Search

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets supplementing with various levels of thymol and carvacrol eutectic (TCE) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and the expression of intestinal nutrient absorption, barrier function- and inflammation-related genes in broiler chickens. A total of 640 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers with similar body weights were randomly divided into four groups (8 replicates/group, 20 broilers/replicate). Birds in the four experimental groups were fed a basal diet with TCE at 0, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg. The results showed that the growth performance of birds during 22–42 d or 1–42 d, serum IgE and IgG content at 21 d of age, jejunal and ileal morphology, ileal MUC2, OCLN, and IL-10 mRNA expression were significantly increased compared with the control group (p < 0.05), and the ileal IL-6 mRNA expression quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary TCE supplemented dosage, and its expression showed a linear downward trend (0.05 < p < 0.1). Meanwhile, compared with the other three groups, birds fed diets with 30 mg/kg TCE presented better (p < 0.05) growth performance, intestinal morphology, and function. These results indicated that the optimal supplementation amount of TCE in the broiler diets was 30 mg/kg.

Purpose - to carry out a systematic analysis of humoral and blood cellular immunity parameters in preschool children with a different frequency of acute respiratory infection (ARI) during the previous year using bootstrap analysis. Materials and methods. Twenty-six children (11 boys and 15 girls) aged 1 to 4 years old, undergoing inpatient treatment on ARI, were involved in the clinical study. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) of classes A, M, G, E and a number of blood cellular immunity parameters were studied. Also, two indicators of ARI recurrence were calculated, namely, the infectious index and the resistance index. The statistical processing of the primary digital material obtained was performed by IBM SPSS Statistics 28 licensed program. Results. A direct moderate bootstrap correlation between the resistance index and serum IgA concentration in the preschool children with the different frequency of ARI according to their anamnesis (Bρ=0.407; p, Цель - провести системный анализ показателей гуморального и клеточного иммунитета крови у детей дошкольного возраста с различной частотой случаев острой респираторной инфекции (ОРИ) в течение предыдущего года с помощью бутстреп-анализа. Материалы и методы. Обследованы 26 детей (11 мальчиков и 15 девочек) в возрасте 1-4 года, которые находились на госпитальном лечении по поводу наличия у них ОРИ. Изучены сывороточные концентрации иммуноглобулинов (Ig) классов A, M, G, E и ряд показателей клеточного иммунитета крови. Рассчитаны также два интегральных показателя рекуррентности ОРИ, а именно инфекционный индекс и индекс резистентности. Статистическая обработка полученного цифрового материала выполнена с помощью лицензионной программы «IBM SPSS Statistics 28». Результаты. У детей дошкольного возраста с различной частотой ОРИ в анамнезе установлена прямая умеренная бутстреп-взаимозависимость между индексом резистентности и сывороточной концентрацией IgA (Вρ=0,407; p, Мета - провести системний аналіз показників гуморального і клітинного імунітету крові в дітей дошкільного віку з різною частотою випадків гострої респіраторної інфекції (ГРІ) протягом попереднього року за допомогою бутстреп-аналізу. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 26 дітей (11 хлопчиків і 15 дівчаток) віком 1-4 роки, які перебували на госпітальному лікуванні з приводу наявності в них ГРІ. Вивчено сироваткові концентрації імуноглобулінів (Ig) класів A, M, G, E та низку показників клітинного імунітету крові. Розраховано також два інтегральні показники рекурентності ГРІ, а саме інфекційний індекс та індекс резистентності. Статистичну обробку отриманого цифрового матеріалу виконано за допомогою ліцензійної програми «IBM SPSS Statistics 28». Результати. У дітей дошкільного віку з різною частотою ГРІ в анамнезі встановлено пряму помірну бутстреп-взаємозалежність між індексом резистентності та сироватковою концентрацією IgA (Вρ=0,407; p

This present experiment was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan (CS) on immune function in growing Huoyan geese. A total of 320 28-day-old healthy growing Huoyan geese (sex balance) with similar body weight were randomly allotted into control, CS100, CS200, and CS400 groups. Each group includes 4 replicates with 20 geese per replicate, and the feeding trial lasted for 4 wk. The 4 diets contained 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg CS per kg feed, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the relative weight of thymus, serum concentrations of IGF-I, INS, GH, T3, T4, IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3, and IL-2 in CS200 group were significantly higher at both 42 and 56 D of age, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, relative weight of bursa of fabricius (BF), spleen, serum complement C4, and TNF-a concentrations in CS200 group were higher at 56 D of age (P < 0.05), no differences were observed at 42 D of age (P > 0.05). These results indicated that addition of 200 mg/kg CS enhanced immune organs weight, serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, complements, hormone, as well as cytokines, and improved immune function of growing Huoyan geese.

WOS: 000465264700008, PubMed: 30997788, Background/aim: The serum immunoglobulin levels are used routinely in clinical practice because they provide key information on the humoral immune status. This study aimed to determine the age-related reference values of serum immunoglobulin levels in healthy children. Materials and methods: A total of 330 healthy children, aged between 0 and 18 years, were included in this study. The serum immunoglobulin levels were measured using a nephelometric method in a total of 11 groups, each group consisting of 30 individuals, and IgG subclasses in 6 groups of children aged more than 2 years. Results: The serum IgG levels were high during the newborn period, decreased until the sixth month, and again increased to a maximum level at the age of 18 years. The level of IgA was found to be extremely low in the newborn period and then increased with age. While the lowest value was in the newborn period for serum IgM level, the highest value was in the 16- to 18-year-old period. The IgG subclasses varied depending on the age groups. Conclusion: The updated reference intervals of immunoglobulin levels in children may be used for the accurate diagnosis of immune deficiencies., Scientific Research Projects of Selcuk UniversitySelcuk University [15102034], We thank the children and their families for participating. The study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects of Selcuk University (Project No: 15102034).

