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The aim of this paper is to reveal the specifics of spatial perception among the Greeks of the 8th century BC in terms of the mental reconstruction of imaginary mythical space by way of an example of their representation of the spatial direction of the west. The first part of our research is devoted to a consideration of the problem of the perception of the extreme west as a source of danger to the world order and the analysis of mental spatial images performing the function of psychological defense. In the second part of the paper, the opposite qualitative characteristics of the west as mythical space in its interconnection with mythical time are considered. We have thus attempted to demonstrate ambivalence in the perception of the west inherent in people with mythological thinking. The aim of this paper is to reveal the specifics of spatial perception among the Greeks of the 8th century BC in terms of the mental reconstruction of imaginary mythical space by way of an example of their representation of the spatial direction of the west. The first part of our research is devoted to a consideration of the problem of the perception of the extreme west as a source of danger to the world order and the analysis of mental spatial images performing the function of psychological defense. In the second part of the paper, the opposite qualitative characteristics of the west as mythical space in its interconnection with mythical time are considered. We have thus attempted to demonstrate ambivalence in the perception of the west inherent in people with mythological thinking.

The specifics of professional burnout of teachers engaged, in addition to their direct pedagogical activities, in the administration of their educational organizations are studied. The relevance of the raised research problem is determined by the significant socio-economic and political changes taking place in the modern education system: its intensive modernization and the introduction of innovative technologies in education have an impact not only on the content side of the educational process but also on its organization. The implementation of these innovations falls on the shoulders of the administrative and managerial personnel of schools, demanding huge emotional, intellectual and mental costs from the latter. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of professional burnout and its symptoms in administrative and managerial personnel of educational organizations in relation to the severity of their psychological defenses and personality motivational profile. The sample was composed of 75 teachers (54 women, 21 men) in the position of school deputy director for studies and educational work. Their administrative work experience in an educational organization ranged from 1 to 23 years, the average age was 37.5 years. The study used a set of valid and reliable psychodiagnostic methods, including The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Questionnaire by Ch. Maslach and S.E. Jackson (adapted by N.E. Vodopyanova), The Life Style Index (LSI) by R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman and H.R. Conte (adapted by E.S. Romanov and L.R. Grebenshchikov) and Diagnosis of the Motivational Structure of Personality by V. Milman. The correlation analysis revealed that among teachers who additionally occupy in an educational institution, professional burnout is interconnected with the manifestation of psychological defenses of suppression, projection and intellectualization. Also, a relationship was established between professional burnout and a decrease in motivation for communication, general activity, creative activity and social usefulness of activities. The revealed specifics of professional activity and burnout of school deputy directors as well as the characteristics of their strategies for overcoming crisis situations in professional activity under conditions of changes and uncertainties open up opportunities for us to develop and implement programs on preventing professional burnout in this category of teachers and providing psychological support for their professional activities.

The results of a theoretical and empirical study of psychological defenses and coping strategies of behaviour among employees of social service institutions are presented. The following methods were used in diagnostic procedures: “Life style Index” (R. Plutchik, G. Kellerman) and “Methods of coping behavior” (R. Lazarus and S. Folkman). As a result of the study, the respondents revealed the intensity of psychological defenses of the type “intellectualization”, “reactive education”, “denial” and coping strategies “problem solving planning”, “positive reassessment” and “search for social support”. The correlations of psychological defenses and coping strategies of respondents are interpreted. The specific differences of protective-coping behaviour among employees with different professional experience are shown: employees with up to ten years of experience are more inclined to compensated behaviour, and employees with ten years of experience or more – to self-control, a rational approach to solving difficulties, a responsible attitude to what is happening. The results of the study may be useful in the placement of personnel, in career counseling, in the framework of discourses on professional psychology. And further study of psychological defenses and coping strategies will help to understand the specifics of the professional identity of employees of a socionomic profile.

