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Human breasts are larger and more enduring than reproductively necessary. It is thus unclear why this costly, yet conspicuous phenotype has been selected for, or what information they might convey about the underlying quality of the female. Following previous research on fluctuating asymmetry, we postulated that breast symmetry would predict a marker of mucosal immunity (salivary immunoglobulin-A; sIgA). Anthropometric breast measurements were provided by 97 young women. Controlling for Body Mass Index (BMI), breast size, and volume, results demonstrated that breast asymmetry predicted lower sIgA, whereas size and volume did not. Results support the hypothesis that symmetrical female breasts are a cue to underlying immunocompetence.

We examined how summated training and match load measures relate to salivary immunological and hormonal profile changes in professional football players. Data were collected from 18 elite-level professional male football players from one English Championship team across a complete 40 wk competitive season. Daily training (micro-technology) and match (computerised tracking) measures of total, high-speed and high-metabolic load running distance and sprint, acceleration, deceleration and sRPE load were converted into exponentially weighted moving average "acute" (7d), "chronic" (28d) and acute:chronic composite load measures. Bi-weekly morning saliva samples were analysed for immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol. A two-stage data reduction technique using partial least squares modelling and a backward stepwise selection procedure determined the most parsimonious model for each salivary variable. Testosterone had non-linear relationships with chronic total (P = 0.015; Cohen's D: large), high-metabolic load (P = 0.001;small) and high-speed (P = 0.001;trivial) running distance and linear relationships with chronic sRPE (P = 0.002;moderate ↓) and acute:chronic high-speed running distance (P = 0.001; trivial ↑). Cortisol had a non-linear relationship with chronic high-speed running distance (P = 0.001;trivial). Testosterone:cortisol had non-linear relationships with chronic decelerations (P = 0.039;small) and chronic summated acceleration and deceleration load (P = 0.039;small). Non-linear relationships typically indicated optimal hormonal responses at squad mean loads. No load variables clearly related to salivary immunoglobulin-A or alpha-amylase changes. We conclude that chronic total and high-intensity load measures relate to hormonal changes and might be useful indicators of player readiness. Acute load variables were not related to immunological or hormonal changes and consequently, should not be used as surrogate measures of player readiness in isolation.

Background: Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the first line of defense against pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces. It has been reported that the immune system exhibits profound age-related changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the age-dependent changes of salivary IgA among healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 120 healthy individuals (aged 11–70 years). The salivary IgA concentrations were measured by the use of a single radial immunodiffusion technique and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Chi-square tests. Results: The mean salivary IgA levels were 81.11 ± 4.50 mg/dl at age 11–20 years, 92.71 ± 13.76 mg/dl at age 21–30 years, 96.50 ± 4.04 mg/dl at age 31–40 years, 104.96 ± 10.15 mg/dl at age 41–50 years, 113.22 ± 7.85 mg/dl at age 51–60 years, and 91.38 ± 4.77 mg/dl at age 61–70 years. There was a significant difference among the mean salivary IgA levels of different age groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These results showed that the salivary IgA levels exhibit age-related changes. Oral immunization may be considered to improve oral immunity when the salivary concentrations of IgA begin to decrease during lifetime.

This study aimed to examine the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and salivary cortisol (s-Cort) responses to competitive matches in elite male soccer players. Data were collected for 19 players (mean ± SD, age: 26 ± 4 years; weight: 80.5 ± 8.1 kg; height: 1.83 ± 0.07 m; body-fat 10.8 ± 0.7%) from a Russian Premier League team throughout a 6-week period during the 2021–2022 season. Physical match loads were measured through an optical tracking system. s-IgA and s-Cort were assessed one day before each match (MD − 1), 60-min before kick-off, 30-min post-match, and 48-h post-match (MD + 2). At 60-min before kick-off, s-IgA values were lower than at MD − 1 (90% CI difference 15.7–71.3 μg/mL). Additionally, compared to 60-min before kick-off, s-IgA was higher at 30-min post-match (90% CI difference 1.8–57.8 μg/mL) and at MD + 2 (90% CI difference 5.4–60.5 μg/mL). At 30-min post-match, s-Cort was higher than at 60-min before kick-off (90% CI difference 4.84–7.86 ng/mL), while on MD + 2 s-Cort was higher than at 60-min before kick-off (90% CI difference 0.76–3.72 ng/mL). Mixed model regressions revealed that longer playing time and total distance covered, and higher number of high-intensity accelerations, involved smaller s-IgA differences between 30-min post-match and 60-min before kick-off, and between 60-min before kick-off and MD + 2. Additionally, greater high-intensity and sprint distances, and a higher number of high-intensity and maximal accelerations, involved smaller s-Cort differences between 60-min before kick-off and MD + 2. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that using salivary monitoring combined with match load may be a useful tool to monitor individual mucosal immunity and hormonal responses to match-play and the subsequent recovery periods in elite soccer players.

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare P. gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples and salivary (immunoglobulin A [IgA]) antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis in periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods: Totally sixty subjects were included, thirty subjects in healthy group and thirty subjects in chronic periodontitis group. Subgingival plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained from each study subject. P. gingivalis (colony-forming units [CFUs]) were detected using culture method, and salivary IgA levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Comparisons between the healthy and chronic periodontitis groups were done for P. gingivalis CFUs/ml (CFUs/milliliter) as well as for salivary IgA levels using Mann–Whitney U-test. Correlation between CFUs/ml of P. gingivalis and salivary IgA levels was also assessed in both the groups. Results: Although P. gingivalis CFUs/ml count was more in the chronic periodontitis group, difference was not statistically significant. Salivary IgA levels were significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared to the healthy group. No correlation was observed between CFUs/ml of P. gingivalis and salivary IgA levels in the healthy group as well as the chronic periodontitis group. Conclusions: Increased levels of specific salivary antibodies (IgA) against LPS from P. gingivalis are associated with periodontal disease. Salivary IgA level against LPS from P. gingivalis can be a promising indicator in the serological diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Mortatti, AL, Oliveira, RSCd, Pinto, JCBdL, Galvão-Coelho, NL, Almeida, RN, Aoki, MS, and Moreira, A. A congested match schedule alters internal match load and affects salivary immunoglobulin A concentration in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1655-1659, 2022-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a congested match schedule (CMS) undertaken after a tapering week, on internal match load (IML) and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration in 12 youth soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 years; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed 4 official matches within a 4-day period. Internal match load was determined using the session-rating of perceived exertion method and the competitive strain (CS) and monotony index (MI) were also determined. Saliva sampling was conducted, before the last training day of a tapering week (training) preceding the CMS, 60 minutes before the first match (match-1), and 22 hours after match 4 (postmatch 4). Salivary immunoglobulin A was analyzed by ELISA. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures showed a significant difference for IML across the matches (p0.001). A significant reduction in SIgA was observed from prematch 1 to postmatch 4 (p = 0.019). Regarding the change in SIgA (ΔSIgA), 58.3% of the players presented values equal/higher than the minimal detectable change. A large within-individual correlation was observed between ΔSIgA and MI and CS (r = 0.71 and r = 0.72: p0.01, respectively). The current findings suggest that youth players participating in a CMS may present a decrease in mucosal immunity function. In addition, data suggest that the MI and CS may be used as valuable markers for monitoring competition load during CMS in youth soccer players.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URS) in elite female gymnasts during a training season. In addition, we aimed to observe the extent to which salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is associated with URS in these athletes, including potential effects of the season and timing of sample collection. Over one year, 18 elite female gymnasts completed URS and fatigue questionnaires weekly and provided 1 mL of saliva after a minimum 36 h of rest (morning or afternoon) to measure relative sIgA concentration (= mean absolute sIgA value of the week divided by the mean absolute sIgA value of the weeks without URS). Mean weekly URS and mean relative sIgA values per gymnast correlated negatively (r = -0.606, P = 0.022). Most URS were noted in the most fatigued gymnasts (7.4 ± 10.1 vs. 2.5 ± 5.6 (P < 0.001) for ‘normal’ and 2.1 ± 3.7 (P = 0.001) for ‘better than normal’ rested). In spring, relative sIgA was higher compared to autumn (112 ± 55 vs. 89 ± 41%, P < 0.001) and winter (92 ± 35%, P = 0.001), while during summer, relative sIgA appeared higher compared to autumn (110 ± 55 vs. 89 ± 41%, P = 0.016). The interaction effect with timing of sample collection showed higher relative sIgA values in morning samples in spring and summer compared to afternoon samples, with the inverse observed in autumn and winter (F = 3.565, P = 0.014). During a gymnastics season, lower relative sIgA values were linked to higher susceptibility to URS in elite gymnasts. However, relative sIgA values were influenced by season and timing of sample collection and thus should be considered when interpreting sIgA data.

