sexes. Thus, our study reveals how mutual mate choice can result in suboptimal pair formation for both sexes, highlighting the importance of assessing the mate choice process in its entirety. (C) 2013 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2013
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39. Parental exposure to methyl methane sulfonate of three-spined stickleback: contribution of DNA damage in male and female germ cells to further development impairment in progeny

Author

Sylvie Bony, J. Reggio, Wilfried Sanchez, Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro, Alain Devaux, Aurélien Besnard, Jean-Marc Porcher, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Raphaël Santos, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), TRACES - Technologie et Recherche en Analyse Chimique pour l'Environnement et la Santé, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), USC IGH, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development (Programme 190 Ecotoxicology), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)

Subjects
Male, Three-spined stickleback, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Water Pollutants, MARINE-INVERTEBRATES, 0303 health sciences, COMET-ASSAY, biology, Reproduction, Abnormalities, Drug-Induced, Stickleback, Methane sulfonate, General Medicine, Spermatozoa, EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT, Smegmamorpha, REPRODUCTION IMPAIRMENT, Maternal Exposure, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Paternal Exposure, Female, RISK-ASSESSMENT, Germ cell, Offspring quality, DNA damage, Offspring, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Andrology, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, PATERNAL GENOTOXIN EXPOSURE, 03 medical and health sciences, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS L, medicine, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Comet assay, Ovum, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Methyl Methanesulfonate, biology.organism_classification, Sperm, Genotoxicity, RAT ZYGOTE, SPERM, DNA Damage, Mutagens
Abstract

International audience; Data regarding the link between DNA integrity of germ cells and the quality of progeny in fish exposed to genotoxicant are scarce although such information is of value to understand genotoxic effects of contaminants in aquatic fauna. This work aimed at studying the consequences of a parental exposure during the breeding season on offspring quality in three-spined stickleback. After in vivo exposure of adult fish to methyl methane sulfonate, a model alkylating compound, a clear increase in DNA damage was observed in erythrocytes of both genders, here used as a biomarker of exposure. MMS exposure significantly affected sperm DNA integrity but neither female fecundity nor fertilization success. In order to understand the contribution of each sex to potential deleterious effects in progeny due to parental exposure, mating of males and females exposed or not to MMS, was carried out. Exposure of both males and females or of males alone led to a significant increase in both mortality during embryo-larval stages and abnormality rate at hatching that appeared to be sensitive stages. Thus, in accordance with recent studies carried out in other freshwater fish species, such development defects in progeny were clearly driven by male genome, known to be devoid of DNA repair capacity in spermatozoa. The next step will be to investigate the link between DNA damage in stickleback sperm and reproductive impairment in natural populations exposed to complex mixture of genotoxicants.

Published
2013
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40. Neural circuitry coordinating male copulation

Author

Hania J. Pavlou, Fengqiu Diao, Benjamin H. White, Andrew C. Lin, Megan C Neville, Stephen F. Goodwin, Tetsuya Nojima, and Brian E Chen

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Motor circuit, QH301-705.5, Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Doublesex, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Courtship, 03 medical and health sciences, sexual behavior, 0302 clinical medicine, Abdominal ganglion, Biological neural network, Biology (General), media_common, copulation, General Immunology and Microbiology, General Neuroscience, Active sensing, doublesex, General Medicine, Anatomy, sexual-dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, Sexual behavior, Medicine, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Copulation is the goal of the courtship process, crucial to reproductive success and evolutionary fitness. Identifying the circuitry underlying copulation is a necessary step towards understanding universal principles of circuit operation, and how circuit elements are recruited into the production of ordered action sequences. Here, we identify key sex-specific neurons that mediate copulation in Drosophila, and define a sexually dimorphic motor circuit in the male abdominal ganglion that mediates the action sequence of initiating and terminating copulation. This sexually dimorphic circuit composed of three neuronal classes – motor neurons, interneurons and mechanosensory neurons – controls the mechanics of copulation. By correlating the connectivity, function and activity of these neurons we have determined the logic for how this circuitry is coordinated to generate this male-specific behavior, and sets the stage for a circuit-level dissection of active sensing and modulation of copulatory behavior.

Published
2016
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41. The circuitry of sex

Author

Joel D. Levine

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Sensory Receptor Cells, QH301-705.5, Science, Doublesex, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, sexual behavior, Interneurons, Neural Pathways, Animals, Biology (General), Motor Neurons, copulation, General Immunology and Microbiology, D. melanogaster, General Neuroscience, fungi, sexual behaviour, General Medicine, doublesex, sexual-dimorphism, Sexual dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, Drosophila melanogaster, Evolutionary biology, Medicine, Drosophila, Neural Networks, Computer, Neural Wiring, Insight, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience, Research Article
Abstract

Copulation is the goal of the courtship process, crucial to reproductive success and evolutionary fitness. Identifying the circuitry underlying copulation is a necessary step towards understanding universal principles of circuit operation, and how circuit elements are recruited into the production of ordered action sequences. Here, we identify key sex-specific neurons that mediate copulation in Drosophila, and define a sexually dimorphic motor circuit in the male abdominal ganglion that mediates the action sequence of initiating and terminating copulation. This sexually dimorphic circuit composed of three neuronal classes – motor neurons, interneurons and mechanosensory neurons – controls the mechanics of copulation. By correlating the connectivity, function and activity of these neurons we have determined the logic for how this circuitry is coordinated to generate this male-specific behavior, and sets the stage for a circuit-level dissection of active sensing and modulation of copulatory behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20713.001, eLife digest Idioms and love songs often euphemistically refer to “the birds and the bees”. Yet for neurobiologists interested in uncovering basic facts about sex and reproduction, the fruit fly has proven much more informative. Male fruit flies court females with a series of “hard-wired” or genetically programmed behaviors. One gene called doublesex generates differences in the anatomy and behavior of males and females in many animal species. In male fruit flies, the doublesex gene is active in roughly 650 neurons, with specific groups of cells controlling distinct steps of the courtship ritual. However, it was not understood how the different steps involved in copulation were coordinated to ensure a successful mating. Pavlou et al. have now identified a circuit of doublesex-expressing neurons that controls copulation itself. The circuit, which is in the fruit fly’s equivalent of the spinal cord, is made up of three types of neurons: motor neurons, inhibitory interneurons and mechanosensory neurons. The motor neurons coordinate the joining of the male’s genitals with those of the female. The inhibitory interneurons promote the release of the male’s genitals by opposing the motor neurons, while the mechanosensory neurons possibly coordinate the activity of the other neurons to generate the correct sequence of events needed for copulation. Pavlou et al. also showed that the mechanism that controls how the male attaches to and detaches from the female is independent of ejaculation, indicating that the mechanics of copulation are separate from those of reproduction. A future challenge will be to understand how command centres in the brain combine these signals with sensory feedback to enable males to execute and modify their copulation-related behaviors. Identifying neural circuits that drive behaviors in fruit flies provide insights into the universal principles by which a nervous system can coordinate complex motor behaviors such as walking and flying. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20713.002

Published
2016

42. Somatostatin triggers rhythmic electrical firing in hypothalamic GHRH neurons

Author

Violeta Mitutsova, Patrice Mollard, Manon Granier, Nikolaus Plesnila, Malcolm J. Low, David J. Hodson, Danielle Carmignac, Marine Chazalon, Iain C. A. F. Robinson, Pierre Fontanaud, Alexander Barre, Pierre François Méry, Guillaume Osterstock, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Diabetes UK, and European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes

Subjects
Male, EXPRESSION, 0301 basic medicine, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Patch-Clamp Techniques, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Hypothalamus, Action Potentials, Neuropeptide, Biology, Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone, NETWORK MOTIFS, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Article, Mice, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, 03 medical and health sciences, Glutamatergic, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, PROTEIN TRANSGENIC MICE, GROWTH-HORMONE-SECRETION, HEPATIC-STEROID METABOLISM, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mice, Knockout, Science & Technology, PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS, Multidisciplinary, RECEPTOR SUBTYPES, IN-VITRO, Growth hormone secretion, Multidisciplinary Sciences, MODEL, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Somatostatin, G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels, Science & Technology - Other Topics, GABAergic, Female, Neuron, Neuroscience, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract

Hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons orchestrate body growth/maturation and have been implicated in feeding responses and ageing. However, the electrical patterns that dictate GHRH neuron functions have remained elusive. Since the inhibitory neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) is considered to be a primary oscillator of the GH axis, we examined its acute effects on GHRH neurons in brain slices from male and female GHRH-GFP mice. At the cellular level, SST irregularly suppressed GHRH neuron electrical activity, leading to slow oscillations at the population level. This resulted from an initial inhibitory action at the GHRH neuron level via K+ channel activation, followed by a delayed, sst1/sst2 receptor-dependent unbalancing of glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs. The oscillation patterns induced by SST were sexually dimorphic and could be explained by differential actions of SST on both GABAergic and glutamatergic currents. Thus, a tripartite neuronal circuit involving a fast hyperpolarization and a dual regulation of synaptic inputs appeared sufficient in pacing the activity of the GHRH neuronal population. These “feed-forward loops” may represent basic building blocks involved in the regulation of GHRH release and its downstream sexual specific functions.

