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Ilustraciones, tablas, gráficas La investigación supuso la evaluación del efecto del régimen de humedad del suelo, respecto al rendimiento, calidad y respuesta fisiológica de tres cultivares de zapallo (UNAPAL: Abanico-75; Bolo verde y Dorado). Se realizaron dos pruebas, donde se aplicaron 4 láminas de riego con base en el Kc del cultivo: 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 en el semestre 2019-B (Prueba I) y 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 y 1.2 en 2020-A (Prueba II). Los tratamientos contaron con 8 repeticiones para un total de 96 plantas por prueba. El diseño estadístico fue parcelas divididas, donde la parcela principal fue el tratamiento de riego y la subparcela, los cultivares. Se encontró que los componentes de rendimiento (Frutos por planta (FPP), peso promedio del fruto (PPF), producción promedio por planta (PPP), materia seca (MS) y espesor de pared (EP)) fueron diferentes significativamente (P

[ES] La familia cucurbitaceae presenta una gran importancia económica. Entre las especies de esta familia destacan la sandía (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai.), el pepino (Cucumis sativus L.), el calabacín y la calabaza (Cucurbita spp.) y el melón (Cucumis melo L.), de las cuales solo en 2020 se produjeron alrededor de 102, 91, 28 y 28,5 millones de toneladas, respectivamente. Sin embargo, diferentes escenarios emergentes como el cambio climático y las prácticas de cultivo intensivo centradas en el monocultivo propician que estos cultivos puedan verse afectados por diferentes factores abióticos y bióticos comprometiendo su rendimiento y, por lo tanto, su rentabilidad. El virus el amarilleo de cucurbitáceas transmitido por pulgones (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, CABYV) es un virus de RNA transmitido por dos especies de pulgón, Aphis gossypii y Myzus persicae, de forma persistente no propagativa. En España este virus presenta una incidencia de entre un 20-70 % en cultivos al aire libre, generando una pérdida del rendimiento de la producción. En este trabajo se puso a punto la detección de CABYV por hibridación molecular, ELISA, RT-PCR y RT-qPCR. Se analizaron 113 muestras de cucurbitáceas en las campañas de muestreo en Museros (Valencia) de 2020 y 2021. La hibridación molecular fue el método que detectó un mayor porcentaje de muestras positivas; se correlacionó fuertemente con técnicas de detección cuantitativa como RT-qPCR y ELISA. En cuanto a la incidencia en campo, se observó un incremento para fechas más avanzadas en el año 2020. Además, se observó un incremento en la incidencia en 2021 con respecto a 2020 en la fecha común de muestreo en ambos años. Resulta de interés identificar entradas resistentes a CABYV en las distintas especies de cucurbitáceas. La puesta a punto de un método de inoculación resulta fundamental para abordar los ensayos de cribado por resistencia. En este proyecto se probaron distintos protocolos de inoculación empelando el cv. "Bola de Oro" (susceptible), la accesión africanaTGR-1551 (descrita como resistente a distintas virosis) y la F1 entre ambos. No fue posible detectar el virus en las plantas inoculadas. Con posterioridad a los ensayos, el grupo de investigación que proporcionó el clon infectivo confirmó que en sus condiciones tampoco había sido posible lograr infección. La puesta a punto de los métodos de detección servirá para desarrollar futuros programas de mejora. Para futuros proyectos será necesario poner a punto la inoculación de CABYV, diseñando otros clones infectivos Una ve puesto a punto el método de inoculación, se intentará evaluar la resistencia en la entrada TGR-1551, la cual presenta gran interés en el futuro de la mejora del melón., [EN] The cucurbitaceae family is of great economic importance. Among the species of this family, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), pumpkin and squash (Cucurbita spp.) and melon (Cucumis melo L.) stand out; in 2020 around 102, 91, 28 and 28.5 million tons were produced, respectively. However, different emerging scenarios such as climate change and intensive farming practices focused on monoculture mean that these crops can be affected by different abiotic and biotic stresses, compromising their yield. Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) is an RNA virus transmitted by two species of aphids, Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae, in a persistent non-propagative way. In Spain, CABYV incidences range between 20 and70% in open field crops, producing a loss of production yield. In this work, we set the protocols to detect CABYV by molecular hybridization, ELISA, RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. A total of113 samples of cucurbits were analysed in the 2020 and 2021 seasons in Museros (Valencia). Molecular hybridization was the method that detected a higher percentage of positive samples; it correlated strongly with quantitative detection techniques such as RT-qPCR and ELISA. Regarding the incidence in the field, an increase was observed for more advanced dates in the year 2020. In addition, an increase in the incidence was observed in 2021 with respect to 2020 in the common sampling date in both years.It is of interest to identify accessions resistant to CABYV in the different species of cucurbits. The development of an inoculation method is essential to initiate screening tests.In this project, different inoculation methodologies were tested using cv. "Bola de Oro", TGR-1551 and the F1 between them. It was not possible to detect the virus in the inoculated plants. After the tests, the research group that provided the infectious clone confirmed that, under their conditions, it had not been possible to achieve infection either. The development of detection methods will be useful to develop future breeding programs. For future projects it will be necessary to set the inoculation protocol, designing other infective clones. Once the inoculation method is set, an evaluation of the resistance in the TGR-1551 accession, which is of great interest in the future of melon breeding, will be carried out.

Las enfermedades virales provocan pérdidas económicas muy importantes en numerosos cultivos, incluyendo las cucurbitáceas (melón, pepino, sandía, calabaza y zapallo). Existen un importante número de virus afectándolos en diferente grado de severidad; entre ellos pueden mencionarse, watermelon mosaic virus: WMV, zucchini yellow mosaic virus: ZYMV, papaya ringspot virus: PRSV, y cucumber mosaic virus: CMV (Juárez et al., 2013; Perotto et al., 2014). Los virus pueden ocasionar elevadas pérdidas en la producción debido a la reducción de la calidad y el rendimiento de la fruta. Instituto de Patología Vegetal Fil: Carrasco, Franca Denise. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca; Argentina Fil: Brugo Carivali, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Brugo Carivali, Maria Florencia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Perotto, Maria Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Perotto, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina Fil: Balbi, Fernando Dario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca. Agencia de Extensión Rural Paclin; Argentina Fil: Ignes, Carlos Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca. Agencia de Extensión Rural Paclin; Argentina

This study aimed to evaluate carotenoid degradation kinetics in a beverage coloured with pumpkin juice concentrate during storage at dark and illuminated conditions at four temperatures (10, 20, 35 and 45 °C). Carotenoids were quantified by HPLC-DAD, and kinetic parameters for carotenoid degradation were estimated by one-step nonlinear regression analysis. During dark storage, degradation kinetics was modelled by fractional conversion (all-trans-β-carotene) and zero-order equations (all-trans-antheraxanthin, all-trans-lutein, all-trans-violaxanthin and all-trans-neoxanthin). Storage of samples in a climatic chamber with intense light intensity (1875–3000 lux) accelerated the carotenoid losses. At illuminated conditions, degradation followed a first-order (all-trans-lutein, all-trans-violaxanthin and all-trans-neoxanthin) and fractional conversion model (all-trans-β-carotene and all-trans-antheraxanthin). Carotenoid degradation followed an Arrhenius temperature-dependency, with Ea values lower than 50 kJ/mol. Degradation was shown to be mainly by oxidative reactions. Packaging under minimal oxygen conditions, use of antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid), and proper choice of light sources at retail shelves may be considered to optimize the pigment retention in a carotenoid-coloured beverage during storage.

No-till planting of pumpkin into a killed winter rye cover crop is a system used by growers in a number of states, including Indiana. Advantages mentioned by producers in addition to soil health benefits from the cover crop include cleaner pumpkins at harvest, and in rainy seasons, less mud in the field at harvest time. This paper reports on a project to develop a workable no-till system at a university research farm that can be used for demonstration and in future research to better understand and improve production practices. The trial included two methods for killing rye in no-till systems: herbicide applied at the boot stage of rye and roller-crimping at the time of planting. Jack-o-lantern pumpkins produced greater yield in conventional tillage than in no-till in this trial. The effects of tillage treatment on marketable yield were similar for direct-seeded and transplanted crops, with conventional plots producing 40% more by number and 58% more by weight than no-till plots. In direct-seeded plots, the conventional treatment produced the largest marketable pumpkins, 22% heavier than in no-till plots. In transplanted plots pumpkin size was not affected by tillage treatments. Weed pressure differed among the tillage treatments before in-season control measures in July: herbicide-killed rye and conventional tillage had more weed pressure than roller-crimped rye. For direct-seeded crops, emergence was slower and more variable in no-till treatments than in conventional tillage. The longest delay in emergence occurred where rye was killed by roller-crimping. Key challenges that remain for direct-seeded no-till pumpkins are achieving good furrow closure and reducing seed predation. For both direct-seeded and transplanted pumpkins, the next steps include exploring ways to overcome other factors that reduce growth and yield. Certainly pumpkin yield is not the only measure of success in this system–the benefits of reduced tillage and biomass input to the soil that have been documented by many others also have much value.