Background: To compare three saliva collection methods for examining salivary biomarkers in males and females at rest and exercise. Methods: Whole saliva was collected using drool method (unstimulated, UWS), mastication (stimulated, SWS) or using cotton-buds placed around the mouth (unstimulated, Bud) from 8males and 12females. Samples were analysed for flow rate, osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, secretory salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), α-amylase activity and cortisol during both rest and exercise in a randomised crossover design. Results: SWS and Bud methods were consistently more reliable than UWS, and Bud had the greatest reliability across all measures. Significant variations between all methods existed for total osmolality, sodium and SIgA concentrations; between UWS and SWS methods for flow rate and α-amylase activity, and between UWS and Bud methods for potassium. SWS most consistently replicated UWS patterns of analyte responses to exercise for both males and females and showed good agreement with UWS for cortisol. Both SWS and Bud data reflected the inverse α-amylase/cortisol relationship seen in UWS. Conclusion: SWS was better able to replicate results measured from UWS, between rest and exercise and between males and females. SWS and Bud methods can be used to inform comparisons between rest and exercise and males and females

Background and Aims: Host immune response is altered by a series of physiologic and pathologic factors like age, gender, inflammation, surgery, medication etc., The present study was conducted to evaluate differences in salivary IgA (S-IgA) levels among pedodontic subjects undergoing active orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliance. The levels of S- IgA were determined before 3 months and 6 months post active orthodontic treatment. Methods: A total of 40 healthy pedodontic subjects (aged 8-15 years) were recruited in the present study. They were equally divided into Group A (fixed orthodontic group) and Group B (removable orthodontic group) with 20 subjects each. 1.5 mL of saliva per subject was obtained before 3 and 6 months after treatment. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used for measurement of Salivary IgA levels. Results: Group A and B both showed significant rise in S-IgA levels 3 months and 6 months post active orthodontic treatment. Mean value of S-IgA 3 months post treatment in the saliva of children in group B and group A were (144.27 ± 5.32) and (164.0 ± 3.23) μg/ml respectively. While mean value of S-IgA after 6 months of treatment in group B and group A were (149.8 ± 6.02) and (166.4 ± 3.65) μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Salivary Immunoglobulin A level values were significantly higher statistically in both group A and group B post active orthodontic treatment than before. The results however, showed that Group A (fixed orthodontic group) showed statistically significant higher levels of S-IgA than Group B (removable orthodontic group). Active orthodontic treatment triggered a stronger stimulus for oral secretory immunity, hence the increase in levels were detected. There is a significant positive correlation between S-IgA and active fixed as well as removable orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment is hence a local immunogenic factor.

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of a 6-week workplace mindfulness- and self-compassion-based intervention (MSCBI) on perceived stress, burnout, immune functioning (assessed with the biomarker Immunoglobulin A), self-compassion, and experiential avoidance compared to a Workplace Stress Management Intervention. Both interventions were contextual, i.e., they were carried out in the workplace setting and during working hours. We followed a randomised controlled trial study design. The total sample was composed of 24 employees of an automotive company. One-way analyses of covariance between groups revealed significant differences in post-intervention levels of perceived stress, salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), emotional exhaustion, self-compassion, and experiential avoidance, after adjusting for pre-test scores. The results of this study have several implications. Firstly, it confirms that MSCBIs might be more effective than regular psychoeducational interventions for work-related stress and burnout treatment. Secondly, sIgA can be used to assess immune function state changes when MSCBIs are carried out. Furthermore, these results indicate that it is feasible to carry out MSCBIs within companies and during working hours, and that these interventions can help effectively manage stress and burnout associated with the work environment.

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of a 6-week workplace mindfulness- and self-compassion-based intervention (MSCBI) on perceived stress, burnout, immune functioning (assessed with the biomarker Immunoglobulin A), self-compassion, and experiential avoidance compared to a Workplace Stress Management Intervention. Both interventions were contextual, i.e., they were carried out in the workplace setting and during working hours. We followed a randomised controlled trial study design. The total sample was composed of 24 employees of an automotive company. One-way analyses of covariance between groups revealed significant differences in post-intervention levels of perceived stress, salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), emotional exhaustion, self-compassion, and experiential avoidance, after adjusting for pre-test scores. The results of this study have several implications. Firstly, it confirms that MSCBIs might be more effective than regular psychoeducational interventions for work-related stress and burnout treatment. Secondly, sIgA can be used to assess immune function state changes when MSCBIs are carried out. Furthermore, these results indicate that it is feasible to carry out MSCBIs within companies and during working hours, and that these interventions can help effectively manage stress and burnout associated with the work environment. Valencian Government (ACIF/2016/383) European Social Fund 3.390 JCR (2020) Q2, 118/272 Environmental Sciences 0.747 SJR (2020) Q2, 50/136 Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis No data IDR 2020 UEV