Published
2016
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43. A curvilinear effect of height on reproductive success in human males

Author

Abraham P. Buunk, Simon Verhulst, Gert Stulp, Thomas V. Pollet, Social & Organizational Psychology, Verhulst lab, and Social Psychology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, TALLER MEN, Longitudinal study, STATURE, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, NORTHERN NAMIBIA, 050109 social psychology, Fertility, Human Males, Review, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, BODY DIMENSIONS, FERTILITY, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Social science, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, POPULATION, media_common, education.field_of_study, Original Paper, Reproductive success, MATE PREFERENCES, SDG 5 - Gender Equality, Height, 05 social sciences, C800, PHYSIQUE, Mate choice, Sexual selection, PHENOTYPIC SELECTION, Animal ecology, Animal Science and Zoology, Demography, Human
Abstract

Human male height is associated with mate choice and intra-sexual competition, and therefore potentially with reproductive success. A literature review (n = 18) on the relationship between male height and reproductive success revealed a variety of relationships ranging from negative to curvilinear to positive. Some of the variation in results may stem from methodological issues, such as low power, including men in the sample who have not yet ended their reproductive career, or not controlling for important potential confounders (e.g. education and income). We investigated the associations between height, education, income and the number of surviving children in a large longitudinal sample of men (n = 3,578; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study), who likely had ended their reproductive careers (e.g. > 64 years). There was a curvilinear association between height and number of children, with men of average height attaining the highest reproductive success. This curvilinear relationship remained after controlling for education and income, which were associated with both reproductive success and height. Average height men also married at a younger age than shorter and taller men, and the effect of height diminished after controlling for this association. Thus, average height men partly achieved higher reproductive success by marrying at a younger age. On the basis of our literature review and our data, we conclude that men of average height most likely have higher reproductive success than either short or tall men. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1283-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2012
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44. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution

Author

Shungin, Dmitry, Winkler, Thomas W., Croteau-Chonka, Damien C., Ferreira, Teresa, Lockes, Adam E., Maegi, Reedik, Strawbridge, Rona J., Pers, Tune H., Fischer, Krista, Justice, Anne E., Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie, Wu, Joseph M. W., Buchkovich, Martin L., Heard-Costa, Nancy L., Roman, Tamara S., Drong, Alexander W., Song, Ci, Gustafsson, Stefan, Day, Felix R., Esko, Tonu, Fall, Tove, Kutalik, Zoltan, Luan, Jian'an, Randall, Joshua C., Scherag, Andre, Vedantam, Sailaja, Wood, Andrew R., Chen, Jin, Fehrmann, Rudolf, Karjalainen, Juha, Kahali, Bratati, Liu, Ching-Ti, Schmidt, Ellen M., Absher, Devin, Amin, Najaf, Anderson, Denise, Beekman, Marian, Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L., Buyske, Steven, Demirkan, Ayse, Ehret, Georg B., Feitosa, Mary F., Goel, Anuj, Jackson, Anne U., Johnson, Toby, Kleber, Marcus E., ADIPOGEN Consortium, CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, CKDGen Consortium, GEFOS Consortium, GENIE Consortium, GLGC, ICBP, Int Endogene Consortium, LifeLines Cohort Study, MAGIC Investigators, MuTHER Consortium, PAGE Consortium, and ReproGen Consortium

Subjects
COMMON SNPS, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI, FALSE DISCOVERY, GLYCEMIC TRAITS, ADIPOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, ABDOMINAL ADIPOSITY, HUMAN HEIGHT, MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS
Abstract

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P

Published
2015

45. Body height preferences and actual dimorphism in stature between partners in two non-Western societies (Hadza and Tsimane’)

Author

Gert Stulp, Bernhard Fink, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomás Huanca, Marina Butovskaya, Agnieszka Sorokowska, and Sociology/ICS

Subjects
Adult, Male, Attractiveness, PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT, Bolivia, Social Psychology, Sexual Behavior, lcsh:BF1-990, Population, 050109 social psychology, Choice Behavior, Tanzania, 050105 experimental psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, Body Image, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, education, POPULATION, UNIVERSAL, education.field_of_study, ATTRACTIVENESS, Reproductive success, PHYSICAL HEIGHT, 05 social sciences, WOMEN, General Medicine, Body Height, Preference, Sexual dimorphism, MATE CHOICE, lcsh:Psychology, Sexual Partners, Geography, Ethnopsychology, Mate choice, VARIABLE PREFERENCES, Sexual selection, Western World, Female, Parent–offspring conflict, Social psychology, Demography
Abstract

Body height influences human mate preferences and choice. A typical finding in Western societies is that women prefer men who are taller than themselves and, equivalently, men prefer women who are shorter than themselves. However, recent reports in non-Western societies (e.g., the Himba in Namibia) challenge the view on the universality of such preferences. Here we report on male and female height preferences in two non-Western populations—the Hadza (Tanzania) and the Tsimane' (Bolivia)—and the relationships between body height preferences and the height of actual partners. In the Hadza, most individuals preferred a sexual dimorphism in stature (SDS) with the man being much taller than the woman. Preferences for SDS and actual partner SDS were positively and significantly correlated in both men and women, suggesting that people who preferred larger height differences also had larger height differences with their partners. In the Tsimane', the majority of men preferred an SDS with the man being taller than the woman, but women did not show such a preference. Unlike in the Hadza, SDS preference was not significantly correlated to actual partner SDS. We conclude that patterns of height preferences and choices in the Hadza and Tsimane' are different than those observed in Western societies, and discuss possible causes for the observed differences between non-Western and Western societies.