BackgroundAn up-to-date overview of determinants of serum immunoglobulins in adults is pivotal for clinical practice and research, but currently lacking. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify determinants of serum immunoglobulin levels.MethodsEmbase, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to July 11th, 2019 for articles reporting on determinants of serum immunoglobulin A, G or M (IgA, IgG or IgM) in adult humans. Random and fixed effect models were applied to obtain pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of age and sex with serum immunoglobulins.ResultsWe retrieved 117 articles reporting on determinants of serum immunoglobulins, of which 28 could be meta-analyzed. Older compared to younger individuals had higher IgA (MD: 0.38; CI: 0.18 – 0.58), but lower IgM levels (MD: -0.40; 95%: -0.66 – -0.14). Men had higher IgA (MD: 0.22; CI: 0.03 – 0.42), but lower IgM levels (MD: -0.21; CI: -0.32 – -0.10) than women. Age and sex did not influence IgG. Caucasian ethnicity was associated with lower IgA, IgG, and IgM. Smoking and corticosteroid use were associated with lower IgG. Positive associations were reported of probiotics with IgG, alcohol with IgA, hypertension with IgA and IgG, and acute psychological stress with IgA, IgG, and IgM.ConclusionsOlder age and male sex are associated with higher IgA, but lower IgM, and urge investigation of age- and sex-specific reference ranges of immunoglobulins. Other identified determinants were ethnicity, diet, lifestyle and cardio-metabolic factors.

Aims To assess severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during labor and delivery with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and using immunoglobulin G and M testing to correlate with maternal and perinatal outcomes. Main methods Pregnant women admitted for labor and delivery at two Spanish hospitals were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection by PCR test and by detection of serum immunoglobulins G and M. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared in women with laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection with those with negative tests. Key findings Between March 31st and September 30th, 2020, 1211 pregnant women were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The prevalence of laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections was 5.4% (n = 65), corresponding to (i) 22 ongoing infections at admission, including two with mild clinical symptoms and 20 asymptomatic women; (ii) 43 cases of previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure; (iii) and 1146 women who were negative for both SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serological test. None of the screened mothers required hospital admission for coronavirus disease before or after delivery, nor were any of the newborns admitted to the intensive care unit. All newborns from mothers with positive PCR on admission were PCR negative. There were no significant differences in maternal or perinatal outcomes among the three studied groups. Significance Ongoing or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection with asymptomatic or mild clinical symptoms detected during screening in pregnant women at labor and delivery do not have a higher rate of adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) with an egg immunoglobulin (IgY) combined with phytomolecules (PM) on the growth rate, serum immunity, and intestinal health of weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88 (E. coli K88). A total of 192 piglets were weaned at 28 days old with an average weight of 7.29 (± 0.04) kg. They were randomly divided into four treatments containing eight replicates with six piglets per replicate. The treatment groups were NC and PC fed a basal diet, AGP fed a basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline, 50 mg/kg oxytetracycline calcium, and 40 mg/kg zinc bacitracin, IPM fed a basal diet supplemented with IgY at dose of 2.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg and PM at dose of 300 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg during days 1 to 17 and 18 to 42, respectively. On days 7 to 9 of the experiment, piglets in the PC, AGP, and IPM groups were orally challenged with 20 mL E. coli K88 (109 CFU/mL), while piglets in the NC group were challenged with 20 mL medium without E. coli K88. The E. coli K88 challenge model was successful as the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) of piglets challenged with E. coli K88 was significantly higher than that of those unchallenged piglets during the challenge time (days 7 to 9) and days 1 to 7 of post-challenge (p &lt, 0.05). A diet with combinations of IgY and PM and AGPs significantly decreased the incidence of PWD during the challenge time and days 1 to 7 of post-challenge (p &lt, 0.05) compared to the PC group and significantly improved the ratio of feed to weight gain (F:G) during days 1 to 17 of the experiment compared to the NC and PC groups (p &lt, 0.05). In comparison with the PC group, piglets in the IPM group had significantly higher serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM (p &lt, 0.05), but lower serum IL-1β on day 17 of experiement (p &lt, 0.05). Besides, diet supplementation with AGP significantly decreased serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α on days 17 and 42 (p &lt, 0.05) with comparison to the PC group. Piglets in the IPM group showed a significantly lower level of fecal coliforms (p &lt, 0.05), but a higher villus height of jejunum and ileum and higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum (p &lt, 0.05) than those piglets in the PC group. In summary, diet supplementation with a mixture of IgY and PM decreased the incidence of PWD and coliforms, increased feed conversion ratio, and improved intestinal histology and immune function.

Background and Aim: Serum immunoglobulins were reported to be associated with clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease. However, whether a difference exists in the serum immunoglobulins levels in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) with different disease location and behavior phenotypes remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the associations of serum immunoglobulins levels with specific CD phenotypes.Methods: Patients with CD having recorded serum immunoglobulins levels were recruited through multicenter collaborative efforts. The associations between serum immunoglobulins levels and distinct phenotypes of CD were evaluated using multiple logistic regression models.Results: A total of 608 patients with CD were included in the study. Elevated (above the upper limit of normal) serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, IgM, and IgG4 were identified in 24.5, 17.4, 2.1, and 8.2% of patients, respectively. Elevated serum IgG4 levels negatively correlated with complicated disease behavior [odds ratio (OR) 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–0.92]. Elevated serum IgG was linked to isolated ileal disease with an OR of 0.37 (95% CI 0.23–0.61). The ORs of isolated ileal disease progressively reduced across increasing quartiles of IgG (P for trend < 0.001). The adjusted ORs of isolated ileal disease for increasing quartiles of IgM were 1.82 (1.07–3.1), 1.92 (1.14–3.24), 1.17 (0.69–1.98), and 1 (P for trend = 0.008). Besides, serum IgA and IgG levels significantly correlated with several disease activity indices.Conclusions: These results suggested that certain serum immunoglobulins were associated with specific disease phenotypes of CD. Further investigations to account for the associations are warranted.