Las principales virosis que afectan al zapallito redondo son las producidas por virus del género Potyvirus. Hay 4 especies de este grupo presentes en Argentina, estos son: Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), y Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) y Cucumber vein banding virus (CVBV). Las tres primeras son comunes y las más abundantes en todas las regiones productoras de zapallo en el mundo. La última especie hasta el momento solo se ha mencionado y detectado en el país. También se han detectado virosis producidas por especies de otro género, Orthotospovirus, que son los que comúnmente denominamos tospovirus, se han detectado una especie en sandía y otra en zapallito redondo. Instituto de Patología Vegetal Fil: Perotto, Maria Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Perotto, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina

[ES] Las cucurbitáceas se consideran una familia de gran importancia económica a nivel global, y uno de los objetivos principales para incrementar el rendimiento anual de estos cultivos se basa en la mejora de resistencia a enfermedades. Los Potyvirus, como el Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) o el Watermelon Mosaic Virus (WMV) pueden provocar daños significativos a las cucurbitáceas. Adicionalmente, hace cuatro décadas, se reportó una nueva especie de virus transmitida por pulgones dentro del género, denominada Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus (MWMV), considerada una amenaza emergente para la producción de cucurbitáceas en los países mediterráneos. Como se trata de una enfermedad transmitida por insectos, el método más eficiente para evitarla es mediante resistencia genética. Así pues, la búsqueda de fuentes de resistencia frente a este virus ayudaría a evitar pérdidas económicas considerables. Para ello, se deben buscar fuentes naturales de resistencia tanto en especies cultivadas como silvestres relacionadas, siendo este el objetivo de este trabajo, que se ha enfocado en el género Cucurbita (calabazas y calabacines). Treinta y cinco entradas diferentes del género Cucurbita, seleccionadas de la colección de germoplasma mantenida por el grupo de mejora de cucurbitáceas y el banco de germoplasma del COMAV, fueron inoculadas de forma mecánica con un extracto de un aislado de MWMV proporcionado por el grupo Geves. La fuente de inóculo viral se obtuvo mediante infección de plantas de la especie Cucurbita pepo, entrada MU-CU-16, que es susceptible a la enfermedad. Las plantas se cultivaron en una cámara climatizada, a una temperatura controlada y los síntomas se monitorizaron durante cuatro semanas. Se recogieron muestras de tejido para posteriores análisis del RNA viral mediante hibridación basada en tissue printing/dot-Blot o qPCR. Los resultados indican que la técnica de tissue printing no es adecuada para la detección del virus, pero la visualización de síntomas, dot-Blot y qPCR son métodos eficaces para identificar infección por MWMV. La mayoría de las especies de Cucurbita estudiadas fueron susceptibles al MWMV. Sin embargo, dos entradas de C. maxima se encontraron como posibles candidatas a ser tolerantes, mientras que una entrada de una especie silvestre, C. pedatifolia, se clasificó como resistente. Los prospectos de futuro incluyen la evaluación de tolerancia en las dos primeras entradas y estudios genéticos de la heredabilidad de la resistencia a MWMV de C. pedatifolia., [EN] Cucurbit species are considered economically important crops worldwide and breeding for disease resistance is a major objective to increase the annual yield of these crops. Potyviruses, such as Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) or the Watermelon Mosaic Virus (WMV) can cause significant damage to cucurbits. Additionally, four decades ago, a new aphid-transmitted species within the genus was reported, the Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus (MWMV), which is considered an emergent threat to cucurbit production in Mediterranean countries. As an insect transmitted disease, the most efficient method to avoid it is through genetic resistance. Thus, screening for sources of resistance to this emerging virus would help avoiding significant economic losses. To do so, natural resources of resistance should be searched in both cultivated and related wild species, which is the main objective of this study, and has been focused on the genus Cucurbita (pumpkins, squashes, and gourds). Thirty- five different cucurbit accessions, selected among a germplasm collection maintained by the Cucurbits breeding group and the germplasm bank within COMAV, were mechanically inoculated with a MWMV isolate provided by Geves Group. Source of viral inoculum was obtained by infecting plants of Cucurbita pepo, MU-CU-16 accession, known to be susceptible to the disease. Plants were grown in a climatic chamber with controlled temperature and symptoms were assessed for four weeks. Tissue samples were collected for further viral RNA analyses by tissue printing/dot-Blot hybridization or qPCR. Results indicate that tissue printing is not suitable for viral detection, but symptomatology, dot- Blot and qPCR are efficient methods to identify MWMV infection. Most of the Cucurbita spp. accessions studied were susceptible to MWMV. However, two accessions of C. maxima were found as candidates to be tolerant, while one accession from a wild species, C. pedatifolia, was classified as resistant. Future prospects include the evaluation of tolerance in these accessions and the genetic study of MWMV resistance inheritance from C. pedatifolia.

La publicación es resultado del trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto “Encadenamiento Hortícola”, proveniente de la Convocatoria 2017 Universidad y Desarrollo Local de la Dirección Nacional de Desarrollo Universitario y Voluntariado, Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias, Ministerio de Educación de la Nación. EEA Mendoza Fil: Della Gaspera, Pedro. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina Fil: Lafalla Manzano, Laura Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina

This investigation was inspired by an increasing global issue on how to improve soil quality while using alternative preparations instead of synthetic fertilizers. The main aim of a three-year study was to investigate the influence of horn-manure preparation on enzyme activity and nutrient content in soil and pumpkin yield. The results showed that significantly higher amounts of P (respectively 106 and 79 mg kg−1 CAL), K (149 and 106 mg kg−1 CAL), nitrogen (5.41 and 3.21 mg kg−1), ammoniacal nitrogen (9.38 and 3.45 mg kg−1) and mineral nitrogen (7.97 and 5.67 mg kg−1) were measured in the plots where the horn-manure preparation was used. A higher activity of the soil enzymes (urease activity was 1.93 times higher and the saccharase activity was 1.05 times higher) were identified with horn-manure. The average soil CO2 flux (Fc) value, when using horn-manure preparation (from 56 till 70 day), was significantly higher by 5.32% in the middle of the growing season. The yield of pumpkin was significantly increased by 18% with horn manure treatments. Significant positive correlations were identified between pumpkin yield and urease activity, and saccharase activity, as well as soil P and K.

Los cultivos de choclo y zapallo anco son, desde hace 20 años, dos de los cultivos más importantes del cinturón hortícola de Mar del Plata y los costos para la próxima campaña rondan los 2.400 y 1.900 dólares/ha respectivamente. EEA Balcarce Fil: Adlercreutz, Enrique Gustavo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Agencia de Extensión Rural Mar del Plata; Argentina.

The homeland of the pumpkin is Central and South America. There are over 300 species of pumpkins in Bulgaria. The high nutritional and biological qualities combined with the valuable dietary, medicinal and taste properties of pumpkin fruits determine their importance in the nutritional balance. The fruits are rich in mineral salts and vitamins. The highest content is of provitamin A (carotene) - from 6 to 20 mg%. The dietary qualities of the fruit are related to the content of peptonizing enzymes which break down insoluble proteins into soluble peptones. The orange color of the pumpkin is due to the antioxidant beta-carotene. This study presents the relationships between some characteristics of pumpkins and the qualities of the soils on which they were grown. The mineral composition and pH of the soil determine the pH of the studied fruits. There is a directly proportional relationship between the total phenols and the antioxidant activity. A directly proportional relationship between pH and total phenols and antioxidant activity was also found.

Pumpkin is considered a healthy and functional food. The consumption of pumpkins and pumpkin-based foods has been shown to confer several beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant capacity and terpenoid content. Consequently, this study aimed to characterize the in vitro antioxidant capacity (using FRAP and ABTS assays), terpenoid profile (using an untar-geted lipidomics approach via high-resolution UHPLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry), and carote-noid content (by HPLC-DAD) in pumpkin fruit pulp from accessions differing for species (11 Cu-curbita maxima and 9 Cucurbita moschata), cultivar, and origin, belonging to a Serbian breeding col-lection. These accessions are candidates for inclusion within programs intended to improve pumpkin fruit quality. The results obtained in this work allowed us to highlight the best marker com-pounds, discriminating both the region of accession collection or breeding (“origin”) and the plant species. Furthermore, our findings have helped to identify the most suitable antioxidant-rich varieties to select for national breeding programs for improving human health. These findings provide valuable information to the overall current understanding of the potential health benefits of pumpkins and the discriminant triterpenoids underlying the C. maxima and C. moschata accessions investigated here, which include those of Serbian and non-Serbian origin. © 2021 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This paper follows a group of young children in an early childhood education setting and their growing acquaintance with a pumpkin over a five-month period. During this time, relations were forged between the pumpkin, weather and the children, and as we observed these emerging relations, we found ourselves attuning to the change of pace this brought to thinking and learning in the centre. In turn, we came to recognize this as the work of a collaboratory. In this paper, we consider the resilience, practices and demands that arise from being in the presence of a pumpkin-weather-child collaboratory. Weathering interrupts and destabilizes routine thinking. Pumpkins weather with wind, snow, sun, critters and rain. Pumpkins also weather whims of human consumption and land management practices as they are reconfigured to meet the demands of human traditions. Children draw educators and researchers into noticing the shifts and tensions unfolding with the tempo of pumpkin decay. Working with a pumpkin-weather-child collaboratory brings opportunities to reconsider the politics and practices of tempo and change in working with children, in early childhood education settings and beyond.

Figure S1: A summary of the individual heterozygosity across 2071 loci for each accession. The X-axis indicates the heterozygosity, and the Y-axis indicates the number of accessions; Figure S2: ΔK from population structure analysis; Figure S3: The core collection distribution within the entire C. moschata germplasm collection in the PCA plot; Table S1: The number of SNPs, and the SNP density among 20 C. moschata chromosomes; Table S2: Information of 610 C. moschata germplasm collection used in this study; Table S3: The list of 67 core collections

Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) are one of the most important economic crops in genus Cucurbita worldwide. They are a popular food resource and an important rootstock resource for various Cucurbitaceae. Especially, C. moschata is widely used as a rootstock for the commercial production of bloomless cucumbers in East Asia. Since the genetic diversity of the commercial rootstock varieties is narrow, there has been an increasing demand for the trait development of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance breeding. In this study, 2071 high-quality SNPs that were distributed evenly across 20 chromosomes of pumpkins were discovered through the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis of 610 accessions of C. moschata germplasm with a global origin. Using these SNPs, various analyses of the genetic diversity and the population structure were performed. Three subgroups were clustered from the germplasm collection, which included East Asia, Africa, and America, and these areas were included the most in each subgroup. Among those groups, accessions from Africa and South Asia showed the highest genetic diversity, which was followed by the Mexico accessions. This result reflected that large gene pools that consist of various native landraces have been conserved in those of countries. Based on the genetic diversity, we finally constructed the C. moschata core collection, which included 67 representative accessions from the 610 germplasms. Five morphological traits that are important in commercial grafting and rootstock seed production, which include the cotyledon length, the cotyledon width, the hypocotyl length, the internode length, and the number of female flowers, were investigated for three years and used to confirm the validity of the core collection selection. The results are expected to provide valuable information about the genetic structure of the worldwide C. moschata germplasm and help to create new gene pools to develop genetically diverse rootstock breeding materials.

This fact sheet describes pumpkins, recommended varieties and how to grow them, including planting and spacing, problems that may occur, harvest and storage, and nutrition.

