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L’écriture d’un journal personnel, plus encore que d’autres pratiques autobiographiques, est liée à la façon de penser et d’organiser son travail au quotidien. Elle permet de conjurer la hantise du temps perdu et, à travers un regard réflexif sur les journées écoulées, de corriger l’instabilité d’une existence parfois dispersée ou oisive. Les écrivains qui tiennent un journal tentent souvent de ressaisir et de mettre en place les conditions dans lesquelles ils élaborent leurs recherches et leurs ouvrages. Cet article se penche sur le cas célèbre d’Henri-Frédéric Amiel. Il montre comment cet homme de lettres genevois a recouru à l’écriture diaristique pour tenter de rationaliser, parfois jusqu’à l’obsession, non seulement son travail quotidien, mais son rapport à la vie intellectuelle dans son ensemble. Even more than other autobiographical practices, writing a personal journal or diary is a way of thinking and organising one’s daily work. It allows one to ward off the fear of lost time and, through daily reflection, correct the instability of a sometimes scattered or idle existence. Moreover, writers who keep a diary often try to grasp and establish the conditions in which they develop their research and works. This article focuses on the famous case of Henri-Frédéric Amiel. It shows how this Genevan man of letters resorted to diary writing to try to rationalise, sometimes to the point of obsession, not only his daily work but also his relationship to intellectual life as a whole.

Le naturaliste français Charles Saffray a visité la Nouvelle-Grenade (actuelle Colombie) vers le milieu du xixe siècle. Le récit de son voyage à travers le pays andin a été publié pour la première fois dans la célèbre revue Le Tour du Monde entre 1872 et 1873 en plusieurs fascicules, ornés de quelques cartes et plusieurs images, sous le titre de « Voyage à la Nouvelle-Grenade par M. Le Docteur Saffray ». Les observations sur les vestiges, les mœurs et les savoirs médicinaux et botaniques des indigènes sont un trait marquant dans son récit. C’est ce dernier aspect en particulier que nous voudrions aborder dans cet article, dans le but de déceler la manière dont le voyageur français s’est approché du savoir que ces peuples détenaient d’un habitat riche en ressources naturelles. The French naturalist Charles Saffray visited New Granada (now Colombia) in the mid-19th century. This travel writing through the Andean country was first published in the famous magazine Le Tour du Monde between 1872 and 1873 in several instalments decorated with some maps and several pictures, under the title « Voyage à la Nouvelle-Grenade par M. Le Docteur Saffray ». The comments about the vestiges, customs and medicinal and botanical knowledge of the natives are a striking feature in his account. It is this aspect that we would like to address in this article, with the aim of detecting the way in which the French traveller approached the knowledge that these peoples held of a habitat rich in natural resources.

À partir d’une enquête qualitative reposant sur des entretiens menés auprès de 30 administrateurs et 23 directeurs techniques, cet article vise à saisir les modalités et les effets de la diffusion des systèmes d’information numériques (SIN) au sein des organisations théâtrales subventionnées, marquées par un processus de rationalisation. À cette fin, il s’agit d’interroger les diverses façons dont ces cadres, principaux relais des logiques gestionnaires, mettent en œuvre ces outils de gestion, et les effets de ceux-ci sur les pratiques et les relations de travail. L’analyse montre en quoi de tels outils, dont les progiciels de gestion, sont mobilisés à des fins de planification des ressources et de maîtrise des coûts. Ils occupent ainsi une place centrale dans l’activité des directeurs techniques et des administrateurs en leur permettant de contrôler la chaîne de production et de conforter leur légitimité professionnelle. Enfin cet article permet d’appréhender la manière dont ces dispositifs gestionnaires participent à la reconfiguration des formes d’encadrement comme des rapports de pouvoir entre ces cadres. Based on a qualitative survey relying on interviews conducted with 30 administrators and 23 technical directors, this article aims to grasp the modalities and effects of the diffusion of digital information systems within subsidized theatrical organizations, marked by a rationalization process. To this end, it examines the various ways in which these managers, who are the main relays for managerial logic, implement these management tools, and their effects on working practices and relations. The study shows how such tools, including Entreprise Resource Planning packages, are used for resource planning and cost control purposes. They thus occupy a central place in the activity of technical directors and administrators by allowing them to control the production chain and to reinforce their professional legitimacy. Finally, this article allows us to understand the way in which these managerial devices participate in the reconfiguration of the forms of management as well as of the power relationships between these managers.

International audience; Based on a qualitative survey relying on interviews conducted with 30 administrators and 23 technical directors, this article aims to grasp the modalities and effects of the diffusion of digital information systems within subsidized theatrical organizations, marked by a rationalization process. To this end, it examines the various ways in which these managers, who are the main relays for managerial logic, implement these management tools, and their effects on working practices and relations. The study shows how such tools, including Entreprise Resource Planning packages, are used for resource planning and cost control purposes. They thus occupy a central place in the activity of technical directors and administrators by allowing them to control the production chain and to reinforce their professional legitimacy. Finally, this article allows us to understand the way in which these managerial devices participate in the reconfiguration of the forms of management as well as of the power relationships between these managers.; À partir d’une enquête qualitative reposant sur des entretiens menés auprès de 30 administrateurs et 23 directeurs techniques, cet article vise à saisir les modalités et les effets de la diffusion des systèmes d’information numériques (SIN) au sein des organisations théâtrales subventionnées, marquées par un processus de rationalisation. À cette fin, il s’agit d’interroger les diverses façons dont ces cadres, principaux relais des logiques gestionnaires, mettent en œuvre ces outils de gestion, et les effets de ceux-ci sur les pratiques et les relations de travail. L’analyse montre en quoi de tels outils, dont les progiciels de gestion, sont mobilisés à des fins de planification des ressources et de maîtrise les coûts. Ils occupent ainsi une place centrale dans l’activité des directeurs techniques et des administrateurs en leur permettant de contrôler la chaîne de production et de conforter leur légitimité professionnelle. Enfin cet article permet d’appréhender la manière dont ces dispositifs gestionnaires participent à la reconfiguration des formes d’encadrement comme des rapports de pouvoir entre ces cadres.

International audience; Au-delà de ses multiples ruptures esthétiques, l'autorité du théâtre du Soleil repose sur sa capacité à rompre avec différentes dimensions des processus de rationalisation. Cette troupe manifeste une rupture éthique et politique avec le monde social tel qu'il s'impose se manifeste : faible division du travail ; travail permanent ; distance spatiale avec le monde urbain et ses plaisirs ; etc. La troupe rassemble une communauté de virtuoses de l'engagement ascétique au centre de laquelle se situe Ariane Mnouchkine. Cette dernière dispose d'une autorité de type charismatique qui repose sur le caractère exemplaire et extra-ordinaire de ses choix et de ses sacrifices.