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute systemic topiramate administration on anxiety index and freezing time, plasma estrogen and progesterone levels, and salivary gland immunoglobulin A in a post-traumatic stress disorder rat model. Materials and Methods: A total of eighteen female Wistar rats used in the study were exposed to predatory odor stress. One week later, saline was administered to the control group and 15 µM and 30 µM topiramate to the treatment groups, after which the animals were exposed to the trauma reminder and their behavior was monitored in the elevated plus maze. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken, animals were sacrificed, salivary glands were removed immediately after. Results: Topiramate suppressed anxiety index and freezing time in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder at both 15 µM and 30 µM doses compared to the control group. A positive correlation was observed between plasma estrogen level and anxiety index in the control group, and topiramate suppressed this correlation in a dose-dependent manner. Topiramate did not change the plasma progesterone level, but suppressed the salivary gland immunoglobulin A level at the low dose. Conclusion: These findings obtained in our study indicate that topiramate may be effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. maç: Bu çalışmada, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu sıçan modelinde akut sistemik topiramat uygulamasının anksiyete indeksi ve donakalma zamanı, plazma östrojen ve progesteron düzeyleri ile tükürük bezi immünoglobulin A üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştırı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada kullanılan toplam on sekiz dişi Wistar sıçan yırtıcı koku stresine maruz bırakıldı. Bir hafta sonra kontrol grubuna serum fizyolojik, tedavi gruplarına 15 µM ve 30 µM topiramat uygulandı, ardından hayvanlar travma hatırlatıcısına maruz bırakıldı ve davranışları yükseltilmiş artı labirentinde izlendi. Deneyin sonunda kan örnekleri alındı, sakrifiye edilen hayvanların tükürük bezleri çıkarıldı. Bulgular: Topiramat travma sonrası stres bozukluğu olan sıçanlarda hem 15 µM hem de 30 µM dozlarda kontrol grubuna kıyasla kaygı indeksini ve donakalma zamanını baskıladı. Kontrol grubunda plazma östrojen düzeyi ile kaygı indeksi arasında pozitif korelasyon gözlendi, topiramat bu korelasyonu doza bağımlı olarak baskıladı. Topiramat plazma progesteron seviyesini değiştirmedi, fakat tükürük bezi immünoglobulin A seviyesini düşük dozda baskıladı. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda elde edilen bu bulgular topiramatın travma sonrası stres bozukluğu tedavisinde etkili olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE We checked in this study the correlation between total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Streptococcus mutans (SM) levels in saliva derived from Lebanese children with inappropriate eating habits and showing early childhood caries (ECC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty Lebanese preschool children with similar alimentation were included in this study and divided into two groups. Group I included children having 0 cavities where group II contained children having ECC. We measured the SM and IgA levels collected from saliva and dental plaque. RESULTS We observed a significant difference in SM levels between the two groups (p < 0.001). There was a marginal correlation between salivary total IgA and SM collected from dental plaque (r = 0.33, p = 0.077). However, no significant correlation was detected between total salivary IgA and salivary SM (p = 0.35). CONCLUSION This study suggests the absence of significant relationship between salivary markers of immune system and the development of ECC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Early childhood caries is a public dental health problem that has been affecting preschool children all over the world. Its prevention must be a priority for all professionals in the medical and dental community. This study highlights the absence of correlation between total IgA and SM collected from the saliva. This does not completely exclude the preventive role of salivary immune components, but further studies are required to better understand this relationship.

Background: This study aims to investigate the health condition of university judo athletes during a period of weight loss before a competition, using secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in saliva. Methods: The subjects were 30 university judo athletes, who were divided into three groups: control group (n = 10), under 5% weight loss group (n = 10), and over 5% weight loss group (n = 10). The items evaluated were body weight measurements, salivary SIgA level and its secretion rates, incidences of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, and mental state. Results: The over 5% body weight loss group had significantly lower SIgA secretion rates on the first day and third day before the real competition compared to those of the control group. Furthermore, the over 5% body weight loss group had an increased number of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. Alterations in mental statuses were also seen, such as decreased vitality and increased fatigue on the day before the competition in the over 5% weight loss group. Conclusions: This study shows that over 5% body weight loss in judo athletes induces a decrease in the salivary SIgA secretion rate and causes health condition of the body and the mind to deteriorate. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(12):798-806 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3998

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition.

Multidimensional motivational theories postulate that the type of motivation is as important as the quantity of motivation, with implications for human functioning and well-being. An extensive amount of research has explored how constructs contained within these theories relate to the activation of the endocrine system. However, research is fragmented across several theories, and determining the current state of the science is complicated. In line with contemporary trends for theoretical integration, this systematic review aims to evaluate the association between multidimensional motivational constructs and endocrine-related responses to determine which theories are commonly used and what inferences can be made. Forty-one studies were identified incorporating five distinct motivation theories and multiple endocrine-related responses. There was evidence across several theories that high-quality motivation attenuated the cortisol response in evaluative environments. There was also evidence that motivational needs for power and affiliation were associated with lower and higher levels of salivary immunoglobulin A, respectively. The need for power may play a role in increasing testosterone when winning a contest; however, this evidence was not conclusive. Overall, this review can shape the future integration of motivational theories by characterizing the nature of physiological responses to motivational processes and examining the implications for well-being.

Purpose: To evaluate the relative importance and predictive ability of salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) measures with regards to upper respiratory illness (URI) in youth athletes. Methods: Over a 38-week period, 22 youth athletes (age = 16.8 [0.5] y) provided daily symptoms of URI and 15 fortnightly passive drool saliva samples, from which s-IgA concentration and secretion rate were measured. Kernel-smoothed bootstrapping generated a balanced data set with simulated data points. The random forest algorithm was used to evaluate the relative importance (RI) and predictive ability of s-IgA concentration and secretion rate with regards to URI symptoms present on the day of saliva sampling (URIday), within 2 weeks of sampling (URI2wk), and within 4 weeks of sampling (URI4wk). Results: The percentage deviation from average healthy s-IgA concentration was the most important feature for URIday (median RI 1.74, interquartile range 1.41–2.07). The average healthy s-IgA secretion rate was the most important feature for URI4wk (median RI 0.94, interquartile range 0.79–1.13). No feature was clearly more important than any other when URI symptoms were identified within 2 weeks of sampling. The values for median area under the curve were 0.68, 0.63, and 0.65 for URIday, URI2wk, and URI4wk, respectively. Conclusions: The RI values suggest that the percentage deviation from average healthy s-IgA concentration may be used to evaluate the short-term risk of URI, while the average healthy s-IgA secretion rate may be used to evaluate the long-term risk. However, the results show that neither s-IgA concentration nor secretion rate can be used to accurately predict URI onset within a 4-week window in youth athletes.

Objetive: The aim of the present study was evaluate the effect of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) on the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) kinetics in whole saliva of healthy elderly women. Methods: Nine healthy, elderly females (age 61 ± 6.7 years) performed the 6 MWT. Saliva samples and heart rate (HR) were measured in basal, immediately (IPE), and 30 minutes after the 6 MWT (30-Post Ex). Blood lactate [La] was measured at the same intervals. The ELISA assay was used to determine the sIgA concentrations [sIgA]. The Biuret assay was employed to determine the total proteins levels in saliva. Results: The exercise intensity reached by the participants was ≈ 84 + 16% of maximum HR. Baseline [La] was 1.8 ± 0.9 mmol/L. [La] at IPE increased 3.4 mmol/L above baseline (p = 0.02). [sIgA] increased by 233.3 + 109.3 % at IPE and remained 211.2 + 100.1 % greater at 30-Post Ex compared with basal (p = 0.02). The 6 MWT did not modify total proteins levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The 6 MWT, performed to submaximal intensity, appears to be enough of a stimulus to increases sIgA levels in healthy elderly women independent of total proteins concentration in saliva.

