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The main objective of this paper is to identify changes in the settlement network in the Bełchatów area, covering both changes to Bełchatów itself and transformations to the local settlement system. A turning point in its history and that of its surroundings was the discovery of large lignite deposits in the vicinity of the village of Piaski in the municipality of Kleszczów at the turn of the 1970s and this contributed to the formation of the settlement complex of Bełchatów-Rogowiec. In the course of the research four main settlement network transformations were identified: settlement changes related to the construction of the open-cast pit and waste areas, the development of Bełchatow as a main service and residential center, the development of the rural commune of Kleszczów as a main labour supply center, and ‘suburbanisation’ in the vicinity of the core area. The analysis of socio-economic transformations in Bełchatów has enabled the pattern of development of the settlement complex to be defined. Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest identyfikacja zmian sieci osadniczej w rejonie Bełchatowa, obejmująca zarówno zmiany, którym podlegało samo miasto, jak i przemiany w lokalnym układzie osadniczym. Przełomowym momentem w historii miasta i jego okolic było odkrycie dużych pokładów węgla brunatnego w sąsiedztwie wsi Piaski w gminie Kleszczów na przełomie lat 60. i 70. XX w., co przyczyniło się do ukształtowania zespołu osadniczego Bełchatów-Rogowiec. W toku prowadzonych badań zidentyfikowano cztery główne kierunki przekształceń sieci osadniczej: zmiany osadnicze związane z budową odkrywki i zwałowiska, rozwój miasta Bełchatów jako głównego ośrodka usługowo-mieszkaniowego, rozwój gminy wiejskiej Kleszczów jako głównego ośrodka pracy oraz procesy suburbanizacji w otoczeniu obszaru rdzeniowego. Analiza przekształceń społeczno-ekonomicznych w rejonie Bełchatowa umożliwiła określenie schematu rozwoju zespołu osadniczego.

U radu se prikazuju rezultati arheoloških istraživanja na osam nalazišta sopotske kulture na području sjeverno od Đakovštine. Nalazišta su u raznim stupnjevima istraženosti – od zračne daljinske prospekcije i rekognosciranja, do arheološkoga iskopavanja te primjene magnetometrijske metode. Istraživanjima se ustanovilo kako su nalazišta sopotske kulture mnogo većega opsega i mnogo kompleksnije strukture nego što se to do sada smatralo te se predlaže reevaluacija dosadašnjih spoznaja. Sva su naselja omeđena s jednim ili više opkopa, osim naselja Đakovo – Grabrovac/Ciglana za kojega nije moguće utvrditi da li je imalo opkop, budući da je veći dio nalazišta uklonjen aktivnostima ciglane. Nalazi s osam naselja analizirani su tipološki i kronološki u kontekstu ostalih nalazišta sopotske kulture na području Slavonije., The paper presents the results of archaeological research at eight sites of Sopot culture in the area north of the town of Đakovo. The sites are in various stages of investigation – from aerial remote sensing and reconnaissance, to archaeological excavation and the application of the magnetic survey. It has been established through recent research that the sites of the Sopot culture are of a much larger scale and of a much more complex structure than previously thought, and it is proposed to re-evaluate the current interpretations. All settlements are enclosed by one or more ditches, except for the Đakovo – Grabrovac/Ciglana settlement for which it is not possible to determine whether it had a ditch, since most of the site was removed by the activities of the brickworks during the 20th century. The findings from eight settlements were analysed typologically and chronologically in the context of other sites of Sopot culture in Slavonia.

During the years of the first Soviet five-year plans, from the late 1920s to the early 1940s, a network of residential settlements was actively built for the timber industry. In the second half of the 1930s, the construction of pulp and paper enterprises was accompanied by the construction of workers settlements with wooden apartment houses as the main way to solve the housing problem. In recent years, these houses have been disappearing due to their classification as unfit for residence. Currently, it appears important to explore experiences in the construction of wooden apartment houses from the perspective of the history of economics and architecture and in connection with active expansion of wooden housing construction in the Russian Federation. The workers village of the Solikamsk sulphite pulping mill (in the north of the modern Perm Krai) built in the second half of the 1930s - early 1940s is an appropriate example. Materials from Solikamsk city archive, field research data, Yandex Maps and the Housing and Utilities Reform online resource has enabled a comprehensive study of the village to be carried out. The workers village included one-story wooden houses for engineering staff and two-story wooden houses for other personnel combined in blocks. Almost all of the construction work including site improvements had been completed by the start of operation of the enterprise. The field study has revealed that most of the workers village has been preserved to date, and the houses are occupied. The plan and buildings of the Solikamsk sulphite pulping mill’s settlement were found to have many features of the “Socialist City” concept. Construction of buildings in wood, social and welfare institutions, improvements, and preserved planting contributed to the formation of an attractive appearance, and the settlement gave origin to the city of Solikamsk, having turned into one of its boroughs.

The paper presents the results of archaeological research at eight sites of Sopot culture in the area north of the town of Đakovo. The sites are in various stages of investigation – from aerial remote sensing and reconnaissance, to archaeological excavation and the application of the magnetic survey. It has been established through recent research that the sites of the Sopot culture are of a much larger scale and of a much more complex structure than previously thought, and it is proposed to re-evaluate the current interpretations. All settlements are enclosed by one or more ditches, except for the Đakovo – Grabrovac/Ciglana settlement for which it is not possible to determine whether it had a ditch, since most of the site was removed by the activities of the brickworks during the 20th century. The findings from eight settlements were analysed typologically and chronologically in the context of other sites of Sopot culture in Slavonia. U radu se prikazuju rezultati arheoloških istraživanja na osam nalazišta sopotske kulture na području sjeverno od Đakovštine. Nalazišta su u raznim stupnjevima istraženosti – od zračne daljinske prospekcije i rekognosciranja, do arheološkoga iskopavanja te primjene magnetometrijske metode. Istraživanjima se ustanovilo kako su nalazišta sopotske kulture mnogo većega opsega i mnogo kompleksnije strukture nego što se to do sada smatralo te se predlaže reevaluacija dosadašnjih spoznaja. Sva su naselja omeđena s jednim ili više opkopa, osim naselja Đakovo – Grabrovac/Ciglana za kojega nije moguće utvrditi da li je imalo opkop, budući da je veći dio nalazišta uklonjen aktivnostima ciglane. Nalazi s osam naselja analizirani su tipološki i kronološki u kontekstu ostalih nalazišta sopotske kulture na području Slavonije.

La contribución centra su interés en las llanuras bajas del territorio de Reggio Emilia entre los siglos XI y XIII. En particular, la atención se centra en la difícil relación entre el hombre, el agua y el desarrollo antropogénico con respecto a la red de asentamientos y la explotación agrícola, mediante el uso cruzado de diferentes fuentes (geomorfológicas, escritas, arqueológicas). Abstract: This contribution concentrates its interest on the lowlands of the territory of Reggio Emilia between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries. In particular, the focus is addressed to the difficult relationship between man, water and human development as related to the settlement network and the agricultural exploitation of the resources, by means of the collation of different sources of a geomorphological, written or archaeological nature. Resumen: Il contributo concentra il suo interesse sulla bassa pianura del territorio di Reggio Emilia tra XI e XIII secolo. In particolare, l'attenzione è rivolta al difficile rapporto uomo-acque e allo sviluppo antropico per quel che concerne la rete insediativa e lo sfruttamento agrario, attraverso l'uso incrociato di fonti diverse (geomorfologiche, scritte, archeologiche).