BACKGROUND A hydrolyzed protein composition is a mixture of peptide and amino acids that have been achieved through hydrolysis by the enzyme from different sources, acid or caustic soda. These peptides show important health improving properties including anti-oxidation, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive activity. METHODS The aim of the present study was to hydrolyze the protein extracted from medicinal pumpkin seed (Cucurbita Pepo Con. Pepo Var Styriaca) seed meal by pepsin enzyme to obtain bioactive peptides with the highest antioxidant capacity. For this, response surface method (RSM) and central composite design were used at different enzyme concentrations (1%-2%), hydrolysis times (2-5 hours), and temperatures (30-40 °C) as independent variables. Then, the functional properties (emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity, water absorption capacity, and oil absorption capacity), heat and pH stability, and amino acid analysis were measured for the optimum treatment. RESULTS 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of peptides achieved in optimum conditions (82.07%) was highly similar to the results predicted by the software (80.31%) and their functional properties were significantly different from the initial protein (P > 0.050). Amino acid profile showed that the antioxidant capacity of the hydrolysates could be due to the total hydrophobic amino acid content that accounts for 39.85% of total amino acids in pumpkin seed meal. CONCLUSION According to the results, pumpkin seed meal hydrolysates, with outstanding functional properties, can be used in different food formulation to improve their physical and chemical properties and extend their shelf life, and as antihypertensive and antioxidant agents in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Twenty-one genotypes (six parental lines and 15 direct crosses) of butternut squash (Curcurbita argyrosperma subsp. sororia) were evaluated at the Experimental Center of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Candelaria (Valle del Cauca, Colombia) during the second semesters of 2012 (2012B) and the first semester of 2013 (2013A). Heterotic effects (average, variety, and specific) were determined for ether extract production per plant (EEPP) and the following components: percentage ether extract (EE) in seed, seed weight per fruit (SWF), 100-seed weight (100- SW), and number of fruits per plant (NFP). The methodology of Gardner and Eberhart (1966) was used in a randomized complete block experiment design with four replicates (five plants per replicate). Variety heterosis accounted for 48% of the variation of total heterosis for EEPP. Variety heterosis was better expressed in 2013 first semester, with significant differences for EEPP, SWF, and 100-SW; average heterosis was significant for EEPP and EE. In 2012 second semester, heterosis was significant for SWF, indicating genetic divergence between hybrids and parents. Introductions 256 and 132 expressed the greatest effects of variety heterosis for EEPP and superior segregants should be selected from these two parental lines. No significant differences were observed on specific heterosis; however, the best hybrid in terms of EEPP at 2013 first semester came from crosses 256×132 and 140×260.

In the chemical and nutritional analyses of pumpkin, the size of bulk sample recommended by the method of reference, makes the process time consuming and difficult to execute. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate different sampling methods to indicate the most suitable one to replace reference method to determine the levels of total carotenoids, total soluble solids, and moisture in pumpkin. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments and 18 replications. The proposed methods consisted basically in changing the way of taking bulk samples from the fruits: cylinders method, quartile method, and the slice method. Samples obtained by proposed methods were analyzed for moisture content, total carotenoids and total soluble solids. Results obtained by each proposed method were compared against the method of reference. Cylinders method showed the best results and was the easiest to be carried out, consuming only about 1/10 of the time required in relation to the method of reference. The cylinder method was rapid, efficient, reliable and exhibited the greatest suitability for replacing the reference method.

Bu çalışmada; taze kesilmiş balkabağı dilimleri kaplamalı/kaplamasız, vakumlu/vakumsuz, 4 ve 10 °C'de depolanmıştır. Kitosan kaplamanın, vakum işleminin ve depolama sıcaklığının raf ömrüne etkisi incelenmiştir. Depolama esnasında 3 günde bir alınan örneklerin; pH, renk, suda çözünür kuru madde (briks), mikrobiyolojik analizler ve β-karoten miktarı analizleri yapılmıştır. Depolamanın ilk günü ve son günü tekstür analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Depolama sonunda pH, briks ve renk değerlerinde birkaç örnek dışında istatistiksel fark gözlenmemiştir. Görsel renk değerlerinin ve β- karoten miktarındaki değişimin sıfırıncı dereceden reaksiyon kinetiğine uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Depolama süresince β-karoten artışının su kaybı ve meyve olgunlaşmasına bağlı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mikrobiyolojik analizler; toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri (TMAB) ve toplam maya-küf (TMK) sayımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. TMAB sonuçları; 4 °C'de depolanan kaplamalı tüm örneklerin ve 10 °C'de depolanan sadece kaplamalı-vakumlu örneğin tüketilebilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte kaplanmayan ve vakumlanmayan tüm örneklerde kaplanan-vakumlanan örneklere kıyasla maya-küf oluşumunun daha fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. Diğer taraftan; tekstür analizi sonuçlarına göre 4 °C'de depolanan kaplamalı ve vakumlu örneklerin; 10 °C'de depolanan kaplamasız ve vakumsuz örneklere kıyasla dokusal özelliklerinin muhafaza edildiği gözlenmiştir. In this study; fresh cut pumpkin slices stored at 4 and 10 °C, coated/uncoated and with vacuum/without vacuum. The effect of chitosan coating, vacuum treatment and storage temperature on shelf life was investigated. pH, color, water soluble dry matter (brix), microbiological analysis and β-carotene content analysis of samples, taken every 3 days, were performed during storage. The texture analyses were occurred in the samples on the first and last days of the storage period. At the end of storage, except for a few samples no statistically significant difference was observed in pH, brix and color values. The variations of the visual color values and amount of β-carotene content were found to be suitable for zero reaction kinetics. It is thought that increased β-carotene during storage due to water loss and maturity of fruit. Microbological analysis were carried out by determination of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total yeast-mold. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria results showed that only coated-vacuumed sample stored at 10 °C and all samples which coated stored at 4 °C were found consumable. At the end of the storage; it was observed that yeast-mold formation was higher in all uncoated and non-vacuumed samples compared to coated-vacuumed samples. According to the results of the texture analysis, it was observed that the textural properties of the vacuumed, coated and stored at 4 °C samples were preserved compared to the uncoated, non vacuumed samples stored at 10 °C samples at the end of the storage. 95

[EN] Successful pumpkins production requires the use of varieties that jointly with other factors yield well and produce pumpkins of the size, shape, color, and quality demanded by the market. But not only these issues are important. The perishable nature of pumpkins makes other issues such as how to prevent deterioration after harvest to become also relevant. In this paper the pumpkins plantation, harvest and storage (PHS) process is described and how some decisions affect certain goals, such as yield or conservation time. Additionally, some decision-making insights in a supply chain collaborative scenario made up of two stages: plantation/harvest and storage are given, where yield and conservation time trade-offs are outlined to develop win-win strategies. A real case using data analysis tools is analyzed. Results provide guidelines not only to make decisions independently on each stage but also to collaboratively work., The authors acknowledge the support of the project 691249, RUCAPS: "Enhancing and implementing knowledge based ICT solutions within high risk and uncertain conditions for agriculture production systems", funded by the European Union's research and innovation programme under the H2020 Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions.

Balkabağı (Cucurbita moschata), 10.000 yıldır üretilen ve ılıman iklimlerde yetişen bir meyvedir. İlk olarak Amerika'da yetiştirilmiş, daha sonraları Asya ve Avrupa'da da tarımı yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Dünya üretimine bakıldığında en çok üretimin Çin'de yapıldığı görülmektedir. Ülkemizde en çok tatlı olarak tüketilen balkabağının hasadı genel olarak Ekim ayında yapılmakta olup, sonbahar ve kış aylarında tüketime sunulmaktadır. Balkabağı, direkt olarak tüketilebileceği gibi çeşitli işlemlerden geçirilerek ekmek, çorba, kurabiye, püre, reçel ve şurup yapımında da hammadde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Uygulanan bu işlemler ile balkabağının kalitesi iyileşmekte ve raf ömrü artmaktadır. Yüksek besin değerine sahip bu meyvenin, farklı dönemlerde de tüketilebilmesi için işlenerek depolanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada balkabağından laboratuvar ölçeğinde balkabağı reçel, marmelat ve pestili üretilmiştir. Reçel, marmelat ve pestil örnekleri, toplam fenolik madde (TP), antioksidan kapasite (TAC), HMF, toplam asitlik, toplam ve invert şeker ve bazı fiziksel özellikleri yönünden incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre pestilin toplam asit içeriğinin (%4,29) marmelat ve reçelden daha yüksek olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Marmelat örneklerinin, pestil ve reçele kıyasla daha yüksek düzeyde HMF(39,07 mg/kg) içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde içeriği reçel, marmelat ve pestilde sırasıyla 63,33 µg GAE/g, 71,92 µg GAE/g ve 113,23 µg GAE/g olarak saptanmıştır. Antioksidan kapasitesi en yüksek olan örneğin 24,99 µmoltroloks/g ile marmelat olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, besin değeri yüksek olan bu meyvenin, reçel, marmelat ve pestil olarak işlenmesi ve işlem koşullarının optimize edilmesi önerilmektedir. Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) is an agricultural product produced for 10.000 years. It is a fruit that can be grown in temperate climate and it was first cultivated in America and then spread to Asia and Europe. When the world production rate is evaluated, it is seen that the most production is made in China. Pumpkin is consumed mostly as a dessert in Turkey and is harvested generally in October, but released for consumption in winter. Besides being consumed directly, pumpkin is used as a raw material for making bread, soup, cookies, puree, jam and syrup, after being processed. This process increases the quality and extends the shelf life of pumpkin. Alternative processing methods should be developed to consume this high nutritive fruit in different periods of time. In this study, jam, marmalade and fruit leather is produced from pumpkin in laboratory scale. Analysis of total phenolic (TP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), HMF, total acidity, total and invert sugar and some physical features of these products were carried out. In terms of total acidity (TA), higher acidic content is determined in fruit leather (4,29%) than marmalade and jam. It is identified that the samples of marmalade (39,07 mg/kg) contain high level HMF in comparison with fruit leather and jam. While total phenolic material composition of marmalade is observed as 71,92 µg GAE/g, it is 63,33 µg GAE/g in jam and 113,23 µg GAE/g in fruit leather. The highest value of antioxidant amount (24,99) is detected in marmalade samples. As a result, it is suggested that jum, marmalade and fruit leather. 65

Discusses three diseases of pumpkins: powdery mildew, downy mildew, and crown and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsici. Also discusses chemical control of these diseases, and fungicidal resistance.