Simple Summary Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a global problem which results in substantial economic losses, due to decreased performance and a high incidence of mortality and morbidity. Due to the banning of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) by many countries, it would be valuable to find environmentally friendly and non-antibiotic alternatives to AGPs and to evaluate their effectiveness. Both immunoglobulins and phytomolecules are separately reported as benefiting animal growth, but the efficiency of combinations of immunoglobulins and phytomolecules as AGP alternatives is largely unknown. In this study, the results showed that a mixture of immunoglobulin and phytomolecule administration had positive effects on feed efficiency, diarrhea reduction, intestinal morphology, and coliform control. Combinations of immunoglobulins and phytomolecules can be used as a potential alternative to AGPs in weanling piglets. Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) with an egg immunoglobulin (IgY) combined with phytomolecules (PM) on the growth rate, serum immunity, and intestinal health of weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88 (E. coli K88). A total of 192 piglets were weaned at 28 days old with an average weight of 7.29 (± 0.04) kg. They were randomly divided into four treatments containing eight replicates with six piglets per replicate. The treatment groups were NC and PC fed a basal diet, AGP fed a basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline, 50 mg/kg oxytetracycline calcium, and 40 mg/kg zinc bacitracin, IPM fed a basal diet supplemented with IgY at dose of 2.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg and PM at dose of 300 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg during days 1 to 17 and 18 to 42, respectively. On days 7 to 9 of the experiment, piglets in the PC, AGP, and IPM groups were orally challenged with 20 mL E. coli K88 (109 CFU/mL), while piglets in the NC group were challenged with 20 mL medium without E. coli K88. The E. coli K88 challenge model was successful as the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) of piglets challenged with E. coli K88 was significantly higher than that of those unchallenged piglets during the challenge time (days 7 to 9) and days 1 to 7 of post-challenge (p < 0.05). A diet with combinations of IgY and PM and AGPs significantly decreased the incidence of PWD during the challenge time and days 1 to 7 of post-challenge (p < 0.05) compared to the PC group and significantly improved the ratio of feed to weight gain (F:G) during days 1 to 17 of the experiment compared to the NC and PC groups (p < 0.05). In comparison with the PC group, piglets in the IPM group had significantly higher serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM (p < 0.05), but lower serum IL-1β on day 17 of experiement (p < 0.05). Besides, diet supplementation with AGP significantly decreased serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α on days 17 and 42 (p < 0.05) with comparison to the PC group. Piglets in the IPM group showed a significantly lower level of fecal coliforms (p < 0.05), but a higher villus height of jejunum and ileum and higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05) than those piglets in the PC group. In summary, diet supplementation with a mixture of IgY and PM decreased the incidence of PWD and coliforms, increased feed conversion ratio, and improved intestinal histology and immune function.

Herpetic stomatitis ranks first among the numerous lesions of the mucous membrane of the cavity. The body of an elderly person, as well as under stress, is more vulnerable to immunological disorders. During the aging period, it undergoes a series of irreversible changes. At the same time, violations are noted both in the distribution and functioning of T-lymphocytes, and at the B-cell level. The aim of the investigation was to study the state of serum and secretory immunity in patients with chronic recurrent herpetic stomatitis of the oral cavity in different age categories. Material and methods. The study involved 75 patients suffering from herpetic stomatitis, with a recurrence rate of up to 3 or more times a year, men and women aged 18 to 70 years. We formed 5 groups, in accordance with the division by age: 1st group of patients (18-29 years old) - 34 people, 2nd group (30-39 years old) - 17 people, 3rd group (40-49 years) - 11 people, 4th group - (50-59 years old) - 9 people, 5th group - (over 60 years old) - 4 people. In all patients, the content of serum IgA, IgG, IgM, sIgA of saliva was studied, and the activity of lysozyme in the oral fluid was also assessed. During the study, we used options for qualitative and quantitative analysis, parametric (paired Student's test) method, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (nonparametric methods), and Pearson's correlation coefficient (parametric methods). Statistical data processing was carried out using the Biostat software and Microsoft Excel software. Research results. We examined 24 men (32%) and 51 women (68%) aged 18 to 71 years. The average age of the patients was 34.8 ± 3.5 years. Among women, in 42.1% of cases, the duration of the disease ranged from 7.1 years or more, in 69.2% - from 1 year to 3 years, in 82.4% - from 3.1 years to 5 years, and in 92.3% women - from 5.1 to 7 years. In men, 30.8% had a disease duration from 1 to 3 years, in 17.6% - from 3.1 years to 5 years, in 7.7% - from 5.1 years to 7 years, as well as 57, 9% had a medical history of 7.1 years or more. In all studied groups, the level of serum IgA was increased on the first day of the study compared with the norm (N IgA = 1.08-1.84 g/l). On re-examination, serum IgA levels remained high in all three patient groups. When studying the content of serum IgM, it was revealed that in all three groups on the first day, the level of IgM was within the normal range (N IgM = 0.7-2.9 g/l). On the 14th day of the study, an increase in the level of IgM was noted. On the first day of the study, all three groups of patients were characterized by a high IgG content (N IgG = 10.27-14.69 g/l). Re-examination on the 14th day revealed a tendency to an increase in the IgG content. Considering the MIPR indices relative to the norm, we observed a decrease in the IgA level (N IgA = 0.101-0.241 g/l) on the first day of the examination in all three groups of patients, on the 14th day - in the 1st and 2nd groups there was a slight increase in the level IgA, and in the 3rd group - a decrease in the level of IgA. Also on the first day of the examination, the content of sIgA and IgG was found above normal (N sIgA = 0.016-0.144 g/l; IgG = 0.037- 0.043 g/l) in all three groups, by the 14th day there was a decrease in the level of sIgA and IgG to norms in patients of all groups. Thus, IgM before treatment was detected in patients of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups; after treatment, IgM was detected in negligible amounts in patients of the 3rd group. Findings. Thus, based on our study, we can conclude that there are significant deviations in old age of secretory and serum immunity indicators from the corresponding characteristics for young and middle-level individuals. In this regard, when treating pathology of the oral mucosa, it is necessary to take into account the age-related characteristics of the immune status of patients and choose the most effective therapy, which includes means of immunocorrection.