The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between periodontitis and smoking status and secretory IgA level among a sample of Egyptian patients. The study was carried out on male subjects with age ranging from 25- 45 years . The subjects were divided to 3 groups of 30 subjects each ; Group I (Control group) subjects with no clinical and/or radiographic manifestations of periodontal disease and no history of smoking, Group II which includes subjects diagnosed of periodontitis with no history of smoking and Group III which includes subjects diagnosed of periodontitis with history of smoking. The level of salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) was measured for the three groups. The results of this study reported significant decrease in the level salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA ) in group III compared to group I and II (P< 0.05)

Background Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR). During the course of AIT, many biomarkers in body fluids change. It is necessary to find effective indicators of AIT. Objective To examine levels of salivary immunoglobulin A, E, and G4 (IgA, IgE, and IgG4, respectively) specific to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp-IgA, Dp-IgE, and Dp-IgG4, respectively) and their changes in AR patients undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). Methods This study included 82 patients with AR sensitized only to Dp and 14 healthy controls. Among patients with AR, 30 patients were not treated with specific immunotherapy (group A), while the remainder (n = 52) received house dust mite SCIT in the up-dosing phase (n = 27; group B) or the maintenance treatment phase (n = 25; group C). Dp-IgA, Dp-IgE, and Dp-IgG4 levels in the saliva were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical symptoms, concomitant medication, and the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire score were recorded and correlated with immunoglobulin levels. Results Salivary Dp-IgG4 and Dp-IgA levels were significantly lower in AR patients than in healthy controls ( P Conclusions This study shows that allergen-specific IgE levels are increased in the saliva of sensitized patients, suggesting that measuring salivary IgE testing should be further considered for the diagnosis of AR. Moreover, allergen-specific IgA and IgG4 in the saliva, which may play protective roles against allergy, may serve as objective indicators for evaluating treatment response to SCIT. However, none of the immunoglobulin reflects subjective symptoms.

Context: Stress responses in athletes can be attributed to training and competition, where increased physiological and psychological stress may negatively affect performance and recovery. Purpose: To examine the relationship between training load (TL) and salivary biomarkers immunoglobulin A (IgA), alpha-amylase (AA), and cortisol across a 16-wk preparation phase and 10-d competition phase in Paralympic swimmers. Methods: Four Paralympic swimmers provided biweekly saliva samples during 3 training phases—(1) normal training, (2) intensified training, and (3) taper—as well as daily saliva samples in the 10-d Paralympic competition (2016 Paralympic Games). TL was measured using session rating of perceived exertion. Results: Multilevel analysis identified a significant increase in salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA: 94.98 [27.69] μg·mL−1), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA: 45.78 [19.07] μg·mL−1), and salivary cortisol (7.92 [2.17] nM) during intensified training concurrent with a 38.3% increase in TL. During the taper phase, a 49.5% decrease in TL from the intensified training phase resulted in a decrease in sIgA, sAA, and salivary cortisol; however, all 3 remained higher than baseline levels. A further significant increase was observed during competition in sIgA (168.69 [24.19] μg·mL−1), sAA (35.86 [16.67] μg·mL−1), and salivary cortisol (10.49 [1.89] nM) despite a continued decrease (77.8%) in TL from the taper phase. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that performance in major competition such as Paralympic games, despite a noticeable reduction in TL, induces a stress response in athletes. Because of the elevated stress response observed, modifications to individual postrace recovery protocols may be required to enable athletes to maximize performance across all 10 d of competition.

Introduction Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentrations have been shown to be influenced by exercise, particularly the intensity exercise is performed at, and circadian variation. The autonomic nervous system partly regulates salivary secretion, but it is not yet known whether cortisol also explains some variation in salivary parameters. Methods Twelve moderately trained male individuals (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak legs: 46.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials in the morning: arm cranking exercise at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak arms; moderate cycling at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak legs; and easy cycling at 60%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_2}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak arms. Timed saliva samples and blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration determination were obtained before, post, 2 h post, and 4 h post-exercise. Saliva was collected in an additional resting trial at the same time points. Results At each time point for each exercise trial, negative correlations between cortisol and saliva flow rate (explaining 25 ± 17% of the variance, R2 = 0.002–0.46) and positive correlations between cortisol and sIgA concentration (explaining 8 ± 8% of the variance R2 = 0.002–0.24) were found. Saliva flow rate increased over time, whereas sIgA concentration and cortisol decreased over time for all trials (P

PURPOSE We examined the effects of a humor intervention on the physiological, physical, and psychological responses of school-aged children with atopic dermatitis. DESIGN AND METHODS This quasi-experimental study used a nonequivalent control group and a pre- and post-test design. Forty-five schoolchildren participated. RESULTS Children in the experimental group (n=26) received a humor intervention and reported significant differences in physiological response, which was evidenced by heightened salivary immunoglobulin A levels as compared to the control group (n=19). Additionally, the psychological response of the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group as evidenced by decreased stress levels. CONCLUSION Humor intervention may be an effective nursing intervention for children with atopic dermatitis.

Objective This study investigated the salivary immunoglobulin A response to carbohydrate supplementation during judo training. Method Sixteen judokas were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Carbohydrate solution and Placebo solution in a double-blind design. Saliva samples were collected at rest, immediately after the training session and 1 h after the training session. Results The concentration of the salivary immunoglobulin A decreased during the training session in both conditions (p = 0.0002) as well as at 1 h after the training session in the placebo solution condition (p = 0.035). The rate of salivary flow decreased during the training session in the placebo solution condition (p = 0.04). Conclusion Carbohydrate solution consumption during training session did not affect the athletes oral immunity, however, in the recovery period an upper-respiratory tract protection was observed.

Objective this study was conducted to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion of glucose, amylase and immunoglobulin A levels and also to fined out if saliva could be used as anon invasive method to monitor glycaemic control in type 2 diabbetes. This study was conducted on 40 human subjectes, They were 20 males and 20 females, their ages ranged from 35 years to 64 years,and they were divided into two groups, the first one is the patient group which contains 20 diabetic paient. (10 males and 10 females,aged between 38 years to 64 years). the second one is the control group which contains 20 healthy adult (10 males and 10 females,aged between 35 years to 60 years) they were age and sex matched. All studied group were subjected to clinical and laboratory investigation which includes post prandial blood glucose, HA1C, salivary glucose, salivary amylase, and salivary immunoglobulin A. Results there was a highly significant increase in the level of post prandial blood glucose, HBA1C; Salivary glucose, Salivary amylase & Salivary immunoglobulin A in diabetic group compared with control group and There was a significant positive correlation between post prandial blood glucose and salivary glucose in diabetic group. Conclusions These results suggest that diabetes influences the composition of saliva and that saliva can be used as less painful,non invasive biomarker for monitoring the blood glucose concentration in the patients with diabetes mellitus.