International audience; The article analyzes how sectoral boundaries have shifted within the environmental state following the creation of the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable development and its regional directorates (DREAL) between 2007 and 2015. Prompted by politicians during the 2007 presidential campaign, this reform was intended to create an integrated bureaucracy by merging together three public administrations in charge of the Environment, Transport and Industry, in order to increase ministerial transversality in the name of sustainable development. Contrary to an essentialist reading of this reforme, based on archival data and interviews with national and regional senior civil servants, we highlight the existence of competing conceptions of transversality and the weight of bureaucratic and professional issues within the creation of the DREALs. In a context of budgetary restrictions, the effort to introduce more transversality was reoriented by competition and alliances between middle managers from various bureaucratic fiefdoms of the State’s administrative and technical corps. The reform has led to the regrouping of management teams, a unified discourse, and consolidated organigrammes within the DREALs. But it has also allowed professional identities, compartmentalization and the need for internal coordination to persist. The changes observed are limited and do not meet the initial objectives of strong transversality and a fully integrated administration of sustainable development.; L’article analyse un déplacement des frontières sectorielles dans l’État environnemental en suivant la création du ministère de l’Écologie et du Développement durable et de ses directions régionales (DREAL) entre 2007 et 2015. Portée par des acteurs politiques lors de la campagne présidentielle de 2007, la réforme doit faire naître une bureaucratie faisant travailler ensemble les administrations chargées des activités productives à fort impact sur les ressources (Équipement, Industrie) et celles centrées sur les écosystèmes (Environnement) afin d’accroître la transversalité ministérielle au nom du développement durable. À partir de données d’archives et d’entretiens auprès de hauts fonctionnaires nationaux et régionaux, nous montrons, à rebours d’une approche essentialiste, l’existence de conceptions concurrentes de cette transversalité et le poids des enjeux bureaucratiques et professionnels dans la mise en place des DREAL. Dans un contexte de restrictions budgétaires, l’effort pour introduire plus de transversalité est réorienté par des jeux de compétition et d’alliance entre cadres intermédiaires et entre fiefs bureaucratiques des corps techniques de l’État. La réforme conduit à redessiner les organigrammes, regrouper les équipes de direction et unifier leurs discours mais elle laisse persister des identités professionnelles, des cloisonnements et la nécessité de coordinations internes. Les changements observés sont limités et ne répondent pas aux objectifs initiaux d’une transversalité ambitieuse et d’une administration intégrée du développement durable.

Drawing on a critical social-psychological framework for discourse analysis, data from a popular forum for people over 50 were analysed to study how the habitual use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (BZD/Z) is discursively negotiated by Flemish older adults. We present five different repertoires (risk and addiction; alternative pathways; suffering; rationalisation; cessation) that illustrate how a pharmaceutical imaginary of these medications is constructed online and how posters act as reflexive users taking on a health role. Most repertoires emerge from a tacit norm on the undesirability of medication use for sleeping problems. In the alternative pathways and cessation repertoires this norm is implicitly accepted by focussing on how to either prevent or overcome chronic use with various alternative solutions or through tapering off, while the risk and addiction repertoire is used to more openly defend and discursively magnify the idea that medication has to be avoided at all cost. We discuss how this reflects a prevailing imperative of health and ethos of healthicisation of sleep. The rationalisation and suffering repertoires on the other hand challenge this norm by defending medication use. We further explore how these repertoires are used to self-position as either ‘noble non-user’, ‘deserving and/or compliant patient’ or ‘rational user’, reflecting previously found moral positions in offline settings. Our data add another position that has thus far not been discussed extensively with regard to prescription medication use, namely that of a ‘recovered user’. As such, this study shows how this particular online community is a site for contestation of health promotion and medical/pharmaceuticalised discourses on sleep by users and non-users alike and offers a unique insight into how people in the age group that is known to use most BZD/Z discursively negotiate the use of these medications in pseudonymised online interactions.

Employing Bourdieu’s practice theory, this paper explores factors that influence corporate executives’ behaviour towards corporate governance regulation. Drawing insights from a weak institutional environment (Nigeria) and relying on a qualitative research methodology (semi-structured interviews with 31 executives), this research uncovers how nine nuanced situational and cultural field factors determine executives’ regulatory response to the severity of punishment, the certainty of penalties, and the cost–benefit compliance considerations. The study further explains how sequential rationalisation between the severity and certainty of punishment contributes to the regulatory apathy that executives exhibit. Theoretically, this study demonstrates how practice theory components (habitus, capital, and field) blend to establish executives’ regulatory practice.

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Estudios Ingleses. Curso académico 2021-2022, Este ensayo es un análisis de la figura del criminal en los cuentos de Edgar Allan Poe. Estos relatos presentan personajes desequilibrados que representan mejor la imagen de un criminal psicótico. Poe es muy hábil a la hora de infundir un choque emocional en sus crímenes de ficción, permitiendo a los lectores seguir únicamente los pensamientos de un narrador desequilibrado. Los criminales dementes de los relatos de Poe sirven como fuentes de información poco fiables para entender la propia historia. Los lectores no son más que marionetas de los manipuladores narradores, que les obligan a seguir los propios impulsos de los personajes, invirtiendo así el efecto moral de los cuentos de Poe. Poe inculca a algunos de sus criminales un fuerte deseo de cometer un asesinato. Ningún ser humano puede escapar o controlar este deseo porque satisface todos los deseos secretos de los criminales desequilibrados. Lo absurdo de los actos de los criminales representa el vínculo entre el hombre y su propia destrucción. Lo cierto es que muchos de los narradores de los relatos encarnan la caída y la destrucción del hombre. El hombre encuentra su propia deposición al romper con una fuente superior de vida y luz, en última instancia Dios. La identidad de los criminales de Poe está en Dios, pero cuando rechazan al creador para erigirse en creadores y diseñadores de su propia realidad, se convierten en proscritos de la naturaleza y de lo divino., This essay is an analysis of the figure of the criminal in the short stories of Edgar Allan Poe. These stories feature unbalanced characters who best represent the image of a psychotic criminal. Poe is skilled at instilling emotional shock in his fictional crimes, allowing readers to only follow the thoughts of an unbalanced narrator. The insane criminals in Poe's stories serve as untrustworthy sources of information for understanding the story itself. Readers are merely puppets of the manipulative narrators, who force them to follow the characters' own impulses and thus reverse the moral effect of Poe's tales. Poe instills in some of his criminals a strong desire to commit murder. No human being can escape or control this desire because it satisfies all of the unbalanced criminals' secret desires. The preposterousness of the criminals’ acts represents the link between man and his own destruction. The truth is that many of the narrators of the stories embody the downfall and destruction of man. Man finds his own deposition by breaking with a higher source of life and light, ultimately God. Poe’s criminals’ identity is in God, but when they reject the creator to establish themselves as creators and designers of their own reality, they become outlaws of nature and the divine.