Published
2015

46. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution

Author

Shungin, Dmitry, Winkler, Thomas W, Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie, Hartman, Catharina A, Duncan, Emma L, Ntzani, Evangelia E, Oei, Ling, Albagha, Omar M E, Amin, Najaf, Kemp, John P, Koller, Daniel L, Li, Guo, Liu, Ching-Ti, Minster, Ryan L, Hassinen, Maija, Moayyeri, Alireza, Vandenput, Liesbeth, Willner, Dana, Xiao, Su-Mei, Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M, Zheng, Hou-Feng, Alonso, Nerea, Eriksson, Joel, Kammerer, Candace M, Kaptoge, Stephen K, Hayward, Caroline, Leo, Paul J, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Wilson, Scott G, Wilson, James F, Aalto, Ville, Alen, Markku, Aragaki, Aaron K, Aspelund, Thor, Center, Jacqueline R, Dailiana, Zoe, Heikkilä, Kauko, Duggan, David J, Garcia, Melissa, Garcia-Giralt, Natàlia, Giroux, Sylvie, Hallmans, Göran, Hocking, Lynne J, Husted, Lise Bjerre, Jameson, Karen A, Khusainova, Rita, Kim, Ghi Su, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Kooperberg, Charles, Koromila, Theodora, Kruk, Marcin, Laaksonen, Marika, Lacroix, Andrea Z, Lee, Seung Hun, Leung, Ping C, Lewis, Joshua R, Masi, Laura, Mencej-Bedrac, Simona, Helmer, Quinta, Nguyen, Tuan V, Nogues, Xavier, Patel, Millan S, Prezelj, Janez, Rose, Lynda M, Scollen, Serena, Siggeirsdottir, Kristin, Smith, Albert V, Svensson, Olle, Trompet, Stella, Hillege, Hans L, Trummer, Olivia, van Schoor, Natasja M, Woo, Jean, Zhu, Kun, Balcells, Susana, Brandi, Maria Luisa, Buckley, Brendan M, Cheng, Sulin, Christiansen, Claus, Cooper, Cyrus, Holmen, Oddgeir, Dedoussis, George, Ford, Ian, Frost, Morten, Goltzman, David, González-Macías, Jesús, Kähönen, Mika, Karlsson, Magnus, Khusnutdinova, Elza, Koh, Jung-Min, Kollia, Panagoula, Hunt, Steven C, Langdahl, Bente Lomholt, Leslie, William D, Lips, Paul, Ljunggren, Östen, Lorenc, Roman S, Marc, Janja, Mellström, Dan, Obermayer-Pietsch, Barbara, Olmos, José M, Pettersson-Kymmer, Ulrika, Isaacs, Aaron, Reid, David M, Riancho, José A, Ridker, Paul M, Rousseau, François, Slagboom, P Eline, Tang, Nelson L S, Urreizti, Roser, Van Hul, Wim, Viikari, Jorma, Zarrabeitia, María T, Wu, Joseph M W, Ittermann, Till, Aulchenko, Yurii S, Castano-Betancourt, Martha, Grundberg, Elin, Herrera, Lizbeth, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Johannsdottir, Hrefna, Kwan, Tony, Li, Rui, Luben, Robert, Medina-Gómez, Carolina, James, Alan L, Palsson, Stefan Th, Reppe, Sjur, Rotter, Jerome I, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, van Meurs, Joyce B J, Verlaan, Dominique, Williams, Frances M K, Wood, Andrew R, Zhou, Yanhua, Gautvik, Kaare M, Johansson, Ingegerd, Pastinen, Tomi, Raychaudhuri, Soumya, Cauley, Jane A, Chasman, Daniel I, Clark, Graeme R, Cummings, Steven R, Danoy, Patrick, Dennison, Elaine M, Eastell, Richard, Eisman, John A, Juliusdottir, Thorhildur, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Hofman, Albert, Jackson, Rebecca D, Jones, Graeme, Jukema, J Wouter, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Lehtimäki, Terho, Liu, Yongmei, Lorentzon, Mattias, McCloskey, Eugene, Kalafati, Ioanna-Panagiota, Mitchell, Braxton D, Nandakumar, Kannabiran, Nicholson, Geoffrey C, Oostra, Ben A, Peacock, Munro, Pols, Huibert A P, Prince, Richard L, Raitakari, Olli, Reid, Ian R, Robbins, John, Kinnunen, Leena, Sambrook, Philip N, Sham, Pak Chung, Shuldiner, Alan R, Tylavsky, Frances A, van Duijn, Cornelia M, Wareham, Nick J, Cupples, L Adrienne, Econs, Michael J, Evans, David M, Harris, Tamara B, Koenig, Wolfgang, Kung, Annie Wai Chee, Psaty, Bruce M, Reeve, Jonathan, Spector, Timothy D, Streeten, Elizabeth A, Zillikens, M Carola, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Ohlsson, Claes, Karasik, David, Richards, J Brent, Kooner, Ishminder K, Brown, Matthew A, Stefansson, Kari, Uitterlinden, André G, Ralston, Stuart H, Ioannidis, John P A, Kiel, Douglas P, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Sandholm, Niina, Salem, Rany M, McKnight, Amy Jayne, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Brennan, Eoin P, Forsblom, Carol, Isakova, Tamara, McKay, Gareth J, Williams, Winfred W, Sadlier, Denise M, Mäkinen, Ville-Petteri, Swan, Elizabeth J, Palmer, Cameron, Boright, Andrew P, Lamina, Claudia, Ahlqvist, Emma, Deshmukh, Harshal A, Keller, Benjamin J, Huang, Huateng, Ahola, Aila, Fagerholm, Emma, Gordin, Daniel, Harjutsalo, Valma, He, Bing, Heikkilä, Outi, Buchkovich, Martin L, Leander, Karin, Hietala, Kustaa, Kytö, Janne, Lahermo, Päivi, Lehto, Markku, Österholm, Anne-May, Parkkonen, Maija, Pitkäniemi, Janne, Rosengård-Bärlund, Milla, Saraheimo, Markku, Sarti, Cinzia, Lee, Nanette R, Söderlund, Jenny, Soro-Paavonen, Aino, Syreeni, Anna, Thorn, Lena M, Tikkanen, Heikki, Tolonen, Nina, Tryggvason, Karl, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Wadén, Johan, Gill, Geoffrey V, Lichtner, Peter, Prior, Sarah, Guiducci, Candace, Mirel, Daniel B, Taylor, Andrew, Hosseini, Mohsen, Parving, Hans-Henrik, Rossing, Peter, Tarnow, Lise, Ladenvall, Claes, Alhenc-Gelas, François, Lind, Lars, Lefebvre, Pierre, Rigalleau, Vincent, Roussel, Ronan, Tregouet, David-Alexandre, Maestroni, Anna, Maestroni, Silvia, Falhammar, Henrik, Gu, Tianwei, Möllsten, Anna, Cimponeriu, Dan, Lindström, Jaana, Mihai, Ioana, Mota, Maria, Mota, Eugen, Serafinceanu, Cristian, Stavarachi, Monica, Hanson, Robert L, Nelson, Robert G, Kretzler, Matthias, Colhoun, Helen M, Panduru, Nicolae Mircea, Lobbens, Stéphane, Gu, Harvest F, Brismar, Kerstin, Zerbini, Gianpaolo, Hadjadj, Samy, Marre, Michel, Groop, Leif, Lajer, Maria, Bull, Shelley B, Waggott, Daryl, Paterson, Andrew D, Savage, David A, Bain, Stephen C, Martin, Finian, Hirschhorn, Joel N, Godson, Catherine, Florez, Jose C, Groop, Per-Henrik, Maxwell, Alexander P, Willer, Cristen J, Schmidt, Ellen M, Mach, François, Sengupta, Sebanti, Peloso, Gina M, Gustafsson, Stefan, Kanoni, Stavroula, Ganna, Andrea, Chen, Jin, Mora, Samia, Beckmann, Jacques S, Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L, Magnusson, Patrik Ke, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Demirkan, Ayşe, Den Hertog, Heleen M, Do, Ron, Donnelly, Louise A, Ehret, Georg B, Esko, Tõnu, Feitosa, Mary F, Ferreira, Teresa, Fischer, Krista, Mahajan, Anubha, Fontanillas, Pierre, Fraser, Ross M, Freitag, Daniel F, Gurdasani, Deepti, Hyppönen, Elina, Jackson, Anne U, Johansson, Åsa, Johnson, Toby, Heard-Costa, Nancy L, McArdle, Wendy L, Kaakinen, Marika, Kettunen, 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P., Esko, T., Fall, T., Chen, H., Robertson, N., Rybin, D., Chines, PS., Song, K., An, P., Marullo, L., Jansen, H., Oldehinkel, AJ., North, KE., Forouhi, NG., Edkins, S., Varga, TV., Oksa, H., Antonella, M., Kong, A., Herder, C., Antti, J., Miljkovic, I., Atalay, M., Kiess, W., James, AL., Smit, JH., Campbell, S., Fowkes, GR., Basart, HV., Rathmann, W., Maerz, W., Province, MA., Watanabe, RM., de Geus EJ., Penninx, BW., Oostra, B., Toenjes, A., Peyser, PA., Körner, A., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, SM., Saaristo, TE., Boomsma, D., Cucca, F., Balkau, B., Froguel, P., Jarvelin, MR., Bouatia-Naji, N., Ahmadi, KR., Ainali, C., Barrett, A., Bataille, V., Bell, JT., Buil, A., Dermitzakis, ET., Dimas, AS., Durbin, R., Glass, D., Hassanali, N., Hedman£££Åsa K£££ ÅK., Ingle, C., Keildson, S., Knowles, D., Krestyaninova, M., Lowe, CE., Meduri, E., di Meglio, P., Min, JL., Montgomery, SB., Nestle, FO., Nica, AC., Nisbet, J., O'Rahilly, S., Parts, L., Potter, S., Sekowska, M., Shin, SY., Small, KS., Surdulescu, G., Travers, ME., Tsaprouni, L., Tsoka, S., Wilk, A., Matise, T., Buyske, S., Higashio, J., Williams, R., Nato, A., Ambite, JL., Deelman, E., Manolio, T., Hindorff, L., Heiss, G., Taylor, K., Avery, C., Graff, M., Lin, D., Quibrera, M., Cochran, B., Kao, L., Umans, J., Cole, S., MacCluer, J., Person, S., Pankow, J., Gross, M., Fornage, M., Durda, P., Jenny, N., Patsy, B., Arnold, A., Buzkova, P., Crawford, D., Haines, J., Murdock, D., Glenn, K., Brown-Gentry, K., Thornton-Wells, T., Dumitrescu, L., Jeff, J., Bush, WS., Mitchell, SL., Goodloe, R., Wilson, S., Boston, J., Malinowski, J., Restrepo, N., Oetjens, M., Fowke, J., Zheng, W., Spencer, K., Ritchie, M., Pendergrass, S., Le Marchand£££Loïc£££ L., Wilkens, L., Park, L., Tiirikainen, M., Kolonel, L., Lim, U., Cheng, I., Wang, H., Shohet, R., Haiman, C., Stram, D., Henderson, B., Monroe, K., Schumacher, F., Peters, U., Anderson, G., Carlson, C., Prentice, R., LaCroix, A., Wu, C., Carty, C., Gong, J., Rosse, S., Young, A., Haessler, J., Kocarnik, J., Lin, Y., Jackson, R., Duggan, D., Kuller, L., Stolk, L., He, C., Sulem, P., Barbalic, M., Broer, L., Byrne, EM., Gudbjartsson, DF., McArdle, PF., Porcu, E., van Wingerden, S., Zhuang, W., Albrecht, E., Alizadeh, BZ., Lauc, LB., Broekmans, FJ., Burri, A., Chanock, SJ., Chen, C., Corre, T., Coviello, AD., d'Adamo, P., Davies, G., Deary, IJ., Ebrahim, S., Fauser, BC., Ferreli, L., Folsom, AR., Garcia, ME., Hall, P., Haller, T., Hankinson, SE., Hass, M., Heath, AC., Janssens, AC., Keyzer, J., Lahti, J., Lai, S., Laisk, T., Laven, JS., Liu, J., Lopez, LM., Louwers, YV., Marongiu, M., Klaric, IM., Masciullo, C., McKnight, B., Medland, SE., Melzer, D., Newman, AB., Paré, G., Peeters, PH., Plump, AS., Pop, VJ., Räikkönen, K., Salumets, A., Smith, JA., Stacey, SN., Starr, JM., Stathopoulou, MG., Tenesa, A., Thorand, B., Tryggvadottir, L., Tsui, K., van Dam RM., van Gils CH., van