Jiamin Li,1,2 Zhenchao Zhong,1,2 Lei Mo1,2 1Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Lei MoSchool of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail molei@m.scnu.edu.cnBackground: Recently, a study revealed that people liked others significantly more than they estimated that others liked them. Thus, the study found that people tended to underestimatehow much others liked them, a phenomenon the authors called the Liking Gap. However, the logic and testing of the study existed unclear nature. In order to show whether people underestimate the positivity of impression they left on others, we directly compare the estimate of the impression we left on others with others’ actual impression of us, which make the logic clear. Besides, we explored the new findings with regard to the mechanism of the effect.Methods: Based on this idea, in study 1, we explored whether there is indeed a negative deviation effect in the estimate of the impression people left on others in short interpersonal communication. In study 2, we investigated the potential psychological mechanisms of that effect.Results: In Study 1, the results revealed that people estimated that others liked them significantly less than others actually liked them. That is, a negative deviation effect did occur, and even if people were clear about their liking for others, the effect still existed. In Study 2, we provided evidence that a negative deviation effect existed not just because people are too focused on their own-negative thoughts in conversational performance but rather because people had a psychological defense towards others in their first communication.Conclusion: People significantly underestimate how much they are liked and its reason is that their psychological defense towards others in their initial communication. The results of the study are beneficial for people in social interaction and provide them with new ways of thinking in interpersonal communication and mutual contact.Keywords: impression, negative deviation, negative thoughts, psychological defense

Цель — исследование стратегий преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости у педагогов общеобразовательных школ. Объектом исследования стали педагоги общеобразовательных школ Свердловской области в возрасте поздней зрелости. Предмет исследования — стратегии преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (113 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 88 страниц, на которых размещены 3 рисунков и 6 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы, которая должна вылиться в разработку технологии консультирования по выбору стратегий преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости. Первая глава представляет собой обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы, содержащие теоретические аспекты исследования преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию психологических особенностей людей в поздней зрелости и двум типам механизмов – психологической защите и стратегиям преодолевающего поведения. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Подчеркивается важность психологических консультаций для людей в поздней зрелости, важность разговоров с ними о том, что существуют разные стратегии преодоления сложных случаев и проблем. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования – опытно-поисковому исследованию стратегий преодолевающего поведения в поздней старости. В ней представлено описание организации и методик проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам. Анализ уровня проявления механизмов психологической защиты проходил при помощи опросника Плутчика — Келлермана — Конте (LifeStyle Index). Для диагностического инструментария и исследования превалирующих стратегий преодолевающего поведения применялся опросник Стивена Хобфолла (Hobfoll) «Стратегии преодоления стрессовых ситуаций» (чаще всего именуется «Опросник SACS»), в основе которого лежит теория многоосевой модели поведения преодоления. В главе представлены результаты исследования. В качестве выводов предлагается практическая модель психологического консультирования в поздней зрелости. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, обоснована практическая значимость исследования. Предложены пути и способы преодоления кризисного этапа в развитии личности в поздней зрелости с опорой на психотехнологии. The goal is to study the strategies of overcoming behavior in late adulthood among teachers of secondary schools. The object of the study was teachers of secondary schools in the Sverdlovsk region at the age of late maturity. The subject of the research is the strategy of overcoming behavior in late adulthood. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (113 sources) and an appendix, which includes forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 88 pages, which contain 3 figures and 6 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the research, defines the object and subject of the research, as well as the stages of the research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work, which should result in the development of a technology for consulting on the choice of strategies for overcoming behavior in late maturity. The first chapter is a review of foreign and domestic literature, containing theoretical aspects of the study of overcoming behavior in late adulthood. Sections are presented devoted to the study of the psychological characteristics of people in late adulthood and two types of mechanisms - psychological defense and strategies for overcoming behavior. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The importance of psychological counseling for people in late adulthood is emphasized, the importance of talking with them about the fact that there are different strategies for overcoming difficult cases and problems. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study - an experimental and exploratory study of strategies for overcoming behavior in late old age. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all methods used. Analysis of the level of manifestation of psychological defense mechanisms was carried out using the Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte questionnaire (LifeStyle Index). For diagnostic tools and the study of prevailing coping behavior strategies, Stephen Hobfoll's Stress Coping Strategies questionnaire (most commonly referred to as the SACS Questionnaire) was used, which is based on the theory of a multi-axis model of coping behavior. The chapter presents the results of the study. As conclusions, a practical model of psychological counseling in late adulthood is proposed. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, and the practical significance of the study is substantiated. The ways and means of overcoming the crisis stage in the development of personality in late maturity based on psychotechnologies are proposed.