La théorie de Simondon sur le renforcement de la cohérence des objets techniques et sur le resserrement des liens entre leurs éléments incite à interroger l’histoire des usines selon cette perspective. Cette problématique est appliquée ici aux usines automobiles, importantes dans l’histoire industrielle du xxe siècle – en particulier celle de Peugeot-Sochaux, encore active après plus d’un siècle. Deux échelles d’observations sont adoptées. L’évolution du travail se caractérise par une tendance longue à la fragmentation des métiers, puis des tâches, au resserrement de l’activité sur l’objet, au transfert de l’intelligence des travailleurs vers les installations. L’évolution de l’organisation de l’usine est plus complexe. L’intégration des fabrications par le rapprochement spatial, par les chaînes et les convoyeurs, puis par les réseaux informatiques, est perturbée par la transformation de l’entreprise et par l’arbitrage incessant entre stratégies discordantes. Simondon’s theory on the tendency of technical objects to constantly reinforce their coherence and to tighten the links between their elements encourages us to question the history of factories from this perspective. This problematic is applied here to automobile plants, which are important in the industrial history of the 20th century, in particular the Peugeot-Sochaux factory, which is still active after more than a century. Two scales of observation are adopted. The evolution of work is characterised by a long-term trend towards the fragmentation first of trades, later of tasks, the tightening of activity on the object, and the transfer of workers’ intelligence to the facilities. The evolution of factory organisation is more complex. The integration of production by spatial approximation, then through lines and conveyors, and then by computer networks, is disrupted by the transformation of the company and by the incessant arbitration between discordant strategies.

Scholars have described how care cannot be completely commodified or withdrawn because it is a disposition anchored in the commitment to the needs of others. This article advances the literature on care ethics and inequality by examining how care workers resist and negotiate the rationalisation of care work. Building on ethnographic fieldwork on auxiliary nurses in Norwegian nursing homes, the study shows that despite care workers facing increasingly rationalised forms of control, they continue to act out of the caring self, which centres on the desire to give meaningful care. However, by addressing how power differences and ethnic stratification between workers influence their strategies of coping and resistance, the findings also illustrate how the most vulnerable care workers respond to rationalisation by providing efficient care – that is, careless care – to their patients. Drawing from alternative perspectives on care work as ambivalent work, the study’s main theoretical contribution is to offer insight into how precarious work contexts may pose a threat to the caring self, especially when inequalities exist between care workers.

The outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the existence of a hospital bed shortage in Italy, as a result of a longstanding trend. The article analyses this process by an international comparison with other Western European countries, highlighting the intensity of hospital bed reduction in Italy, as a fundamental component of NHS rationalisation. Although it was based on solid grounds, international data suggest that hospital bed reduction was probably excessive, depriving the NHS of organisational slack. Moreover, de-hospitalisation would have been matched with a stronger development of primary and community care. The relative shortage of these services, along with the lack of integrated networks between hospital and non-hospital care, explains many difficulties experienced by hospitals in tackling Covid patients. Beyond investments in health care, these elements call to re-think the organisation of health care provision at local level, questioning the purchaser-provider split.

Este capítulo se centra en la manera en que las representaciones ideológicamente modeladas sirven para naturalizar el carácter arbitrario del orden social. En él se muestra cómo la construcción de un jardín del siglo dieciocho empleaba una serie de medios para este fin. A través del uso de citas clásicas y del desarrollo de una determinada concepción de precedentes con asociaciones jurídicas, el jardín representa una determinada racionalización del tiempo, lo que además niega su propia naturaleza transitoria. Su geometría y óptica, ejemplificadas en su uso de la perspectiva, sirven a una racionalización controlada del espacio. En conjunto, el jardín no sólo funciona como una representación, sino que además opera como un instrumento para la observación atenta y experimental y de control de la naturaleza. El jardín, así como la forma segmentada y ordenada de la arquitectura Georgiana, se pueden relacionar con las contradicciones de una sociedad que proclamaba la libertad y la independencia, al tiempo que mantenía un sistema de esclavitud. El jardín salvaje deliberadamente planeado ejemplifica especialmente dichas contradicciones.

Between 1925 and 1935, several private firms capable of constructing warships, or parts thereof, collapsed, merged or were partly or fully ‘sterilised’ against any return to shipbuilding during a period of ‘rationalisation’ to reduce perceived overcapacity relative to demand in British shipbuilding. Thereafter, rearmament had the opposite effect upon industry; lack of capacity in some key areas created almost unprecedented demand, and led eventually to uncontrolled price collusion and profits, particularly on warship contracts. An investigation into profiteering was undertaken in 1943, which embarrassed the remaining builders and their principal contractors. This article establishes that the Admiralty had allowed a form of price-fixing at taxpayers’ expense to proliferate for some time, a largely unknown episode that spanned the years of disarmament and rearmament. Further, it explains how and why collusion occurred when it did, and discusses the catalytic role of shipyard rationalisation. Finally, we conclude by suggesting reasons for such loose Admiralty control of warship costs during rearmament.

Peer reviewed: True, Funder: Public Health England and the UK Food Standards Agency, The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme (NDNS RP) commenced in 2008 and moved in 2019 from a traditional paper food diary to a web-based 24 h recall, Intake24. This paper describes the approach to update and downsize the underlying UK Nutrient Databank (NDB) for efficient data management and integration into Intake24. Consumption data from the first 10 years (2008/2009 to 2017/2018) of NDNS RP informed decisions on whether foods from the extensive UK NDB were to be retained, excluded, revised or added to for creation of a rationalised NDB. Overall, 5933 food codes in the extensive NDB were reduced to 2481 food codes in the rationalised NDB. Impact on assessment of nutrient intakes was evaluated by re-coding NDNS 2017 data using the rationalised NDB. Small differences were observed between estimated intakes (Cohen's d ≤ 0.1) for all nutrients and there was a good level of agreement (Cohen's κ ≥ 0.6) between the extensive and rationalised NDBs. The evaluation provides confidence in dietary intake estimates for ongoing nutritional surveillance in the UK and strengthens the evidence of a good agreement between concise food databases and large food databases incorporated into web-based 24 h recalls for estimating nutrient intakes at the population level.

L’industrie automobile japonaise est entrée depuis 1985 dans une phase de restructuration accélérée. La délocalisation d’une partie de sa production sur ses principaux marchés d’exportation, ainsi que la rationalisation du système productif engagée au Japon-même, tendent à définir les nouvelles bases mondiales d’un cartel monopolistique en accord/concurrence avec l’industrie américaine. Le processus d’internationalisation s’étend aux équipementiers ; à terme, l’ensemble du système automobile intégrera les répercussions de la standardisation des pièces. Pour l’heure, les firmes délocalisées adaptent leur gestion à un environnement qu’il leur faut apprendre à maîtriser.