Nierop, P., Vink, JM., Voorhuis, M., Wallaschofski, H., Widen, E., Wijnands-van Gent CJ., Zgaga, L., Zygmunt, M., Arnold, AM., Buring, JE., Crisponi, L., Demerath, EW., Hunter, DJ., Schlessinger, D., Murray, A., Murabito, JM., Visser, JA., Lunetta, KL., Elks, CE., Cousminer, DL., Feenstra, B., Lin, P., van Wingerden SW., Smith, EN., Warrington, NM., Alavere, H., Barroso, I., Berenson, GS., Blackburn, H., Busonero, F., Chen, W., Couper, D., Easton, DF., Foroud, T., Geller, F., Hernandez, DG., Kilpeläinen, TO., Li, S., Melbye, M., Murray, JC., Murray, SS., Nelis, M., Ness, AR., Northstone, K., Pennell, CE., Pharoah, P., Rafnar, T., Rice, JP., Ring, SM., Schork, NJ., Segrè, AV., Sovio, U., Srinivasan, SR., Tammesoo, ML., Tyrer, J., Weedon, MN., Wichmann, H., Young, L., Zhuang, WV., Bierut, LJ., Boyd, HA., Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University [Lund], Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Umea University Hospital, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), Université de Poitiers-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Medical Sciences, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis [Lyngby], Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] (LIST), Southeast University [Jiangsu]-School of Computer Science and Engineering, Limnology, Ecology, Estonian Genome and Medicine, University of Tartu, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Department of Medical Genetics, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Universität Duisburg-Essen = University of Duisburg-Essen [Essen], Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, King‘s College London, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland-Kuopio University Hospital, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen [Groningen]-University Medical Centre Groningen, Metabolic functional (epi)genomics and molecular mechanisms involved in type 2 diabetes and related diseases - UMR 8199 - UMR 1283 (EGENODIA (GI3M)), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University Medical Center, Medical Department III, Universität Leipzig, Foie, métabolismes et cancer, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Institute of Epidemiology [Neuherberg] (EPI), German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH), Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medstar Research Institute, Genetics and Pathology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), Department of Odontology, Cariology, Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Génétique des maladies multifactorielles (GMM), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Royal Aberdeen Childrens Hospital, UCL Institute of neurology, UCL Institute of Neurology, Human Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Medical Sciences and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Genetics, University of Groningen [Groningen], deCODE Genetics, deCODE genetics [Reykjavik], Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology & Epidemiology, University of Groningen [Groningen]-University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG)-Beatrix Children's Hospital-Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Concord Hospital, Epidémiologie des maladies chroniques : impact des interactions gène environnement sur la santé des populations, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé, Dept. 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Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, 5 University Street, Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College of London [London] (UCL), MRC Centre for Epidemiology of Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Life Course and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare [Helsinki], Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland-Institute of Biomedicine, University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere [Finland]-Tampere University Hospital, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, University of Gothenburg (GU)-Institute of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital (TYKS), Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences [Leicester], University of Leicester, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University [Maastricht], Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Recherches en Psychopathologie, nouveaux symptômes et lien social (EA 4050), Université de Poitiers-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université Catholique de l'Ouest (UCO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Institut de biologie de Lille - UMS 3702 (IBL), 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= University of Helsinki, Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University - Medical College of Georgia, University System of Georgia (USG)-University System of Georgia (USG), Department of Public Health, South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Department of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging [Leiden, Netherlands] (NCHA), Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, MRC epidemiology Unit, Institute of Epidemiology, Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Department of Oncology, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (BROAD INSTITUTE), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health-Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Metabolic Disease Group, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital-Medical Research Council (MRC), Framingham Heart Study, Boston University [Boston] (BU)-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI), Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Churchill Hospital-Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Landsteiner Laboratory, Clinical Haematology, Other departments, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Vascular Medicine, Lund University Diabetes Centre-Lund University [Lund], Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Universität Duisburg-Essen [Essen], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Génomique Intégrative et Modélisation des Maladies Métaboliques (EGID), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), German Research Center for Environmental Health, University of Bonn, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), Yale University School of Medicine, University of Oxford [Oxford], German Research Center for Environmental Health-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM), Laval University, Laval University [Québec], Turku University Hospital, Lausanne university hospital, Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institut de biologie de Lille - IBL (IBLI), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI)-Boston University [Boston] (BU), Internal Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Clinical Genetics, Medical Informatics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lund University [Lund]-Lund University Diabetes Centre, Metabolic functional (epi)genomics and molecular mechanisms involved in type 2 diabetes and related diseases - UMR 8199 - UMR 1283 (GI3M), Institute of Medicine-University of Gothenburg (GU), Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires ( STIM ), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] ( DTU ), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] ( LIST ), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics ( MEB ), University of Lausanne, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy ( CIML ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Erasmus MC, Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] ( SSL ), Génomique Intégrative et Modélisation des Maladies Métaboliques ( EGID ), Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] ( CHRU Lille ), University of Leipzig, Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Institute of Epidemiology [Neuherberg] ( EPI ), University of California [Irvine] ( UCI ), Génétique des maladies multifactorielles ( GMM ), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Geneva University Hospital ( HUG ), Bonn Universität [Bonn], Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur ( IIT Kanpur ), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Université de Bonn, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Harvard University School of Public Health, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), deCODE genetics, University of Groningen [Groningen]-University Medical Center Groningen-Beatrix Children's Hospital-Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Yale School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute ( NHLI ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université de Lille, Droit et Santé, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Pisa [Pisa], University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ) -Institute of Metabolic Science, German Research Center for Environmental Health-Helmholtz-Zentrum München ( HZM ), University of Otago, University of Greifswald, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), University of Gothenburg ( GU ) -Institute of Medicine, Recherches en Psychopathologie, nouveaux symptômes et lien social ( EA 4050 ), Université de Poitiers-Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université Catholique de l'Ouest-Université de Rennes 2 ( UR2 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ), Institut de biologie de