Research object is the typological personality traits. Subject of research is the relation of temperament and the mechanism of psychological defense. Purpose of the research is to reveal the relation between the typological characteristics of the personality and the mechanisms of psychological defense. The hypothesis of the research is the assumption that there is a relation between the typological characteristics of the personality and the mechanisms of psychological defense. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results obtained can become the basis for the development of a program for the correction or optimization of psychological defense mechanisms based on the typological characteristics of the individual.

Настоящая работа посвящена изучению особенностей защитно-совладающего поведения зависимой от алкоголя личности в свете необходимости оптимизации программ психотерапии аддиктивной патологии. Проведен анализ репертуара копинг-стратегий и механизмов психологической защиты при алкоголизме. Копинговые стратегии — это то, что делает человек, чтобы справиться со стрессом. Понятие объединяет когнитивные, эмоциональные и поведенческие стратегии, которые используются, чтобы совладать со стрессами, и в общем случае, с психологическими трудными ситуациями обыденной жизни. Близкое понятие, широко используемое и глубоко разработанное в русской психологической школе, This work is devoted to the study of the features of the protective and coping behavior of an alcohol-dependent person in the light of the need to optimize the programs of psychotherapy of addictive pathology. The author analyzes the repertoire of coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological defense in alcoholism. Coping strategies are what a person does to cope with stress. The concept combines cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies that are used to cope with stress, and in general, with the psychological difficulties of everyday life. A close concept, widely used and deeply developed in the Russian psychological school.

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The attitude to the disease (disorder, violation) of the child is analyzed in the structure of mother���s integral attitude to the child. Methods. The questionnaire ���Diagnostics of attitude to the child���s illness��� (V.E. Kagan and I.P. Zhuravleva) lets to identify 5 components in the structure of mother���s attitude to the child���s illness: internality, anxiety, nosognosia, activity control, general tension. The study involved 2 groups of mothers with early age children (1���3 years). The main group included mothers of children with neurological pathology (n=118) having neurological diagnoses: consequences of early organic damage of the central nervous system, cerebral palsy, and other neurological disorders. The control group included mothers of early age children, who does not have a neurological diagnosis (n=159). Results. In the structure of maternal attitude to the child���s illness, there is an average level of anxiety and general tension in connection with the child���s illness; the tendency to external control of the disease; the tendency to hypernosognosia, but not to limitation of the child���s activity. The severity of a child���s illness is assessed by the mother on the base of assessments of his/her health and intelligence. Having the child with objectively more severe disorders, mothers tend to overestimate the severity of the neurological pathology of a child. Mother���s psychological defense in relation to the child and their disease does not protect her from a high level of anxiety and general tension towards the child���s illness, but contributes to the mother���s hyponosognosia. The mother���s attitude to the illness of a young child is closely related to her general attitude to a child: the mother is less stressed about the child���s illness and perceives the child���s illness as less severe if she understands the child, the reasons of his/her behavior and condition, and also accepts it emotionally., ��������������������, ������������������������ �� ���������������������� ��������������������, ������������ 3 2021, Pages 554-565

Jiamin Li,1,2 Zhenchao Zhong,1,2 Lei Mo1,2 1Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Lei MoSchool of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail molei@m.scnu.edu.cnBackground: Recently, a study revealed that people liked others significantly more than they estimated that others liked them. Thus, the study found that people tended to underestimatehow much others liked them, a phenomenon the authors called the Liking Gap. However, the logic and testing of the study existed unclear nature. In order to show whether people underestimate the positivity of impression they left on others, we directly compare the estimate of the impression we left on others with others’ actual impression of us, which make the logic clear. Besides, we explored the new findings with regard to the mechanism of the effect.Methods: Based on this idea, in study 1, we explored whether there is indeed a negative deviation effect in the estimate of the impression people left on others in short interpersonal communication. In study 2, we investigated the potential psychological mechanisms of that effect.Results: In Study 1, the results revealed that people estimated that others liked them significantly less than others actually liked them. That is, a negative deviation effect did occur, and even if people were clear about their liking for others, the effect still existed. In Study 2, we provided evidence that a negative deviation effect existed not just because people are too focused on their own-negative thoughts in conversational performance but rather because people had a psychological defense towards others in their first communication.Conclusion: People significantly underestimate how much they are liked and its reason is that their psychological defense towards others in their initial communication. The results of the study are beneficial for people in social interaction and provide them with new ways of thinking in interpersonal communication and mutual contact.Keywords: impression, negative deviation, negative thoughts, psychological defense