Introduction: Malgré les nombreuses interventions menées pour éradiquer le paludisme, les prévalences des infections restent importantes au Cameroun en partie due à l’utilisation irrationnelle des combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d’artémisinine (CTA). L‘objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’usage des CTA dans le traitement du paludisme simple.Matériel et méthodes: Entre février 2020 et mars 2020, une étude transversale a été conduite à l’hôpital de district de Nylon et au Centre médical d’arrondissement d’Oyack dans la ville de Douala. Des questionnaires ont été administrés aux prescripteurs et aux patients venus en consultation pour fièvre. Les variables mesurées étaient le niveau de connaissances des CTA, les antipaludiques prescrits et les bases paracliniques du diagnostic. Les données ont été décrites en utilisant le logiciel Microsoft Office Excel 2016.Résultats: Tous les prescripteurs (12/12) connaissaient l’algorithme de prise en charge (PEC) du paludisme simple. Près de 58% avaient effectué des formations sur la PEC du paludisme, les structures sanitaires (41,7%) étaient les principaux canaux de formation. Les CTA les plus citées étaient la dihydroartémisinine+pipéraquine, l’artéméther+luméfantrine et l’artésunate+amodiaquine respectivement chez 100%, 83,3% et 83,3% des prescripteurs. Ils représentaient respectivement 87,5% et 81,4% des prescriptions en première et en seconde intention. La moitié des prescripteurs disaient attendre les résultats du test de diagnostic rapide avant la mise sous traitement et 25% attendaient ceux de la goutte épaisse. Sur les 68% (67/99) des patients présentant de la fièvre et mis sous traitement, 33% avaient eu un test positif. Une adéquation avec le traitement a été trouvée chez la presque totalité des patients (21/22) et la prescription était rationnelle chez 1 patient sur 6 (17,2%).Conclusion: Les résultats suggèrent un très faible pourcentage de rationalisation. Une meilleure sensibilisation des prescripteurs sur la nécessité d’un test de diagnostic avant la mise sous traitement est nécessaire. Mots-clés: paludisme, rationalisation, Nylon, CTA Introduction: Despite the many interventions carried out by national policies to eradicate malaria, the prevalence of infections remains high; due to the irrational use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ACTs in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Materials and Methods: Between February 2020 and March 2020 we carried out a cross-sectional study at Nylon District Hospital and Oyack District Medical Centre in the city of Douala. Questionnaires were administered to prescribers and patients attended these health facilities for fever consultations. The variables measured were the level of knowledge of ACTs, the antimalarial drugs prescribed, and the paraclinical basis of diagnosis. The data were described with Microsoft Office Excel 2016. Results: All the prescribers (12/12) knew the algorithm for the management of simple malaria. Nearly 58% of them had received training on malaria management, with health facilities (41.7%) being the main training channels. The most frequently cited CTA were dihydroartemisinine+piperaquine, artemether+lumefantrine and artesunate+amodiaquine in 100%, 83.3% and 83.3% of prescribers. ACTs represented respectively 87.5% and 81.4% of prescriptions in first-line and second-line treatment. Half of the prescribers said they were waiting for the results of the rapid diagnostic test before starting treatment and 25% were waiting microscopy results Among the 68% (67/99) with fever who started treatment, 33% had a positive diagnostic test. Adequacy with the treatment was found in almost all patients (21/22) and prescribing was rational in 1 patient in 6 (17.2%). Conclusion: The results suggest a very low percentage of rationalization. There is a need to increase awareness among prescribers about the need for a diagnostic test before starting treatment. Keywords: Malaria, Rationalization, Nylon, ACT

This study sought an insightful understanding of the effects of social meritocratic capital—an inevitable phenomenon/mechanism whereby individuals receive social recognition, respect, and other benefits due to their monetary achievement—on Southeast Asian migrant workers’ behaviours and their ingrained perceptions through investigating their life stories and inner voices reflecting the factors inducing them to participate in the prostitution world. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was employed to scrutinise the qualitative data collected from a series of in-depth interviews with four Southeast Asian migrant women in Taiwan. This study led to the following conclusions: (1) These migrant workers moved overseas due to their pure and simple intention of pursuing better lives for themselves and their family; (2) The internal factors (family reputation and wellbeing) and external ones (unexpected events and a meritocratic society) simultaneously pulled and pushed them, eventually turning them out of their normal careers; (3) They were stuck in the very depths of an extravagant but vicious world by the shock, even attraction, of “big money” characterising a meritocratic capitalist order; and (4) Innocence and ‘purity’ get lost easily, even unconsciously, in the social context of meritocratic capitalism and wishful rationalisation of questionable behaviours, flouting convention and morality, with self-sacrifice and compensation, and self-rationalisation.

The analysis of factors and actors that lead to the increasing medicalisation of common mental health issues is generally focused on the healthcare system (the medical profession, in particular) or other related fields (the pharmaceutical industry, the media, or governments, among others). In this article, I in turn examine how and which processes in a society as a whole might drive to unpleasant emotions of everyday life being managed through medical and, particularly, pharmaceutical solutions, rather than employing other resources. Using reflexive thematic analysis and drawing upon Elias’s process sociology, I present the analysis of 21 in-depth interviews with healthcare providers and users of services who are or have been treated for depression or anxiety disorders in Spain. It is concluded that the trends of scientisation and individualisation, coupled with demands for emotional self-control, enable the growing medicalisation of emotions. Professional help seeking represents rationalisation, whereas suffering unpleasant (yet non-disordered) emotions is viewed as irrational.

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) presents many opportunities and challenges in a digitised world of work. This paper draws on a systematic literature review of recent research published by accounting professional bodies outlining the impact of digital technologies on the accounting profession. By taking advantage of this work this study critically assesses the types of skills and personal qualities that graduates as future accountants will need and explores the implications for accounting education and university curricula. The analysis reveals that necessary skills for future accountants may be summarised into four categories: a) Ethical skills; b) Digital skills; c) Business skills; and d) Soft skills. The analysis reveals ‘adaptability’ and ‘lifelong approach to CPD’ as the two essential personal qualities for future accountants. The practical implications for university accounting education are summarised in a proposed conceptual framework. The proposed conceptual framework: 1) acts as a roadmap for universities to align their accounting curricula with the developments in professional body syllabi; 2) helps university accounting education teachers to update, enrich, and refocus their teaching and learning approach to the requirements of the 4IR; and 3) promotes the coordination and rationalisation of the skills and personal qualities currently pursued by employability agendas at university, course, and module levels.