Lille - IBL ( IBLI ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University Medicine Greifswald,-HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Finland Institute for Molecular Medicine ( FIMM ), Georgia Prevention Institute, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Helmholtz-Zentrum München ( HZM ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) -National Cancer Institute ( NIH ), Massachusetts General Hospital, Children's Hospital, Boston, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health-Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Shungin D, Winkler TW, Adipogen, Consortium, Cardiogramplusc4d, Consortium, Ckdgen, Consortium, Gefos, Consortium, Genie, Consortium, Glgc, Icbp, International, Endogene Consortium, Lifelines, Cohort Study, Magic, Investigator, Muther, Consortium, Consortium, Page, ReproGen Consortium, Amouyel P, D'Adamo, ADAMO PIO, Gasparini, Paolo, Shungin, Dmitry, Winkler, Thomas W, Croteau-Chonka, Damien C, Ferreira, Teresa, Hypponen, Elina, Mohlke, Karen L, ADIPOGEN Consortium, Int Endogene Consortium, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Epidemiologie, RS: CARIM - R3.02 - Hypertension and target organ damage, Université de Tours-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam - Neurobiology of Mental Health, EMGO+ - Lifestyle, Overweight and Diabetes, Damage and Repair in Cancer Development and Cancer Treatment (DARE), Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS), Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Groningen Kidney Center (GKC), Groningen Institute for Gastro Intestinal Genetics and Immunology (3GI), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen Institute for Organ Transplantation (GIOT), Lifestyle Medicine (LM), Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (CLDM), Stem Cell Aging Leukemia and Lymphoma (SALL), Shungin, D, Winkler, T, Croteau Chonka, D, Ferreira, T, Locke, A, Mägi, R, Strawbridge, R, Pers, T, Fischer, K, Justice, A, Workalemahu, T, Wu, J, Buchkovich, M, Heard Costa, N, Roman, T, Drong, A, Song, C, Gustafsson, S, Day, F, Esko, T, Fall, T, Kutalik, Z, Luan, J, Randall, J, Scherag, A, Vedantam, S, Wood, A, Chen, J, Fehrmann, R, Karjalainen, J, Kahali, B, Liu, C, Schmidt, E, Absher, D, Amin, N, Anderson, D, Beekman, M, Bragg Gresham, J, Buyske, S, Demirkan, A, Ehret, G, Feitosa, M, Goel, A, Jackson, A, Johnson, T, Kleber, M, Kristiansson, K, Mangino, M, Leach, I, Medina Gomez, C, Palmer, C, Pasko, D, Pechlivanis, S, Peters, M, Prokopenko, I, Stanca'Kova', A, Sung, Y, Tanaka, T, Teumer, A, Van Vliet Ostaptchouk, J, Yengo, L, Zhang, W, Albrecht, E, Ärnlöv, J, Arscott, G, Bandinelli, S, Barrett, A, Bellis, C, Bennett, A, Berne, C, Blüher, M, Böhringer, S, Bonnet, F, Böttcher, Y, Bruinenberg, M, Carba, D, Caspersen, I, Clarke, R, Daw, E, Deelen, J, Deelman, E, Delgado, G, Doney, A, Eklund, N, Erdos, M, Estrada, K, Eury, E, Friedrich, N, Garcia, M, Giedraitis, V, Gigante, B, Go, A, Golay, A, Grallert, H, Grammer, T, Gräsler, J, Grewal, J, Groves, C, Haller, T, Hallmans, G, Hartman, C, Hassinen, M, Hayward, C, Heikkilä, K, Herzig, K, Helmer, Q, Hillege, H, Holmen, O, Hunt, S, Isaacs, A, Ittermann, T, James, A, Johansson, I, Juliusdottir, T, Kalafati, I, Kinnunen, L, Koenig, W, Kooner, I, Kratzer, W, Lamina, C, Leander, K, Lee, N, Lichtner, P, Lind, L, Lindström, J, Lobbens, S, Lorentzon, M, Mach, F, Magnusson, P, Mahajan, A, Mcardle, W, Menni, C, Merger, S, Mihailov, E, Milani, L, Mills, R, Moayyeri, A, Monda, K, Mooijaart, S, Mühleisen, T, Mulas, A, Müller, G, Müller Nurasyid, M, Nagaraja, R, Nalls, M, Narisu, N, Glorioso, N, Nolte, I, Olden, M, Rayner, N, Renstrom, F, Ried, J, Robertson, N, Rose, L, Sanna, S, Scharnagl, H, Scholtens, S, Sennblad, B, Seufferlein, T, Sitlani, C, Smith, A, Stirrups, K, Stringham, H, Sundström, J, Swertz, M, Swift, A, Syvänen, A, Tayo, B, Thorand, B, Thorleifsson, G, Tomaschitz, A, Troffa, C, Van Oort, F, Verweij, N, Vonk, J, Waite, L, Wennauer, R, Wilsgaard, T, Wojczynski, M, Wong, A, Zhang, Q, Zhao, J, Brennan, E, Choi, M, Eriksson, P, Folkersen, L, Franco Cereceda, A, Gharavi, A, Hedman, A, Hivert, M, Huang, J, Kanoni, S, Karpe, F, Keildson, S, Kiryluk, K, Liang, L, Lifton, R, Ma, B, Mcknight, A, Mcpherson, R, Metspalu, A, Min, J, Moffatt, M, Montgomery, G, Murabito, J, Nicholson, G, Nyholt, D, Olsson, C, Perry, J, Reinmaa, E, Salem, R, Sandholm, N, Schadt, E, Scott, R, Stolk, L, Vallejo, E, Westra, H, Zondervan, K, Amouyel, P, Arveiler, D, Bakker, S, Beilby, J, Bergman, R, Blangero, J, Brown, M, Burnier, M, Campbell, H, Chakravarti, A, Chines, P, Claudi Boehm, S, Collins, F, Crawford, D, Danesh, J, De Faire, U, De Geus, E, Dörr, M, Erbel, R, Eriksson, J, Farrall, M, Ferrannini, E, Ferrières, J, Forouhi, N, Forrester, T, Franco, O, Gansevoort, R, Gieger, C, Gudnason, V, Haiman, C, Harris, T, Hattersley, A, Heliövaara, M, Hicks, A, Hingorani, A, Hoffmann, W, Hofman, A, Homuth, G, Humphries, S, Hyppönen, E, Illig, T, Jarvelin, M, Johansen, B, Jousilahti, P, Jula, A, Kaprio, J, Kee, F, Keinanen Kiukaanniemi, S, Kooner, J, Kooperberg, C, Kovacs, P, Kraja, A, Kumari, M, Kuulasmaa, K, Kuusisto, J, Lakka, T, Langenberg, C, Le Marchand, L, Lehtimäki, T, Lyssenko, V, Männistö, S, Marette, A, Matise, T, Mckenzie, C, Mcknight, B, Musk, A, Möhlenkamp, S, Morris, A, Nelis, M, Ohlsson, C, Oldehinkel, A, Ong, K, Palmer, L, Penninx, B, Peters, A, Pramstaller, P, Raitakari, O, Rankinen, T, Rao, D, Rice, T, Ridker, P, Ritchie, M, Rudan, I, Salomaa, V, Samani, N, Saramies, J, Sarzynski, M, Schwarz, P, Shuldiner, A, Staessen, J, Steinthorsdottir, V, Stolk, R, Strauch, K, Tönjes, A, Tremblay, A, Tremoli, E, Vohl, M, Völker, U, Vollenweider, P, Wilson, J, Witteman, J, Adair, L, Bochud, M, Boehm, B, Bornstein, S, Bouchard, C, Cauchi, S, Caulfield, M, Chambers, J, Chasman, D, Cooper, R, Dedoussis, G, Ferrucci, L, Froguel, P, Grabe, H, Hamsten, A, Hui, J, Hveem, K, Jöckel, K, Kivimaki, M, Kuh, D, Laakso, M, Liu, Y, März, W, Munroe, P, Njolstad, I, Oostra, B, Pedersen, N, Perola, M, Pe'Russe, L, Peters, U, Power, C, Quertermous, T, Rauramaa, R, Rivadeneira, F, Saaristo, T, Saleheen, D, Sinisalo, J, Slagboom, P, Snieder, H, Spector, T, Thorsteinsdottir, U, Stumvoll, M, Tuomilehto, J, Uitterlinden, A, Uusitupa, M, Van Der Harst, P, Veronesi, G, Walker, M, Wareham, N, Watkins, H, Wichmann, H, Abecasis, G, Assimes, T, Berndt, S, Boehnke, M, Borecki, I, Deloukas, P, Franke, L, Frayling, T, Groop, L, Hunter, D, Kaplan, R, O'Connell, J, Qi, L, Schlessinger, D, Strachan, D, Stefansson, K, Van Duijn, C, Willer, C, Visscher, P, Yang, J, Hirschhorn, J, Zillikens, M, Mccarthy, M, Speliotes, E, North, K, Fox, C, Barroso, I, Franks, P, Ingelsson, E, Heid, I, Loos, R, Cupples, L, Lindgren, C, Mohlke, K, Dastani, Z, Timpson, N, Yuan, X, Henneman, P, Kizer, J, Lyytikainen, L, Fuchsberger, C, Small, K, Coassin, S, Lohman, K, Pankow, J, Uh, H, Wu, Y, Bidulescu, A, Rasmussen Torvik, L, Greenwood, C, Ladouceur, M, Grimsby, J, Manning, A, Mooser, V, Kapur, K, Frants, R, Willemsvan vanDijk, K, Willems, S, Psaty, B, Tracy, R, Brody, J, Chen, I, Viikari, J, Kähönen, M, Evans, D, St Pourcain, B, Sattar, N, Carlson, O, Egan, J, van Heemst, D, Kedenko, L, Nuotio, M, Loo, B, Kanaya, A, Haun, M, Klopp, N, Katsareli, E, Couper, D, Duncan, B, Kloppenburg, M, Borja, J, Musani, S, Guo, X, Semple, R, Teslovich, T, Allison, M, Redline, S, Buxbaum, S, Meulenbelt, I, Ballantyne, C, Hu, F, Paulweber, B, Florez, J, Smith, G, Siscovick, D, Kronenberg, F, van Duijn, C, Waterworth, D, Meigs, J, Dupuis, J, Richards, J, Willenborg, C, Thompson, J, Erdmann, J, Goldstein, B, König, I, Cazier, J, Johansson, Å, Hall, A, Lee, J, Grundberg, E, Havulinna, A, Ho, W, Hopewell, J, Eriksson, N, Lundmark, P, Lyytikäinen, L, Rafelt, S, Tikkanen, E, Van Zuydam, N, Voight, B, Ziegler, A, Altshuler, D, Balmforth, A, Braund, P, Burgdorf, C, Cox, D, Dimitriou, M, Do, R, El Mokhtari, N, Fontanillas, P, Hager, J, Han, B, Kang, H, Kessler, T, Knowles, J, Kolovou, G, Langford, C, Lokki, M, Lundmark, A, Meisinger, C, Melander, O, Maouche, S, Nikus, K, Peden, J, Rasheed, A, Rosinger, S, Rubin, D, Rumpf, M, Schäfer, A, Sivananthan, M, Stewart, A, Tan, S, Thorgeirsson, G, van der Schoot, C, Wagner, P, Wells, G, Wild, P, Yang, T, Basart, H, Boerwinkle, E, Brambilla, P, Cambien, F, Cupples, A, de Faire, U, Dehghan, A, Diemert, P, Epstein, S, Evans, A, Ferrario, M, Gauguier, D, Goodall, A, Hazen, S, Holm, H, Iribarren, C, Jang, Y, Kim, H, Laaksonen, R, Ouwehand, W, Parish, S, Park, J, Rader, D, Shah, S, Stark, K, Trégouët, D, Virtamo, J, Wallentin, L, Zimmermann, M, Nieminen, M, Hengstenberg, C, Sandhu, M, Pastinen, T, Hovingh, G, Zalloua, P, Siegbahn, A, Schreiber, S, Ripatti, S, Blankenberg, S, O'Donnell, C, Reilly, M, Collins, R, Kathiresan, S, Roberts, R, Schunkert, H, Pattaro, C, Köttgen, A, Garnaas, M, Böger, C, Chen, M, Tin, A, Taliun, D, Li, M, Gao, X, Gorski, M, Yang, Q, Hundertmark, C, Foster, M, O'Seaghdha, C, Glazer, N, Struchalin, M, Li, G, Johnson, A, Gierman, H, Hwang, S, Atkinson, E, Cornelis, M, Chouraki, V, Holliday, E, Sorice, R, Deshmukh, H, Ulivi, S, Chu, A, Murgia, F, Trompet, S, Imboden, M, Kollerits, B, Pistis, G, Launer, L, Aspelund, T, Eiriksdottir, G, Mitchell, B, Schmidt, H, Cavalieri, M, Rao, M, de