In this thesis we explore the idea presented in the Swedish National Library Strategy (2019) to tie the public libraries closer to the nation’s total defense system. The purpose of the study has been to understand which problem this idea was formulated as a solution to and how the suggestion is problematized by information science professionals, using critical discourse analysis methods developed by Carol Bacchi. Our material consists of the finalized National Library Strategy, its first draft from 2018, and the referral responses by various interested parties, as well as interviews with 15 public librarians, library directors, and scholars of information science. We discuss how the psychological defense relates to the librarian’s statutory duty to facilitate citizen participation in deliberative democracy and to counteract misinformation. We also ask how the library professions might be affected by an active involvement in future civil defense efforts. Our results show that the National Library Strategy construes the idea as a security problem by portraying our society as affected by growing political tensions, rapidly spread misinformation, and chaos, making the total defense suggestion into a meaningful solution. In our interviews with information professionals, some respondents viewed the total defense as an extension of their work to advocate democracy and intellectual freedom, whereas others perceived ethical tensions and incongruity between the two missions, referring to traditional library ideals of political neutrality and independence. All respondents based their reflections of the total defense idea on the importance of deliberative democracy and the library’s prominent place in promoting it, but with differing perspectives of its relationship to the total defense system as either problematic or emblematic. Drawing on these results, we argue that a total defense mission is compatible with librarians’ professional ethics and statutory democracy advocacy, as long as libraries can continue to foster free opinion formation and unbiased information evaluation independent from state interests during wartime and times of crisis. This is a two years master's thesis in library and information science.

В статье приводятся основные результаты лонгитюдного исследования жизнестойкости и защитно-совладающего поведения и психологического благополучия курсантов военно-технического вуза. Полученные данные позволили сформулировать основные направления формирования жизнестойкости курсантов., The article presents the main results of a longitudinal study of the resilience and defensive and coping behaviour of cadets of a military technical university. Based on the data obtained, the main directions of the students’ resilience forming are given., Научное мнение, Выпуск 7-8 2020

Изучены защитные механизмы личности у пациентов с тремя видами психосоматических заболеваний (сахарный диабет, бронхиальная астма, гастрит). Проведено сопоставительное исследование как психологических защит при разных видах психосоматических заболеваний, так и в зависимости от давности возникновения заболевания. Показано, что пациенты с вновь выявленным заболеванием используют более широкий репертуар защитных механизмов, а также чаще используют конструктивные виды защит (компенсация, рационализация), что, вероятно, свидетельствует о более высоком уровне стрессоустойчивости в начале заболевания. Пациенты с такими заболеваниями, как сахарный диабет, бронхиальная астма, склонны к использованию более деструктивных защитных механизмов вытеснения и отрицания, в отличие от пациентов с гастритом. Более конструктивные психологические защиты, такие как компенсация и рационализация, чаще используют пациенты с гастритом. Во всех группах с хроническим заболеванием доминирующим защитным механизмом высокого уровня напряжения является замещение, что, вероятно, можно определить как замещение решения своих проблем (неприемлемых чувств, действий, недостижимых объектов и т. д.) соматической патологией., Personal defense mechanisms of patients with three kinds of psychosomatic diseases (diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, gastritis) are studied. Peculiarities of psychological defense mechanisms are studied not only in patients with different kinds of diseases, but also in patients with different duration of disease. It was showed that patients with diseases found not so long ago have wider psychological defenses and more often use constructive defenses such as compensation and rationalization, which can be related to their higher stress resistance at the beginning of disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma are more likely to use destructive defenses of repression and denying unlike patients with gastritis. Constructive defense such as compensation and rationalization is more likely to be used by patients with gastritis. all patients with chronic diseases use repression much more often than other defense mechanisms, and it may be related with their tendency to solve emotional and other problems by means of their psychosomatic diseases., Психиатрия, психотерапия и клиническая психология, Выпуск 1 2020