Objective To screen pregnant women at risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during delivery using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) testing. Method Between March 31 st and August 31 st of 2020, consecutive pregnant women admitted for labor and delivery in a single hospital were screened for SARS-CoV-2 with nasopharyngeal RT-PCR swab tests and detection of serum IgG and IgM. Results We studied 266 pregnant women admitted for labor and delivery. The prevalence of acute or past SARS-CoV-2 infection was 9.0 %, including (i) two cases with respiratory symptoms of SARS-Co-V-2 infection and positive RT-PCR; (ii) four asymptomatic women with positive RT-PCR without clinical symptoms and negative serological tests between two and 15 weeks later; and (iii) two women with false positive RT-PCR due to technical problems. All newborns of the 6 pregnant women with RT-PCR positive had negative RT-PCR and did not require Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission. There were eighteen asymptomatic women with positive serological IgG tests and negative RT-PCR. Conclusion In our cohort of gravids, we found 2.2 % of women with positive RT-PRC tests and 6.7 % with positive serological tests during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Objective: study of clinical and immunological indicators in children with primary hypogammaglobulinemia in order to determine treatment tactics.Material and methods. 53 children with primary hypogammaglobulinemiae were examined. Anamnesis and data of immunological examination (levels of serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG, subpopulations of lymphocytes) were collected from each child at the time before the beginning of immunoglobulin replacement therapy.Results. The most common features of primary hypogammaglobulinemia were recurrent bacterial infections, observed in 44 children out of 53 (83%). Autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases were foundwith the same frequency, in 8 children (15.1%). Bronchoectatic disease occurred in 5 children (9.4%). The levels of serum IgG (1.77±2.61 g/l) and IgM (0.062±0.14 g/l), and level of B lymphocytes (0.27±0.22%, 13.7±14.1×109) were the lowest in the group of children with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, compared to other groups of children with primary hypogammaglobulinemia.Conclusions. Therefore, in our study it was found that the most common clinical manifestations in children with primary hypogammaglobulinemia were recurrent bacterial infections, autoimmune and allergic pathology was rare. The development of bronchiectatic disease is associated with the presence of chronic bronchitis and recurrent pneumonia, late diagnosis of antibody deficiency and late beginning of regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Early diagnosis and timely correction of antibody deficiency play a key role in the prevention of the development of of bacterial infections and their complications.The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of an participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies., Цель: изучение клинико-иммунологических показателей у детей с первичными гипогаммаглобулинемиями для определения тактики лечения.Материалы и методы. Было обследовано 53 ребенка с первичными гипогаммаглобулинемиями. У детей собран клинический анамнез и произведена оценка данных иммунологического обследования (уровень сывороточных иммуноглобулинов IgA, IgM, IgG, субпопуляции лимфоцитов) до начала регулярной заместительной терапии препаратами иммуноглобулинов.Результаты. Рецидивирующие бактериальные инфекции наблюдались у 44 детей из 53 (83%). Бронхоэктатическая болезнь возникла у 5 (9,4%) детей. Аутоиммунные и аллергические заболевания встречались с одинаковой частотой, у 8 (15,1%) детей. Наиболее низкие уровни сывороточных иммуноглобулинов IgG (1,77±2,61 г/л) и IgM (0,062±0,14 г/л), а также уровень В-лимфоцитов отмечены в группе детей с наследственной гипогаммаглобулинемией по сравнению с другими группами первичных гипогаммаглобулинемий.Выводы. Наиболее частыми клиническими проявлениями у детей с первичными гипогаммаглобулинемиями были рецидивирующие бактериальные инфекции, реже встречались аутоиммунные и аллергические заболевания. Развитие бронхоэктатической болезни связано с наличием хронического бронхита и рецидивирующих пневмоний, несвоевременной диагностикой дефицита антител и поздним началом регулярной заместительной терапии препаратами иммуноглобулинов. Ранняя диагностика и своевременная коррекция дефицита антител играют ключевую роль в профилактике развития частых бактериальных инфекций и их осложнений.Исследование было выполнено в соответствии с принципами Хельсинкской Декларации. Протокол исследования был одобрен Локальным этическим комитетом учреждения. На проведение исследований было получено информированное согласие родителей, детей., Матеріали і методи. Було обстежено 53 дитини з первинними гіпогаммаглобулінеміями. У дітей зібрано детальний клінічний анамнез та проведено оцінку даних імунологічного обстеження (рівень сироваткових імуноглобулінів IgA, IgM, IgG, субпопуляції лімфоцитів) до початку регулярної замісної терапії препаратами імуноглобулінів.Результати. Рецидивні інфекції спостерігались у 44 дітей із 53 (83%). Бронхоектатична хвороба виникла у 5 (9,4%) дітей. Аутоімунні та алергічні захворювання зустрічались з однаковою частотою, у 8 (15,1%) дітей. Рівень сироваткових імуноглобулінів IgG (1,77±2,61 г/л) та IgM (0,062±0,14 г/л), а також рівень В-лімфоцитів (0,27±0,22%, 13,7±14,1×109/л) були найнижчими у групі дітей зі спадковою гіпогаммаглобулінемією порівняно з іншими групами первинних гіпогаммаглобулінемій.Висновки. Найчастішими клінічними проявами у дітей з первинними гіпогаммаглобулінеміями виявилися рецидивні бактеріальні інфекції, значно рідше зустрічалась аутоімунна та алергічна патологія. Розвиток бронхоектатичної хвороби пов'язаний із наявністю хронічного бронхіту та рецидивних пневмоній, несвоєчасною діагностикою дефіциту антитіл та пізнім початком регулярної замісної терапії препаратами імуноглобулінів. Тому рання діагностика первинних гіпогаммаглобулінемій та своєчасне призначення лікування, спрямоване на корекцію дефіциту антитіл, є важливими для профілактики розвитку частих бактеріальних інфекцій та їх ускладнень.Дослідження виконані відповідно до принципів Гельсінської Декларації. Протокол дослідження ухвалений Локальним етичним комітетом установи.На проведення досліджень було отримано інформовану згоду батьків, дітей.