In high demand among collectors worldwide, the art of expressionist painter Edvard Munch has been the object of numerous criminal incidents. This article examines to what extent these crimes have had any regulatory effect on contemporary trade in Munch’s work and what precautionary measures Norwegian dealers take to prevent illicit art from entering the market. Consistent with a grey market paradigm, interviews with art dealers indicate that the trade in Munch has become tainted with risk due to the presence of many unprovenanced works in the market, yet most art dealers have narrow, preconceived ideas of the ‘typical’ art crime offender. Interested parties would not expect questions of provenance to be answered, so they do not ask, and social relationships are used to excuse a lack of due diligence, conveniently allowing the industry to thrive.

Réceptacle de nombreuses croyances, le corps est perçu en Occident médiéval comme un « mode d’expression extérieur (foris) des mouvements intérieurs (intus) et invisibles de l’âme, des états psychiques, des émotions et de la pensée elle-même ». De ce fait, il occupera une place singulière dans les procédures criminelles, comme le montre l’ordalie du cercueil ou cruentatio. À partir du XIIIe siècle, il n’est en effet pas rare d’interroger la dépouille de la victime, afin de découvrir l’identité du meurtrier : selon la croyance populaire, le corps, animé par l’âme criant vengeance, se mettrait à saigner en présence du coupable. Le cadavre revêt dès lors une dimension sociale, juridique et fait la liaison entre l’ici-bas et l’au-delà. Malgré le mouvement de rationalisation touchant l’ensemble de l’Occident et le déclin progressif des ordalies, des témoignages mettent en évidence une survivance de la cruentatio au moins jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle. Cet appel au cadavre va perdre au fur et à mesure sa dimension providentielle pour constituer un élément probatoire dans les procédures judiciaires. Cette pratique, brouillant les frontières entre mystère et science, nous permettra de nous intéresser à la fonction du cadavre dans le procès : dévoiler une vérité tant révélée que raisonnée. In the medieval West, the human body, as a vessel of many believes, represents an “external mode of expression (foris) for the internal and invisible movements (intus) of the soul, the psychic states, the emotions and the mind itself”. It will thus play a prominent role in the criminal proceedings, as reflected by the ordeal of the coffin or cruentatio. From the thirteenth century, it is indeed pretty common to question the body of the victim in order to find out the murderer. According to a popular belief, the soul calling for vengeance could make bleed out the corpse in the presence of its perpetrator. Between this world and the Hereafter, the corpse acquires a social and a juridical dimension. Despite a movement of rationalism and the progressive decline of ordeals, the cruentation has continued to be used until at least the eighteenth century. This corpse call has progressively lost its providential dimension and has become a piece of evidence in the judicial proceedings. Through this ritual, blurring the boundary between mystery and science, this paper will focus on the evolving function of the corpse in the trial: discovering the truth both revealed and reasoned.

The article examines how the new public management has transformed the organizations and actors of home care, from a socio-historical analysis of the sector. Starting from the evaluative system put in place, it proposes to study the current changes. The use of data from institutional literature and qualitative surveys reveals a redefinition of the concrete work carried out by the workers. This redefinition is part of an industrial rationalization, radically different from the professional rationalization at the base of the socio-historical consolidation and formalization of the sector.; El artículo examina cómo la nueva gestión pública ha transformado las organizaciones y los actores de la ayuda a domicilio, a partir de un análisis socio-histórico del sector. Se propone estudiar los cambios implementados, a partir del método de evaluación establecido. La explotación de los datos de la literatura institucional y de encuestas cualitativas muestra una recalificación del trabajo concreto realizado por las trabajadoras. Esta recalificación se inscribe en el marco de una racionalización industrial, radicalmente diferente de la racionalización profesional que constituyó la base de la consolidación y de la formalización socio-históricas del sector.; L’article examine comment la nouvelle gestion publique a transformé les organisations et les acteurs de l’aide à domicile à partir d’une analyse socio-historique du secteur. Il propose, à partir du régime évaluatif mis en place, d’étudier les changements à l’oeuvre. L’exploitation des données, issues de la littérature institutionnelle et d’enquêtes qualitatives, révèle une requalification du travail concret réalisé par les intervenantes. Cette requalification s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une rationalisation industrielle, radicalement différente de la rationalisation professionnelle à la base de la consolidation et formalisation socio-historiques du secteur.

The article explores the cultural significance of the haunted house formula in contemporary fiction and film. These narratives involve the fictive staging of a reversion to modes of thought and feeling which are integral to the experience of meaning, but repressed within core institutional arenas of the modern world. Latour, Lévy-Bruhl, Habermas and Bacon are drawn on to theorise the peculiarly modern severance between knowledge and meaning which these narratives transgress. Through a deliberate invocation of liminality, the haunted house formula enacts a kind of transcendence in which the modern ‘self in a case’ (Elias, 1978) is dissolved and individuals are restored to a condition of participation in their surroundings characteristic of older patterns of belief. Such participatory and existential modes of experience – simultaneously fascinating and terrifying – are particularly associated with the private sphere of the home, which has served as a refuge from rationalisation in modern societies; hence the centrality of domestic space in the haunted house formula.

Comme effet secondaire de la pandémie actuelle, nous nous trouvons à vivre une crise de l’approche rationnelle au monde. La recherche effrénée d’une solution pour sortir du confinement forcé, et l’amputation de toutes les formes caractéristiques de socialité qui en découlent, engendrent de nouvelles formes de marginalité et d’exclusion sociale. En outre, la surexposition médiatique de chercheurs et d’experts jusqu’alors inconnus rendent le phénomène pandémique très semblable à une série de représentations au contenu magique, démontrant toutes les faiblesses du discours scientifique, remplacé par une suite de prédictions monotones qui, sans trouver une solution réelle, reviennent toujours au même point de départ. As a side effect of the current pandemic, we find ourselves in a crisis of rational approach to the world. The unbridled search for a solution to escape from forced lockdown, and the amputation of all the characteristic forms of sociality that result from it, generate new forms of marginality and social exclusion. Moreover, the overexposure of researchers and experts in the media hitherto unknown makes the pandemic phenomenon very similar to a series of representations with magical content, demonstrating all the weaknesses of the scientific discourse, replaced by a series of monotonous predictions that always return to the same starting point.

De l’après-guerre à nos jours, l’élevage français a connu une double évolution en apparence contradictoire, entre un processus de rationalisation technoscientifique de la production de protéines animales et un mouvement de patrimonialisation des races, des paysages et des productions. Cette évolution, concomitante de profondes mutations sociétales touchant à la question animale, a représenté un défi majeur pour le droit, confronté à la nécessité d’accompagner des dynamiques normatives antagoniques. C’est à éclairer ce processus historique complexe que cet article est consacré. From the post-war years to nowadays, the French livestock farming system has evolved in two apparently contradictory directions : a process of techno-scientific rationalisation on the one hand, and a movement of transformation of animal races, pastoral landscapes and livestock products into heritage on the other hand. This evolution, strongly challenged by societal mutations regarding animal issues, has confronted the French Law with the necessity of according antagonistic normative dynamics. This paper aims at highlighting this complex historical process.