Reportažna fotografija je vrsta fotografije, kjer so prikazani resnični dogodki z namenom pripovedovanja zgodbe, brez uporabe besed. Avtor lahko skozi to vrsto fotografije prikaže zgodbo, ki ga najbolj zanima, moti, zabava, žalosti. Fotografija je tako objektivni dokaz, ki se ne spreminja, služi pa informiranju in prikazovanju trenutnega stanja. Diplomska naloga obravnava reportažno fotografijo kmečkih običajev Prekmurja. Namen te diplomske naloge je predstavitev treh izbranih prekmurskih kmečkih običajev z uporabo reportažne fotografije ter dokumentiranje tovrstnih običajev. Izbira tradicij, lupljenje in stiskanje bučnega semena, koline ter izdelava remenk, se nam je zaradi raznolikosti, zdela zelo primerna. S fotografijami smo želeli ujeti pomembne trenutke teh običajev, saj so to etnološki dokazi, ki ostanejo in pričajo o bogati kulturi. Poleg reportaže je bil to eden najpomembnejših ciljev, ki smo si ga zastavili. Ti fotografski izdelki tako lahko sedaj služijo raziskovalnemu namenu, kako so ljudje izvajali stare običaje v današnjih časih. Prekmurje se ponaša z zelo dobro ohranjenostjo starih običajev ter navad. Prekmurski običaji so nekoliko drugačni od običajev drugod po Sloveniji. Kot regija, bogata s tradicijo, se je razvijala drugače od drugih in to je imelo velik vpliv na le-to. Veliko običajev je še danes ohranjenih in Prekmurci s ponosom predajajo znanje naprej svojim naslednikom pa tudi obiskovalcem pokrajine, največkrat na kulturnih prireditvah. Fotografije so bile posnete z digitalnim zrcalnorefleksnim fotoaparatom Nikon D3400 z objektivoma 18-105 mm in 50 mm, urejene pa so bile v programu Adobe Lightroom Classic CC ter v programu Adobe Photoshop CS6. Fotografije so predstavljene v sklopu treh končnih serij. Reportage photography is a type of photography where real events are shown to tell a story without using words. Through this type of photography, the author can present a story that is interesting, disturbing, funny, sad. Photography is an objective, unchanging evidence that serves to display the current state of the subject shown. The thesis shows reportage photography of Prekmurje's folk customs. The purpose of this thesis is to present three selected Prekmurje's folk customs, using reportage photography. The choice of traditions, these being, the peeling and pressing of pumpkin seeds, slaughtering of a pig and decorating of Easter eggs, seemed to us very appropriate and interesting. Through photographs, we wanted to capture important moments of each custom because of the ethnological evidence that remains and proves a rich culture. In addition to the reportage, this was one of the most important goals we set. These photographs can now serve for the research purpose of how people used to practice old customs in modern times. Prekmurje has preserved their customs well. Prekmurje's customs are somewhat different from customs elsewhere in Slovenia. As a region, rich in tradition, it has developed differently than other regions from others, and this had a great impact on it. Many customs are still preserved and the people of Prekmurje are proudly passing on their knowledge to their successors as well as to the visitors of the region, most often at cultural events. The photos were taken with a Nikon D3400 DSLR camera with 18-105mm and 50mm lens. They were edited in Adobe Lightroom Classic CC and in Adobe Photoshop CS6 and are presented as three final series.

Pumpkin production is on the rise in Virginia. Pumpkins make up 8.4% of the total market value of all vegetables sold in the state and acres in production of pumpkins increased by 5.2% from 2007 to 2012. Types of pumpkin production methods, insect, disease, and weed management, pollination, and harvest and post-harvest management all must be considered by pumpkin producers. Unfortunately, pumpkin cultivar performance in the Mid-Atlantic is not well documented. Thus, a variety study was performed using eight different pumpkin varieties over the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The study took place at JETT Farms, Inc., located in Madison County in the Central Virginia area. At harvest, pumpkins were counted and weighed, and then an average and total fruit weight was calculated for each cultivar. MALS

Salinity is one of the most limiting environmental factors for plant growth in semi-arid regions. Excess of salts reduces water potential, causes physiological drought and can influence germination and initial growth of plants. The objective of this work was to study physiological and metabolic changes in seeds and seedlings of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo cultivars Caserta and Redonda and C. maxima cv. Coroa) in a saline condition of salt stress. Thus, we it was quantified germination parameters; seedlings growth; seeds and seedlings respiration; degradation of total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and total proteins in cotyledons and the activity ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) during germination and initial growth of the pumpkin species studied in saline conditions. The experimental design was totally randomized in a factorial scheme 6x3, with six electrical conductivities (0; 2; 4; 6; 8 e 10 dS.m-1) and three cultivars (Redonda, Caserta and Coroa). Salinity did not influence the rate of seed respiration during the germination, although seedlings respiration decreased, as well as its vigour. Total sugars were degraded, while there was accumulation of reducing sugars and proteins in cotyledons of germinating seeds in salt solutions. Increased electrical conductivity reduced APX activity in the embryo and CAT in cotyledons, but did not influence GST. Pumpkin seedlings showed low tolerance to salt stress. A salinidade é um dos fatores limitantes para o crescimento das culturas nas regiões áridas e semiáridas. O excesso de sais provoca uma redução no potencial hídrico e causa seca fisiológica e influencia na germinação e crescimento inicial de plântulas Objetivou-se estudar possíveis alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas em sementes e plântulas de abóboras (Cucurbita pepo cultivars Caserta and Redonda and C. maxima cv. Coroa), Sendo assim, avaliou-se em sementes e plântulas os parâmetros da germinação (porcentagem e velocidade); crescimento de plântulas; respiração de sementes e plântulas; degradação de açúcar solúveis totais, açúcar redutores e proteínas totais nos cotilédones e atividade das enzimas ascorbato peroxidase (APX), glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e catalase (CAT) durante a germinação e crescimento inicial das cultivares de abóbora em soluções salinas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x3, com seis condutividades elétricas (0; 2; 4; 6; 8 e 10 dS.m-1) e três cultivares (Redonda, Caserta e Coroa). A salinidade não influenciou a taxa de respiração das sementes durante a germinação, no entanto, a respiração das plântulas diminuiu, assim como o vigor das plântulas. Houve degradação dos açúcares totais e acúmulo de açúcares redutores e proteínas em cotilédones de sementes submetidas a soluções salinas. O aumento da condutividade elétrica induziu redução da atividade de APX no embrião e de CAT nos cotilédones, mas não influenciou GST. Cultivares de aboboras apresentaram baixa tolerância ao estresse salino.

Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) are one of the most important economic crops in genus Cucurbita worldwide. They are a popular food resource and an important rootstock resource for various Cucurbitaceae. Especially, C. moschata is widely used as a rootstock for the commercial production of bloomless cucumbers in East Asia. Since the genetic diversity of the commercial rootstock varieties is narrow, there has been an increasing demand for the trait development of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance breeding. In this study, 2071 high-quality SNPs that were distributed evenly across 20 chromosomes of pumpkins were discovered through the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis of 610 accessions of C. moschata germplasm with a global origin. Using these SNPs, various analyses of the genetic diversity and the population structure were performed. Three subgroups were clustered from the germplasm collection, which included East Asia, Africa, and America, and these areas were included the most in each subgroup. Among those groups, accessions from Africa and South Asia showed the highest genetic diversity, which was followed by the Mexico accessions. This result reflected that large gene pools that consist of various native landraces have been conserved in those of countries. Based on the genetic diversity, we finally constructed the C. moschata core collection, which included 67 representative accessions from the 610 germplasms. Five morphological traits that are important in commercial grafting and rootstock seed production, which include the cotyledon length, the cotyledon width, the hypocotyl length, the internode length, and the number of female flowers, were investigated for three years and used to confirm the validity of the core collection selection. The results are expected to provide valuable information about the genetic structure of the worldwide C. moschata germplasm and help to create new gene pools to develop genetically diverse rootstock breeding materials.

Prema službenoj se evidenciji tikvenjače u Hrvatskoj uzgajaju na 5 000 do 7 000 hektara. Znatno dominira uzgoj uljne buče (cca 70%) i lubenice (cca 10%). Korovi su važan ograničavajudi čimbenik proizvodnje. Izbor je herbicida ograničen. Ovisno o vrsti tikvenjače, registrirani su samo S-metolaklor, petoksamid, pendimetalin, napropamid, klomazon i cikloksidim. Kemijske se mjere borbe zbog ograničena izbora herbicida i nepotpuna spektra djelovanja uobičajeno u praksi kombiniraju s mehaničkim mjerama (međuredna kultivacija, okopavanje) te, kod manje zastupljenih vrsta, s uzgojem na foliji. Nekemijske mjere (živi i mrtvi malč, slijepa sjetva i dr.) treba istražiti u hrvatskim pedo-klimatskim uvjetima., According to official records, in Croatia cucurbit crops are grown on 5 000 to 7 000 ha. During the last three years oil pumpkin with 70 % and watermelon with 10 % are the most grown pumpkins. Weeds are one of the most important limiting factors in production. The number of herbicides available for pumpkins is quite limited. Depending on the type of pumpkins, S-metolachlor, petoxamide, pendimethaline, napropamide, clomazone and cycloxydim are the only registered herbicides. Because of the limited selection of herbicides and the limited weed spectrum, in practice, chemical measures are usually combined with mechanical measures (interrow cultivation, hilling) and cultivation on the foil in some type of pumpkins . Non-chemical measures (mulch, cover crops, false seed bed) should be explored in pedo-climatic conditions in Croatia.