In this thesis we explore the idea presented in the Swedish National Library Strategy (2019) to tie the public libraries closer to the nation’s total defense system. The purpose of the study has been to understand which problem this idea was formulated as a solution to and how the suggestion is problematized by information science professionals, using critical discourse analysis methods developed by Carol Bacchi. Our material consists of the finalized National Library Strategy, its first draft from 2018, and the referral responses by various interested parties, as well as interviews with 15 public librarians, library directors, and scholars of information science. We discuss how the psychological defense relates to the librarian’s statutory duty to facilitate citizen participation in deliberative democracy and to counteract misinformation. We also ask how the library professions might be affected by an active involvement in future civil defense efforts. Our results show that the National Library Strategy construes the idea as a security problem by portraying our society as affected by growing political tensions, rapidly spread misinformation, and chaos, making the total defense suggestion into a meaningful solution. In our interviews with information professionals, some respondents viewed the total defense as an extension of their work to advocate democracy and intellectual freedom, whereas others perceived ethical tensions and incongruity between the two missions, referring to traditional library ideals of political neutrality and independence. All respondents based their reflections of the total defense idea on the importance of deliberative democracy and the library’s prominent place in promoting it, but with differing perspectives of its relationship to the total defense system as either problematic or emblematic. Drawing on these results, we argue that a total defense mission is compatible with librarians’ professional ethics and statutory democracy advocacy, as long as libraries can continue to foster free opinion formation and unbiased information evaluation independent from state interests during wartime and times of crisis. This is a two years master's thesis in library and information science.

У статті висвітлено проблему ефективного використання механізмів психологічного захисту як способу вирішення внутрішньоособистісних конфліктів креативних особистостей студентів технічного напряму. Представлено аналіз теоретичних підходів щодо розуміння поняття психологічних механізмів захисту, їх ролі у структурі особистості. Значна увага приділяється порівнянню трактування функцій захисних механізмів з точки зору гуманістичного та психоаналітичного напрямків. Розглянуто динаміку розвитку психологічних механізмів, яка, з точки зору креатологічного підходу, базується на трьох стадіях: існування в якості захисних механізмів; перехід від захисту до механізмів соціалізації; трансформація у механізми творчості. А також, обґрунтовано позитивні сторони та способи використання захисних механізмів для виходу з фруструючих ситуацій креативними особистостями шляхом усвідомлення, структурування та динамізації несвідомих компонентів системи психологічного захисту. У статті описано результати емпіричного дослідження рівнів особистісної креативності та творчого мислення у студентів напрямку «Кібернетична безпека», для чого було проведено первинну діагностику рівня особистісної креативності О. Тунік та творчого мислення Е. Торренса (модифікація А. Вороніна) відповідно, після чого було організовано подальшу діагностику прояву механізмів психологічного захисту у студентів з високим рівнем креативності за методикою Плутчика-Келлермана-Конте. Отримані результати свідчать про наявність у студентів технічного напряму з високим рівнем креативності певної комбінації домінуючих механізмів психологічного захисту, а саме: заперечення, компенсації, заміщення та інтелектуалізації. У статті представлено аналіз захисних механізмів (заперечення, компенсація, заміщення, інтелектуалізація) креативних студентів технічного напряму з точки зору психологічного обґрунтування їх ефективності та зроблено висновок про переважаючу конструктивність характеру цих механізмів The article describes the problem of effective use of psychological defense mechanisms as a method of solving intrapersonal conflicts of creative personalities of technical specialization students. An analysis of theoretical approaches to understanding the concept of psychological defense mechanisms and their role in the structure of personality is presented. Much attention is given to the comparison of the interpretation of the functions of defense mechanisms in terms of humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches. The dynamics of the development of psychological mechanisms is considered, which, in terms of the creatological approach, is based on three stages: the existence of defense mechanisms; transition from defensive to socialization mechanisms; transformation in the mechanisms of creativity. Furthermore, the article describes the positive aspects and methods of using defense mechanisms for eliminating frustration situations by creative personalities by understanding, structuring and dynamizing unconscious components of the system of psychological defenses. The article describes the results of empirical research of the level of personal creativity and creative thinking of technical specialization students, it included primary diagnosis of the level of personal creativity O. Tunick and diagnosis of creative thinking E. Torrances (modification A. Voronin) respectively, after which a secondary diagnosis of the defense mechanisms of students with a high level of creativity was organized and based on the method of Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte. It is concluded that there is a presence in technical specialization students with a high level of creativity of a certain combination of dominant psychological defense mechanisms, such as: denial, compensation, displacement and intellectualization. The article presents the analysis of individual defense mechanisms (denial, compensation, displacement and intellectualization) of technical specialization creative students from the point of view of psychological substantiation of their effectiveness and conclusion of the prevailing constructive nature of the mechanisms was made