Anxiety can impact the immune system resulting in negative health outcomes. Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is a first line of defense against foreign antigens, with lowered levels indicative of weakened mucosal immunity. Little is known about how anxiety symptoms affect the diurnal rhythm of sIgA secretion, or the longitudinal transactional sequence between the two in children and adolescents. The goals of the two studies were to: (i) explore the concurrent associations between self-reported anxiety symptoms and diurnal variations of sIgA across the day using repeated daily samples of sIgA; and (ii) examine transactional relations between children's anxiety and aggregated total amount of sIgA levels across successive periods from middle childhood (Wave 1; ages 9-12) to early adolescence (Wave 2; ages 12-15), and from early to mid- adolescence (Wave 3; ages 15-18). Concurrent results showed a steeper (positive) rise in diurnal slope of sIgA from awakening to 5 hr post-awakening in children with higher anxiety. Longitudinally, higher levels of total anxiety, and specifically, worries at Wave 1 significantly predicted lower cumulative daily levels of sIgA 3 years later at Wave 2. Lowered sIgA levels at Wave 2 in turn predicted higher anxiety at Wave 3, illustrating a "vicious cycle" feedback loop. These findings broaden our understanding of the developmental links between anxiety symptoms, the immune system, and health.

We examined the changes in salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and the incidence of upper respiratory syndrome (URS) throughout a college cross-country season as well as the acute effect of a VO2max test on SIgA. Subjects were 22 cross country athletes (XC) (20.7±0.3 years) and 23 matched controls (C) (20.4±0.2 years). Saliva samples were collected pre and post VO2max and at four training time points (August – November). Weekly logs indicating S&S of URS from which a total symptom score (TSS) was calculated were collected. There was a significant decrease in SIgA F(1,43)=10.742, p

This study evaluates salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in saliva of children and its correlation to tooth decay severity. Fifty-nine patients were divided into two groups: caries free (A group) and caries active (B group). B group was investigated according to Mount and Monse indices. Mean salivary IgA rate between two groups (A 16.7 &plusmn, 4.5 mg/dL vs. B 21.8 &plusmn, 12.9 mg/dL) was not significant, while IL-6 rate (A 19.02 &plusmn, 5.3 pg/mL vs. B 30.2 &plusmn, 11.8 pg/mL) was statistically different. This study revealed that salivary IL-6 levels were significantly higher in children with active caries when compared with the caries-free group, while the s-IgA rate showed no significant differences between the two groups.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the primarily positive affective state of fattening pigs influences various behavioral and physiological parameters such as the pigs’ playing behavior, way of behaving in behavioral tests, body language signals, or diameter, and astroglia cell numbers of hippocampi, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) content, or salivary protein composition. Additionally, the suitability of the variables mentioned was examined to assess the pigs’ positive affective state in practice, which still constitutes a latent variable not itself measurable. For this, a dataset including behavioral and physiological data of 60 fattening pigs from 3 different farms with different housing systems was analyzed by the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. A hierarchical component model (HCM) was used including the pigs’ positive affective state as a higher-order component (HOC) and the behavioral and physiological parameters as lower-order components (LOC). Playing behavior, body language signals, and behavioral tests were revealed, in this order, to be most influenced by the pigs’ positive affective state since these resulted in the corresponding path coefficients (PC) of PC = 0.83, PC = 0.79, and PC = 0.62, respectively. Additionally moderate and weak R2-values occurred for the endogenous latent variables playing behavior (R2 = 69.8%), body language signals (R2 = 62.7%), and behavioral tests (R2 = 39.5%). Furthermore, the indicator of the “locomotor play” showed the highest indicator reliability (IR) (IR = 0.85) to estimate the latent variable of pigs’ positive affective state. The results of the present study supplement the comprehension and assessment of the pigs’ positive affective state in general.

Submitted by Sylvia Chedid Seidinger (sc.seidinger@unesp.br) on 2019-07-10T21:50:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Sylvia Chedid Seidinger.pdf: 1105270 bytes, checksum: a014e017891aa781b6f044add5744119 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2019-07-11T13:11:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 seidinger_sc_me_prud_par.pdf: 651037 bytes, checksum: 1698ffd9f8c1360f0954c2f3b4f40844 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-11T13:11:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 seidinger_sc_me_prud_par.pdf: 651037 bytes, checksum: 1698ffd9f8c1360f0954c2f3b4f40844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-06-12 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) INTRODUÇÃO: O treinamento no futebol pode ser exigente para os jovens atletas devido ao excesso de cobrança com relação ao seu desempenho físico, técnico-tático e psicológico, o que influenciar o funcionamento dos seus sistemas orgânicos e interferir no seu desempenho. Analisar e interpretar essas alterações pode auxiliar no planejamento e na organização adequada dos treinamentos atenuando o possível declínio do rendimento dos atletas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a resposta da imunoglobulina salivar A (SIgA) e dos hormônios esteroides cortisol e testosterona em duas sessões de treinamento diferentes de jovens futebolistas semiprofissionais. METODOLOGIA: A amostra foi composta por 12 atletas de futebol do sexo masculino e da categoria sub19 de um time semiprofissional da cidade de Presidente Prudente (SP). Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e de composição corporal e coletas salivares para dosagem de cortisol (CS), testosterona (TS) e SIgA. Foram monitoras duas sessões de treinamento: jogo-treino (JT) e uma sessão de treinamento usual da equipe (TT). Foi realizado um JT respeitando as regras do futebol e contra uma equipe que disputaria o mesmo campeonato da equipe avaliada no presente estudo. O TT foi composto por atividades de condicionamento físico, técnicas e táticas específicas do futebol. As coletas salivares foram realizadas antes e após as sessões de treinamento. A saliva coletada foi dosada por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e Kits Salimetrics, seguindo instruções do fabricante. Para o tratamento estatístico foi realizado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e com base nos parâmetros fornecidos foi decidida pela estatística não paramétrica. A apresentação dos resultados referentes à caracterização da amostra foi realizada pela estatística descritiva, com média e desvio padrão. As comparações dos deltas absolutos obtidos após o JT e TT foram realizadas por meio da análise de covariância (ANCOVA), as covariáveis utilizadas no modelo foram pico de velocidade de crescimento e tempo total de treinamento, a qual gerou médias estimadas. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS (versão 22) e a significância estatística estabelecida em 5%. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de TS foram maiores no JT (média = 32,0; IC= 11,3; 52,7), apesar de não haver diferença significativa (p-valor = 0,157), o tamanho do efeito foi considerado moderado (ES-r = 0,097). As concentrações de CS aumentaram no JT (0,8; IC = 0,5; 1,0) e diminuíram no TT (-0,3; IC = -0,5; 1,0) com significância estatística (p-valor = 0,000) e um tamanho de efeito elevado (ES-r = 0,612). A razão testosterona/cortisol (T/C) diminuiu no JT (-1239,8; IC= -2869,3; 389,8) e no TT ela aumentou (1372,6; IC= -257,0; 3002,1), e apesar de não haver diferença significativa (p-valor = 0,087), o tamanho do efeito foi considerado moderado (ES-r = 0,139). As concentrações de SIgAabs foram maiores no TT (3,8; IC = 0,5; 7,0), e apesar de não haver diferença significativa (p-valor = 0,209), o tamanho do efeito foi considerado moderado (ES-r = 0,071). CONCLUSÕES: Um JT pode ser mais exigente para o organismo de atletas semiprofissionais de futebol da categoria sub19, tendo em vista que promoveu elevação do CS, quando comparado a uma sessão de treinamento técnica-tática e de condicionamento físico. INTRODUCTION: Football training can be strenous for young athletes due to the demands in relation to their physical, technical-tactical and psychological performance, which influences the functioning of their organic systems and interferes in their performance. Analyzing and interpreting these changes can optimize the planning and organization of training, improving the performance of athletes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the response of salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and steroid hormones cortisol and testosterone in two different training sessions of young semiprofessional soccer players. METHODS: The sample consisted of 12 male soccer players and the sub 19 category of a semiprofessional team from the city of Presidente Prudente (SP). Anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed and salivary collection for analysis cortisol (CS), testosterone (TS) and SIgA. Two training sessions were analyzed: game-training (JT) and a usual training session of the team (TT). A JT was observed respecting the rules of the soccer and against a team that would dispute the same championship of the evaluated team in the present study. The TT was composed of specific physical conditioning activities, techniques and tactics of soccer. Salivary collections were performed before and after the training sessions. The collected saliva was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Salimetrics kits, following the manufacturer's instructions. For the statistical analysis, the normality test of Shapiro-Wilk was performed and based on the parameters provided it was decided by non-parametric statistics. The presentation of the results regarding the characterization of the sample was performed by descriptive statistics, with mean and standard deviation. The comparisons of the absolute deltas obtained after the JT and TT were performed through the covariance analysis (ANCOVA), the covariables used in the model were growth peak and total training time, and generated estimated means. All statistical analyzes were performed using the software SPSS (version 22) and the statistical significance was 5%. RESULTS: TS concentrations were higher in JT (mean = 32.0; CI = 11.3; 52.7); there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.157), and the effect size was considered moderate ( ES-r = 0.097). The concentrations of CS increased in JT (0.8, CI = 0.5, 1.0) and decreased in TT (-0.3, CI = -0.5, 1.0) with statistical significance (p-value = 0.000) and a high effect size (ES-r = 0.612). The testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) decreased in JT (-1239.8; CI = -2869.3; 389.8) and increased in TT (1372.6; CI = -257.0; 3002.1 ), there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.087), and the effect size was considered moderate (ES-r = 0.139). The concentrations of SIgAabs were higher in TT (3.8, CI = 0.5, 7.0), there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.209), and the effect size was considered moderate (ES-r = 0.071). CONCLUSIONS: A JT may be more stressful for the body of semiprofessional athletes of the sub 19 category, considering that it promoted elevation of CS when compared to a session of technical-tactical training and physical conditioning.