Traits related to fruit yield and physical and chemical fruit quality are being evaluated by Embrapa pumpkin breeding program. Path and Pearson's correlation analysis are necessary to allow the knowledge of the relation between the variables of interest for this program. The objective of the present study was to determine the genetic correlations between yield- and sensorial and nutritional quality attributes-associated variables in pumpkin progenies to support the selection process. Twelve genotypes were evaluated for 10 yield-related traits, and 8 sensory and nutritional quality traits of fruit, including the commercial cultivar Jacarezinho. A path analysis considered the fruit weight (FrW) was as basic variable and the others as explanatory. The FrW had 98% of its total variation available in a function of the explanatory variables. The highest variations were observed in the fruit-shape related traits. In addition, the variables internal median cavity diameter (IDmed), equatorial pulp thickness (EPT), apical pulp thickness (APT), and smallest fruit diameter (Dsm) are indicated for a direct selection of progenies targeting a higher FrW. The correlation analysis highlighted that color-related variables have the possibility of indirect selection aiming to increase total carotenoid content (TCC) and ?-carotene content (?-car). The evaluated progenies showed notable soluble solids content (SSC), TCC and ?-car contents compared to the commercial cultivar. Furthermore, the contribution of ?-car to TCC is at least 50% higher in these progenies than in 'Jacarezinho' pumpkin. Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-20T18:08:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correlationsbetweenfruityieldandsensoryandnutritional.pdf: 1022971 bytes, checksum: 136b5307fd7144c382f8833b77138a70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Kabak tatlısı ülkemizdeki en popüler tatlılardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, kalsiyum klorürün balkabağı tatlısının duyusal ve fiziksel özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Geleneksel balkabağı tatlısı elde etmek için Cucurbita maxima kullanıldı. Kabak tatlısı koşullarını optimize etmek için tepki yüzey metodolojisi uygulandı. Sıcaklık (20- 40 °C), kalsiyum klorür konsantrasyonu (0.50-2.50 %) ve bekleme süresi (10-60 dakika) bağımsız proses değişkenleri olarak alındı. Klasiyum klorür konsantrasyonun, balkabağı tatlısının sertliği üzerinde sıcaklığa ve bekletme süresine kıyasla daha etkili olduğu tespit edildi. Öte yandan, sıcaklık ve bekletme süresi arttıkça balkabağı tatlısının L * değerinin de arttığı gözlendi. Toplam karotenoid içerik analizi için sıcaklık ve bekletme süresindeki artış, daha düşük toplam karotenoid içeriğine yol açtı. Balkabağı tatlısı için optimum sıcaklık, kalsiyum klorür konsantrasyonu ve bekletme süresi 29.89⁰C, 2.14 % ve 56.22 dakika olarak hesaplandı. Optimum koşullar altında maksimum tepki seviyesi sertlik 28.31 N, L * 45.75, a * 9.2, b * 28.44, 112.77 μg/ml idi. Balkabağı tatlısı üretiminde, sıcaklık, bekletme süresi ve kalsiyum klorür konsantrasyonun önemli etkileri olduğu saptandı.Anahtar Kelimeler: Balkabağı Tatlısı, Kalsiyum Klorür, Sertlik, Optimizasyon Pumpkin dessert is one of the most popular desserts in our country. In this study, effects of calcium chloride on sensorial and physical properties of pumpkin dessert was investigated. Cucurbita maxima was used to obtain traditional pumpkin dessert. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize pumpkin dessert conditions. Temperature (20-40 °C), calcium chloride concentration (0.50-2.50 %), and holding time (10-60 minute) were the independent process variables. The optimum conditions of pumpkin dessert were based on the maximum and minumum levels of responses. It was found that calcium chloride concentration had higher effect on hardness of the pumpkin dessert than temperature and holding time. On the other hand, temperature and holding time increased L* values of pumpkin dessert increased. For total carotenoid content analysis, the increase in temperature and holding time lead to lower total carotenoid content. The optimum temperature, calcium chloride concentration and holding time were estimated as 29.89⁰C, 2.14 % and 56.22 minute for pumpkin dessert. The maximum and minmum levels of responses under optimum conditions were hardness 28.31 N, L* 45.75, a* 9.2, b* 28.44, 112.77 μg/ml. It was found that temperature, holding time and calcium chloride concentration were important parameters in production of pumpkin dessert.Key Words: Pumpkin Dessert, Calcium Chloride, Hardness, Color, Optimization 67

Cilj ovoga rada bio je definirati najznačajnije nutritivne vrijednosti bundeve, korištenje bundeve te njenih nusproizvoda u hranidbi domaćih životinja. Bundeva ima višestruku primjenu pa se tako sjemenke osim za proizvodnju vrlo kvalitetnog ulja, koriste i za proizvodnju farmaceutskih preparata, kao narodni lijek te u kulinarstvu. Plod buče koristi se u proizvodnji dječje hrane i voćnih sokova zbog visokog udjela vitamina, kao i u proizvodnji kompota i džemova zbog visokog udjela pektina. U stočarskoj proizvodnji se pulpa buče koristi u silaži s kukuruzom, kao prirodno gnojivo ali i kao stočna hrana. Kao stočna hrana upotrebljava se i nusproizvod nastao pri proizvodnji ulja – pogače sjemenke bundeve u kojoj zaostane određena količina ulja, značajan dio proteina, minerala, vlakana i drugih sastojaka te je kao takva pogodna za hranidbu životinja. U radu su također detaljno opisane ljekovite i hranjive vrijednosti ploda bundeve, sjemena bundeve, te ljekovita svojstva bundevinog ulja., The aim of this study was to define the most important nutritional characteristics of pumpkin, the use of pumpkin and its by-products in the feeding of domestic animals. The pumpkin has multiple applications. Pumpkin seeds are used for the production of high quality oil but are also used for the production of pharmaceuticals, in folk medicine, culinary, etc. The rest of the fruit is used in the production of food for children and fruit juices due to its high vitamin content and for making compotes and jams due to high pectin content. In animal farming, pumpkin pulp is used with maize silage, as a natural fertilizer but also as a feedstuff. The byproduct produced after oil production - pumpkin seed cake is also used as a feedstuff. Pumpkin seed cake contains certain amount of oil, a significant content of the protein, minerals, fibers and other ingredients and as such is very suitable for animal nutrition. Within this study the medicinal and nutritional values of pumpkin, pumpkin seeds as well as the healing properties of pumpkin oil are described in details.

Bučnice so zelo razširjene in priljubljene plodovke, ki potrebujejo veliko vode. Gojenje v aridnih in semiaridnih območjih zahteva namakanje. Zaradi malo padavin in močne evapotranspiracije lahko koncentracije soli v tleh močno narastejo. Pomanjkanja pitne vode le še stopnjuje problem slanih tal, saj so pridelovalci prisiljeni namakat z vodo, katera ima previsoko koncentracijo NaCl in drugih soli. Zaradi zahtev trga po velikih in kvalitetnih pridelkih je vsako obdelovalno površino treba izkoristit, zato bučevke velikokrat pridelujejo na tleh s povečano koncentracijo soli. Splošno so bučnice tolerantne na slanostni stres, se pa njihova tolerantnost razlikuje. Pri kumarah na primer pride do 50 % izgube pridelka pri slanosti tal izraženi kot elektrokonduktivnost (EC) 6,3 dS/m, bučke imajo takšno izgubo pri 7,9 dS/m lubenice izgubijo polovico pridelka že pri 4,5 dS/m. Posledice gojenja rastlin na slanih tleh so: oviran sprejem vode pri semenih, ko zaradi višjega osmotskega potenciala rastni substrati povzročajo toksičnost, ki spreminja aktivnosti encimov presnove nukleinske kisline, spremeni presnovo beljakovin, moti hormonsko ravnovesje in zmanjšuje izkoriščenost zalog semena. Povečana absorpcija soli povzroči toksične učinke Na+, Cl- ali sulfata (SO42-), ki zmanjšajo sprejem esencialnih mineralov kot so dušik (N), fosfor (P) ter kalij (K) in kalcij (Ca2+), posledica je tudi povišana koncentracija Na+ in Cl- v listih rastlin zmanjšanje fotosintetskih pigmentov, saj se fotosinteza zmanjša, ko se v kloroplastih in klorofilu kopičijo visoke koncentracije Na+ in Cl-. Da bi se temu problemu izognili, lahko sadimo križane tolerantne rastline, se poslužimo finančno zahtevnega razsoljevanja tal ali pa lahko rastline cepimo na tolerantno podlago in s tem izboljšamo ter povečamo pridelek in hkrati izkoristimo obdelovalno površino s povečano koncentracijo soli. Pumpkins are widespread and popular fruits that need plenty of water. Cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas requires irrigation. Due to the low precipitation and strong evapotranspiration, the salt concentrations in the soil can greatly increase. The lack of drinking water only increases the problem of saline soils, as producers are forced to irrigate with water, which has a high concentration of NaCl and other salts. Due to the requirements of the market for large and high-quality crops, every cultivable land should be used, and therefore pumpkins often grow on the ground with a increased salt concentration. In general, pumpkins are tolerant to saline stress, but their tolerance varies. For example, for cucumbers, lose up to 50% of the crop in salt salinity, expressed as electroconductivity (EC), of 6,3 dS / m, the zucchini have the loss at 7.9 dS / m Watermelons alredy lose half of the crop at 4.5 dS / m. The consequences of cultivating plants on saline soils are: impeded water acceptance in seeds when, due to higher osmotic potential, growth media cause toxicity that changes the activity of enzymes of nucleic acid metabolism, changes protein metabolism, disturbs the hormonal balance and reduces the utilization of seed stock. Increased salt absorption results in the toxic effects of Na+, Cl- or sulphate (SO42-) which reduce the acceptance of essential minerals such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and calcium (Ca2+), as well as increased Na+ and Cl- in the leaves of plants reduction of photosynthetic pigments, as photosynthesis decreases when high concentrations of Na+ and Cl- accumulate in chloroplasts and chlorophyl. In order to avoid this problem, we can plant crossbreeded tolerant plants, use a financially demanding desalination of the soil, or we can graft plants onto a tolerant roothstocks, thereby improving and increasing the yield, while also utilizing the working surface with increased salt concentration.

Zaradi vse večje potrebe po bučnih semenih oz. po bučnem olju v Evropi je velika potreba po pridelovanju buč. A vendar je izredno malo kmetijskih strojev za spravilo tega pridelka. V zadnjih letih se na trgu pojavlja veliko strojev, ki ustrezajo pogojem. Zaradi njihovih visokih cen in nekaterih pomanjkljivosti smo se odločili, da razvijemo svoj plug, imenovan Pranči1, ki nam bo pomagal pri spravilu pridelka. S tem bomo dokazali, da lahko nekatere kmetijske pripomočke s trdim delom razvijemo sami. Izvirna ideja za lastno razviti plug Pranči1 je prišla zaradi pomanjkanja podobnih strojev in zaradi potrebe po čim manjšem finančnem vložku. Zato smo konstruirali stroj in izvedli testiranje. Due to the increasing need for pumpkin seeds and pumpkin oil in Europe, there is a great need of pumpkin production. However, there are very few agricultural machines for harvesting pumpkins. In the last years, a lot of machines, which meet the conditions, emerged in the market. Because of their high prices and some imperfections, we decided to develop our own plough called Pranči1, which will help us in harvesting. Thus, we will prove that some agricultural utensils can be developed by ourselves by some hard work. The original idea for our own developed plough Pranči1 came because of the lack of similar machines and because of the need for the least possible financial investment. Therefore, we constructed the machine and performed the testing.