It is known from official reports, that the considerable amount of participants in the counterterrorist operation has gotten psychological traumas. This problem actualizes necessity in implementing of real psychological protection of personnel. It's caused critical necessity for psychological traumas to be classified, their content and essence to be explored, their features and their general sings for practical use to be defined.Using the analysis of scientific researches there were set five approaches to description of psychological protection: psychoanalytic, psychotherapeutic, psychophysiological, psychological, philosophical.In the frames of philosophical approach, the researches of rational psychological protection testify that its essential features and logical volume are similar to morale of personnel. That's why achievement and maintenance of high morale is important mission not only for commanders, headquarters, personnel structures , but also for structures of psychological support.Definition of general and special signs of following approaches to description of psychological protection gave reasons to conclude that both practical and theoretical concepts of all approaches may be used in work with personnel. But considering their features: philosophical approach will be more appropriate for evaluation and prediction of psychological protection, psychological casualties and psychological security, psychological training of servicemen, psychological support during military combat tasks, psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiene; psychoanalytic, psychotherapeutic, psychophysiological and psychological approaches for psychotherapy, psycho-correction, psycho-rehabilitation., Класифіковано підходи до опису психологічного захисту, розкрито їх зміст, загальні й особливі ознаки та застосування у практичній діяльності.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню використання терапевтичної метафори в роботі психолога консультанта. Проаналізовані сучасні тенденції вивчення даної проблеми. Розглянуто процес створення метафори, психологічні механізми її конструювання, особливості метафоричних здібностей. Аналізуються особливості роботи з метафорою в позитивній терапії, казкотерапії., The article is devoted to investigation of the therapeutic use of metaphor by the practical psychologist. The current trend of studying of this theme has been analyzed. In particular, metaphor, employing conscious layers of the psyche, is an instrument of expression of the symbolic unconscious meaning, which is devoid of insignificant specifics: it allows objectifying the internal mechanisms of constructive or destructive social adaptation. If the specification of a rational representation of subjective meaningful material reduces the possibility of deep psychological knowledge to a specific person, the metaphor opens space for its understanding by many people, particularly for deep knowledge, detection of static and dynamic characteristics of the unconscious. The process of metaphors creating during which such logical operations are involved as analysis and comparison with the imagination that contributes to the understanding of the function has been considered. Efficiency of understanding through the metaphor is conditioned by its psychological essence - the ability to activate the emotional and intellectual sphere. The features of the metaphor in a positive psychotherapy and fairy-therapy have been explored. Positive psychotherapy considers personality as a creator of one’s own history and connects the therapeutic effect of metaphor with recalibration of situation. The basis of fairy-therapy includeɿ metaphors, symbolism and imagery, which open the possibility for integration of conscious and unconsciousɸ. Not all are able to adequately expression of own emotions, but are able to exercise their underlying problems through symbol, image during direct creative activity. This circumstance allows to recover immature or lost in ontogenesis information and emotional connection with the environment, their own inner world. Fairy metaphor have high efficiency, overcoming system of psychological defense that affect in representing of personal and meaningful material, causing deviations from reality and distort the perception of objective reality. This levels situational protection, offers the possibility of entering the basic protection associated with the logic of the unconscious, in the structure of metaphors appeals to personal resources are laid, its use facilitates integration of the individual.