Background: Altitude training has often been conducted just before main competition games in many sports. An increase in the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections due to an altitude-induced suppression of the immune system has been reported after altitude training. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the major immunoglobulin of the mucosal immune system. A suppressive effect of heavy training on SIgA has been reported. However, little is known regarding the effects of repetitive altitude training and hypoxic exposure on SIgA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in SIgA in swimmers undergoing repetitive altitude training at 1,900 m. Methods: Nine collegiate swimmers who experienced their first altitude training experience (FT group) were compared to nine swimmers who experienced repetitive training (RT group) and non-training subjects (Con group). Saliva was collected before ascent and eight times every 2 days during altitude training. SIgA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Compared to the Con group, SIgA levels and the secretion velocity were decreased after ascent and were slowly restored in both the FT and RT groups. The chronological trends in SIgA levels were similar, even though the decline in SIgA levels in the FT group was larger than that in the RT group. Conclusion: Altitude training and experience with altitude training may be one of the factors influencing SIgA. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(8):550-555 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3884

The study aims to explore the effect of positive psychological intervention (fun activities combined with positive mental health education) on the well-being, 2-week illness prevalence, and salivary immunoglobulin A of empty nesters. Ninety-two empty nesters were divided into intervention ( n = 49) and control ( n = 43) groups. The empty nesters in the intervention group performed the intervention in addition to routine community activities. The intervention group scored significantly higher on well-being ( p< .05) compared with the control group after intervention. A week after intervention, salivary immunoglobulin A of the intervention group ( p< .05) was higher than that before intervention. Meanwhile, the difference in salivary immunoglobulin A in the control group before and after intervention was not statistically significant. 2-week illness prevalence in both groups did not exhibit a significant difference ( p> .05). Results indicate that positive psychological intervention can effectively increase the well-being and salivary immunoglobulin A of empty nesters and improve their physical and mental health.

Objectives: this study was aimed at comparing dental stress in children having their first dental visit to those returning for dental treatment using salivary biomarkers of stress including salivary cortisol (s-cortisol), Immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and alpha-amylase (s-α-amylase). Additionally, the study was aimed at monitoring the change in stress in new patients as they progressed from the waiting to the clinical areas. Study design: salivary samples were collected from 40 children who had not been to a dentist before and similar samples were collected from 40 children who were returning for completion of dental treatment. Salivary cortisol, s-IgA and s-α-amylase concentrations were obtained by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: salivary cortisol levels were higher for new patients at the waiting area compared to that at the dental chair (p=0.05). Salivary alpha-amylase significantly increased in new patients while being seated in the dental chair. Returning patients had higher s-α-amylase (p=0.001) and s-IgA (p=0.016) compared to new patients. Returning patients had the lowest level of s-cortisol when providers were faculty pediatric dentists than with students and interns (p=0.035). Conclusions: children coming in for their first dental visit may experience dental stress at the waiting area before being seated for dental examination. Returning children may experience higher levels of stress compared to new child patients possibly due to previous dental exposure.

The purpose of the present study was to examine SIgA responses (concentration [SIgAabs] and a secretion rate [SIgArate]) to official and simulated competitive matches in young soccer players. The sample was composed of 26 male soccer players (age 15.6 ± 1.1 yrs, stature 177.0 ± 6.1 cm, body mass 70.5 ± 5.7 kg). Four soccer matches (two simulated matches [SM] and two official matches [OM]) were conducted. The matches consisted of two halves of 35 min with a 10 min rest interval. Each assessed player participated in only one SM and one OM. All matches were performed in the same week, during the competitive season, and at the same time of the day (9:00 am), separated by 48 h. Saliva samples were collected before and after every match. The session rating of perceived exertion was reported 30 min after each match in order to determine the internal training load (ITL). A significant decrease in SIgAabs and SIgArate after OM was observed when compared to the pre-match value. In addition, the SIgArate was higher at pre-OM when compared to pre-SM. A higher ITL for OM was observed compared to SM. The current findings indicate that OM may lead to a decrease in the main mucosal immunity function parameter of young soccer players that could increase the risk of URTI. Coaches should be aware of it in order to plan appropriate training loads and recovery procedures to avoid or minimize the likelihood of upper respiratory tract infection occurrences.