The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) fingerprinting of some selected cucurbits was performed on three types of seed extracts (alcoholic, cold-water, and hot-water) in order to elaborate a characteristic FTIR profile of their family representatives and to determine their biochemical content. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed on Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. inodorus, Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, C. pepo var. cylindrica, C. maxima subsp. maxima convar. maxima ‘Hokkaido’ to determine the similarities between their seed extracts. The ethanol extract of the C. pepo seeds was different from the other seed extracts because in addition to esters, it contained free fatty acids, which could influence its pharmacological activity. The main variable differentiating the extracts was the absorption band at 2,920–2,925 cm−1, which represented saturated fatty acids. The obtained results were analyzed by various statistical tools to evaluate the fingerprints of the selected species of cucurbits.

La cobertura del suelo con restos vegetales de cosecha y los cultivos de cobertura retrasan la aparición de malezas durante la etapa inicial del cultivo siguiente. Dado el amplio espaciamiento entre líneas del cultivo de zapallo, es posible compatibilizar los ciclos productivos para que el cultivo de cobertura sea aprovechado como cultivo de cosecha, dando lugar a un intercultivo de relevo en franjas. La experiencia consistió en la realización de un intercultivo trigo-zapallo, para analizar la dotación de insumos y los posibles condicionantes tecnológicos de la práctica. Sobre el cultivo de trigo, en estado de espigazón, se realizó el secado con glifosato del 54% de la superficie, distribuida en franjas de 2,1 m para la siembra del cultivo de zapallo. El rendimiento del trigo fue de 3.976 kg ha-1 y el rendimiento del zapallo tetsukabuto fue de 36.350 kg ha-1. El intercultivo permitió extender el periodo productivo de la superficie ocupada a más de 10 meses, logrando un máximo aprovechamiento del suelo y de la infraestructura de riego. El control de malezas realizado por el trigo permitió prescindir de intervenciones de desmalezado o pulverizaciones durante el ciclo del zapallo. El parque de maquinarias disponible en el mercado resultó adecuado para la realización de las labores a lo largo de todo el ciclo sin que fueran necesarias modificaciones ni adaptaciones. The soil coverage with straw from the previous crop and the cover crops delay weed emergence during the early stage of the next crop. Due to wide spacing between the pumpkin crop rows, it´s possible to juggle productive cycles so as to use cover crop as harvest crop leading a stripped intercropping replacement. The experience consisted in a wheat pumpkin intercropping, in order to analyze the amount of supplies and any technological determinant to the practice. The wheat yield which was affected by the harvest area turned out 3.976 kg ha-1 while Tetsabuto yied was 36.350 kg ha-1. The intercropping practice allowed to extend the productive period of the occupied area for over 10 month, optimizing soil use and irrigation infrastructure. The weed control carried out by the wheat crop made weeding and spraying tasks dispensable. The technological offering of equipment and machinery available are adequate to carry out the works during the whole crop cycle without any further adjustment. EEA Hilario Ascasubi Fil: Varela, Patricio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Fil: D'amico, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina.

Bu araştırmada balkabağı ve kuru üzüm kullanılarak probiyotik yoğurt üretilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen ön denemeler sonucunda üretimde kullanılacak olan balkabağı, kuru üzüm ve inek sütü oranı belirlenmiş, beş tip yoğurt (K1, K2, A, B, C) üretilmiştir. Üretilen yoğurt örneklerine depolamanın 1., 7., 14., ve 21. günlerinde tekstürel, kimyasal, fiziksel ve mikrobiyolojik analizler uygulanmış, sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda balkabağı ve kuru üzüm ilavesinin depolama süresince yoğurtların pH, kurumadde, serum ayrılması, yağ değerlerini ve laktik asit bakteri sayısını istatistiki açıdan önemli düzeyde (p0.05) tespit edilmiştir. Yoğurt örneklerinde kurumadde değerleri %14,82-%17,52, yağ içerikleri %1,4-%3,6, titrasyon asitliği (% laktik asit) değeri %0,39-%1,25, pH değerleri 4,20–4,85, protein içerikleri %4,40-%6,90 ayrılan serum miktarları 3,83–7,74 ml/25 g aralığında saptanmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik değerlendirme sonucu depolamanın 21. gününde kontrol örneğinde en düşük (7,71 log kob/g) laktik asit bakteri konsantrasyonu tespit edilmiştir. Probiyotik yoğurt üretiminde inek sütü, balkabağı ve kuru üzüm ile birlikte kullanılmasının teknolojik kalite üzerine olumsuz bir etkisi olmadığı, ürünün 14 günlük bir raf ömrü içinde kalitesini kaybetmeksizin beğeni ile tüketilebileceği ortaya konmuştur. In this study, probiotic yoghurt was produced by using pumpkin and raisin. As a result of pretests, the mixing ratios of pumpkin, raisin and cow milk and the starter culture combinations were determined and five types of yoghurt (K1, K2, A, B, C) were produced. The textural, pysical, chemical and microbiological tests were applied at the 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days of storage to these five types of yoghurt samples and the results were evaluated statistically. In the evaluation; pumpkin and raisin addition to yoghurt samples effected the pH, total solids, fat, syneresis and lactic acid bacteria count significantly (p0.05). According to the result of the analysis, the total solids, fat, lactic acid, pH, protein, syneresis were in the range of 14,82%-17,52%, 1,4%-3,6%, 0,39%-1,25%, 4,20–4,85, 4,40-6,90, 3,83-7,74 ml/25 g respectively. As a result of microbiological evaluation, the lowest concentration of lactic acid bacteria was determined in the control sample on the 21st day. In the production of probiotic yoghurt, it has been observed that the using cow's milk, pumpkin and raisins has no negative effect on technological quality, it has been shown that the product can be consumed by appreciation within a 14 days shelf life. ÖZET -- iv ABSTRACT -- v TEŞEKKÜR -- vi İÇİNDEKİLER -- vii ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ -- x ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ -- xi 1. GİRİŞ -- 1 2. KURAMSAL TEMELLER VE KAYNAK ARAŞTIRMASI -- 4 2.1. Sütün Tanımı ve Bileşimi -- 4 2.2. Yoğurt -- 6 2.3. Probiyotik Yoğurt -- 9 2.4. Meyveli Yoğurt -- 11 2.5. Balkabağı ve Bileşimi -- 12 2.6. Kuru üzüm -- 14 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM -- 16 3.1. Materyal -- 16 3.1.1. Çiğ süt -- 16 3.1.2. Balkabağı -- 16 3.1.3. Kuru üzüm -- 16 3.1.4. Starter kültür -- 16 3.1.5. Süttozu -- 17 3.1.6. Analizlerde kullanılan besiyerleri, dilüsyon sıvıları ve kimyasal çözeltiler -- 17 viii Sayfa 3.2. Yöntem -- 17 3.2.1. Kuru üzüm, balkabağı ve probiyotik yoğurt karışım oranlarının belirlenmesi -- 17 3.2.2. Balkabağı ilaveli kuru üzüm içeren probiyotik yoğurtların üretimi -- 17 3.2.3. Süte uygulanan analizler -- 21 3.2.3.1. pH -- 21 3.2.3.2. %Yağ, protein, laktoz ve yağsız kuru madde analizleri -- 21 3.2.3.3. Antibiyotik kalıntısı -- 21 3.2.4. Yoğurt örneklerine uygulanan analizler -- 22 3.2.4.1. Kuru madde -- 22 3.2.4.2. pH -- 22 3.2.4.3. Titrasyon asitliği -- 22 3.2.4.4. Yağ -- 22 3.2.4.5. Formol titrasyon metodu ile toplam protein tayini -- 22 3.2.4.6. Serum ayrılması -- . 22 3.2.4.7. Renk -- . 23 3.2.4.8. Laktik asit bakterilerinin sayımı -- 23 3.2.4.9. Tekstür -- 23 3.2.4.10. İstatistiksel değerlendirmeler -- 23 4. ARAŞTIRMA SONUÇLARI VE TARTIŞMA -- 25 4.1. Hammaddenin Bileşim Özellikleri -- 25 ix Sayfa 4.2. Klasik, Balkabaklı Kuru Üzüm İlaveli Probiyotik Yoğurt Örneklerinin Analiz Sonuçları -- 26 4.2.1. Kuru madde sonuçları -- 26 4.2.2. Yağ değerleri -- 27 4.2.3. Titrasyon asitliği sonuçları -- 27 4.2.4. pH değerleri -- 29 4.2.5. Protein değerleri -- 31 4.2.6. Renk ölçüm sonuçları -- 32 4.2.7. Ayrılan serum miktarları -- 34 4.2.8. Tekstür sonuçları -- 36 4.2.9. Laktik asit bakteri sayım sonuçları -- 41 4.2.10. Genel kabul edilebilirlik -- . 43 5. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER -- 44 KAYNAKLAR -- 47 EKLER -- 52 EK-1. Araştırmada kullanılan besiyeri ve dilüsyon sıvısı -- 53 EK-2. Yoğurt örneklerinin tekstür profil analiz sonuçları -- 54 EK-3. Duyusal değerlendirme formu -- 56 EK-4. Çalışmada üretilen yoğurt örneklerine ait fotoğraflar -- 57 ÖZGEÇMİŞ -- . 58