���� ���������������������� ������ �������������������������� �� �������������� ������������������������ ���������������������� �������������� (������) ���������� �� �������������������������� ������ ��������-���������������� ���������������� ������ �������������������� �������������� ������ �������������������� ���������������������� �������������� & ������������ ��������������. �� �������������� �������������� ������ �������������� ���������� ������ �������������� ������ ���� �������� ������ ���������������������� ������ �������� ���������������� ������ ���������������� ������������ ������ ������ ������������ ���������������� ������������������������ ������������������ ������ ���������� ������ �������������������� ������ ������ ����������������������, ���������� ������ ������ ������������������ �������������� ���������������� ������ ������������������ �������������� (2011). ������������������������, �� �������������������� ���������������� ������ ������ ��. ���������������� ���������� ���� �������� 1836, ������ ��. ���������� ���� �������� 1913, ������ ��. ������������ & �������� ���� �������� 1920 ������ ������ ��. ���������������������� ���� �������� 1947 (�������� �������������� ������������������). ���� ���� ������������ �� ������������ ������ ���������������� ������ �������������� 175 ��������.���������������������� ���� ���������������� ������������ ���� �������������������� ������ ������������������, ������������ ���� �������������������������� ���� ���������������� ���������� �� �������� ����������������, �������� �������� ���� ���������� ������������ �� �������������������� �������������������������� ������ ������������ ������, ������������ ���� ���������������������� ��������������, �� ���������������� �� ������������������ ������, ���� ���� �������������� ������ �������������� ������������������ ������ ������������������ �������������� ������ ���������������������������������� ���� ���������������� 1836-2011. ���� ���������������������� ������������ ������������ �� ������������������������ ������ ���������������� ���� ���� ���������� �������� ������������������ �������������� (�������������� ��������������, ����������), �� ������������ �������������������� ���� �������� �������������� ������ ���������������������� ���������������������� ������ �������� �������� �������������� ������ ��������������. ������ ������ ������������������������ ������ �������������� ����������, ������������������������������ �� Microsoft Access 2013. �������������� ���������� �������������� ������������������ �������� �� ���������������� �������������������� �������� (����.��������) ������ ���� ���������������������������� ���������� ���������������������� - ���������������������� ������ ������������������. ������������ �������������������������������� ������������ ������ �������� ������ ������ ������. ���� ������������������������ ������ ������������������������������ �������������������������� ������������������������ ���������������� �������� �� �������������������� �������� ���������� ��������-���������������� ������������������ ������ ������ ���������� ������������������ ������ �������������������� ������������������ ���������������� ���� �������� ���� �������������������� �������������� ������ �������������������� ��������������. ������������ ������ �������� ������������������: ��) ���� ������������ ���������������� ������ ���������������� �� ������ ���������������������� �������� ������ ������ ���������������� �������������� ��������������, ��) ������ ���������������������������� �������������� ������ ���������������� ���� ���������������� ������ ��) ������ ������������������������ ���������������� ������ �������� ������ ���� �������� ��������. ������������, ���������������������� �������������������� ������ ������������������ ������ ������������������ ������ ������������������������ �������������������� ������ ����������, ������ �������������������� ������ ����������������, ���� ����������������. ���� ������������������������ ���������������������������� ���� ���� ���������� ���������������������������� ��������������, ������������������������ ������ ��������������������, ������ ���� ���� �������������� �������������������������� ������������������ ������ ������ ������������������������ ArcGIS 10.3 �������������������� ���� �������������������������� �������������������� ������������������ ���� ���� ���������� ������������. �� ������������������������ ���������������������� �������������� �������������������������������� ������ �������������� ���������������� 2017-2018 ������ �������������� ������ ������������������������ �������������������������� ��������������: ���������������� & �������������� ������ ������������������, �������������� & �������������������� ������ ���������� ��� ��������������������: ���������������� ������ �������������������� ���������� ������ ���������� ������������������., The subject of the present Postgraduate Thesis is the monitoring of the time spatial evolution of the island regions of Northern & Southern Aegean. The time scale of the survey concerns the period from the annexation of each region to the Greek state and the first official population censuses of the prefectures which constitute the regions, up to last official census of the Greek state (2011). In particular, the research base for Cyclades prefecture is 1836, Samos prefecture is 1913, Lesvos & Chios prefecture is 1920 and Dodecanese is 1947(special census year). Our study therefore covers a period of 175 years.In order to make our research project feasible, each settlement had to be uniquely identified, so that its ���life��� can be monitored over time, so its intertemporal changes, appearance or disappearance by the agency of national censuses of the Greek state that took place in 1836-2011. The primary purpose was to encode the settlements using a unique code (Settlement Number, OIKAR) which is attributed to each settlement and appears at least once in the study period. Microsoft Access 2013 was used to perform this step. Key sources of data provision were the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) and bibliographic sources of documentation ��� data verification. Maps of the ELSTAT and the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) were used as well. The results of the above���mentioned Postgraduate Thesis were the creation of a time spatial data base from which, important data on the evolution of the settlement network were developed and analyzed. Some of them concerned a) the permanent appearance of settlements or their abandonment for a given period time, b) the nomenclature changes from census to census and c) the relocation of settlements from one local authority to another. Furthermore, parameters related to changes in geographical population growth, urbanization, relief, etc. were examined. The results were presented in the form of aggregated tables, diagrams and graphs, while by the agency of cartographic backgrounds and ArcGIS 10.3, the most significant geographical phenomena were mapped. The Postgraduate Diploma Thesis was conducted in the period 2017-2018 as part of the postgraduate program: Techniques & Methods for Spatial Analysis, Planning and Management - Direction: Organization and management of resources and development works.

Since the Second World War, Poland has been undergoing an intensive process of transformation of the economic structure of rural areas, manifested, among other things, in the change in the occupational make-up of its inhabitants. The development of non-agricultural methods of management in rural areas has led to the emergence of multifunctional rural areas, where the role of agriculture as a source of income for the inhabitants is decreasing. There is a process of deagrarianisation of the economic structure, which has been indicated by many researchers as an unavoidable process, connected with the changes taking place in rural areas. One of the effects of this process are changes in rural settlement patterns. The aim of this article is to present the spatial effects of the deagrarianisation process in the Polish countryside, expressed in the changes in the rural settlement network. The authors used the statistical database of the Central Statistical Office (over 41 thousand records) to draw up the classification of rural areas by the nature of changes in population numbers in the period 1950&ndash, 2011, which was compared with the research carried out as part of the Monitoring of Rural Development in Poland. The study confirmed that the factor behind the evolution of the rural settlement network is the process of decreasing agricultural demand for labour. As a consequence, there is a polarisation of localities into multifunctional rural localities, mainly headquarter villages and local government offices, and those with a predominantly agricultural function. On a supra-local scale, a process of polarisation of rural areas between a growing suburban population and a reducing peripheral location around large and medium-sized towns has been observed.

The demographic development of Vojvodina settlements takes place in accordance with the laws of the urbanization process, which is manifested in two phases: the first - after the Second World War until the beginning of the 80's of the 20th century, which is characterized by a polycentric polarization, and the second – monocentric polarization, which is still present. Since the settlements leave a fundamental mark on the cultural landscape and are the main carriers of the functional organization and focal transformation of geospace, the paper analyzes spatial-demographic and functional determinants of development of the settlement network of the South Banat County (district) on the basis of quantitative and qualitative indicators. The settlement network includes 94 settlements distributed on the territory of 8 municipalities: Pančevo1, Vršac, Kovin, Alibunar, Bela Crkva, Kovačica, Opovo and Plandište. The time period of the analysis and statistical survey of demographic components in the settlement network is observed through three inter-census periods, as follows: 1981-1991, 1991-2002 and 2002-2011. The analysis of demographic components has indicated that two poles of population concentration dominate within the network of settlements in this district: Pančevo (a sub-centre of the Belgrade - Novi Sad metropolitan area) and Vršac in comparison to other urban centres and the municipality centres.