Вступ. Натепер гострі респіраторні інфекції (ГРІ) у дітей вважаються, без сумніву, найбільш актуальною проблемою педіатричної практики. Важливо відзначити, що вікові особливості імунної системи у дітей дошкільного віку визначають їх вищу чутливість до інфекцій і менш диференційовану відповідь на інфекційний процес порівняно з дітьми старшого віку та дорослими особами. Мета дослідження полягала у визначенні найбільш значущих чинників, що мають тісний зв’язок з рівнем сироваткових імуноглобулінів (Ig) у дітей дошкільного віку на тлі чергової ГРІ. Матеріали і методи. Здійснене обстеження 88 дітей (42 хлопчики та 46 дівчаток) віком 1–4 роки, які знаходилися на стаціонарному лікуванні з приводу наявності у них ГРІ. У кожної дитини розраховувалися два показники рекурентності ГРІ (інфекційний індекс та індекс резистентності), два інтегральні антропометричні показники (індекс маси тіла та індекс Вервека), а також інтегральний показник доліхостеномелії, що використовується як маркер вираженості зовнішніх ознак недиференційованої дисплазії сполучної тканини. Визначалась також кількість лейкоцитів і лімфоцитів у крові. Крім того, проводилося визначення сироваткової концентрації Ig A, M, G та E з використанням імуноферментного аналізу. Статистична обробка отриманого первинного цифрового матеріалу здійснювалась за допомогою ліцензійної програми IBM SPSS Statistics 26. При цьому були використані лише методи непараметричної статистики. Дискусія. Проведений кореляційний аналіз виявляє численні і різноспрямовані взаємозалежності між вивченими Ig, а також їх зв’язки з окремими дослідженими клінічними показниками. Майже завжди кореляція має слабку або навіть дуже слабку тісноту, проте її статистична вірогідність забезпечується достатньо великою кількістю одиниць спостереження. Цілком природно, що показники рекурентності ГРІ у обстежених дітей можуть бути тільки частково пов’язаними зі станом їх гуморального імунітету. Висновки. Таким чином, найчастіше серед обстежених дітей дошкільного віку виявляються фізіологічні значення сироваткової концентрації Ig A, M та G. Наявність низки статистично значущих різноспрямованих взаємозалежностей між вивченими Ig свідчить про поєднання їх ефектів у реалізації протиінфекційного захисту організму. Значення інфекційного індексу прямо корелює із сироватковою концентрацією Ig E, що підкреслює значущість алергії як важливого сприяючого фактора у виникненні рекурентних респіраторних захворювань. Між сумарними сироватковими Ig та інтегральним показником доліхостеномелії зафіксовано позитивний кореляційний зв’язок, сила якого зростала за умови виключення впливу окремих або кількох чинників, а саме віку дітей, індексу маси тіла та індексу Вервека. Introduction. Currently, acute respiratory infections (ARI) are obviously considered to be the most topical issue of pediatric practice. It is worth noted that the age peculiarities of immune system in preschool children stipulated their higher vulnerability to infections and less differentiated response against infection process compared to older children and adults. Research aim consisted in finding out significant factors which are closely associated with serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in preschool children against the background of recurrent ARI. Materials and Methods. Eighty-six children (42 boys and 46 girls) aged one to four years old, undergoing inpatient treatment for acute respiratory infection, were involved in the clinical study. Two markers of ARI recurrence (infection index and resistance index) and two integral anthropometric indexes (body mass ratio and Verveck index) were calculated for each child. Integral indicator of dolichostenomelia, which is used as the marker of external signs of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, was determinated as well. Also, the total number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in blood was counted. Moreover, the determination of serum concentration of Ig A, M, G and E using enzyme-linked immune-electrodiffusion essay was carried out. The statistical processing of the obtained primary digital material was performed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 licensed program. Only nonparametric statistics methods were applied for the purpose. Discussion. Numerous and bidirectional interdependencies between studied Ig as well as their relationships with particular studied clinical signs were found. The correlation is almost invariably weak or even very weak. At the same time, it turns out to be significant given that the number of observation units was quite large. It is reasonable that the markers of ARI recurrence in the examined children can only particularly be related to humoral immune status. Conclusions. To sum up, the physiologic values of Ig A, M, G and E serum concentration are most often revealed among examined preschool children. The several statistically significant bidirectional interdependences between researched Ig testify to combining of their effects in the realization of anti-infective organism protection. The infection index directly correlates with Ig E serum concentration emphasizing the importance of allergy as a major factor contributing to the development of recurrent respiratory diseases. There is positive correlation between summarized serum Ig and integral indicator of dolichostenomelia. Along with this, its significance rises under the condition of excluding the influence of particular or several factors, i.e. children’s age, body mass ratio and Verveck index.

We investigated the effects of water supplemented with Bacillus subtilis and photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) on egg production, egg quality, serum immunoglobulins and digestive enzyme activities of Jinyun ducks. A total of 400 healthy Jinyun ducks (all aged 58 weeks) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments, with 4 replicates per treatment and 20 ducks in each replicate. The ducks were fed a standard diet for 15 days and the experimental diet for 54 days. Experimental design is as follows: negative-control group C1 was given no supplementation, control group C2 was given pool water (PW) with added PSB but not B. subtilis. Test groups T1, T2 and T3 were given the same amount of PSB in the PW and varying levels of B. subtilis in drinking water. Results suggest that PSB combined with B. subtilis had beneficial effects on the laying rate, feed-to-egg ratio, serum IgG, egg quality, especially in albumen height and Haugh unit. Additionally, PSB alone can increase the yolk-to-egg ratio, albumen height and Haugh unit.