Andrade, M, Turner, S, Ding, J, Andrews, J, Freedman, B, Döring, A, Kolcic, I, Zemunik, T, Boban, M, Minelli, C, Wheeler, H, Igl, W, Zaboli, G, Wild, S, Wright, A, Ellinghaus, D, Nöthlings, U, Jacobs, G, Biffar, R, Endlich, K, Ernst, F, Kroemer, H, Nauck, M, Stracke, S, Völzke, H, Aulchenko, Y, Polasek, O, Hastie, N, Vitart, V, Helmer, C, Wang, J, Ruggiero, D, Bergmann, S, Nikopensius, T, Province, M, Ketkar, S, Colhoun, H, Robino, A, Giulianini, F, Krämer, B, Portas, L, Ford, I, Buckley, B, Adam, M, Thun, G, Sala, C, Metzger, M, Mitchell, P, Ciullo, M, Kim, S, Gasparini, P, Pirastu, M, Jukema, J, Probst Hensch, N, Toniolo, D, Coresh, J, Schmidt, R, Kardia, S, Curhan, G, Gyllensten, U, Franke, A, Rettig, R, Parsa, A, Goessling, W, Kao, W, de Boer, I, Peralta, C, Akylbekova, E, Kramer, H, van der Harst, P, Arking, D, Franceschini, N, Hernandez, D, Townsend, R, Lumley, T, Kestenbaum, B, Haritunians, T, Waeber, G, Lu, X, Leak, T, Aasarød, K, Skorpen, F, Baumert, J, Devuyst, O, Mychaleckyj, J, Hallan, S, Navis, G, Shlipak, M, Bull, S, Paterson, A, Rotter, J, Beckmann, J, Dreisbach, A, Styrkarsdottir, U, Evangelou, E, Hsu, Y, Duncan, E, Ntzani, E, Oei, L, Albagha, O, Kemp, J, Koller, D, Minster, R, Vandenput, L, Willner, D, Xiao, S, Yerges Armstrong, L, Zheng, H, Alonso, N, Kammerer, C, Kaptoge, S, Leo, P, Wilson, S, Aalto, V, Alen, M, Aragaki, A, Center, J, Dailiana, Z, Duggan, D, Garcia Giralt, N, Giroux, S, Hocking, L, Husted, L, Jameson, K, Khusainova, R, Kim, G, Koromila, T, Kruk, M, Laaksonen, M, Lacroix, A, Lee, S, Leung, P, Lewis, J, Masi, L, Mencej Bedrac, S, Nguyen, T, Nogues, X, Patel, M, Prezelj, J, Scollen, S, Siggeirsdottir, K, Svensson, O, Trummer, O, van Schoor, N, Woo, J, Zhu, K, Balcells, S, Brandi, M, Cheng, S, Christiansen, C, Cooper, C, Frost, M, Goltzman, D, González Macías, J, Karlsson, M, Khusnutdinova, E, Koh, J, Kollia, P, Langdahl, B, Leslie, W, Lips, P, Ljunggren, Ö, Lorenc, R, Marc, J, Mellström, D, Obermayer Pietsch, B, Olmos, J, Pettersson Kymmer, U, Reid, D, Riancho, J, Rousseau, F, Tang, N, Urreizti, R, Van Hul, W, Zarrabeitia, M, Castano Betancourt, M, Herrera, L, Ingvarsson, T, Johannsdottir, H, Kwan, T, Li, R, Luben, R, Medina Gómez, C, Palsson, S, Reppe, S, Sigurdsson, G, van Meurs, J, Verlaan, D, Williams, F, Zhou, Y, Gautvik, K, Raychaudhuri, S, Cauley, J, Clark, G, Cummings, S, Danoy, P, Dennison, E, Eastell, R, Eisman, J, Jackson, R, Jones, G, Khaw, K, Mccloskey, E, Nandakumar, K, Peacock, M, Pols, H, Prince, R, Reid, I, Robbins, J, Sambrook, P, Sham, P, Tylavsky, F, Econs, M, Kung, A, Reeve, J, Streeten, E, Karasik, D, Ralston, S, Ioannidis, J, Kiel, D, Forsblom, C, Isakova, T, Mckay, G, Williams, W, Sadlier, D, Mäkinen, V, Swan, E, Boright, A, Ahlqvist, E, Keller, B, Huang, H, Ahola, A, Fagerholm, E, Gordin, D, Harjutsalo, V, He, B, Heikkilä, O, Hietala, K, Kytö, J, Lahermo, P, Lehto, M, Österholm, A, Parkkonen, M, Pitkäniemi, J, Rosengård Bärlund, M, Saraheimo, M, Sarti, C, Söderlund, J, Soro Paavonen, A, Syreeni, A, Thorn, L, Tikkanen, H, Tolonen, N, Tryggvason, K, Wadén, J, Gill, G, Prior, S, Guiducci, C, Mirel, D, Taylor, A, Hosseini, M, Parving, H, Rossing, P, Tarnow, L, Ladenvall, C, Alhenc Gelas, F, Lefebvre, P, Rigalleau, V, Roussel, R, Tregouet, D, Maestroni, A, Maestroni, S, Falhammar, H, Gu, T, Möllsten, A, Cimponeriu, D, Mihai, I, Mota, M, Mota, E, Serafinceanu, C, Stavarachi, M, Hanson, R, Nelson, R, Kretzler, M, Panduru, N, Gu, H, Brismar, K, Zerbini, G, Hadjadj, S, Marre, M, Lajer, M, Waggott, D, Savage, D, Bain, S, Martin, F, Godson, C, Groop, P, Maxwell, A, Sengupta, S, Peloso, G, Ganna, A, Mora, S, Chang, H, Den Hertog, H, Donnelly, L, Fraser, R, Freitag, D, Gurdasani, D, Kaakinen, M, Kettunen, J, Li, X, Montasser, M, Petersen, A, Saxena, R, Service, S, Sidore, C, Surakka, I, Van den Herik, E, Volcik, K, Asiki, G, Been, L, Bolton, J, Bonnycastle, L, Burnett, M, Cesana, G, Elliott, P, Eyjolfsson, G, Goodarzi, M, Gravito, M, Hartikainen, A, Hung, Y, Jones, M, Kaleebu, P, Kastelein, J, Kim, E, Komulainen, P, Lin, S, Nieminen, T, Nsubuga, R, Olafsson, I, Palotie, A, Papamarkou, T, Pomilla, C, Pouta, A, Ruokonen, A, Seeley, J, Silander, K, Stančáková, A, Tiret, L, van Pelt, L, Wainwright, N, Wijmenga, C, Willemsen, G, Young, E, Bennett, F, Boomsma, D, Bovet, P, Chen, Y, Feranil, A, Freimer, N, Hsiung, C, Järvelin, M, Kesäniemi, A, Koudstaal, P, Krauss, R, Kyvik, K, Martin, N, Meneton, P, Moilanen, L, Njølstad, I, Price, J, Sanghera, D, Sheu, W, Whitfield, J, Wolffenbuttel, B, Ordovas, J, Rich, S, Johnson, L, Larson, M, Levy, D, Newton Cheh, C, O'Reilly, P, Palmas, W, Rice, K, Snider, H, Tobin, M, Verwoert, G, Pihur, V, Heath, S, Sõber, S, Arora, P, Zhang, F, Lucas, G, Milaneschi, Y, Parker, A, Fava, C, Fox, E, Go, M, Sjögren, M, Vinay, D, Alexander, M, Tabara, Y, Shaw Hawkins, S, Whincup, P, Shi, G, Seielstad, M, Sim, X, Nguyen, K, Matullo, G, Gaunt, T, Onland Moret, N, Cooper, M, Platou, C, Org, E, Hardy, R, Dahgam, S, Palmen, J, Kuznetsova, T, Uiterwaal, C, Adeyemo, A, Ludwig, B, Tomaszewski, M, Tzoulaki, I, Palmer, N, Chang, Y, Steinle, N, Grobbee, D, Morrison, A, Najjar, S, Hadley, D, Connell, J, Day, I, Lawlor, D, Lawrence, R, Ongen, H, Li, Y, Young, J, Bis, J, Chaturvedi, N, Islam, M, Jafar, T, Kulkarni, S, Grässler, J, Howard, P, Guarrera, S, Ricceri, F, Emilsson, V, Plump, A, Weder, A, Sun, Y, Scott, L, Peltonen, L, Vartiainen, E, Brand, S, Wang, T, Burton, P, Artigas, M, Dong, Y, Wang, X, Zhu, H, Rudock, M, Heckbert, S, Smith, N, Wiggins, K, Doumatey, A, Shriner, D, Veldre, G, Viigimaa, M, Kinra, S, Prabhakaran, D, Tripathy, V, Langefeld, C, Rosengren, A, Thelle, D, Corsi, A, Singleton, A, Hilton, G, Salako, T, Iwai, N, Kita, Y, Ogihara, T, Ohkubo, T, Okamura, T, Ueshima, H, Umemura, S, Eyheramendy, S, Meitinger, T, Cho, Y, Scott, J, Sehmi, J, Hedblad, B, Nilsson, P, Stanèáková, A, Raffel, L, Yao, J, Schwartz, S, Ikram, M, Longstreth W., J, Mosley, T, Seshadri, S, Shrine, N, Wain, L, Morken, M, Laitinen, J, Zitting, P, Cooper, J, van Gilst, W, Janipalli, C, Mani, K, Yajnik, C, Mattace Raso, F, Lakatta, E, Orru, M, Scuteri, A, Ala Korpela, M, Kangas, A, Soininen, P, Tukiainen, T, Würtz, P, Ong, R, Galan, P, Hercberg, S, Lathrop, M, Zelenika, D, Zhai, G, Meschia, J, Sharma, P, Terzic, J, Kumar, M, Denniff, M, Zukowska Szczechowska, E, Wagenknecht, L, Fowkes, F, Charchar, F, Rotimi, C, Bots, M, Brand, E, Talmud, P, Nyberg, F, Laan, M, van der Schouw, Y, Casas, J, Vineis, P, Ganesh, S, Wong, T, Tai, E, Morris, R, Dominiczak, A, Marmot, M, Miki, T, Chandak, G, Zhu, X, Elosua, R, Soranzo, N, Sijbrands, E, Uda, M, Vasan, R, Anderson, C, Gordon, S, Guo, Q, Henders, A, Lambert, A, Kraft, P, Kennedy, S, Macgregor, S, Missmer, S, Painter, J, Roseman, F, Treloar, S, Wallace, L, Alizadeh, B, de Boer, R, Boezen, H, van der Klauw, M, Ormel, J, Postma, D, Rosmalen, J, Slaets, J, Lagou, V, Welch, R, Wheeler, E, Rehnberg, E, Lecoeur, C, Johnson, P, Hottenga, J, Salo, P, Bielak, L, Zhao, W, Horikoshi, M, Navarro, P, Chen, H, Rybin, D, Song, K, An, P, Marullo, L, Jansen, H, Edkins, S, Varga, T, Oksa, H, Antonella, M, Kong, A, Herder, C, Antti, J, Miljkovic, I, Atalay, M, Kiess, W, Smit, J, Campbell, S, Fowkes, G, Rathmann, W, Maerz, W, Watanabe, R, de Geus, E, Toenjes, A, Peyser, P, Körner, A, Cucca, F, Balkau, B, Bouatia Naji, N, Ahmadi, K, Ainali, C, Bataille, V, Bell, J, Buil, A, Dermitzakis, E, Dimas, A, Durbin, R, Glass, D, Hassanali, N, Hedman, Å, Ingle, C, Knowles, D, Krestyaninova, M, Lowe, C, Meduri, E, di Meglio, P, Montgomery, S, Nestle, F, Nica, A, Nisbet, J, O'Rahilly, S, Parts, L, Potter, S, Sekowska, M, Shin, S, Surdulescu, G, Travers, M, Tsaprouni, L, Tsoka, S, Wilk, A, Higashio, J, Williams, R, Nato, A, Ambite, J, Manolio, T, Hindorff, L, Heiss, G, Taylor, K, Avery, C, Graff, M, Lin, D, Quibrera, M, Cochran, B, Kao, L, Umans, J, Cole, S, Maccluer, J, Person, S, Gross, M, Fornage, M, Durda, P, Jenny, N, Patsy, B, Arnold, A, Buzkova, P, Haines, J, Murdock, D, Glenn, K, Brown Gentry, K, Thornton Wells, T, Dumitrescu, L, Jeff, J, Bush, W, Mitchell, S, Goodloe, R, Boston, J, Malinowski, J, Restrepo, N, Oetjens, M, Fowke, J, Zheng, W, Spencer, K, Pendergrass, S, Wilkens, L, Park, L, Tiirikainen, M, Kolonel, L, Lim, U, Cheng, I, Wang, H, Shohet, R, Stram, D, Henderson, B, Monroe, K, Schumacher, F, Anderson, G, Carlson, C, Prentice, R, Wu, C, Carty, C, Gong, J, Rosse, S, Young, A, Haessler, J, Kocarnik, J, Lin, Y, Kuller, L, He, C, Sulem, P, Barbalic, M, Broer, L, Byrne, E, Gudbjartsson, D, Mcardle, P, Porcu, E, van Wingerden, S, Zhuang, W, Lauc, L, Broekmans, F, Burri, A, Chanock, S, Chen, C, Corre, T, Coviello, A, D'Adamo, P, Davies, G, Deary, I, Ebrahim, S, Fauser, B, Ferreli, L, Folsom, A, Hall, P, Hankinson, S, Hass, M, Heath, A, Janssens, A, Keyzer, J, Lahti, J, Lai, S, Laisk, T, Laven, J, Liu, J, Lopez, L, Louwers, Y, Marongiu, M, Klaric, I, Masciullo, C, Medland, S, Melzer, D, Newman, A, Paré, G, Peeters, P, Pop, V, Räikkönen, K, Salumets, A, Smith, J, Stacey, S, Starr, J, Stathopoulou, M, Tenesa, A, Tryggvadottir, L, Tsui, K, van Dam, R, van Gils, C, van Nierop, P, Vink, J, Voorhuis, M, Wallaschofski, H, Widen, E, Wijnands van Gent, C, Zgaga, L, Zygmunt, M, Buring, J, Crisponi, L, Demerath, E, Murray, A, Visser, J, Lunetta, K, Elks, C, Cousminer, D, Feenstra, B, Lin, P, Smith, E, Warrington, N, Alavere, H, Berenson, G, Blackburn, H, Busonero, F, Chen, W, Easton, D, Foroud, T, Geller, F, Kilpeläinen, T, Li, S, Melbye, M, Murray, J, Murray, S, Ness, A, Northstone, K, Pennell, C, Pharoah, P, Rafnar, T, Rice, J, Ring, S, Schork, N, Segrè, A, Sovio, U, Srinivasan, S, Tammesoo, M, Tyrer, J, Weedon, M, Young, L, Bierut, L, Boyd, H, Psychiatry, NCA - Neurobiology of mental health, and EMGO - Lifestyle, overweight and diabetes