Enhancement of transport connections is an important condition for achieving better mobility and economic development possibilities in regions. Usually in a given region the economic and social development is concentrated mainly at the central city and its agglomeration, therefore a realistic accessibility goal is to reach this center from the farthest settlement within a reasonable amount of travel time. Recent accessibility analysis works have pointed out that the reality is far worse and some regions remain in a disadvantageous situation. Transport connections between central and peripheral areas may promote regional competition potential for the latter. A complex transport network indicator has been utilized for comparison of two neighboring countries, an European Union (EU) member state and a non-member state, namely Hungary and Serbia. A cluster analysis has been performed in order to explain differences in transport network characteristics and socio-economic factors as well as assessing any possible connections. A new multi-criteria assessment methodology has been developed by combining two existing methods that is suitable for evaluation of transport network connections in order to justify reasonable developments in the regional infrastructure. As a result of assessment and consequent structural modifications the access to services would be easier, quicker and better, furthermore the regional competition potential would be enhanced and the disadvantageous situation of some peripheral territories would be eliminated. Regional planning can use the new methodology for explaining location and possible relocation of services as well as for enhancing transport network connections. Applying the proposed new methodology at regional level the characteristics of accessibility can be assessed and some “cross-border” solutions can be identified regarding neighboring countries. The recommended methodology incorporates fuzzy variables to take into account uncertainty within the assessment and provides a possibility for geographic information system (GIS) based understandable presentation of results to enhance the procedure of decision preparing.

The South Transdanubien region is among the 20 most disadvantaged region of the European Union, that shows a significant decrease compared to previous years. I think any professional research can we rationale, that to change this situation, do some substantive attept. I intend to shed light on the prospects/possibilities that this small town can have in the future; and I also want to find out whether it has developmental possibilities originated in the past yet adaptable to the current situation. When the development plans have been realized these town and neighborhoods has a decreasing migration and stabilized small towns culture. The aim of the present study is to present the long-term developmental laws and characteristic features that heavily influence the economic, social and political life of the South Transdanubian region via the developments plan of the small towns. In addition to the urban development plans I analyzed the statistical data and the associations scheme.

Подручја попут брдско - планинског истока Србије су, у условима радикалних измена друштвених концепција током протекла два века, доживљавала честе развојне дисконтинуитете, у логици поступања и дешавања у простору, односно у формирању културе обликовања животне средине. Мотиви за истраживање могућности ревитализације центара у селима и специфичним руралним подручјима, налазе се у покушају проналажења исправног развојног кода. Исти би укључивао, са једне стране, њихове постојеће природне и створене ресурсе и потенцијале, а са друге стране, матрицу исправног просторног интервенисања у њима. Истраживање представља испитивање могућности очувања наслеђених амбијенталних вредности и традиционалних појавности и обичаја у сеоским срединама, кроз уважавање и правилно усмеравање уплива савремених урбанистичких, социолошких, економских, демографских и других феномена, потреба и појава у друштву. У виду предмета – модела истраживања, третирано је осам сеоских насеља у источној Србији, од којих је опсежна анализа извршена на једном од њих - примарном, док су преостала насеља као секундарни модели, третирани са основним карактеристикама и потенцијалима у компаративном поступку и свођењу релевантних резултата. Примарни модел, анализиран је као репрезентативан представник истовремено типичног и у многим аспектима посебног насеља. Друштвено – економске и просторне условности, представљале су контекст за анализу просторних промена, кроз низ дефинисаних временских периода од аграрног, преко занатског до индустијског друштва и данашњег времена транзиције. Уочене су појавности у стамбеној, а посебно јавној архитектури центара, као и њихов положај у ширем контексту, односно у светлу формирања квалитетних туристичких кластера. Исти би се осмишљавали на основама постојећих природних и антропогених ресурса и потенцијала у окружењу, али и на бази предпоставке новог хијерархијског умрежавања насеља, са новим центрима у руралним подручјима, независно од постојећих административних подела и нелогичних територијалних припадности. Као и за друга подручја и насеља у њима, и за област брдско - планинског истока Србије па и саме центре у селима, постоје неактивирани програми адекватног деловања, који би допринели бржем изласку из стагнације и кризе и ублажавању дугогодишње депопулације и деаграризације. У мери исправности почетних хипотеза, односно позитивно оцењених постављених циљева истраживања, створиће се теоретски оквири за предлагање принципа правилног приступања будућем развоју и деловању у просторном планирању и моделовању конкретних осетљивих руралних простора. Осмишљеним стручним реаговањем у брдско – планинским просторима Источне Србије, а посебно добро препознатим и одабраним централним функционалним тачкама у мрежама насеља, постигла би се одржива ревитализација опустошених и дехуманизованих насеља. Последично томе, активирали би се до сад неискоришћени природни и створени ресурси, у гравитационим подручјима око центара, на основама осмишљених организованих програма, чиме би се појавила прилика за савремен и одржив развој руралних средина и насеља у њима. Due to radical shifts of society concepts during the last two centuries, areas such as the mountain region of Eastern Serbia have frequently experienced developmental discontinuity from the aspect of logic of spatial action and events, i.e. the formation of the culture of environment shaping. The motivation for research into the possibility of revitalization of centres in villages and specific rural areas can be found in the attempts at identifying the correct development code. The said code would include, on one hand, their existing natural and artificial resources, and on the other hand, the matrix of correct spatial intervention. This research represents the examination of the possibility for preservation of inherited ambient values and traditional manifestations of customs in rural communities through respect and correct channelling of the influences of contemporary urban, sociological, economic, demographic and other phenomena, needs, and occurrences in the society. Within the scope of this paper- research model, we have reviewed eight rural settlements in Eastern Serbia, with a comprehensive analysis of one of them – the primary settlement, while the remaining ones were treated as secondary models, and their basic characteristics and potentials were used for comparison purposes, as well as for the purposes of calculating relevant results. The primary model was analysed as a characteristic representative of the both typical and by many aspects specific settlement. The social, economic and spatial circumstances provided a context for the analysis of spatial changes during a sequence of defined historical periods, from the agrarian, through craft-oriented, to industrial society and the current transition era. We have highlighted the characteristic phenomena in the architecture of centres as apartment buildings, and especially as public facilities, as well as their position in the wider context, i.e. in the light of formation of top-quality tourism clusters. They would be based on the existing natural and anthropogenic resources and potentials in the community, as well as on the new supposed hierarchical settlement network, with new centres in rural areas, independent of the existing administrative organization and illogical territorial affiliations. As in the case of other areas and settlements situated in them, inactive adequate action programmes focusing on the mountain region of Eastern Serbia, and the villages centres themselves, do exist, and they would be able to contribute to a faster exit from stagnation and crisis, as well as to the alleviation of long-standing depopulation and deagrarization. The theoretical framework for proposal of principles of appropriate approach to future development and action in spatial planning and modelling of specific sensitive rural spaces will be developed in line with the degree of credibility of the starting hypotheses, i.e. the positively assessed established research objectives. Well-formulated professional action in mountain regions of eastern Serbia, especially in the form of properly identified and selected central functional points in settlement networks, would accomplish sustainable revitalization of deteriorated and depopulated settlements. Consequently, we would witness the activation of untapped natural and artificial resources in the gravitation zones around centres, based on designed organized programmes, which would, in turn, provide an opportunity for modern and sustainable development of rural areas and settlements located in them.

n the Tagus estuary the Late Bronze Age occupation is complex and diversified, with habitats, necropolis and votive deposits. The typology of the settlements shows a very hierarchized situation, even in domestic contexts, with small sites in the plains and large ones in the top of hills. The occupation is dense across the territory, extending in both the river banks, but also in the hinterland. The beginning of Iron Age (in the late VIII century BCE) brought an entirely new situation. Many sites were abandoned in the inland, and the occupation favors the river’s land banks, where large sites like Santarém, Almaraz and Lisbon absorbed eastern population, and became the center of power. Probably they planed the foundation of new sites in the left river’s banks, like Cabeço da Bruxa and Porto do Sabugueiro, and in the right (Quinta da Marqueza).

Over the last three decades, more than a hundred new towns have emerged in Poland. The paper concerns the characteristics of these towns. It also addresses transformation of the settlement pattern caused by the change of the towns’ formal-legal status. The paper also verifies the hypotheses aimed at identifying the factors that contribute to the creation of new towns.