This study aims to determine the effects of prolonged exercise in the heat (31°C) and cool (18°C) environments on salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) among recreational athletes. Thirteen healthy male participants (age: 20.9 ± 1.3 years old) were recruited and randomised in this cross-over study. In this study, participants performed the exercise trials in the heat environment at 31°C first followed by another exercise trial in the cool environment trial at 18°C or vice versa with one week of recovery period. Physiological parameters (heart rate, body weight changes and oxygen uptake) as well as room temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Cool water (3 ml.kg -1 body weight) was given to the participants at every 20 min during both exercise trials. Saliva samples were collected to calculate the saliva flow rate and analysed for salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentrations and secretion rate. Paired t-test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were performed to analyse the data. The results revealed that saliva flow rate, SIgA concentration, and SIgA secretion rate did not significantly different between exercise trial in the heat and in the cool environments. However, prolonged exercise significantly decreased (p < 0.05) saliva flow rate in both trials with the values return to baseline 1 h post exercise. Salivary IgA concentration and secretion rate were not affected by prolonged running. As a conclusion, SIgA responses did not affected by ambient/room temperature. In addition, prolonged exercise with adequate fluid intake during exercise did not supress SIgA responses thus may not increase infection risk among athletes.

Matsumoto M, Satoh, K, Kushi, H, Hamuro, K, Sakurai, M, Saito, H, Tanaka, R, Saito, T, Kohda, N, and Hamada, K. Salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate during peak period conditioning regimens in triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1389-1396, 2021-Triathletes often feel unwell during the conditioning period (peak period) leading up to a race. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors relevant to the condition of athletes and their impact on mucosal immune responses and the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion rate. This study recruited college student triathletes (33 men and 7 women) who participated in an Olympic distance race. For each subject, the salivary IgA rate was measured continuously for 1 month before the race (peak period). Data on physical activity during the peak period were calculated in metabolic equivalents, and the relationships between these factors and the salivary IgA secretion rate were evaluated. The average amount of physical activity was highest during the 2- to 3-week period before the race, at 744.7 ± 51.5 kcal expended per day. In subjects who, on average, expended more than 1,000 kcal·d-1 in physical activity between 12 and 14 days before the race, the salivary IgA secretion rate was significantly reduced compared with the value at 1 week before the race (p < 0.05). On the day before the race, a further reduction was observed (p < 0.1). The salivary IgA secretion rate was decreased by high-intensity exercise during the peak period in advance of a race; this was associated with a loss of optimal condition just before the race.

It is known that stress and immune systems are related with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the relationship of both systems in the progression of disease is not clearly demonstrated. Hair cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) were quantified in 49 patients with mild, moderate, and severe AD. A significant change was seen in both molecules as AD progressed from mild to moderate and severe. Low levels of cortisol were observed in mild AD patients compared with moderate and severe. However, IgA showed a contrary pattern. High levels were observed in mild AD patientes but low in moderate and severe AD subjects. The secretion of cortisol and IgA seems to be very different at the start compared with posterior development of AD suggesting that neuroinflammation can be involved. Both molecules could be used as possible therapeutical tools. Sin financiación 3.606 JCR (2019) Q2, 101/271 Neurosciences; Q3, 102/195 Cell Biology 1.126 SJR (2019) Q1, 415/2754 Medicine (miscellaneous); Q2, 136/300 Cell Biology; Q3, 48/89 Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience No data IDR 2019 UEV

BACKGROUND: A gap still exists between in vitro and clinical studies concerning the biocompatibility of the material in the oral environment and their potential to cause immunological undesirable side effects. The uses of glass fibres to improve the mechanical properties of acrylic resin denture base polymers are well documented in vitro. AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of denture base reinforcement using light-cured E- glass fibres mesh on the level of salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) in patients wearing complete dentures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen completely edentulous patients, in need of complete dentures, participated in the study. The patients were divided into two groups (n = 7) according to the treatment protocol. In the first group, patients received conventional heat-cured acrylic resin dentures. In the second group, the mandibular dentures were reinforced using light cured resin impregnated E glass fibres mesh. In both groups, salivary samples were collected using passive drool technique. The level IgA was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique at different time intervals. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey`s post-hoc test and independent t-test. The significant level was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Acrylic resin dentures and reinforced ones demonstrated an increase in the mean values of IgA level at the end of the follow-up intervals. And this increase was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Although, the reinforced dentures revealed higher mean values, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, the following could be concluded: (1) the insertion of complete dentures induced changes in the level of IgA; and (2) denture base reinforcement using light cured resin impregnated E-glass fibres mesh had a similar effect to that of heat cured acrylic resin on the level of IgA.

Purpose: To gain an exploratory insight into the relation between training load (TL), salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and upper respiratory tract illness (URI) in elite paratriathletes. Methods: Seven paratriathletes were recruited. Athletes provided weekly saliva samples for the measurement of sIgA over 23 consecutive weeks (February to July) and a further 11 consecutive weeks (November to January). sIgA was compared to individuals’ weekly training duration, external TL, and internal TL, using time spent in predetermined heart-rate zones. Correlations were assessed via regression analyses. URI was quantified via weekly self-report symptom questionnaire. Results: There was a significant negative relation between athletes’ individual weekly training duration and sIgA secretion rate (P = .028), with changes in training duration accounting for 12.7% of the variance (quartiles: 0.2%, 19.2%). There was, however, no significant relation between external or internal TL and sIgA parameters (P ≥ .104). There was no significant difference in sIgA when URI was present or not (101% vs 118% healthy median concentration; P ≥ .225); likewise, there was no difference in sIgA when URI occurred within 2 wk of sampling or not (83% vs 125% healthy median concentration; P ≥ .120). Conclusions: Paratriathletes’ weekly training duration significantly affects sIgA secretion rate, yet the authors did not find a relation between external or internal TL and sIgA parameters. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect any link between sIgA and URI occurrence, which throws into question the potential of using sIgA as a monitoring tool for early detection of illness.

We present results of a case study on effect of humanoid in comparison with voice-only communication on frontal brain activity of elderly adults. Our results indicate that use of humanoid induces an increase in frontal brain activity. Additionally, these results imply an increase in their salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) Antibody, thereby suggesting physical embodiment as a potential health factor in communication with elderly individuals. Such increases in hormonal as well as frontal brain activity, as observed in healthy condition, suggest the potential that physical embodiment can offer to the solution concept of sustaining the process of cognitive decline associated with aging and its consequential diseases such as Alzheimer.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute maximal exercise (VO2max test) on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) responses in adolescent females. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between resting SIgA levels and VO2max, physical activity, body composition, and diet.Fifty healthy female adolescents completed a laboratory-based VO2max test, assessment of body composition via hydrodensitometry, a validated physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-A), and a three-day food diary. Unstimulated saliva was collected before, and 5 and 120 minutes after VO2max testing. Absolute SIgA (µg/mL) concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretion rate of SIgA (µg/min) was calculated by multiplying absolute SIgA concentration by saliva flow rate (SFR, µL/min).A significant increase in absolute SIgA concentration (146.8±59.2 µg/mL) was noted immediately after VO2max testing (P0.05) and returned to pre-exercise levels (120.1±54.1 µg/mL) by 120-min post-exercise (P0.05). No significant VO2max test effects were observed for SIgA secretion rate and SFR (P0.05). VO2max values (41.92±6.36 mL/kg/min) were correlated with body fat percentage (r=-0.59; P0.01), PAQ-A total score (r=0.48; P0.01), and acute changes in absolute SIgA levels (r=0.28; P0.05). No significant associations were observed between dietary measures and resting SIgA levels or SFR (P0.05) except for dietary fiber which correlated with resting absolute SIgA concentration (r=0.29; P0.05).Findings indicate that acute graded maximal exercise results in a transient increase in absolute SIgA concentration and that these changes are associated with individual VO2max values.