Varijabilnost biljnih genetičkih resursa pruža mogućnost oplemenjivačima da razviju nove i poboljšane sorte izmenjenog kvaliteta i otporne na bolesti i nepovoljne uslove sredine. Oplemenjivanje uljanih biljnih vrsta u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (IFVCNS) ima uspešnu pedesetogodišnju tradiciju čiji je rezultat kolekcija od 7000 linija gajenog suncokreta, kao i kolecija divljih srodnika suncokreta i značajne kolekcije genetičkih resursa uljane repice, bundeva i još 24 alternativne uljane biljne vrste. Poznavanje genetske konstitucije i odnosa između genotipova unutar kolekcije je od suštinskog značaja za efikasno korišćenje germplazme. U studijama varijabilnosti, molekularni markeri imaju prednost u odnosu na druge tehnike jer su nezavisni od uslova životne sredine i faze razvoja biljke, te se sve više se koriste za analizu genetičke varijabilnosti. U skladu sa tim, varijabilnost IFVCNS kolekcija divljeg i gajenog suncokreta, uljane repice, bundeve i šafranjike je analizirana upotrebom različitih molekularnih markera. Molekularne analize su pokazale postojanje velike inter- i intraspecies varijabilnosti u testiranim populacijama. U većini slučajeva, dobijeno grupisanje genotipova je odražavalo filogenetske odnose. Dobijeni su različiti rezultati u pogledu geografskog porekla, odnosno nije utvrđena korelacija između grupisanja i geografskog porekla testiranih genotipova bundeve, dok su se kod uljane repice genotipovi grupisali prema geografskom poreklu. Utvđena je i potvđena povezanost pojedinih markera i otpornosti na bolesti, izmenjenog kvaliteta, kao i pojedinih kvantitativnih svojstava. Pomoću do sada korišćenih molekularnih analiza nije pronađena čvrsta korelacija za morfološka i svojstva uslovljena većim brojem gena. Dalja istraživanja će se fokusirati na asocijativno mapiranje i dalje pronalaženje veza između molekularnih markera i agronomski važnih osobina. Diversity in plant genetic resources provides an opportunity for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with altered quality traits, resistant to diseases and unfavourable environment. Oil crops breeding at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (IFVCNS) has a successful 50-year long tradition that resulted in collection of 7000 sunflower inbred lines, as well as collection of wild sunflowers and substantial collections of genetic resources of rapeseed, pumpkins and 24 minor oil crops. The knowledge of genetic constitution and relationships among genotypes within the collection is essential for effective utilization of germplasm. In variability studies, molecular markers have advantages over other techniques as they are independent of the environment and plant growth stage and they have been increasingly employed for genetic diversity analyses. Hence, variability of IFVCNS collections of wild and cultivated sunflower, rapeseed, pumpkins and safflower were accessed with the use of different molecular markers. Molecular analyses revealed great inter- and intra-species variability of tested accessions. In most cases, molecular clustering reflected phylogenetic relationships. Contrasting results were obtained regarding geographic origin, as no correlation was found between clustering and geographical origin of tested pumpkin genotypes, while in rapeseed tested genotypes clustered according to geographic origin. Relationship between certain markers and disease resistance, altered quality, as well as certain quantitative properties was established and verified. No solid correlations were found for morphological and polygenic traits by molecular studies conducted so far. Further studies will focus on associative mapping studies and finding links between molecular markers and agronomically important traits. Key words: sunflower, rapeseed, pumpkins, minor oil crops, molecular markers

Twenty-one genotypes (six parental lines and 15 direct crosses) of butternut squash (Curcurbita argyrosperma subsp. sororia) were evaluated at the Experimental Center of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Candelaria (Valle del Cauca, Colombia) during the second semesters of 2012 (2012B) and the first semester of2013 (2013A). Heterotic effects (average, variety, and specific) were determined for ether extract production per plant (EEPP) and the following components: percentage ether extract (EE) in seed, seed weight per fruit (SWF), 100-seed weight (100-SW), and number of fruits per plant (NFP). The methodology of Gardner and Eberhart (1966) was used in a randomized complete block experiment design with four replicates (five plants per replicate). Variety heterosis accounted for 48% of the variation of total heterosis for EEPP. Variety heterosis was better expressed in 2013 first semester, with significant differences for EEPP, SWF, and 100-SW; average heterosis was significant for EEPP and EE. In 2012 second semester, heterosis was significant for SWF, indicating genetic divergence between hybrids and parents. Introductions 256 and 132 expressed the greatest effects of variety heterosis for EEPP and superior segregants should be selected from these two parental lines. No significant differences were observed on specific heterosis; however, the best hybrid in terms of EEPP at 2013 first semester came from crosses 256x132 and 140x260. RESUMEN En el Centro Experimental de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Candelaria, Valle del Cauca, Colombia), se evaluaron 21 genotipos de Curcurbita argyrosperma subsp. sororia (6 padres y 15 cruzamientos directos) en semestres 2012B y 2013A, para estimar los efectos heteróticos promedio, varietal y específico para producción de extracto etéreo por planta (EEPP) y sus componentes: extracto etéreo en la semilla (EE), peso de semilla por fruto (PSPF), peso de 100 semillas (PUS) y número de frutos por planta (NFP). Se utilizó la metodología de Gardner y Eberhart (1966) y bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones (cinco plantas por repetición). La heterosis varietal explicó el 48% de la variación de la heterosis total para el carácter EEPP y se expresó mejor en 2013A, con diferencias significativas (P≤0,05) para EEPP, PSPF y PUS. La heterosis promedia fue significativa para EEPP y EE. En 2012B fue significativa (P≤0,05) para PSPF, indicando que hay divergencia genética entre híbridos y padres. Las introducciones 256 y 132 expresaron los mayores efectos de heterosis varietal para EEPP. Se sugiere seleccionar segregantes superiores provenientes de estos dos padres. La heterosis específica no presentó diferencias significativas; sin embargo, los mejores híbridos para EEPP en 2013A provenían de los cruzamientos 256x132 y 140x260.

En el INTA Hilario Ascasubi se desarrollan estudios sobre la aplicación de la labranza cero en el cultivo de ajo, cebolla y zapallo con muy buenos resultados. EEA Hilario Ascasubi Fil: D'amico, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Patricio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Fil: Caracotche. María Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina Fil: Bellaccomo, María Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina

Bu çalışma, bal kabağı, zencefil, tarçın ve Hindistan cevizinin dondurmanınkalitesi (duyusal, kimyasal ve mikrobiyel) üzerine olan etkisini incelemek,dondurma endüstrisine yeni bir ürün kazandırmak amacıyla yapıldı.Bu amaçla aşağıda yüzde (%) oranları verilen 4 grup dondurma yapıldı.Çalışma 3 tekrardan oluşup, toplam 96 numune incelendi. I. grup dondurmapiyasada satılan sade dondurmanın temel bileşenleri esas alınarak hazırlandı. Diğer3 grupta kullanılan bal kabağı haşlanıp, püre haline getirildikten sonra belirtilenoranlarda karışıma ilave edildiBu çalışmada, I. grup kontrol %48,5 krema, %10 tam yağlı pastörize süt, %40şeker, % 1,5 salep, , II. grup %42 bal kabağı, %18 şeker, %0,43 toz zencefil,%0,21 tarçın, %0,6 vanilya, % 0,21 Hindistan cevizi, %31,5 krema, %7 yumurtasarısı, III. grup %55 balkabağı, %5 şeker, %0,21 toz zencefil, %0,43 tarçın,% 0,21Hindistan cevizi %0,6 vanilya, %31,5 krema, %7 yumurta sarısı, IV. grup % 57,5balkabağı, %2,5 şeker, %0,21 toz zencefil, %0,21 tarçın, %0,43 Hindistan cevizi,%0,6 vanilya, %31,5 krema, %7 yumurta sarısı, içeren dondurma yapılıp kimyasal(kuru madde, yağsız kuru madde, süt yağı ve pH), mikrobiyolojik olarak (toplammezofil aerobik bakteri sayısı, maya ve küf sayısı) ve duyusal (renk ve görünüş,yapı ve kıvam, tat ve koku) bakımdan incelendi.Her grup için yukarıda verilen oranlar doğrultusunda hazırlanan karışım, önişlemler uygulandıktan sonra dondurma makinesine konuldu ve dondurma üretildi.Sonra hazırlanan örnekler 150 g'lık saklama kaplarına konulup, –18 oC' demuhafaza edildi. Örnekler muhafazanın 0., 10., 20. ve 30. günlerinde incelendi. Herdönemde her gruptan 2 örnek olmak üzere toplam 96 numune analiz edildi.Yapılan kimyasal analizlerde ortalama pH değerleri I. grupta 6,75+0,45, II.grupta 6,65+0,49, III. grupta 6,64+0,46, IV. grupta 6,63+0,80 olarak tespit edildi.Ortalama kuru madde oranları I. grupta % 57,65+0,78, II. grupta % 37,70+0,78, III.grupta, % 26,63+0,63, IV. grupta % 23,66+0,79 olarak saptandı. Yağ oranlarıortalama olarak I. grupta % 15,28+0,11, II. grupta % 10,39+0,23, III. grupta %10,15+0,23, IV. grupta % 10,11+0,23 olarak tespit edildi. Yağsız kuru maddemiktarı ortalama olarak I. grupta % 42,37+0,51, II. grupta % 27,18+0,44, III. grupta% 16,64+0,52 ve IV. grupta % 13,40+0,52 saptandı.Örneklerin mikrobiyolojik analizlerde ise ortalama toplam aerob koloni sayısı I.ve II. grupta 4,3+0,71 log10 kob/g, III. ve IV. grupta 4,4+0,73 log10 kob/g, maya veküf sayısı bütün gruplarda 0,05).Sonuç olarak, bu araştırmada şeker miktarı oldukça düşük, daha diyetetik,besleyici değeri yüksek, bal kabaklı, zencefilli, tarçınlı ve Hindistan cevizli kalitelidondurma üretiminin mümkün olabileceği ve dondurmaların -18oC'de muhafazaedilmesiyle kalitelerini en az 30 gün koruyabildikleri, bu nedenle dondurmaendüstrisine katkı sağlayacağı vurgulanabilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Bal kabaklı dondurma, Kimyasal, Mikrobiyel, Duyusal, Analiz In the study, one of the three groups of control (plain) group I was 60% honey plat, 18% sugar, 0.43% powder ginger, 0.21% cinnamon, 0.35% vanilla, and 0.21% coconut. group 80% pumpkin, 13.5% sugar, 0.21% ginger powder, 0.43% cinnamon, 0.21% coconut and 0.35% vanilla, III. (dry matter, non-fat dry matter, milk fat and pH), microbiological (total mesophylic aerobic colony counts), and in the laboratory environment, ice cream with 90% pumpkin, 12% sugar, 0.21% ginger, 0.21% cinnamon and 0.43% , yeast mold) and sensory (color and appearance, structure and consistency, taste and smell). 57