The balanced and sustainable development of the functional area of Cacak is a precondition for greater integration of geospace. Based on the fact that settlements are the most striking elements of the cultural landscape and they are the holders of the functional organization and spatial transformation of geospace, there will be a special emphasis placed on the networking of these settlements and the analysis of its determinants. Both demographic and socioeconomic indicators were analyzed in order to determine the dominant spatial and functional processes occurring in the area that relate to the development of the municipality. Emphasis is placed on the changes in the type of population movement, functional transformation of the settlements, and changes in the level of social geographic transformation of settlements. Analysis of the demographic and socio-economic indicators showed that the settlement network of Cacak is, to a large extent, incoherent. Socio-geographic and functional transformation of settlements is articulated and directed entirely from the municipal center, and consequently the most affected settlements of periurban zone of Cacak and settlements along major roads. Adjusting to the modern development processes requires new spatial-functional relations at the municipality level in order to strengthen territorial cohesion and equal conditions of life.

In this paper is given the scientific explanation of the mutual interaction and interpenetration of geographical position, elements of the natural basis and the relevant socio-economic processes that led to territorial, demographic and functional development of the network of settlements in the Republic of Serbia. Chronologically is given the continuity in functional connections between the settlements, as well as causes, origin and legal development of the urban system in Serbia. Highlighting the problems in distribution of the settlement system of Serbia, in principle is pointed to possible directions of the spatial and functional organization of the network of settlements, in order to achieve, on the one hand, polycentric, sustainable and balanced regional development of Serbia, and on the other, to involve into the development processes of the closer and further regional environment.

Подручја попут брдско - планинског истока Србије су, у условима радикалних измена друштвених концепција током протекла два века, доживљавала честе развојне дисконтинуитете, у логици поступања и дешавања у простору, односно у формирању културе обликовања животне средине. Мотиви за истраживање могућности ревитализације центара у селима и специфичним руралним подручјима, налазе се у покушају проналажења исправног развојног кода. Исти би укључивао, са једне стране, њихове постојеће природне и створене ресурсе и потенцијале, а са друге стране, матрицу исправног просторног интервенисања у њима. Истраживање представља испитивање могућности очувања наслеђених амбијенталних вредности и традиционалних појавности и обичаја у сеоским срединама, кроз уважавање и правилно усмеравање уплива савремених урбанистичких, социолошких, економских, демографских и других феномена, потреба и појава у друштву. У виду предмета – модела истраживања, третирано је осам сеоских насеља у источној Србији, од којих је опсежна анализа извршена на једном од њих - примарном, док су преостала насеља као секундарни модели, третирани са основним карактеристикама и потенцијалима у компаративном поступку и свођењу релевантних резултата. Примарни модел, анализиран је као репрезентативан представник истовремено типичног и у многим аспектима посебног насеља. Друштвено – економске и просторне условности, представљале су контекст за анализу просторних промена, кроз низ дефинисаних временских периода од аграрног, преко занатског до индустијског друштва и данашњег времена транзиције. Уочене су појавности у стамбеној, а посебно јавној архитектури центара, као и њихов положај у ширем контексту, односно у светлу формирања квалитетних туристичких кластера. Исти би се осмишљавали на основама постојећих природних и антропогених ресурса и потенцијала у окружењу, али и на бази предпоставке новог хијерархијског умрежавања насеља, са новим центрима у руралним подручјима, независно од постојећих административних подела и нелогичних територијалних припадности... Due to radical shifts of society concepts during the last two centuries, areas such as the mountain region of Eastern Serbia have frequently experienced developmental discontinuity from the aspect of logic of spatial action and events, i.e. the formation of the culture of environment shaping. The motivation for research into the possibility of revitalization of centres in villages and specific rural areas can be found in the attempts at identifying the correct development code. The said code would include, on one hand, their existing natural and artificial resources, and on the other hand, the matrix of correct spatial intervention. This research represents the examination of the possibility for preservation of inherited ambient values and traditional manifestations of customs in rural communities through respect and correct channelling of the influences of contemporary urban, sociological, economic, demographic and other phenomena, needs, and occurrences in the society. Within the scope of this paper- research model, we have reviewed eight rural settlements in Eastern Serbia, with a comprehensive analysis of one of them – the primary settlement, while the remaining ones were treated as secondary models, and their basic characteristics and potentials were used for comparison purposes, as well as for the purposes of calculating relevant results. The primary model was analysed as a characteristic representative of the both typical and by many aspects specific settlement. The social, economic and spatial circumstances provided a context for the analysis of spatial changes during a sequence of defined historical periods, from the agrarian, through craft-oriented, to industrial society and the current transition era. We have highlighted the characteristic phenomena in the architecture of centres as apartment buildings, and especially as public facilities, as well as their position in the wider context, i.e. in the light of formation of top-quality tourism clusters. They would be based on the existing natural and anthropogenic resources and potentials in the community, as well as on the new supposed hierarchical settlement network, with new centres in rural areas, independent of the existing administrative organization and illogical territorial affiliations...

La identificación de las comunidades a partir de la organización socioespacial de su territorio es un interés clásico, pero no menos problemático de los estudios regionales en arqueología. Dentro del contexto andino, el problema es particularmente dificultoso debido a la flexibilidad de escala demográfica e identitaria del concepto vernáculo de ayllu tal como aparece en las fuentes etnohistóricas y etnográficas, así como por el hecho de la paradigmática espacialidad discontinua e interdigitada del poblamiento de los territorios descritos por las mismas fuentes. El análisis del poblamiento prehispánico tardío (siglo XI a siglo XVI d.C.) del valle del Apurímac (Cusco, Perú) es una oportunidad para contribuir en esta discusión a partir de informaciones inéditas referentes a la estructura territorial de las comunidades aldeanas asentadas en uno de los más profundos valles interandinos ubicado al pie de la cordillera de Vilcabamba. El estudio combina análisis espacial, ecología cultural, arqueología del paisaje y analogía etnográfica para proponer una lectura multifactorial y multiescalar de los patrones de asentamiento prehispánicos. A escala local, el estudio pone en evidencia un tipo de red de asentamientos recurrente que podría corresponder al esquema socioespacial de comunidad aldeana. A escala regional, el estudio muestra, desde una perspectiva bottom-up, la heterogeneidad del poblamiento del valle, el mismo que ilustra la compleja situación geopolítica expresada por las fuentes etnohistóricas sobre este espacio territorial intermedio vecino al corazón del Tawantinsuyu. Desde el punto de vista teórico, los datos permiten desarrollar una reflexión acerca de los fundamentos territoriales de las comunidades aldeanas prehispánicas tardías. A classic interest among archaeological regional studies is identifying communities based on the socio-spatial organization of a territory. In the Andes, the problem is topical due to the flexibility of the vernacular concept of ayllu, in terms of its demographic and identitarian scale, as it appears in ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources; and because of the interdigitated and discontinuous spatiality of the territories described by these sources. The analysis of the late pre-Hispanic settlement pattern (XI to XVI century AD) of the Apurímac valley (Cuzco, Peru), presents itself as an opportunity to contribute in this classic discussion. Based on both archaeological surveys and ethnographic data, this article deals with the territorial structure of the village communities of one of the deepest Andean valleys located at the foot of the Vilcabamba Cordillera. The study combines geospatial modeling, cultural ecology, landscape archaeology and ethnographic analogy to suggest a multi-factorial and multi-scalar reading of settlement patterns. At the local scale, analysis and modeling show a kind of recurrent settlement network that could form a socio-spatial scheme of the Andean dispersed village community. At the regional scale, the study shows, according to a bottom-up perspective, the heterogeneity of the valley occupation which corresponds to the complex geopolitical context depicted in the ethnohistorical sources about this intermediate area located close to the Inca heartland. From a theoretical point of view, the data allows a reflection about the territorial basis of the late pre-Hispanic village communities.