This article examines the role of a politics of diversity in local strategies to respond to economic and demographic stagnation in regional Australia. In a context of a market-driven migration agen...

Purpose: The current study aimed to test the impact of two religious months on the return behaviour of the gold market in Pakistan under informational efficiency hypothesis i.e. to empirically test the semi-strong form of EMH in gold market for religious calendar anomaly. Methodology: Weekly gold prices in rupees per one gram that prevailed in Pakistan for the period January 2007 till December 2015 were selected, summing up to 468 observations. Data was taken from World Gold Council and the Bullion-rate database. Event methodology was employed for capturing and analyzing the pre and post event reactions by calculating abnormal returns. Furthermore, average security return variability was employed for robustness check. Main Findings: Opposing results were achieved for both the lunar calendar occurrences where the gold market is inefficient for the month of Ramazan but is found efficient in Muharram's case concluding into mixed evidence and findings. Implications/Applications: The contribution of this study differs from previous gold studies in two aspects; first the research investigated the effect of Ramazan and Muharram as Islamic calendar events, and second is that gold market prices of Pakistan that had not been examined earlier. So this study is adding to the literature in the sense of examining the new relationship in Pakistan. Novelty/Originality of this study: Extensive literature can be found about the global gold market that tested the weak form efficiency, but empirical evidence related to the semi-strong form efficiency of the gold market in Pakistan is not available neither the calendar anomaly related to the gold market is available. The dynamics of this very highly valuable and volatile asset market require investigation of such type.

An exploration of the connections between law, science, and truth, this paper argues that ‘truth’ is an evolving, rather than fixed, concept. It is a human creation, and the processes, or standards, by which it has been evaluated have changed over time. Currently knowledge production is anchored in the natural sciences but reproduced and validated by philosophical rationalisation. There are two problems with this technique of knowledge verification (or ‘veridiction’). First, the natural sciences are not, in fact, practiced according to their ideal forms; and second, the Queen of Sciences, physics, underwent two fundamental paradigm shifts in the early nineteenth century. General relativity and quantum theory entered the scene, sending ripples throughout science, and the social sciences. These changes too have been slowly absorbed by philosophy, giving rise in part to the postmodernist and deconstructivist movements. I chart this gradual evolution of truth and knowledge production in physics and in law and analyse the resistance it has faced from both classical law and classical physics. Finally I argue that this resistance could be overcome, if legal theory, and especially legal positivism, would embrace a more accurate and up-to-date understanding of the science it purports to examine and emulate.

Populism might be a threat to parliamentary democracy but does not automatically signal its demise. First, not all populist parties seek illiberal goals. Second, in Europe most populist parties entering governments have done so as coalitions with mainstream parties. Yet, almost all populists, including the non-extremist and ‘integrated’ ones, call for more efficient governance. We assume that once in the executive, that objective will also manifest itself in the rationalisation of law-making in legislatures. By applying a more assertive strategy and exploiting existing rules, cabinets will attempt to streamline their legislative agendas. We test this theoretical framework on empirical evidence from the Czech Chamber of Deputies, which can serve as prototypical case. Since 2010, three coalition governments have ruled. In the last two, the influence of populist parties (represented by ANO under the leadership of Andrej Babiš) gradually increased. By tracking the legislative performance of cabinets in the Chamber, we found that executives with a populist presence actually fared worse than their non-populist predecessor (baseline) in almost all proceedings and outcomes of law-making. The bills submitted by the last government, where ANO dominated, even suffered the most. Contrary to our assumption, a strategy of rationalisation has therefore not succeeded. The findings open interesting questions about how effective cabinets with populists are in law-making in parliaments, and about the future of legislatures as resilient safeguards against the populist challenge.

This article considers the issue of rationalising of the English language idioms, phrasal verbs and collocations teaching, which is one of the most relevant fields in modern linguodidactics. The aim of the study is to identify the main methods of rationalisation available to the teacher in the field. We used the following methods: observation, experiment, data description and their analysis. As a result, we presented the history of the issue in Russian linguodidactics and lexicography, reviewed and analysed both theoretical and educational literature on the issue under study. The conclusions were made about the efficient ways to combine electronic resources with traditional printed materials, selective support in the native language, careful and finely attuned material selection, concentric presentation and consistent consolidation of the studied material based on students' majors as well as their individual character traits and native language. All this will combine to suggest the appropriate approach to the issue we are investigating.

This study shows that the production of industrial and commercial waste should form part of normal organisational practices. When asked about waste prevention, representatives of food, textile, electronics and construction companies in Sweden have difficulties highlighting concrete waste-prevention objectives, measures and outcomes. Instead, they highlight economic, technical, and organisational barriers that prevent them from engaging in waste prevention, thereby endowing the production of waste with an economic, technical and organisational rationality. This triple rationalisation of waste production amounts to the managerial normalisation of waste that obstructs the implementation of waste prevention policies. Thus, we suggest that these policies aim to de-normalise industrial and commercial waste in similar ways to the measures used to de-normalise household waste.

Public transport routes (especially urban bus routes) may become tedious and lengthy due to undesired deviations from the target destination directions. This makes public transport less attractive compared to other modes. Optimization of bus route layouts (under the name of rationalisation) ought to concentrate on, primarily, the quantification of the shape (geometric) features of these routes. The present paper has therefore developed a numerical method for measuring the benefits of improving these route layouts. Using the method developed, over one million public transport journeys on 1242 bus lines in Istanbul Metropolitan City have been analysed. For each bus route, rationality values have been calculated and geocoded on GIS to produce a “digital rationality map” of the whole city. In addition, to be able to see the rationality changes by region, the map has been broken into municipal districts. As a result, particularly irrational bus routes were easily identified. The findings have already been taken on board by the National Research Council for immediate consideration of potential improvements and further research directions.

The broad objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of rationalisation red flags as prescribed by SAS.99 in relation to the fraud triangle on the likelihood of fraud detection in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the effects of rationalisation red flags proxies: quality of earnings; and effective cash tax rate on the likelihood of fraud detection in Nigeria. This study used secondary data sourced from audited annual reports of quoted companies in the Nigeria Stock Exchange and a sample size of sixty-five (65) companies were used for a six-year period of 2009-2014. The variables were derived by making necessary computations using information reflected on the face of financial statements to derive our figures not explicitly stated on the face of the financial statements. The probit regression estimation analyses on the pooled data shows that Rationalization red flags such as quality of earnings and effective cash tax rate on the average cannot aid the likelihood of fraud detection in Nigeria. It is however recommended that forensic accountants should as a matter of necessity pay close attention to our findings in this study and make use of SAS.99 qualitative and quantitative proxies red flags when carrying fraud examination.