Background: Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is an important factor in the oral defense mechanism. SIgA levels in infants have shown to vary widely. Mode of delivery may influence SIgA levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate levels of SIgA in infants at different ages, and to compare it with the mode of delivery. Methodology: The study group consisted of 279 healthy neonates and infants up to the age of 9 months. They were divided according to age: Group I: 6–10 days; Group II: 6–8 weeks; Group III: 6 months, and Group IV: 9 months. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from the floor of the mouth and buccal sulcii by means of sterile polyethylene pipettes. Saliva was collected 1 h after feeding. All salivary samples were collected in disposable sterile vials and transferred suitably to a laboratory for estimation of SIgA level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: There were 146 infants that were delivered by cesarean section and 133 vaginally delivered infants. There was a significant difference in the SIgA levels between vaginal delivery and cesarean section infants (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Mode of delivery appears to have influence on the levels of SIgA in saliva of neonates and infants.

Background A previous study has reported that low-frequency (LF) electroacupuncture (EA) influences salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is known to control the secretion volume of sIgA; however, the effect of high-frequency (HF) EA on salivary sIgA has not been determined. We investigated whether HF EA affects salivary sIgA levels and the ANS. Method Sixteen healthy subjects were randomly classified into two groups: a control group and an EA group. After a 5 min rest, subjects in the EA group received EA at 100 Hz bilaterally at LI4 and LI11 for 15 min before resting for a further 40 min post-stimulation. Subjects in the control group rested for a total of 60 min. Measurements of the ANS and sIgA levels in both groups were made before, immediately after, 20 min after, and 40 min after rest or 15 min EA treatment. HF and LF components of heart rate variability were analysed as markers of ANS function. LF/HF ratio and HF were taken as indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity, respectively. Salivary protein concentrations and sIgA levels were determined by Bradford protein assay and ELISA, respectively. Results LF/HF ratio was significantly increased immediately after EA. HF was significantly increased at 20 min after EA and sIgA level was significantly increased at 40 min after EA. In addition, HF and salivary sIgA level were positively correlated with each another. Conclusions HF EA exerted sequential positive effects on sympathetic nerve activity, parasympathetic nerve activity, and salivary sIgA level (immediately and after 20 and 40 min, respectively). HF EA may increase salivary sIgA levels by influencing parasympathetic nerve activity.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of carrying different magnitudes of load on the changes and relationships of salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and cortisol concentrations and the physiological parameters. Twelve Indian soldiers performed an intense uphill treadmill walking at two speeds viz. 2.5 km h −1 and 4 km h −1 without any load and carrying 10.7 kg, 17 kg and 21.4 kg loads for 36 min. Salivary IgA concentration relative to total protein decreased significantly after each exercise session and cortisol concentration increased concomitantly with physiological variables e.g. heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), minute ventilation (VE) and energy expenditure (EE). An inverse correlation (P −1 carrying 17 kg and 21.4 kg load. The degree and type of physiological and biochemical responses may help in designing combat training, operations and developing preventive strategies of military personnel involving intense exercise. Relevance to industry: Walking with load in incremental uphill terrain is highly stressful and fatiguing. Results of the present study will help in designing training schedules for maintaining the optimal fitness of an individual during uphill walking with loads in different speeds.

Purpose:To examine the response or pre- and postmatch salivary immunoglobulin A concentration ([s-IgA]) to Australian Football League (AFL) match play and investigate the acute and cumulative influence of player workload and postmatch [s-IgA] after repeated participation in AFL match play.Methods:Eleven elite AFL athletes (21.8 ± 2.4 y, 186.9 ± 7.9 cm, 87.4 ± 7.5 kg) were monitored throughout 3 matches during the preseason that were separated by 7 d. Saliva samples were collected across each AFL match at 24 h and 1 h prematch and 1, 12, 36, and 60 h postmatch to determine [s-IgA]. Global positioning systems (GPS) with integrated triaxial accelerometers were used to determine total player workload during match play. Hypothesis testing was conducted for time-dependent changes in [s-IgA] and player load using a repeated-measures ANOVA.Results:Player load during match 3 (1266 ± 124.6 AU) was significantly (P < .01) greater than in match 1 (1096 ± 115.1 AU) and match 2 (1082 ± 90.4 AU). Across match 3, [s-IgA] was significantly (P < .01) suppressed at 2 postmatch measures (12 and 36 h) compared with prematch measures (24 and 1 h), which coincided with significantly (P < .01) elevated player load.Conclusion:The findings indicate that an increase in player load during AFL preseason match play resulted in compromised postmatch mucosal immunological function. Longitudinal assessment of AFL-match player load and mucosal immunological function across the first 60 h of recovery may augment monitoring and preparedness strategies for athletes.

Secretory IgA is the main type of immunoglobulin in saliva and is considered to be the main secretion factor of adaptive immunity in the mouth. Objective: To assess the effect of Anti Retroviral Therapy on SIgA levels in saliva of HIV infected children. Study Design: A cross-sectional sample of 50 HIV infected children aged 6–8 years were divided into 2 groups ; Group 1: children prior to onset of anti-retroviral therapy and Group 2: children undergoing anti-retroviral therapy. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from each child following I hour of breakfast. The samples were placed on ice packs and immediately transferred to a laboratory, processed and total SIgA quantification was estimated using ELISA. Data obtained was statistically analyzed. Results: Among HIV infected children, significantly low SIgA levels of 6.2 mg/dl was seen in children prior to ART. Conclusion: Salivary IgA levels were significantly low in HIV infected children, particularly in children prior to ART.

We assessed the relationship between physiological and psychological measures of workplace stress as measured by the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model, with a seldom studied sample of owner-operator dairy farmers. Dairy farmers (N = 74) self-reported ERI, over-commitment (OC), dedication, and health then provided awakening saliva samples that were used to calculate the salivary alpha amylase awakening response (sAA-AR), cortisol awakening response (CAR), and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level. ERI, OC, and dedication levels were not related with sIgA or the CAR, but more over-committed farmers had a less pronounced sAA-AR. OC was more associated than ERI with the physiological indicators of stress, potentially due to the owner-operator sample used in this investigation. The suitability of sAA as a viable physiological measure of autonomic nervous system activity has been debated, but our findings promote its inclusion in future occupational stress research.