Due to radical shifts of society concepts during the last two centuries, areas such as the mountain region of Eastern Serbia have frequently experienced developmental discontinuity from the aspect of logic of spatial action and events, i.e. the formation of the culture of environment shaping. The motivation for research into the possibility of revitalization of centres in villages and specific rural areas can be found in the attempts at identifying the correct development code. The said code would include, on one hand, their existing natural and artificial resources, and on the other hand, the matrix of correct spatial intervention. This research represents the examination of the possibility for preservation of inherited ambient values and traditional manifestations of customs in rural communities through respect and correct channelling of the influences of contemporary urban, sociological, economic, demographic and other phenomena, needs, and occurrences in the society. Within the scope of this paper- research model, we have reviewed eight rural settlements in Eastern Serbia, with a comprehensive analysis of one of them – the primary settlement, while the remaining ones were treated as secondary models, and their basic characteristics and potentials were used for comparison purposes, as well as for the purposes of calculating relevant results. The primary model was analysed as a characteristic representative of the both typical and by many aspects specific settlement. The social, economic and spatial circumstances provided a context for the analysis of spatial changes during a sequence of defined historical periods, from the agrarian, through craft-oriented, to industrial society and the current transition era. We have highlighted the characteristic phenomena in the architecture of centres as apartment buildings, and especially as public facilities, as well as their position in the wider context, i.e. in the light of formation of top-quality tourism clusters. They would be based on the existing natural and anthropogenic resources and potentials in the community, as well as on the new supposed hierarchical settlement network, with new centres in rural areas, independent of the existing administrative organization and illogical territorial affiliations... Подручја попут брдско - планинског истока Србије су, у условима радикалних измена друштвених концепција током протекла два века, доживљавала честе развојне дисконтинуитете, у логици поступања и дешавања у простору, односно у формирању културе обликовања животне средине. Мотиви за истраживање могућности ревитализације центара у селима и специфичним руралним подручјима, налазе се у покушају проналажења исправног развојног кода. Исти би укључивао, са једне стране, њихове постојеће природне и створене ресурсе и потенцијале, а са друге стране, матрицу исправног просторног интервенисања у њима. Истраживање представља испитивање могућности очувања наслеђених амбијенталних вредности и традиционалних појавности и обичаја у сеоским срединама, кроз уважавање и правилно усмеравање уплива савремених урбанистичких, социолошких, економских, демографских и других феномена, потреба и појава у друштву. У виду предмета – модела истраживања, третирано је осам сеоских насеља у источној Србији, од којих је опсежна анализа извршена на једном од њих - примарном, док су преостала насеља као секундарни модели, третирани са основним карактеристикама и потенцијалима у компаративном поступку и свођењу релевантних резултата. Примарни модел, анализиран је као репрезентативан представник истовремено типичног и у многим аспектима посебног насеља. Друштвено – економске и просторне условности, представљале су контекст за анализу просторних промена, кроз низ дефинисаних временских периода од аграрног, преко занатског до индустијског друштва и данашњег времена транзиције. Уочене су појавности у стамбеној, а посебно јавној архитектури центара, као и њихов положај у ширем контексту, односно у светлу формирања квалитетних туристичких кластера. Исти би се осмишљавали на основама постојећих природних и антропогених ресурса и потенцијала у окружењу, али и на бази предпоставке новог хијерархијског умрежавања насеља, са новим центрима у руралним подручјима, независно од постојећих административних подела и нелогичних територијалних припадности...

International audience; A classic interest among archaeological regional studies is identifying communities based on the socio-spatial organization of a territory. In the Andes, the problem is topical due to the flexibility of the vernacular concept of ayllu, in terms of its demographic and identitarian scale, as it appears in ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources; and because of the interdigitated and discontinuous spatiality of the territories described by these sources. The analysis of the late pre-Hispanic settlement pattern (XI to XVI century AD) of the Apurímac valley (Cuzco, Peru), presents itself as an opportunity to contribute in this classic discussion. Based on both archaeological surveys and ethnographic data, this article deals with the territorial structure of the village communities of one of the deepest Andean valleys located at the foot of the Vilcabamba Cordillera. The study combines geospatial modeling, cultural ecology, landscape archaeology and ethnographic analogy to suggest a multi-factorial and multi-scalar reading of settlement patterns. At the local scale, analysis and modeling show a kind of recurrent settlement network that could form a socio-spatial scheme of the Andean dispersed village community. At the regional scale, the study shows, according to a bottom-up perspective, the heterogeneity of the valley occupation which corresponds to the complex geopolitical context depicted in the ethnohistorical sources about this intermediate area located close to the Inca heartland. From a theoretical point of view, the data allows a reflection about the territorial basis of the late pre-Hispanic village communities.; La identificación de las comunidades a partir de la organización socioespacial de su territorio es un interés clásico, pero no menos problemático de los estudios regionales en arqueología. Dentro del contexto andino, el problema es particularmente dificultoso debido a la flexibilidad de escala demográfica e identitaria del concepto vernáculo de ayllu tal como aparece en las fuentes etno-históricas y etnográficas, así como por el hecho de la paradigmática espacialidad discontinua e interdigitada del poblamiento de los territorios descritos por las mismas fuentes. El análisis del poblamiento prehispánico tardío (siglo XI a siglo XVI d.C.) del valle del Apurímac (Cusco, Perú) es una oportunidad para contribuir en esta discusión a partir de informaciones inéditas referentes a la estructura territorial de las comunidades aldeanas asentadas en uno de los más profundos valles interandinos ubicado al pie de la cordillera de Vilcabamba. El estudio combina análisis espacial, ecología cultural, arqueología del paisaje y analogía etnográfica para proponer una lectura multifactorial y multiescalar de los patrones de asentamiento prehispánicos. A escala local, el estudio pone en evidencia un tipo de red de asentamientos re-currente que podría corresponder al esquema socioespacial de comunidad aldeana. A escala regional, el estudio muestra, desde una perspectiva bottom-up, la heterogeneidad del poblamiento del valle, el mismo que ilustra la compleja situación geopolítica expresada por las fuentes etnohistóricas sobre este espacio territorial intermedio vecino al corazón del Tawantinsuyu. Desde el punto de vista teórico, los datos permiten desarrollar una reflexión acerca de los fundamentos territoriales de las comunidades aldeanas prehispánicas tardías.

The aim of the article is to examine the level of diversity and complexity of the Honduras settlement and transport networks and to identify processes responsible for the development of such networks. According to the analysis, the networks disproportion is not high in Honduras but it can increase in the future due to the attraction of the core areas, emergence of growth poles, migrations and concentration of international trade. The settlement and transport networks are hierarchised.

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan’s propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.

The paper is part of the study "Specific problems of the development of the settlement network in south-eastern Romania. Regions of development 3 (South), 4 (South-West) and 8 (Bucharest-Ilfov)" elaborated during 2004 – 2006, within the AMTRANS programme funded by the Ministry of Education and Research, coordinated by INCD – URBANPROIECT in partnership with the Institute of Geography of the Romanian Academy and the Qualification in Statistics National Centre. The general objective of the project was sustainable and balanced spatial development of the settlement network and promotion of new relationships between urban and rural. Concretely, the study has produced a model of a polycentric and balanced settlement network according to the European principles. The case study testing and validating this model took place in southern Romania, territory exhibiting acutely the entire range of problems related to the state of the settlement network: profoundly large rural areas, accentuated dynamics of declaring new cities without sufficient evidence, excessive polarization exercised by Bucharest, etc. The paper presents the intervention directions needed to balance in the territory urban poles within the studied area, focusing on the establishment of orientation policies to consolidate the role of each settlement based on the hierarchical level of importance: European, national, regional, and local. The paper also identifies possible functional urban areas: the metropolitan area of Bucharest, areas of potential strategic integration, areas of cooperation between the small and medium-sized cities and the rural regions. Within each of these areas, the paper proposes to establish new relationships between urban and rural based on partnership, involving cooperation and coordination in achieving common goals.The study considers that the poles of development are the key element of proposed model, and their identification, formation, and balanced distribution must represent the main direction of action, orienting policies for the sustainable development of the urban system. The constant financial effort needed to implement integrated policies for a balanced development of the settlement network results into a long term improvement of living conditions in urbane and rural communities.