Subjects
Adipose Tissue/metabolism, Male, genetic association, subcutaneous fat, Transcription, Genetic, Adipocytes, Adipogenesis, Adipose Tissue, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Continental Population Groups, Epigenesis, Genetic, Europe, Female, Genome, Human, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Models, Biological, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Obesity, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci, Sex Characteristics, Waist-Hip Ratio, Body Fat Distribution, Genome-Wide Association Study, Multidisciplinary, Insulin Resistance/genetics, Genome-wide association study, Continental Population Groups/genetics, genetic analysis, heritability, gene cluster, Science::Biological sciences::Human anatomy and physiology [DRNTU], 0302 clinical medicine, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Models, genetics [Insulin Resistance], histone modification, Age Factor, insulin receptor, 0303 health sciences, Adipocyte, Human/genetics, CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, ADIPOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION, genetic correlation, body fat, Continental Population Group, priority journal, 5 trisphosphate 3 phosphatase, GEFOS Consortium, meta analysis (topic), Science & Technology - Other Topics, ddc:500, transcription regulation, Adipogenesis/genetics, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Waist, phosphatidylinositol 3, European, ta3111, genetic regulation, Article, developmental biology, 03 medical and health sciences, MAGIC Investigators, transcription initiation site, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Genetic, genomics, GLYCEMIC TRAITS, genetics [Continental Population Groups], Polymorphism, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, Physiologic, genetics [Adipogenesis], Adipocytes/metabolism, Europe/ethnology, Genome, Human/genetics, Insulin/metabolism, Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics, Obesity/genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics, Transcription, Genetic/genetics, Genetic/genetics, Adipogenesi, Science & Technology, adiponectin, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], vasculotropin, genetics [Quantitative Trait Loci], ta1184, Racial Groups, ta1182, gene mapping, ta3121, triacylglycerol blood level, medicine.disease, Biological, major clinical study, amino acid sequence, metabolism [Insulin], Endocrinology, metabolism [Adipocytes], genetic loci, insulin, body fat, GLGC, International Endogene Consortium, metabolism [Adipose Tissue], Body mass index, HUMAN HEIGHT, Epigenesis, LifeLines Cohort Study, ReproGen Consortium, BIO/12 - BIOCHIMICA CLINICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE CLINICA, tissue level, Physiologic/genetics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, Adipose tissue, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, PAGE Consortium, COMMON SNPS, angiogenesis, Waist–hip ratio, genetics [Obesity], MESH: Adipocytes/metabolism Adipogenesis/genetics Adipose Tissue/metabolism* Age Factors Body Fat Distribution* Body Mass Index Continental Population Groups/genetics Epigenesis, Genetic Europe/ethnology Female Genome, Human/genetics Genome-Wide Association Study* Humans Insulin/metabolism* Insulin Resistance/genetics Male Models, Biological Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics Obesity/genetics Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics* Sex Characteristics Transcription, Genetic/genetics Waist-Hip Ratio, single nucleotide polymorphism, fat, genetic variability, molecular biology, body mass index (BMI), ethnology [Europe], peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, 2. Zero hunger, Genetics, Genome, Single Nucleotide, waist circumference, insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate 3 phosphatase, triacylglycerol, vasculotropin, developmental biology, gene expression, genome, numerical model, adipocyte, adipose tissue, body fat distribution, body mass, female, gene locus, gene structure, hip circumference, human, insulin resistance, lipoprotein blood level, male, obesity, protein protein interaction, sex difference, waist hip ratio, Multidisciplinary Sciences, genetics [Transcription, Genetic], genetics [Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide], ADIPOGen Consortium, genetics [Neovascularization, Physiologic], Transcription, SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI, General Science & Technology, ICBP, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Biology, adipocyte, MESH : Adipocytes/metabolism Adipogenesis/genetics Adipose Tissue/metabolism* Age Factors Body Fat Distribution* Body Mass Index Continental Population Groups/genetics Epigenesis, Genetic Europe/ethnology Female Genome, Human/genetics Genome-Wide Association Study* Humans Insulin/metabolism* Insulin Resistance/genetics Male Models, Biological Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics Obesity/genetics Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics* Sex Characteristics Transcription, Genetic/genetics Waist-Hip Ratio, MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS, GENIE Consortium, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Insulin resistance, Internal medicine, medicine, genetics [Genome, Human], ABDOMINAL ADIPOSITY, Neovascularization, 030304 developmental biology, FALSE DISCOVERY, CKDGen Consortium, Sex Characteristic, MuTHER Consortium, numerical model
Abstract