The majority of multiple myeloma (MM) patients have high levels of monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum and/or urine and suppressed levels of the uninvolved immunoglobulins. The prognostic significance of this phenomenon has not been assessed sufficiently. In this study, our aim is to evaluate the prognostic significance of uninvolved immunoglobulin suppression measured by nephelometry in patients with new symptomatic MM and the association with other features of the disease.Between August 2003 and February 2015, 137 patients who were referred for the treatment of newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma to the Hematology Department polyclinics of the İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine were prospectively included and had available pretreatment immunoglobulin levels measured by nephelometry.Suppression of at least one uninvolved immunoglobulin was observed in 87% of patients and this situation was slightly more common in patients with immunoglobulin A myeloma but had no statistical significance (p0.05). Uninvolved immunoglobulin suppression was also more common among patients who had bone marrow plasma cell infiltration of ≥40% and presented with anemia and hypercalcemia (p0.05). The overall survival time was shorter in patients with positive calcium-renal-anemia-bone criteria and International Staging System stage 3 compared with others (p0.05). Factors that were independently associated with inferior survival in the multivariate analysis included patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate of60 mL/min, age of65 years, lactate dehydrogenase of300 IU/L, bone marrow plasma cells of ≥40%, and β2-microglobulin of3.5 mg/dL (p0.05).In this study, 13.1% of MM patients had preserved levels of uninvolved immunoglobulins. We observed that patients who had preserved uninvolved immunoglobulin levels had better treatment responses and better pathologic signs, but statistical significance could not be shown. Conversely, patients with suppression of even one of the uninvolved immunoglobulins had a shorter survival, but similarly, statistical significance could not be shown.Amaç: Multipl miyelom (MM) tanılı hastaların büyük çoğunluğunda serum ve/veya idrarda yüksek seviyelerde saptanan monoklonal immünglobulinler mevcut iken hastalıkla ilişkili olmayan immünglobulin düzeylerinde ise baskılanma mevcuttur. MM’de bu fenomenin prognostik önemi yeteri kadar değerlendirilmemiştir. Biz bu çalışmada, nefelometrik ölçümler ile belirlenmiş, hastalıkla ilişkili olmayan immünglobulin düzeylerindeki baskılanmanın yeni tanı semptomatik MM hastalarında prognoz ve hastalığın diğer özellikleri ile ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ağustos 2003 ve Şubat 2015 tarihleri arasında İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Hematoloji Bilim Dalı Polikliniği’ne yeni semptomatik miyelom tanısı ile başvuran 137 hasta retrospektif olarak çalışmaya alındı. Bu hastaların hepsinde tedavi öncesi nefelometrik yöntemler ile bakılmış immünglobulin düzeyleri mevcuttu. Bulgular: Hastaların %87’sinde hastalıkla ilişkili olmayan immünglobulin düzeylerinden en az birinde baskılanma mevcuttu ve immünglobulin A miyelom tanılı hastalarda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu saptanamasa da bu durum daha sık görüldü. Kemik iliği plazma hücre infiltrasyonu ≥%40 bulunan, anemi ve hiperkalsemi ile başvuran hastalarda hastalıkla ilişkili olmayan immünglobulin düzeylerinde baskılanma daha sık görüldü (p0,05). Hiperkalsemi, böbrek yetmezliği, anemi, kemik hastalığı kriterleri pozitif olan ve Uluslararası Evreleme Sistemi evre 3 hastalığı olan hastaların diğerlerine göre genel sağkalımı daha kısa idi (p0,05). Çoklu değişkenli analizler sonucunda; tahmini glomerüler filtrasyon hızı60 mL/dk, yaş65, laktat dehidrogenaz300 IU/L, kemik iliği plazma hücre infiltrasyon oranı ≥%40 ve β2-mikroglobulin3,5 mg/dL gibi faktörlerin sağkalım açısından olumsuz birer faktörler olduğu ortaya çıktı (p0,05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada hastaların %13,1’inde immünglobulin düzeylerinin korunmuş olduğu görüldü. İmmünglobulin düzeyi korunmuş hastaların daha iyi tedaviye yanıt oranlarına ve daha iyi patolojik bulgulara sahip olduğu görüldü ama immünglobulin düzey korunmasının hastalar açısından bağımsız olumlu bir prognostik faktör olduğu gösterilemedi. Aynı şekilde immünglobulin baskılanması olan hastaların yaşam süresi daha kısa bulundu, ancak bu da bağımsız olumsuz bir risk faktörü olarak belirlenemedi.

Background: The anti-tumour T-cell response in bladder cancer has been shown to correlate with response to treatment and prognosis. However, little is known about the role of humoral immunity in this highly immunogenic human cancer, which is characterised by a high mutation-associated neoantigen load and a strong response to immunotherapy. In the present study, we interrogated the Swedish Apolipoprotein Mortality Risk Study (AMORIS) to explore the relationship between pre-diagnostic serum immunoglobulin levels and the risk of developing bladder cancer. Methods: Our analysis included all AMORIS participants aged 20 years or older, who had all three major serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) recorded at the same baseline measurement (n = 29,876). All participants were free from bladder cancer at the time of measurement. Samples were obtained between 1985–1996, with follow-up information until 2011. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to investigate the association between bladder cancer risk and different levels of pre-diagnostic serum immunoglobulins. Results: During a mean follow-up period of 15.31 years, 163 (0.5%) individuals were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Multivariate Cox regression showed an inverse association between pre-diagnostic serum IgM levels ≥ 1.4 g/L and bladder cancer risk compared to serum IgM levels < 1.4 g/L [HR: 0.68 (95% CI 0.45–1.03)]. Corresponding associations could not be established for serum IgA or IgG. Conclusion: Our findings implicate serum IgM in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and suggest that the concept of humoral immune surveillance against cancer warrants further mechanistic investigation.

Introduction: Non-invasive biomarkers for assessing disease activity and progression are continuously being sought, but difficult to validate. For glomerulonephritis (GN), various molecules in both blood and urine are undergoing stringent research. Immunoglobulin (Ig) levels have also been sought as potential biomarkers with variable results. Objectives: We aimed at determining the utility of serum and urine Ig levels to ascertain severity of proteinuria and renal functions in GN patients. Materials and Methods: Blood and urine of 25 GN patients and 13 healthy controls were tested for Ig levels including IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE. The degree of proteinuria, renal functions and histopathological features were recorded from the case files of these patients. Results: The mean serum IgM and IgA levels were significantly high in GN patients compared to controls. However, two patients had high IgM and one had high IgA levels. Three patients had low IgG levels but did not correlate with urinary loss. Moreover IgGuria was not different in patients with or without severe disease. In patients with acute GN IgMuria was more prevalent. While in chronic GN, IgAuria was more common. Mean serum IgE levels were more in healthy controls and did not correlate with renal dysfunction. However, mean IgEuria was more pronounced in patients with renal dysfunction Conclusion: The utility of serum and urine Ig as biomarkers of disease activity and progression in GN patients is still debatable and require further studies. Abnormal levels of these proteins in blood of GN patients require further workup to rule out any concomitant pathology.

Aim To investigate the humeral immune markers in patients with ß-thalassemia major (TM). Methods In this historical – cohort study (August to December 2007), the case group consisted of 34 TM patients and the control group included the same number of their gender and age matched healthy siblings. Serum levels of CH50, C3, C4, IgE, IgG,IgA,IgM and also ASO & Isohemaglutinin titers were determined and compared between the case and control groups (P3000ng/ml had lower C4 and CH50 levels. C4-level in male patients was significantly lower. Conclusion This study indicated that there were no significant changes in humeral immune markers in the patients with ß-thalassemia major compared to the controls, except in the case of IgA which was higher in the TM patients. It seems that there is no need for routine survey of immunoglobulins and complement levels in thalassemic patients in order to detect immunodeficiency.