In this paper are given adapted morphological, demographical and functional determinants of the Novi Pazar municipality development settlement network on the basis of relevant theoretical and methodological assumptions and qualitative and quantitative indicators. Municipality settlement network is observed as a subsystem in the settlement system of Novi Pazar functional area. Specifically are emphasized interdependency and conditionality of settlement functional transformation process, which caused differentiation of community area into an urban core-Novi Pazar, periurban ring- more or less suburban villages and rural surrounding. Suggested is a model of microdeveloping nucleuses as an instrument for community decentralization. On the ground of spatial and functional level of settlement integration some micro functional - micro regional structure of the municipality territory, has been identified. U radu su, na osnovu relevantnih teorijsko-metodoloških postavki i kvalitativno kvantitativnih indikatora, obrađene demografske i funkcijske determinante razvoja mreže naselja opštine Novi Pazar. Mreža naselja opštine je posmatrana kao subsistem u sistemu naselja Novopazarskog funkcionalnog područja. Posebno su istaknute međuzavisnost i uslovljenost procesa prostorne i socijalno-ekonomske pokretljivosti stanovništva sa procesom funkcionalne transformacije naselja, koje su uslovile diferenciranost opštinske teritorije na urbano jezgro - Novi Pazar. periurbani prsten prigradska više-manje urbanizovana sela i agrarno okruženje. Model mikrorazvojnih nukleusa je predložen za instrument decentralizacije opštine. Na temelju stepena prostorno-funkcionalne integracije naselja identifikovana je mikrofunkcionalna - mikroregionalna struktura opštinske teritorije.

The main goal of this paper is to offer an analysis about the urban development strategies in Romania. The focus will be on the transition period (after 1989). Although we can not abstract the outcomes of the urban strategies from the previous period, when the communist state regulation had full controll on the urban policy. Urbanisation was the main goal of communist developments based on the idea of modernisation of the society. Therefore we will offer a brief overwiew of the communiste urban planning strategies. It has been resulted an unbalanced urban hierarchy dominated by the capital city of Bucharest and with a weak level of small cities both in terms of functions and infrastructure. The change of the political system in 1989 has established a new environment for the urban system in Romania, marked by the EU and NATO integration process, by the further globalisation of the romanian economy, privatisation and liberalisation of the urban land- and housing market, decentralisation and growth of the weight and importance of local level. Under this circumctances a new urban development strategy has evolved based on the following elements: a) development of a polycentric and balanced urban system, diminishing the overhelming role of Bucharest and reinforcing the second level of urban centres and the level of small cities; b) a new urbanisation wave has started in 2002, where the main aim is the declaration of new towns. It relies on the fact, that in 1997 the dominant internal migration form became the urban-rural migration, without precedent in the modern history of Romania and therefore the urban population of the country is declining. As result the urbanisation level fo the EU candidate country Romania is well behind the EU level (52%), a situation which should be mastered by the new strategy of urbanisation.

The structure of a settlement network has been influenced historically by physical, geographical and socioeconomic factors. Theories of spatial development have focused on the interaction between urban areas and socioeconomic processes considering the natural surroundings as a steady parameter rather than a potentially varying element contributing to spatial development. Over the past 25 years in Greece, a number of socio-economic factors along with improvements in transport infrastructure led to crucial changes in the traditional settlement system. The development of new economic activities was often associated with the special characteristics of the natural landscape. In this way, natural landscape as a dynamic element interacts with the built environment and the economic activities of a place, leading to the formation of new clusters of relationships. Using the case study of the Region of Western Macedonia, a mountainous, border zone Greek region, and based on an interactive framework of analysis whereby human and natural systems are considered strongly interconnected, this paper examines the spatial interactions between the settlement network, as the basic representation of human activity, the natural landscape, as a crucial element of the natural system, and the dynamic zones of economic activities, as a parameter that encompasses crucial attributes of both human and natural systems. The paper proposes that the heterogeneity of these interactions and the way they affect the thresholds and resilience of a specific place are important for the understanding of spatial change and for an integrated spatial planning for sustainable development.

Alto do Castelo, in Alpiarça (Portugal), is a site recognized by its close spatial relation with the Late Bronze Age necropolis of Tanchoal and Meijão. Although always connected with this moment of Protohistory, a Roman Republican occupation was also early assumed, based not only in a set of archaeological findings collected in the early xxth century and during the excavations directed by Ph. Kalb and M. Hock, but also by the identification of a wall and double ditch directly linked to this phase. However, Casa dos Patudos retains several Iron Age materials recovered during the fieldwork of the German Archaeological Institute team, and others found, in recent years, on the surface of the site. These Iron Age materials display characteristics that allow its association with the arrival and installation of the Mediterranean populations in the Tagus valley during the second half/late viiith century bc. This data makes possible to integrate Alto do Castelo in a dense network of Orientalized settlements discovered in the two banks of the Tagus river. The role played by these sites and their relations should be analyzed, taking into consideration the type of geographical disposition, the occupied areas, and of course, the archaeological materials., Alto do Castelo, en Alpiarça (Portugal), es un sitio reconocido sobre todo por su estrecha relación especial con las necrópolis del Bronce final de Tanchoal y Meijão. Aunque siempre se ha conectado con este momento de la Protohistoria, también se ha constatado una ocupación romanorrepublicana a partir del conjunto de materiales arqueológicos recogidos a inicios del pasado siglo, en las excavaciones que Ph. Kalb y M. Hock efectuaron en este yacimiento, pero también a partir de la identificación de una muralla y el foso doble que aparecen directamente asociados a esta fase. Sin embargo, la Casa dos Patudos conserva diversos materiales de la Edad del Hierro recuperados en los trabajos del Instituto Arqueológico Alemán, así como otros hallazgos de superficie, realizados en fechas recientes en este yacimiento. Estos materiales de la Edad del Hierro presentan unas características que permiten asociarlos con la llegada y la instalación de poblaciones mediterráneas en el valle del Tajo durante la segunda mitad y la etapa final del s. viii a. C. Esta datación permite integrar el Alto do Castelo en una densa red de establecimientos orientalizantes identificados en ambas riberas del Tagus. Se analiza el papel jugado por estos sitios y su interrelación teniendo en consideración su disposición geográfica, las áreas ocupadas y, por supuesto, los materiales arqueológicos.

The topic discussed here mainly involves archeology and is in line with research on the early settlement of eastern Languedoc. This volume will deal with an inventory of archaeological sites located in the lower valley of the Cèze, in the department of Gard and rural areas, as well as put into perspective these establishments in a synthesis of settlement dynamics between the second century B.C. and the sixth century A.D. Antiquity forms the time frame of this work, and although traces of occupation of prehistoric, protohistoric and medieval soil have not been disregarded. The realization of several excavation campaigns and diachronic archaeological surveys, associated with a ceramic assemblage inventory, constitute the fundamental basis of this study. On all study sites during surveys, the use of a handheld GPS has been generalized and thus all sites now benefit from real records. In an attempt to address the issues affecting settlement dynamics during antiquity, the approach adopted was that of a multi-scale spatial analysis, with the preferred use of a geographical information system specifically created for this task. The synthesis work explaining population dynamics in low Cèze valley relied on a corpus of 84 sites, which have been classified by means of statistical tools and spatialization through the use of GIS. This study therefore aims to give a first synthetic view of data from surveys and campaigns of archaeological excavation and, by placing them in their geographical context, to characterize rural gallo-roman settlements by showing their spatial and chronological evolution. The spatial analysis reported here is aimed at understanding the logic behind the rural settlement system by asking several questions : what are the methods of creation, disappearance or transformation of ancient establishments ? What interactions could they have had ? What is the place of the oppida in the habitat network during this period ? Or, to what extent do communication networks and traces of agricultural activity affect settlement dynamics ?; Le sujet abordé dans la thèse a pour matière principale l’archéologie et s’inscrit dans la lignée des recherches consacrées au peuplement ancien du Languedoc oriental. Le mémoire traite d’un inventaire de sites archéologiques localisés en basse vallée de la Cèze, dans le département du Gard et en milieu rural, ainsi que de la mise en perspective de ces établissements dans une synthèse sur les dynamiques de peuplement sur une période comprise entre le IIe s. av. et le VIe s. de n. è. L’Antiquité constitue ici le cadre temporel de cette recherche, bien que les traces d’occupation du sol préhistoriques, protohistoriques et médiévales n’aient pas été passées sous silence. La réalisation de plusieurs campagnes de sondage et de prospection archéologique diachronique, associé à un inventaire céramologique, a constitué le socle fondamental de cette étude. L’emploi d’un GPS portatif a été généralisé à l’ensemble des établissements étudiés lors des prospections, qui ont bénéficié, dans leur intégralité, de relevés du mobilier au réel. Pour tenter de répondre aux problématiques touchant les dynamiques de peuplement au cours de l’Antiquité, la démarche retenue a été celle d’une analyse spatiale multi-scalaire, avec l’emploi privilégié d’un système d’information géographique créé pour l’occasion. Le travail de synthèse explicitant les dynamiques de peuplement en basse vallée de Cèze s’est appuyé sur un corpus de 84 sites, qui a fait l’objet d’une classification par le biais d’outils statistiques, et d’une spatialisation grâce à l’emploi du SIG. Cette étude a donc pour objectif de donner une première vue synthétique des données issues des campagnes de prospections et des fouilles archéologiques et, en les replaçant dans leur contexte géographique, de caractériser les établissements ruraux gallo-romains afin d’en montrer l’évolution spatiale et chronologique. L’analyse spatiale ici explicitée se donne pour dessein de comprendre les logiques du système de peuplement rural en essayant de répondre à plusieurs questions : quelles sont les modalités de création, de disparition, voire de transformation des établissements antiques ? Quelles sont les interactions qu’ils pouvaient entretenir entre eux ? Quelle est la place des oppida dans le réseau d’habitat de l’époque ? Ou, encore, dans quelles proportions les réseaux de communications et les activités agricoles influent-elles sur les dynamiques de peuplement ?