Securing land rights and the rationalisation of the debate on formalisation of land rights through titling have been the focus of many scholars for some time now. At least, there is consensus among most scholars that land registration is one of the ways of addressing these issues and that current land registration system in most developing countries needs reforms. This paper examines the design and implementation processes of land registration reforms in Ghana. Using the Greater Accra Regional Lands Commission as a case study and institutional design theories, the article analysed how land registration reforms were design and implemented. The paper shows that the design strategies for the reforms were harmonisation of policies and laws and organisation restructuring at the organisational and process levels, but staff resistance to change led to implementation flaws. The paper recommends that institution design of land registration reforms must be combined with the theory of change where all staff are taken through the new organisation’s work ethics and attitudinal change processes adequately.

Contemporary thinkers are pessimistic about the endurance of transnational communities. The deviant case of the century-and-a-half-old transnational Esperanto community features a process that can explain transnational community survival: rationalization. Rationalization manifests in Esperantists reproducing a form of community logic integrating symbols, principles (justifications, values, etc.), communication practices and technologies, and organization centered on the Esperanto language. The Esperanto language and community logic enable unifying Esperanto activities across space and time. The Esperanto case suggests that community rationalization and language rationalization – an element thereof – are global phenomena integral to modernity. Having affected communities and language too, rationalization as a global process appears to be more extensive than previously suggested. Transnational communities can endure as manifestations of a global community institutional order organizing social life alongside but largely independently of nation-states, science, professions, and religion.

O presente artigo expõe os principais resultados da pesquisa de doutoramento em ciências da educação, especialização em sociologia da educação e políticas educativas. Ancorada numa abordagem qualitativa, a investigação se desenvolveu através do estudo de caso de duas escolas públicas brasileiras e um agrupamento de escolas em Portugal. O objetivo da pesquisa pautou-se em analisar os limites da participação democrática através da presença do discurso da qualidade em educação. Para além da vasta análise documental, realizaram-se entrevistas e inquéritos por questionário aos/às professores/as e gestores/as das escolas tomadas como estudo de caso com o objetivo de explorar suas relações com o discurso da qualidade e as interferências nas possibilidades de participação democrática das escolas. Os resultados apontam para uma intensa influência das resoluções dos poderes públicos do Brasil e de Portugal, sob a égide do discurso da qualidade, no processo de racionalização e burocratização da vida escolar. As escolas apresentam investidas para a garantia de qualidade em educação que, com efeito, imputam à docência e à escola um ritmo industrial de trabalho, aprofundando a limitação da participação democrática nos rumos da escola, prevalecendo a escola para o trabalho de execução de tarefas e alcance de resultados de qualidade., The present article exposes the main results of the doctoral research developed within the educational sciences, specifically in the area of sociology of education and educational policies. Based on the qualitative research context, the investigation was developed through a case study of two Brazilian state schools and a school cluster located in Portugal with the aim of analyzing the limits of democratic participation through the presence of the discourse of quality in education. In addition to the extensive documentary analysis, interviews and questionnaire surveys were carried out with teachers and principals, taken as a case study, with the aim of exploring their relationship with the discourse of quality and the interference in the possibilities of democratic participation of schools. The results point to an intense influence of the resolutions of the public authorities of Brazil and Portugal, under the aegis of the quality discourse, in the process of rationalization and bureaucratization of school life. Schools have invested in quality in education that, in effect, attribute to teaching and school an industrial rhythm of work, deepening the limitation of democratic participation in the course of the school, prevailing the school for the work of performing tasks and achieving quality results., L’article présente les principaux résultats de la recherche doctorale en sciences de l’éduca‑ tion, spécialisation en sociologie de l’éducation et des politiques éducatives. Ancrée dans une approche qualitative, l’enquête a été développée à travers l’étude de cas de deux écoles publiques brésiliennes et un school cluster au Portugal. L’objectif était basé sur l’analyse des limites de la participation démo‑ cratique à travers la présence du discours de la qualité dans l’éducation. En plus de l’analyse docu‑ mentaire approfondie, des entretiens et des enquêtes par questionnaire ont été menés auprès d’en‑ seignants et de directeurs d’école, pris comme étude de cas, dans le but d’explorer leur relation avec le discours de la qualité et son interférence dans les possibilités de participation démocratique des écoles. Les résultats indiquent une influence intense des résolutions des autorités publiques du Brésil et du Portugal, sous l’égide du discours de la qualité, dans le processus de rationalisation et de bureaucratisation de la vie scolaire. Les écoles présentent des tentatives d’assurer la qualité de l’édu‑ cation qui, en effet, imposent à l’enseignement et à l’école un rythme de travail industriel approfondissant la limitation de la participation démocratique, prévalant l’école pour le travail d’exécution des tâches et de l’obtention de résultats de qualité., Trabalho financiado pelo CIEd – Centro de Investigação em Educação, Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, projetos UIDB/01661/2020 e UIDP/01661/2020, através de fundos nacionais da FCT/MCTES-PT.

Universities UK (UUK) has suggested that there may be very significant losses to higher education as a consequence of Covid‐19. However, losses are likely to be substantially lower than the potential losses estimated by UUK. But the magnitude of losses is very uncertain. The UUK’s proposal to restrict undergraduate enrolment per university to stop institutions poaching students is not in the interests of the most highly regarded universities, or that of students. Some rationalisation of the sector should be the price of further government support. Now is also the time to reconsider how university research is funded.

The term »loss« should be distinguished from the term »waste« commonly used by forestry practitioners to indicate the difference between gross volume (planned production based on official tariffs) and net volume (produced timber volume) of trees. Volume loss in round wood refers to the difference between the actual volume of round wood and the volume determined based on the prescribed method of measurement and calculation. As a result of prescribed scaling methods and calculations, volume losses appear due to 1) used volume equations, 2) prescribed method of measurement (i.e. measurements of length and mid-length diameter) and 3) deduction of double bark thickness. In Croatia, round wood is cross-cut and transported with bark, while logs are measured and sold without bark. In this way, the bark is an unnecessary ballast in production, but has many possible applications such as energy source, in the production of wooden boards in construction, in nurseries and horticulture, etc. The research was conducted on 225 butt-logs of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) ranging in diameter classes from 27.5 cm to 67.5 cm from even-aged forests in the central part of Croatia. Deduction of double bark thickness caused a higher average loss in the volume when using Huber’s equation at 14% and when using Riecke-Newton’s equation at 13.5%. In both volume estimation methods, the loss due to double bark thickness was slightly reduced exponentially as the diameter of but-logs increased. The determined dependence of the bark thickness on diameter of butt-logs over bark indicates the need for correction of the bark deduction tables that are in operational use in Croatian forestry and are provided by trading practices, and since they are not the result of scientific research, they lead to unfair payment between sellers and buyers of round wood. Comparison analysis of the simulation of butt-logs indicated that the introduction of Riecke-Newton’s equation for estimating the volume of commercially important assortments in Croatian forestry is justified. The use of Riecke-Newton’s equation in these terms leads on average to a 6.6% higher volume of butt-logs than the use of Huber’s equation for estimating the volume of assortments.