Background: High serum immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes (IgG, IgM, IgA and CIC) values in patients with cancer have been used as tumor markers. Hence, the aim of the study was to estimate these immunological markers in pre- and post-treatment phases with a follow-up of 3-24 months and to understand the prognostic significance of the same in patients with oral cancer. Materials and Methods: The malignancy group consisted of 56 patients with different stages (AJCC TNM) of oral cancer and 20 healthy control group. Samples were selected at random and subjected for sequential analysis of serum biochemical markers (IgG, IgA, IgM and CIC-circulating immune complexes levels) in the pre- and post-treatment period. Statistical method employed was the paired t test. Results: We observed significant elevated levels of all the immunological markers ( P < 0.01) when compared with the control group. Sequential analysis of these markers revealed significant reduction in immunological markers in stage I and II patients. On the contrary, stage III and IV patients showed remarkably elevated levels of IgA and CIC one year after initial treatment. Conclusions : All these immunological markers are indicative of tumor burden and Serum levels of CIC and IgA might be employed as prognostic indicators in oral cancer.

Background: In children, innate and adaptive immunity varies with age, disease status, and ethnicity, reflected by lymphocyte subsets and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. The paucity of such data from the Indian subcontinent necessitated this study. Aims: This study aims to determine reference ranges of Ig and lymphocyte subsets in Indian children from birth to 5 years. Settings and Design: Neonates, infants, and children from a tertiary care hospital were selected and categorized into 5 groups from cord blood/newborn to 5 years. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from cord blood and healthy children up to 5 years of age. Complete blood counts, serum Ig levels (by turbidimetry), and lymphocyte subsets (by flow cytometry) were studied, and reference ranges calculated. Results: Four hundred and three samples were analyzed; 53 from cord blood and 350 from children 1 month to 5 years. High IgG levels were noted at birth, which decreased in the first 6 months followed by a rise thereafter. IgM remained low in infancy and peaked at 13–36 months. IgA levels were very low at birth but increased with age. CD4 counts were high in cord blood till 3 years of age and then declined. CD8 and CD19 counts remained steady till 5 years of age. CD56 increased after the age of 2 years. Conclusions: While our data correlated well with published literature, notable differences were higher IgM levels seen in 1–3 years' age group and higher natural killer cells through all age groups in our study. Our results provide the largest database of its kind from our country.

The effects of Cortisol upon the serum immunoglobulin concentration areexamined. The experiment involved male guinea pigs of the body weight from 300 to400 g that were nonnally fed and lived under the common laboratory conditions. Theguinea pigs were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimentalgroup's guinea pigs were given every day (in a 6 days' period) a subcutaneous dose of80 g of corti sol/kg/per day, while the control group ones were given only one ml ofthe physiological solution. Two weeks after the last received dose of Cortisol orphysiological solution the cordial puncture was applied to take a blood sample inwhich the level of the serum IgA, IgG and IgM was determined. In the experimentalgroup animals the serum IgG value was 11,2 mg/ml at the beginning and 8,7 mg/ml at the end of the experiment (reduction for 22,1%), while the TgA concentration at theend of the experiment was reduced for 5,8%, while the IgM concentration for 12,9%.The serum immunoglobulin concentration in the control group guinea pigs does notreveal any significant differences at the beginning and the end of the experiment.

Serum proteins and immunoglobulin (Ig) findings in 119 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients were analysed. Out of them 96 (81%) patients had B non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), and 23 (19%) T-NHL. Indolent type of NHL was more frequent (77 patients, 65%), then aggressive type of NHL (42 patients, 35%). Most patients had normal serum protein concentration, the increased protein concentration was seen in 17% of patients while decreased concentration was noticed in 7% of patients. Hypoalbuminaemia was more frequent (43%) then hyperalbuminaemia (1%). In contrast to albumin, low levels of other protein fractions (alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta-globulin) were rather rare (0.6%, 4%, and 3% of patients, respectively) and high levels were frequent (23%, 37%, and 8%, respectively). Polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinaemia was more frequent finding than hypoimmunoglobulinaemia. In 29% patients higher IgG level and in 25% patients higher IgA level were found. IgM hypoimmunoglobulinaemia (22%) was more frequent than IgG (11%) and IgA (8%) hypoimmunoglobulinaemia. M-spike in serum protein electrophoresis was found in 11 (7%) patients. The statistically significant association was not found between serum Ig concentration and lymphoma malignancy grade as well as between serum Ig concentration and immunologic origin of lymphoma. T-NHL patients have more often IgA concentration level above or under normal values than B-NHL patients (p

Aim: To investigate the cellular and humoral immunity status of gliomas, and their association with the WHO grading system. Material and methods: We have conducted a case-control study of 49 patients with gliomas and 30 healthy controls. We used ELISA assays, radial immunodiffusion, indirect immunofluorescence, latex test and flow cytometry assays to estimate preoperative in serum the immunological profile. Results: Patients with glioma had significantly reduced amounts of 112 (p=0.000), TNF-a (p=0.033), IgG (p=0.011), IgA (p=0.027),C4 (p=0.026),CD3+ (p=0.001), CD4+ (p=0.000), CD8+ (p=0.002), ratio CD4/CD8 (p=0.000), CD19+ (p=0.04) and elevated 110 (p=0.05) compared with healthy controls. No statistically significant differences were observed concerning viral agents, total NK cells, IgM, IgE, IL16, granzyme-b, RF, ANA, ENA, anti-dsDNA and anti-cardiolipin antibodies. A higher WHO grade, after controlling for age and gender, was associated with decreased number of CD3+ (p=0.011), CD4+ (p=0.015), CD8+ (p=0.048) and ratio CD4/CD8 (p=0.027), as well as with decreased 112 (p=0.018), C4 (p=0.02), and IgG (p=0.05) IL2 and CD4+ counts were significant predictors of grade. Conclusions: A shift from Th1 to Th2, a CD3+ and CD19+ lymphocytopenia, a diminished fraction CD4/CD8 and a reduced amount of immunoglobulins and complement were observed in the patients with gliomas. A higher WHO grade of the tumor was associated with greater impairments of immunity. Since defects of both humoral and cellular immunity were equally observed and significant predictors of grade were assessed, a preoperative evaluation of the immune system of patients with gliomas is being proposed. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved. J Neuroimmunol