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań związane z uwarunkowaniami prawno-politycznymi rozwoju osadnictwa wiejskiego o metryce średniowiecznej i nowożytnej na obszarze przedrozbiorowego województwa łęczyckiego i sieradzkiego. W świetle analizy źródeł historycznych w konfrontacji z dotychczasową historiografią ukazane zostały generalne prawidłowości w zakresie kształtowania wiejskiej sieci osadniczej w kontekście omawianej kategorii czynników. W artykule dokonano analizy wpływu na rozwój osadnictwa wiejskiego systemów grodowych, wielkiej własności ziemskiej oraz recepcji prawa niemieckiego w okresie średniowiecza, jak również procesów refedualizacji stosunków społecznych i ufolwarcznienia, podziałów majątkowych oraz nowych form oczynszowania związanych z kolonizacją olęderską i fryderycjańską w epoce nowożytnej. The article presents the results of research related to the legal and political determinants of the development of the rural settlement in Middle Ages and Modern Period in the prepartition Łęczyca and Sieradz voivodeships. In the light of historical sources in confrontation with historiography one can indicate the general features shaping the rural settlement in the context of the discussed category of factors. The article analyzes the impact of fortified settlements administration, development of large estates and the reception of German law during the Middle Ages, as well as the processes of refeudalization and expansion of manorial economy, divisions of property and new forms of rental settlement related with Dutch and Frederician colonization in the Modern Period.

Outurela I and II are to two small Iron Age settlements, located in low altitudes, separated by only 500 m, apparently focused in agricultural and husbandry activities. The archaeological fieldwork that took place during the 80´s allowed the recovery of a significant set of artifacts, mostly ceramics. The thorough study of these materials and its comparative analyses with data available from other sites in the Tagus estuary, enable us to verify a strong connection among them (both with similar low altitude sites and with main riverside settlements as, for example, Lisbon). The existence of a considerable dense settlement network during the 5th and 4th centuries BC becomes evident, even if its origin may be related by links of either cooperation or subordination. On the other hand, the available data seems to indicate a relative antiquity of Outurela II in view of Outurela I, even if its contemporaneity is clear during the 5th century BC.

Outurela I and II are to two small Iron Age settlements, located in low altitudes, separated by only 500 m, apparently focused in agricultural and husbandry activities. The archaeological fieldwork that took place during the 80´s allowed the recovery of a significant set of artifacts, mostly ceramics. The thorough study of these materials and its comparative analyses with data available from other sites in the Tagus estuary, enable us to verify a strong connection among them (both with similar low altitude sites and with main riverside settlements as, for example, Lisbon). The existence of a considerable dense settlement network during the 5th and 4th centuries BC becomes evident, even if its origin may be related by links of either cooperation or subordination. On the other hand, the available data seems to indicate a relative antiquity of Outurela II in view of Outurela I, even if its contemporaneity is clear during the 5th century BC.

Currently the Turones territory contains 26 sites which have been identified as known or possible secondary towns. The archaeological documentation reveals an uneven distribution of the sites between the north and the south of the territory. The river network formed by the Loire, the Vienne and the Cher is well exploited and probably determined the establishment of secondary towns. These are organised according to the road network that completes the river communi¬ cations and have various functions. Within this settle¬ ment pattern the secondary town of Amboise, with its diversified activities, stands out, emerging as the second largest settlement after the territorial capital, Tours- Caesarodunum. Others are specialised in one type of production, e.g. Crouzilles-Mougon and Thésée with their potteries, whose ceramics are distributed in the whole civitas. The most important secondary towns like Amboise and Esvres were already occupied during the late La Tène period, and show permanent settlement from the Middle Ages until the present day., La cité des Turons comporte à ce jour 26 agglomérations secondaires attestées ou potentielles. La documentation archéologique montre une disparité de la répartition des sites entre le nord et le sud du territoire. Le réseau fluvial formé par la Loire, la Vienne et le Cher est très exploité et a probablement conditionné l’implantation des agglomérations. Celles-ci s’organisent selon le réseau routier qui complète les communications fluviales. Les fonctions sont diverses. Au sein de cet ensemble, l’agglomération d’Amboise, aux activités diversifiées, se distingue et apparaît comme la plus importante de la cité après le chef-lieu, Tours-Caesarodunum. D’autres présentent une fonction de production prépondérante et spécialisée, comme Crouzilles-Mougon et Thésée, avec leurs ateliers de potiers dont les céramiques sont diffusées dans toute la cité. Les agglomérations les plus importantes, dont certaines comme Amboise et Esvres sont déjà occupées à La Tène finale, montrent une permanence de l’habitat au Moyen Age et jusqu’à nos jours., Hervé Christèle. Les agglomérations secondaires de la civitas Turonorum / The secondary agglomerations of the civitas Turonorum. In: Actes de la table ronde d'Orléans, 18-19 novembre 2004, organisée dans le cadre du PCR "Agglomérations secondaires antiques en région Centre" Tours : Fédération pour l'édition de la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, 2012. pp. 27-48. (Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France, 42)

International audience; Settlement systems' structure and evolution are study objects for archaeologists and geographers. Each discipline has its own practices. Important advances have been done the two last decades thanks to methodological crossing from the two disciplines and consideration of settlements' environment and interactions. The paper shows how this interdisciplinary research is connected to more classical research in archaeology and how it has led to advances in the understanding of settlement systems' structuring and land-use developing on the long term.; La structure et l'évolution des systèmes de peuplement sont un objet d'étude pour archéologues et géographes, chaque discipline l'approchant suivant ses pratiques. Des avancées importantes ont été faites au cours des deux dernières décennies grâce au croisement des méthodologies de ces deux disciplines et à la prise en compte de l'environnement des établissements et des interactions entre eux. L'article montre comment ces travaux interdisciplinaires sont articulés avec des travaux plus classiques en archéologie et à quelles avancées ils ont conduit dans la compréhension de la structuration du peuplement et dans la mise en valeur de l'espace sur le temps long.

Ancient settlement system’s modelling mainly uses archaeological data. We suggest here to confront settlement networks based on gravity model and social networks (precisely aristocratic families ie gentes) identified with epigraphic data which are spatially located. Taking the social networks into account makes it possible to understand complex territorial layouts, which settlement networks alone can’t completely explain., La modélisation des systèmes de peuplement antique mobilise principalement les données archéologiques relatives à l’habitat. Nous proposons ici de confronter les réseaux d’habitats construits à l’aide d’un modèle gravitaire et les réseaux sociaux, constitués par les familles aristocratiques (gentes), identifiés à l’aide des données épigraphiques dont la dimension spatiale est exploitée. La prise en compte des réseaux sociaux permet de comprendre des configurations territoriales complexes que les seuls réseaux d’habitat ne peuvent totalement expliquer., Ouriachi Marie-Jeanne, Nuninger Laure. Trajectoires des hommes et des établissements : contribution à la modélisation du système de peuplement antique en Languedoc oriental. In: Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, tome 44, 2011. pp. 99-115.