This paper connects two seemingly distinct categories of subjects—Indigenous people and asylum seekers and refugees—of the Australian state. In our analysis, Indigenous people and refugees and asylum seekers remain disparate subjects that are yet connected through the violent operations of the Australian biopolitical settler state and its ‘liberal art of government’, premised in Foucauldian terms, on the ‘interplay of freedom and security’. The biopolitical caesura upon which citizenship is predicated enables the rationalisation of the violence that is exercised by the liberal state in order to exclude those subjects deemed as ‘enemies of the state’ and as threats to the health, wealth, freedom and security of its citizens. We examine the operations of this biopolitical caesura in the context of the Australian settler-colonial state and its tradition of liberal governance in order to bring into focus both its racialised dimensions—what we term its white racial logic—and its ongoing violent effects on both Indigenous people and asylum seekers and refugees.

This paper explores how changes in Australia’s grain industry supply chains are likely to impact on the nature and profitability of an Australian farmer’s grain harvest logistics. A simulation model is used to show how receival site rationalisation, cheaper on‐farm storage, larger trucks, higher‐yielding crops and new harvest technologies, separately and in combination, affect the nature and profitability of a farmer’s grain harvest logistics. Applying the model to a typical Australian grain farm shows that many of these changes unambiguously advantage the farm business, and often, the combination of these changes increases a farmer’s harvest profits by at least 10 per cent. For many farmers, the task of efficiently designing and managing harvest logistics will be an increasingly difficult yet important series of choices due to the range of storage options, grain pathways, crop portfolios and market opportunities that are arising. A farmer’s decisions about cost‐effective on‐farm storage and transport, and their judicious use, will be a key contributor to additional profit in future years.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data arenot publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

The aim of this study was to implement the Robson Ten Groups Classification System (RTGCS) to identify the main contributors to the caesarean section (CS) rate and to evaluate whether the introduction of a plan of obstetrical interventions reduced this rate. An observational retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted during two time periods at Alicante University General Hospital. In the pre-implementation period (2009-2012), RTGCS was applied to identify the main groups contributing to the overall CS rate. In the post-implementation period (2013-2017), RTGCS was applied again to identify changing trends in CS rates. In all, 11,034 deliveries during the pre-intervention period and 11,453 during the post-intervention period were analysed. The overall CS rate was 23.9% and 20.9%, respectively. There were no changes in perinatal outcomes. In the post-intervention period, there was a significant decrease of the CS rate in the groups of targeted interventions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8B.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? High CS rates are becoming a public health problem because of risks, costs, excessive medicalisation, and abuse of resources. RTGCS provides a framework for auditing and analysing CS rates.What do the results of this study add? RTGCS can identify the groups that have the greatest impact on the CS rate and monitor changes in it consequent to policy changes.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice? The introduction of a strategic plan with evidence-based clinical interventions may have a greater effect on the CS rate than other features justifying the increase in the incidence of CS.

In this paper, we analyse the trajectory of the French testing policy in education since 1973. Regarding its statistical tradition and its ability to produce its own evaluation tool, France may be regarded as an interesting case to interrogate the capacity of national educational systems to meet international standards of testing. Anchored in a perspective of sociology of public action, we show that the development of testing in France is the outcome of specific policy configurations that themselves depend on various types of factors. Using materials drawn from four qualitative research studies on testing and evaluation, we argue that this policy trajectory can be interpreted as a statisation process in which state administrations and political leaders both increased their power on society and imposed their categories and own interests to policy actors. This statisation led to a rationalisation and a politicisation of testing. Testing development did not lead in France to a deep transformation of governance patterns: it rather merged into traditional modes of regulation of education and confirmed them to some extent. Testing is thus an interesting way to study the propensity of the French education system to redefine global problems according to domestic stakes.

Highlights • COVID-19 requires measures to reduce infection spread between patients and the radiation oncology workforce. • Planning is required to create capacity and continue essential treatments despite a reduced workforce. • This document summarises discussions held during an urgent online Twitter #radonc journal club. • Themes are infection prevention, reducing fractions and treatment policies in the presence of infection., As the global COVID-19 pandemic escalates there is a need within radiation oncology to work to support our patients in the best way possible. Measures are required to reduce infection spread between patients and within the workforce. Departments need contingency planning to create capacity and continue essential treatments despite a reduced workforce. The #radonc community held an urgent online journal club on Twitter in March 2020 to discuss these issues and create some consensus on crucial next steps. There were 121 global contributors. This document summarises these discussions around themes of infection prevention, rationalisation of workload and working practice in the presence of infection.

This research aimed at adding to the existing inventory of literature in the arena of procurement management to find out the role of supplier base rationalisation in operational performance in the retail sector in Zimbabwe. A cross-industry survey of retail supermarkets in Zimbabwe was done. A supplier base rationalisation key variables model incorporating five variables that are, the twenty/eighty rule, improve or else approach triage approach, competency staircase approach and spend categorization was tested in operational performance in Zimbabwe’s retail sector. Research variables were discussed under the conceptual underpinning. The target population constitutes of retail supermarkets employees involved in procurement operation with a sample size of 59 procurement practitioners using Krejcie and Morgan [1] formula. Purposive sampling was carried out. The research instruments that were used are close-ended questionnaires to all procurement practitioners in the retail sector and open-ended interviews with procurement managers only. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools and Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS) version 24 was used to process the collected data and presented in tables. Correlation analysis indicated that 76.2% of the change of operational performance was explained by the five supplier base rationalisation variables and revealed that they have a positive significant effect in operational performance. This research recommends that the procurement should move towards overall effective and efficient supplier base rationalisation practices that focus on boosting operational performance.

This chapter analyses the impact of the spatial dimension further and connect the spatial dimension to a form of rationalisation of transport planning that has been very influential in Swedish transport planning. The theoretical starting point for this chapter is threefold. First, the chapter builds on the production of space by Lefebvre. Second, the rationalisation of the social sciences (Marcuse and Flyvbjerg) is connected to the development of transport planning as a rational profession. Third, the concept of urban space wars is used to theorise on the effects of this kind of rationalisation (Bauman). Through this theorisation of space and transport planning an entity into the field of the marginalisation of cycling is developed. From that starting point the Swedish transport and urban planning system is analysed. Through the analysis and the connections to the theoretical framework of this chapter it is shown that Swedish transport and urban planning operate on very rational levels that marginalise cycling in many cities around Sweden. Moreover, it is shown that this rational planning has created urban spaces and infrastructures, which marginalise cycling in several ways and make it hard to use the bicycle for transport in everyday urban life in Sweden.