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and reflectance colorimetry are suggested as new tools for the analysis of total carotenoids in lyophilized apricot powders. The data obtained by these two techniques from seven apricot cultivars were compared to those acquired by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Best correlations were found between the total carotenoid (TC) content (obtained by VIS spectrophotometry: 1.2-3.4 mg per 100 g of fresh mass) and colorimetric index a* (a* represents the redness of the investigated sample), as well as either argon-ion laser- or xenon-lamp-based PAS. In all three cases linear correlations were comparable. However, according to the sensitivity and precision data, expressed via limit of detection (LOD) and measurement repeatability the Xe-lamp-based PAS is a preferred approach, followed by colorimetric index a* and Ar-ion laser PAS. Both PAS methods exhibit practically the same Pearson's correlation coefficient (R=0.987 and R=0.991) values. Nevertheless, residual sum of squares (RSS) and residual standard deviation of the linear regression (s(y/x)) differ markedly For Xe-lamp-based PAS these parameters were much lower than in the case of Ar-ion laser PAS. Likewise, analysis imprecision amounted to relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1-3 % for Xe-lamp PAS and 2-6 % for Ar-ion laser PAS. On the other hand, as expected, the calibration sensitivity achieved for the PAS signal induced by an Ar-ion laser at 481 nm was substantially higher than that of a Xe-lamp at 470 nm. Nevertheless, according to much lower sy/x, the corresponding LOD for Xe-lamp PAS was still two times lower than that of Ar-ion-based laser PAS (0.59 vs. 1.10 mg per 100 g). Unlike this, Ar-ion laser PAS showed more favourable instrumental precision and standard error of the weighed mean when compared to the Xe-lamp PAS (0.1-0.6 and 0.1-0.3 % vs. 0.5-8.0 and 0.4-1.7 %, respectively). As far as colorimetric indices are concerned, only a* proved to be analytically useful; excellent R but rather modest RSS and s(y/x) resulted in LOD value of 0.70 mg per 100 g and acceptable analysis imprecision of up to 3 %. The outcome of this research provides sufficient amount of evidence that analytical methods such as reflectance colorimetry and PAS without the use of any chemicals are feasible for reliable quantification of total carotenoids in freeze-dried apricot homogenates.

El informe desarrolla las líneas de acción del INTA H. Ascasubi y las experiencias en labranza cero en ajo, cebolla y zapallo que se presentaron en el XXIV Congreso de la Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa (APRESID) del 3 al 5 de agosto en Rosario. EEA Hilario Ascasubi Fil: D'amico, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Fil: Caracotche. María Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina Fil: Varela, Patricio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina.

La tecnología para el cultivo de cucurbitáceas en la Argentina está constituida por una alta proporción labores de labranza. La diversidad de objetivos a cumplir implica una alta frecuencia e intensidad de laboreo, y la ejecución de labores manuales complementarias. EEA Hilario Ascasubi Fil: D'amico, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Patricio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Fil: Bellaccomo, María Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina

Variability and correlations among morphological features of eight ornamental pumpkin varieties were studied under field conditions. The variability of plant height, fruit length, fruit width, fruith weight, fruit peel thickness, length and circumference of handle grip, leaf length, leaf width, seed length, seed width, seed thickness and number of fruits per plant in the examined material was high. The highest variability was related to the fruit properties. This variability represents a good source for future breeding programs. Correlations between the traits indicated a significant influence of leaf and seed characteristics on fruit properties. Multivariate statistical analysis provided differentiation of varieties on two phenotypically different groups.

Pumpkins belong to the family of Cucurbitaceae . They are classified to Cucurbita pepo , Cucurbita moschata , Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita mixta , according to the texture and shape of their stems. The nutritional value of pumpkin fruits is high, varies from one species or cultivar to another. Pumpkins are reach in vitamins C, B 1 , B 6 , K, and in mineral substances. There are no data found about vacuum microwave dried pumpkin application in wheat bread production. The main purpose of the research was to evaluate quality parameters of microwave vacuum dried pumpkins and to verify its application in wheat bread production. Following quality parameters of pumpkins and bread made with pumpkin additive were evaluated: moisture content (oven – drying method), vitamin C content (iodometric), carotenoid content (spectrophotometric), reducing sugars (LVS 252:2000), colour changes (ColorTec- PCM), total fat content (ISO 6492:1999), degree of bread liking (ISO 4121:2003), bread baking loss and dry off. Quality parameters of non dried pumpkins were: content of reducing sugars − 2.40 g⋅100 g -1 , vitamin C – 0.26 g⋅100 g -1 , carotenoids – 0.50 mg % (in dry matter). The technological parameters for pumpkins drying in vacuum microwave drier were used: pressure (70–50 mmHg), speed of tumbler – 6 rpm, one working cycle and three stages. During the pumpkins drying process a decrease in the following parameters was observed: moisture content – 10.5 times, vitamin C content – 2.0 times; increase of yellowness (b*) value – 1.5 times. The optimal dried pumpkin additive to the wheat dough was 10% of the total flour amount. The wheat bread sample with dried pumpkins additive is richer in carotenoids and reducing sugars comparing to control wheat bread sample. The results of sensory analyses using hedonic rating demonstrated that a higher degree of liking was attributed to the bread sample with dried pumpkins additive (7.3) comparing to control wheat bread sample (6.7).

As there is a growing frequency of viral plant diseases in epidemic proportions, the possibilities for successful control are constantly being explored. Despite the fact that integral and simultaneous employment of numerous control measures may contribute to the decreasing amount of yield losses, especially concerning non-persistently aphid-transmitted viruses, these measures are often not efficient enough. Research into the basis of resistance to viral infection and principles of its inheritance, introduction of sources of resistance in susceptible genotypes, by conventional or genetic manipulations, are very intensive for cucurbit crops, especially pumpkins. Pumpkin crops are being endangered by a great number of different viruses, among which the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are present every year in Serbia, frequently causing epidemics. The majority of pumpkin cultivars are not resistant or tolerant to viral infections, but sources of resistance have been identified in various related species. So far, the identified sources of resistance to the ZYMV are found in Cucurbita moschata and Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus genotypes and consist of one or several major dominant genes of resistance. It is a similar case with WMV, although the sources of dominant major genes are identified in C. lanatus and C. colocynthis. The sources of resistance to CMV in the form of one dominant gene have been identified in the genotype C. moschata, although the introduction of this gene by conventional means proved to be very difficult. Besides the aforementioned, substantial efforts are being made in developing genotypes with multiple resistance against several viruses and even other pathogens, as well as genotypes with resistance to the most significant plant aphid species, through mechanisms of antixenosis or antibiosis. The other way of obtaining resistant genotypes includes genetic manipulation. Genetically modified resistant pumpkins have been among the first successfully developed crops. Genotypes with pathogen derived resistance can already be found in commercially grown pumpkins in some parts of the world, and they have been developed by introducing the coat protein gene of one, two or all three viruses which are the most frequent, ZYMV, WMV and CMV. Yet, this approach to the control of pumpkin viral diseases is related to possible negative consequences, mostly through the already detected gene transfer to wild plants and development of resistant transgenic weeds of unpredictable impact on the environment. Improved host plant genetic resistance to viral infections or biological vectors, developed by conventional or genetic engineering methods, represents the most dynamic and prominent field of research. It is economically and ecologically the most justified approach to the control of pumpkin and other plant diseases caused by viruses non-persistently transmitted by aphids. Kako je pojava brojnih viroza gajenih biljaka u epidemijskim razmerama sve češća, mogućnosti za uspešnu kontrolu stalno se ispituju. Integralna i istovremena primena brojnih pojedinačnih mera kontrole, naročito u slučaju virusa koji se prenose biljnim vašima na neperzistentan način, mogu da doprinesu smanjenju šteta, ali često nisu dovoljno efikasne. Proučavanja osnova otpornosti i načina nasleđivanja, unošenje izvora otpornosti u osetljive genotipove, konvencionalnim ili genetičkim manipulacijama, vrlo su intenzivna kod vrežastih kultura, posebno tikve. Tikve ugrožava veliki broj raznorodnih virusa od kojih se u Srbiji svake godine javljaju virus žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), virus mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV) i virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), a pojedinih godina izazivaju epidemije. Većina sorti gajenih tikava ne poseduje otpornost ili tolerantnost na virusne zaraze, ali izvori otpornosti identifikovani su u različitim srodnim vrstama. Do sada identifikovani izvori otpornosti na ZYMV nalaze se u genotipovima Cucurbita moschata i Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus i obuhvataju jedan ili nekoliko major gena rezistentnosti koji se nasleđuju dominantno. Slična situacija je i sa WMV, mada su izvori dominantnih major gena identifikovani u C. lanatus i C. colocynthis. Izvor otpornosti na CMV u vidu jednog dominantnog gena identifikovan je u genotipu C. moschata, mada je unošenje ovog gena konvencionalnim putem bilo veoma teško. Pored toga, veliki napori ulažu se u dobijenje genotipova sa istovremenom otpornošću na više virusa čak i drugih patogena, kao i genotipova koji ispoljavaju otpornost na najznačajnije vrste biljnih vaši, kroz mehanizme antiksenoze ili antibioze. Drugi pravac dobijanja otpornih genotipova podrazumeva genetičke manipulacije. Genetski modifikovane otporne tikve su među prvima, od svih gajenih biljaka, uspešno razvijene. Genotipovi sa PD (pathogen derived) otpornošću već se nalaze u komercijalnoj proizvodnji tikava u nekim delovima sveta i dobijeni su unošenjem gena za CP (coat protein) jednog, dva ili sva tri u svetu najraširenija virusa, ZYMV, WMW i CMV. Ipak, ovaj prilaz kontroli virusnih oboljenja tikava vezan je za uočene moguće negativne posledice, pre svega kroz već registrovan transfer gena u biljke spontane flore i nastanak otpornih transgenih korova nepredvidljivog ponašanja i značaja u prirodi. Poboljšana genetička otpornost biljke domaćina bilo na infekciju virusima, bilo na biološke vektore, dobijena konvencionalnim ili metodama genetičkog inženjeringa predstavlja najdinamičnije i najperspektivnije polje istraživanja kao ekonomski i ekološki najopravdaniji pristup kontroli oboljenja tikava i drugih biljaka koje izazivaju virusi koji se neperzistetno prenose biljnim vašima.

Compares use of pumpkin seeds pretreated with insecticides and fungicides with the use of foliar sprays on pumpkin plants. Also compares yield data from plots with seeds treated with fungicides only to seeds treated with both insecticides and fungicides. Seed treatments likely cause less harm to bees and other pollinators than foliar sprays do.