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P

Published
2015
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47. FITNESS EFFECTS FROM EGG TO REPRODUCTION: BRIDGING THE LIFE HISTORY TRANSITION

Author

Marjan De Block and Robby Stoks

Subjects
body-size, damselflies, growth, media_common.quotation_subject, selection, Lestes, time constraints, Damselfly, Mating, Metamorphosis, Biology, complex life cycle, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Selection (genetic algorithm), media_common, Larva, biology, hidden costs, metamorphosis, Ecology, food stress, fungi, adult fitness, Explained variation, biology.organism_classification, carryover effects, sexual-dimorphism, animals, Sexual dimorphism, Chemistry, nutrition, sex-specific response, age, plasticity, lestes viridis, optimality models, larval constraints
Abstract

Although complex life cycles are widespread, we know little about how constraints in the larval stage influence adult fitness. Most models assume a tight coupling of larval conditions and adult fitness through size and timing of the life history transition. However, there are few empirical tests of this assumption. We combined an experimental manipulation of larval environment with a subsequent study of adult fitness, measured as lifetime mating success. Individuals of the damselfly Lestes viridis were followed from the egg stage to adult reproduction and death. Under time constraints, emergence occurred earlier, but in late-hatched larvae, this did not result in a lower size. Under nutritional constraints, emergence occurred later, and size was reduced. Variation in survival to maturity was better explained by larval constraints than by emergence traits, whereas both larval constraints and emergence traits explained variation in lifetime mating success. Sexes reacted differently to larval constraints, and the coupling of larval constraints to adult fitness also was sex specific. Our results indicate that larval constraints do not necessarily carry over to adult fitness through size and timing of transition, and that carryover effects may be sex specific. This may explain the existence of hidden costs that become visible after maturation and may explain part of the unexplained variation in selection studies on adults. ispartof: Ecology vol:86 issue:1 pages:185-197 status: published

Published
2005
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48. Quantification of Rat Kisspeptin Using a Novel Radioimmunoassay

Author

J. S. Kinsey-Jones, Kylie Beale, Stephen R. Bloom, Kevin Murphy, Xiao Feng Li, Joy Cuenco, and Kevin T. O'Byrne

Subjects
Physiology, lcsh:Medicine, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, 0302 clinical medicine, Kisspeptin, KISS-1, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION, lcsh:Science, NEURONS, GENE-EXPRESSION, FEMALE MOUSE, GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE, 0303 health sciences, Kisspeptins, Multidisciplinary, Arc (protein), ARCUATE NUCLEUS, Neurochemistry, Pituitary gonadal axis, Radioimmunoassay, PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, Hypothalamus, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Female, Anatomy, Anteroventral periventricular nucleus, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, General Science & Technology, PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS, Immunology, Endocrine System, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Biology, Peptide hormone, Research and Analysis Methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, Internal medicine, MD Multidisciplinary, medicine, Reproductive Endocrinology, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Immunoassays, 030304 developmental biology, Science & Technology, Endocrine Physiology, MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Neuroendocrinology, Hormones, Rats, Gene Expression Regulation, Immunologic Techniques, Clinical Immunology, lcsh:Q, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that plays a pivotal role in pubertal onset and reproductive function. Previous studies have examined hypothalamic kisspeptin mRNA expression, either through in situ hybridisation or real-time RT-PCR, as a means quantifying kisspeptin gene expression. However, mRNA expression levels are not always reflected in levels of the translated protein. Kisspeptin-immunoreactivity (IR) has been extensively examined using immunohistochemistry, enabling detection and localisation of kisspeptin perikaya in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). However, quantification of kisspeptin-IR remains challenging. We developed a specific rodent radioimmunoassay assay (RIA) capable of detecting and quantifying kisspeptin-IR in rodent tissues. The RIA uses kisspeptin-10 as a standard and radioactive tracer, combined with a commercially available antibody raised to the kisspeptin-10 fragment. Adult female wistar rat brain samples were sectioned at 300 µm and the ARC and AVPV punch micro-dissected. Brain punches were homogenised in extraction buffer and assayed with rodent kisspeptin-RIA. In accord with the pattern of kisspeptin mRNA expression, kisspeptin-IR was detected in both the ARC (47.1±6.2 fmol/punch, mean±SEM n = 15) and AVPV (7.6±1.3 fmol/punch, mean±SEM n = 15). Kisspeptin-IR was also detectable in rat placenta (1.26±0.15 fmol/mg). Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that hypothalamic kisspeptin-IR had the same elution profile as a synthetic rodent kisspeptin standard. A specific rodent kisspeptin-RIA will allow accurate quantification of kisspeptin peptide levels within specific tissues in rodent experimental models.

Published
2014

49. Cuticular hydrocarbon divergence in the jewel wasp Nasonia: Evolutionary shifts in chemical communication channels?

Author

John H. Werren, Leo W. Beukeboom, Jan Buellesbach, Thomas Schmitt, Jürgen Gadau, Felix Echinger, Rhitoban Raychoudhury, and Beukeboom lab

Subjects
Male, Species complex, Genetic Speciation, Wasps, species discrimination, Intraspecific competition, Article, MATE RECOGNITION, Evolution, Molecular, Sexual Behavior, Animal, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, evolution of chemical communication, Species Specificity, AUSTRALIAN FIELD CRICKET, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Animal communication, PHEROMONE COMMUNICATION, Sex Attractants, mate choice, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, SPECIES COMPLEX, signal receiver co-evolution, RECOGNITION SYSTEMS, biology, Ecology, CHEMOTAXONOMIC CHARACTERS, Teleogryllus oceanicus, NORTH-AMERICA, biology.organism_classification, Hydrocarbons, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Sexual dimorphism, Animal Communication, Mate choice, speciation, Evolutionary biology, Sex pheromone, Female, sex pheromones, MATING-BEHAVIOR, Nasonia, TELEOGRYLLUS-OCEANICUS
Abstract

The evolution and maintenance of intraspecific communication channels constitute a key feature of chemical signalling and sexual communication. However, how divergent chemical communication channels evolve while maintaining their integrity for both sender and receiver is poorly understood. In this study, we compare male and female cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles in the jewel wasp genus Nasonia, analyse their chemical divergence and investigate their role as species-specific sexual signalling cues. Males and females of all four Nasonia species showed unique, nonoverlapping CHC profiles unambiguously separating them. Surprisingly, male and female phylogenies based on the chemical distances between their CHC profiles differed dramatically, where only male CHC divergence parallels the molecular phylogeny of Nasonia. In particular, N.giraulti female CHC profiles were the most divergent from all other species and very different from its most closely related sibling species N.oneida. Furthermore, although our behavioural assays indicate that female CHC profiles can generally be perceived as sexual cues attracting males in Nasonia, this function has apparently been lost in the highly divergent female N.giraulti CHC profiles. Curiously, N.giraulti males are still attracted to heterospecific, but not to conspecific female CHC profiles. We suggest that this striking discrepancy has been caused by an extensive evolutionary shift in female N.giraulti CHC profiles, which are no longer used as conspecific recognition cues. Our study constitutes the first report of an apparent abandonment of a sexual recognition cue that the receiver did not adapt to.

Published
2013

50. Height, Age at First Birth, and Lifetime Reproductive Success: A Prospective Cohort Study of Finnish Male and Female Twins

Author

Pekka Martikainen, Jessica Nisén, Samuli Helle, Karri Silventoinen, Jaakko Kaprio, Department of Social Research (2010-2017), Sociology, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Department of Public Health, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Center for Population, Health and Society, Population Research Unit (PRU), and Genetic Epidemiology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Gerontology, Male, SELECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS, 01 natural sciences, Body Mass Index, Twins, Dizygotic, 0601 history and archaeology, Prospective Studies, Registries, 10. No inequality, Prospective cohort study, Genetics (clinical), Finland, media_common, BODY HEIGHT, Reproduction, Age Factors, 1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, WOMEN, MEN, HUMANS, 06 humanities and the arts, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Spouse, 5141 Sociology, GROWTH, Female, medicine.symptom, Adult, STATURE, media_common.quotation_subject, education, Fertility, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Short stature, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, medicine, FERTILITY, 060101 anthropology, Reproductive success, Models, Genetic, Body Weight, timing of reproduction, Twins, Monozygotic, Twin study, Sexual dimorphism, reproductive success, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, ta1181, Gene-Environment Interaction, Demography, height
Abstract

The associations between height and reproductive success in humans have attracted long-time scientific interest, but in addition to rather mixed previous results, little is still known about the background mechanisms of these associations. We analyzed the association of adult height with age at first birth and lifetime reproductive success using a twin study design that is able to optimally take into account family background and estimate the contributions of genetic and environmental factors. Information on live births as of June 2009 for 7,830 Finnish twins born 1950–1957 was extracted from the national population register. We found evidence for non-linear associations in men, as men in the third sex-specific height quintile had the highest probability of having one to two children, or three or more children at individual level analyses, and also to have any children when analyzing twin pairs discordant for height. Furthermore, the probability of having a spouse was highest in the third height category in men. Short stature was associated with earlier age at first birth in females, explained by correlated genetic factors, but not with lifetime number of children or having a spouse. Our results suggest that average stature may give some advantage for reproduction in males. In females, genetic factors explained the association between short stature and young age at first birth, which may suggest the role of hormonal factors.

Published
2013

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