В статье описаны результаты рефлексивного подхода в организации образователь ного процесса студентов направления 44.03.01 — «Педагогическое образование» профиля «География и Безопасность жизнедеятельности». Рефлексия рассматривается как необходимое качество студентов при обучении безопасности жизнедеятельности. Проведено исследование по определению сформированности рефлексивного компонента культуры безопасности при изучении курса «Психологическая защита людей в ЧС». Критерием качества профессиональной подготовки будущего учителя безопасности жизнедеятельности является сформированность определенных качеств личности, позволяющих внедрить в практику знания и умения безопасной жизни в окружающем мире. Представлена структура и содержание рабочей тетради, которая использовалась при развитии рефлексивного компонента профессиональной компетенции., The article describes the results of the reflexive approach to the educational process of students specialising in Pedagogical Education (the “Geography and Life Safety” profile). Reflection is considered as a necessary quality of students in life safety education. The author studied the formation of the reflexive component of the safety culture in studying the course “Psychological Protection of People in Emergency Situations”. The criterion for the quality of professional training of a future teacher of life safety is the formation of certain personality traits, that allows to introduce into practice the knowledge and skills of a safe life in the outside world. The paper presents the structure and content of the workbook, which was used in the development of the reflexive component of professional competence., Научное мнение, Выпуск 10 2018, Pages 67-73

The article considers the adaptive behavior of school-aged children with learning difficulties and communication difficulties. The sample included children with typical development, children with signs of school and social exclusion, as well as children with visual impairments. It was found that the coping strategies of children with learning difficulties focused on externalization and passive avoiding difficulties, unlike social-oriented strategies achievers students. Children with visual impairments less aware and deliberately overcome communication difficulties, unlike their peers with typical development.

Рассматривается проблема социальной тревожности студентов университета через ее взаимосвязь с механизмами психологических защит, участвующих в сохранении психологического гомеостаза. Содержатся данные самостоятельного эмпирического исследования, проведенного в рамках реализации комплексной программы социально-психологической помощи студентам, оказавшимся в условиях дезадаптации. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют, что студенты с повышенным уровнем социальной тревожности в критических ситуациях применяют как менее зрелые (проективные механизмы защит) – вытеснение, регрессию, так и более зрелые (дефензивные) – проекцию, компенсацию, используя как уровни «перцептивной защиты» с удалением информации из сферы сознания, так и уровень переструктуризации информации. Выбор механизмов защиты зависит от многих факторов, в первую очередь от структуры личности, а также уровня образованности, социального статуса, возраста, пола, что требует дополнительного изучения. В ряде ситуаций мощный стрессовый, кризисный фактор, психическое расстройство, фармакологические девиации могут оп ределять специфичность набора используемых механизмов психологических защит.

The article is devoted to investigation of the therapeutic use of metaphor by the practical psychologist. The current trend of studying of this theme has been analyzed. In particular, metaphor, employing conscious layers of the psyche, is an instrument of expression of the symbolic unconscious meaning, which is devoid of insignificant specifics: it allows objectifying the internal mechanisms of constructive or destructive social adaptation. If the specification of a rational representation of subjective meaningful material reduces the possibility of deep psychological knowledge to a specific person, the metaphor opens space for its understanding by many people, particularly for deep knowledge, detection of static and dynamic characteristics of the unconscious. The process of metaphors creating during which such logical operations are involved as analysis and comparison with the imagination that contributes to the understanding of the function has been considered. Efficiency of understanding through the metaphor is conditioned by its psychological essence - the ability to activate the emotional and intellectual sphere. The features of the metaphor in a positive psychotherapy and fairy-therapy have been explored. Positive psychotherapy considers personality as a creator of one’s own history and connects the therapeutic effect of metaphor with recalibration of situation. The basis of fairy-therapy includeі metaphors, symbolism and imagery, which open the possibility for integration of conscious and unconsciousю. Not all are able to adequately expression of own emotions, but are able to exercise their underlying problems through symbol, image during direct creative activity. This circumstance allows to recover immature or lost in ontogenesis information and emotional connection with the environment, their own inner world. Fairy metaphor have high efficiency, overcoming system of psychological defense that affect in representing of personal and meaningful material, causing deviations from reality and distort the perception of objective reality. This levels situational protection, offers the possibility of entering the basic protection associated with the logic of the unconscious, in the structure of metaphors appeals to personal resources are laid, its use facilitates integration of the individua