Serum proteins and immunoglobulin (Ig) findings in 119 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients were analysed. Out of them 96 (81%) patients had B non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), and 23 (19%) T-NHL. Indolent type of NHL was more frequent (77 patients, 65%), then aggressive type of NHL (42 patients, 35%). Most patients had normal serum protein concentration, the increased protein concentration was seen in 17% of patients while decreased concentration was noticed in 7% of patients. Hypoalbuminaemia was more frequent (43%) then hyperalbuminaemia (1%). In contrast to albumin, low levels of other protein fractions (alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta-globulin) were rather rare (0.6%, 4%, and 3% of patients, respectively) and high levels were frequent (23%, 37%, and 8%, respectively). Polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinaemia was more frequent finding than hypoimmunoglobulinaemia. In 29% patients higher IgG level and in 25% patients higher IgA level were found. IgM hypoimmunoglobulinaemia (22%) was more frequent than IgG (11%) and IgA (8%) hypoimmunoglobulinaemia. M-spike in serum protein electrophoresis was found in 11 (7%) patients. The statistically significant association was not found between serum Ig concentration and lymphoma malignancy grade as well as between serum Ig concentration and immunologic origin of lymphoma. T-NHL patients have more often IgA concentration level above or under normal values than B-NHL patients (p < 0.05).

Background and objectives: Paranasal sinuses are the common place for infection in children and adults. Early and effective antibiotic treatment is necessary to reduce the infection period and mucosal injuries, and to prevent from the Involvements of orbit or CNS. This article aims to clarify the Serum immunoglobulins accompanying by Sinusitis in Children. Material and Methods: the Subjects of this Cross-Sectional study were 400 patients with paranasal sinusitis confirmed by imaging techniques. The study was conducted in infectious and ENT Clinics of Rasoul Akram hospital in 2003-2004. We measured the Levels of serum immoglobulins including IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE by standard radio-immunodiffusion test, and Compared with normal range of each age group. The data was analyzed by SPSS software (11.5) Results: The Subjects aged 4.42±2.62 are both male (70.7%) and female (29.3%). Maxilla is the most Common Sinus involved. Thirty-eight of them (95%) have increased IgG Level. Forty-four percent of children suffered from rhinosinusitis have been diagnosed with Immune-humoral disorders: the increase of IgE (N=9), Lack of IgA (N=3), decrease of Isolated IgG (N=2), decrease of both IgG and IgA (N=1) and Hyper IgM syndrome (N=3). There is Significant Correlation between different Immunoglobulins and duration of Sinusitis (P

The aim of this study was to determine level of serum IgA, IgG and IgM in patients with OLR as indicators of humoral immunity which might reflect cell-mediated immunity. This study was conducted on 30 patients (age 60.17 +/- 11.75) with clinically and histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of OLR and 30 healthy controls (age 56.16 +/- 11.82) Determination of serum IgA, IgG and IgM was performed by use of standard laser nephelometry in both patients and controls. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U test and the level of significance was determined as p values lower than 0.05. Serum IgA and IgM in patients with OLR were significantly increased in comparison to the control group, while serum IgG levels were higher in patients with OLR but they did not reach significance. We might conclude that elevated levels of serum IgA and IgM show that humoral immunity is implicated in the pathogenesis of OLR

The bulk of our knowledge on immunosuppression in malnutrition comes from the experiments done on cell-mediated immunity. However, malnutrition-induced modifications of humoral immunity have been less understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of acute protein-energy malnutrition on serum levels of immunoglobulins and their subclasses in murine models. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were allocated to one of the four groups: (1) zero-time control (ZC) (19 days of age); (2) ad libitum intake of a complete purified diet (control group [CG]); (3) restricted intake of the complete diet (restricted group [RG]); and ad libitum intake of an isocaloric low-protein diet (low-protein group [LP]). The three groups other than the zero-time control were maintained on their respective regimens for 14 days, i.e. from 19 through 33 days of age. The restricted intake protocol produced weight loss through energy deficiency (marasmic-type malnutrition), whereas the low-protein diet caused wasting through inadequate protein nitrogen and induced a condition mimicking incipient kwashiorkor. Though serum levels of IgG1 and IgE (Th2-type immunoglobulins) in RG and LP mice were significantly higher than those in CG mice, serum levels of IgG2a and IgG3 (Th1-type immunoglobulins) did not show any significant difference between those three groups. Interestingly, serum levels of IgG2b (another Th2-type immunoglobulin) in LP mice were significantly higher than those in CG and RG mice. In ZC mice serum levels of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3 were significantly higher than those in the other three groups. We concluded that during acute malnutrition, Th1/Th2 balance is apparently shifted towards Th2 arm. This deviation seems to be more prominent during acute protein deficiency. The increased serum levels of immunoglobulins in ZC mice were probably due to the intestinal uptake of those proteins from maternal milk.

The subpopulation structure of immunocompetent cells of peripheral blood, concentration of IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE and serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 for the patients was studied. Reduced contents of CD8+, CD56+ lymphocytes and increased contents of CD4+, CD22+ lymphocytes, serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE are revealed in Hkakass with asthma compared to healthy Hkakass. It was also revealed in Hkakass with asthma that contents of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, serum concentration of IgA, IgE increased compared to Caucasoids with asthma. The serum level of cytokines IL-4 were found to be considerably increased in Hkakass with asthma compared to healthy Hkakass and to Caucasoids with asthma. On the other hand, the comparison of concentration of IL-10 showed that serum level was higher in Caucasoids with asthma than Hkakass with asthma.

Radial immunodiffusion technique was used to estimate salivary immunoglobulin A, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for estimation of serum IgA, IgG and IgM in 30 patients with acute recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) and during remission period compared to 30 healthy controls. Significantly elevated level of salivary IgA (p < 0.05) was found in patients with minor RAU when compared to the control group. Serum IgA level was elevated in patients with minor acute RAU when compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin level of IgG and IgM showed no differences between patients with either minor or major recurrent aphthous ulceration and controls.

Serum immunoglobulin levels and oral glucose tolerance tests were studied in 56 histologically confirmed idiopathic cases of lichen planus. The results were compared with twenty-five normal healthy controls and twenty-nine freshly diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus patients 17 patients with lichen planus had glucose tolerance abnormalities-of the nature of type II diabetes. The serum IgA and IgM levels were significantly lower in the patients with lichen planus irrespective of the presence of carbohydrate-intolerance in them. The patients having type II diabetes mellitus and lichen planus had significantly lower serum lgA and IgM, as comapred to those having diabetes alone.