In this paper an effort was made to define the actual state of the distribution of social activities in the Croatian part of Baranja in regard to the social functions' development trends and current demo-geographic occurrences. First part of the text studies the relationship between the distribution of social activities and settlements' (administrative units) net in Baranja based on the idea of spatial reflections of legislative settings. The research includes ranking settlements according to their population and according to the provision of social activities, resulting in the density of social activities. The differentiation of ranks following the listed criteria detected problem spots in Baranja's space. In the second part of the text a basis for social activities' growth potential was researched based on natural and structural population migration. Using graphic and tabular descriptions of the administrative units' hierarchy one can transparently distinguish Baranja's two urban focal points (Osijek and Beli Manastir). Results of the research described in the paper present a strong argument for further scientific analysis of the settlement network in Croatian parts of Baranja with the aim of differentiating their specific potential and evaluation of urban and rural "locuses"., U radu se analizira aktualno stanje prostornog rasporeda društvenih djelatnosti u hrvatskom dijelu Baranje u odnosu na trend razvoja tih djelatnosti i suvremena demogeografska kretanja. Prvi dio rada istražuje vezu distribucije društvenih djelatnosti i hijerarhije naselja na osnovi pretpostavke o relaciji zakonske definicije društvenih djelatnosti i promatranog prostora. Istraživanje je rangiralo administrativne jedinice Baranje prema populacijskom zaleđu i opremljenosti društvenim djelatnostima čiji odnos je izražen gustoćom društvenih djelatnosti. Diferencija rangova po ta dva kriterija dovela je do detektiranja problemskih točaka u baranjskom prostoru. U drugom dijelu rada istražena je podloga za projekciju daljnjeg razvoja društvenih djelatnosti temeljenih na pokazateljima prirodnog kretanja i promjena u strukturi stanovništva. Tabličnim i grafičkim prikazom ove hijerarhije općina definiraju se radijusi gravitacije dva urbana žarišta prostora Baranje (Osijek i Beli Manastir). Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju potrebu daljnje znanstvene analize postojeće mreže naselja hrvatske Baranje s ciljem diferenciranja njihovih pojedinačnih potencijala i valorizaciju ruralnih i urbanih "locusa".

In this paper an effort was made to define the actual state of the distribution of social activities in the Croatian part of Baranja in regard to the social functions' development trends and current demo-geographic occurrences. First part of the text studies the relationship between the distribution of social activities and settlements' (administrative units) net in Baranja based on the idea of spatial reflections of legislative settings. The research includes ranking settlements according to their population and according to the provision of social activities, resulting in the density of social activities. The differentiation of ranks following the listed criteria detected problem spots in Baranja's space. In the second part of the text a basis for social activities' growth potential was researched based on natural and structural population migration. Using graphic and tabular descriptions of the administrative units' hierarchy one can transparently distinguish Baranja's two urban focal points (Osijek and Beli Manastir). Results of the research described in the paper present a strong argument for further scientific analysis of the settlement network in Croatian parts of Baranja with the aim of differentiating their specific potential and evaluation of urban and rural "locuses"., U radu se analizira aktualno stanje prostornog rasporeda društvenih djelatnosti u hrvatskom dijelu Baranje u odnosu na trend razvoja tih djelatnosti i suvremena demogeografska kretanja. Prvi dio rada istražuje vezu distribucije društvenih djelatnosti i hijerarhije naselja na osnovi pretpostavke o relaciji zakonske definicije društvenih djelatnosti i promatranog prostora. Istraživanje je rangiralo administrativne jedinice Baranje prema populacijskom zaleđu i opremljenosti društvenim djelatnostima čiji odnos je izražen gustoćom društvenih djelatnosti. Diferencija rangova po ta dva kriterija dovela je do detektiranja problemskih točaka u baranjskom prostoru. U drugom dijelu rada istražena je podloga za projekciju daljnjeg razvoja društvenih djelatnosti temeljenih na pokazateljima prirodnog kretanja i promjena u strukturi stanovništva. Tabličnim i grafičkim prikazom ove hijerarhije općina definiraju se radijusi gravitacije dva urbana žarišta prostora Baranje (Osijek i Beli Manastir). Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju potrebu daljnje znanstvene analize postojeće mreže naselja hrvatske Baranje s ciljem diferenciranja njihovih pojedinačnih potencijala i valorizaciju ruralnih i urbanih "locusa".

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan's propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.

The paper is dealing with questions relevant for defining the strategy and adequate policies for sustainable development of mountain areas, discussed on the case study of the Kopaonik national park In that respect the prior activity is to insure and support the sustainable agriculture development, and to sustain the rural settlements, as essential prerequisites for nature, landscape and cultural heritage protection, conservation and presentation. For achieving the necessary demographic vitality of this mountain possible option is to obtain the existing and settle the new younger population, by ameliorating the living conditions and rising up the quality of life in rural settlements. Sustainable utilization of natural resources, the agricultural land in particular, can open new perspectives for local development, preservation and transformation of the settlement network pattern. Necessary prerequisite is to increase accessibility of different services and utilities in small and medium sized towns at mountain and surrounding areas. Sustainability of mountain area and rural settlements network has been depended over the eligibility of public investments for economic activities decentralization and for increasing the accessibility of this areas. . U radu se na primeru Nacionalnog parka Kopaonik, čija je primarna funkcija očuvanje i zaštita prirode i prirodnih vrednosti, razmatraju osnovna pitanja u vezi koncipiranja odgovarajuće strategije i pratećih politika održivog razvoja planinskih područja Srbije. U tim okvirima se primarni značaj daje obezbeđenju uslova za održivi razvoj poljoprivrede i opstanak seoskih naselja, kao osnovnim preduslovima za očuvanje specifičnih prirodnih, predeonih i kulturno-istorijskih vrednosti ove planine. Za održanje neophodne vitalnosti stanovništva opcija je zadržavanje i naseljavanje mlađeg stanovništva, uz poboljšanje uslova i povećanje kvaliteta življenja u seoskim naseljima. Održivom razvoju poljoprivrede na planinskom području može da pogoduje nasleđena mreža naselja, koju treba očuvati i transformisati i povećati dostupnost javnih službi i usluga opštinskih centara, manjih i srednjih gradova u okruženju. Opstanak planinskih područja zavisi od mogućnosti ulaganja iz javnih fondova u decentralizaciju ekonomskih aktivnosti i povećanje dostupnosti ovih područja. .

U članku je prikazan kvalitativni postupak demografskog vrednovanja naselja na temelju odabranih sedam uzročno povezanih demografskih pokazatelja. Vrednovanje je provedeno za prostor općine Pregrada, a naselja su svrstana u pripadajuće vrijednosne kategorije. Radi izbjegavanja subjektivnih elemenata vrednovanja, u prikazanom je kvalitativnom postupku obavljeno vrednovanje naselja u općini Pregrada i kvantitativnom metodom. Rezultati analize, u smislu demografskog značenja naselja i njihove važnosti u prostoru općine Pregrada, pokazali su sukladnost sa stvarnim prometno-geografskim položajem naselja u općini, i s tim u svezi s demografskim značenjem naselja u skupu naselja općine Pregrada., The article illustrates a qualitative procedure for the demographic evaluation of settlements based on seven interconnected demographic indicators. The procedure was used to classsify settlements in the Pregrada Municipality. To eliminate subjectivity present in the earlier qualitative procedure, settlements in the Pregrada Municipality were evaluated on the basis of a quantitative method. The results, in the sense of the demographic features of the settlements and their importance in the Pregrada Municipality, were congruent with the actual geographical and traffic position of the settlements in the municipality, and with their actual demographic importance in the Pregrada Municipality.