The article is devoted to investigation of the therapeutic use of metaphor by the practical psychologist. The current trend of studying of this theme has been analyzed. In particular, metaphor, employing conscious layers of the psyche, is an instrument of expression of the symbolic unconscious meaning, which is devoid of insignificant specifics: it allows objectifying the internal mechanisms of constructive or destructive social adaptation. If the specification of a rational representation of subjective meaningful material reduces the possibility of deep psychological knowledge to a specific person, the metaphor opens space for its understanding by many people, particularly for deep knowledge, detection of static and dynamic characteristics of the unconscious. The process of metaphors creating during which such logical operations are involved as analysis and comparison with the imagination that contributes to the understanding of the function has been considered. Efficiency of understanding through the metaphor is conditioned by its psychological essence - the ability to activate the emotional and intellectual sphere. The features of the metaphor in a positive psychotherapy and fairy-therapy have been explored. Positive psychotherapy considers personality as a creator of one’s own history and connects the therapeutic effect of metaphor with recalibration of situation. The basis of fairy-therapy includeі metaphors, symbolism and imagery, which open the possibility for integration of conscious and unconsciousю. Not all are able to adequately expression of own emotions, but are able to exercise their underlying problems through symbol, image during direct creative activity. This circumstance allows to recover immature or lost in ontogenesis information and emotional connection with the environment, their own inner world. Fairy metaphor have high efficiency, overcoming system of psychological defense that affect in representing of personal and meaningful material, causing deviations from reality and distort the perception of objective reality. This levels situational protection, offers the possibility of entering the basic protection associated with the logic of the unconscious, in the structure of metaphors appeals to personal resources are laid, its use facilitates integration of the individua

The present study investigates the adaptive behavior formation of school-age children with typical development and learning difficulties. We have suggested that the psychological defenses intensity in certain time periods and referencing to the activity degree of coping strategies choosing may help to predict the state of children psychological adaptation. The study showed that in group of children with learning difficulties comparing to the typically developing children group the representation of coping strategies focusing on passive distraction is higher in children with a low adaptation level. We have investigated that disadaptation factors in junior pupils with learning difficulties are directly associated with the selection indicators of externalizational coping.

Formation of subject of educational system depends on the meaning which students include in the educational activity(Tashimova F.2010). The problem of personal sense of learning and its determinants were considered in works of H.I. Lijmets (Lijmets H.I., 1982). He determined that cognitive meaning is characteristic of only 25% of all students. Thereby, it is interesting which meanings are produced by University students and what kind of factors determine them. We proceed from the hypothesis that meanings are determined by actualized system of educational requirements, which depend on their coping peculiarities. Used research methods: According to hypothesis following methods were used in the research: 1. Frydenberg, E., Lewis, R. Adolescent (Coping Scale - ACS), adopted by Krjukova T.N. (Krjukova T.N., 2004); methodic “Meaning of behavior” (Tashimova F.S., 1995). Processing was carried out by means of factor and objective analysis. As a result four groups of students with different meanings of educational activities were pointed out: 1st group - self-affirmation: 2nd group - cognition; 3d group - communication; 4th group - achievement. It was pointed out that the meaning of self-affirmation is provided with mobile coping style, which is characterized by high orientation on problem solving and a high level of self-control (egoism, selfishness). The meaning of cognition is typical for students with a harmonious style of coping, where the process of overcoming and protection are in equilibrium. The communicative meaning is stimulated by egocentric style of coping, determined by the prevalence of psychological defense mechanisms (Withdrawal, Johanna's complex). In this group of students educational process compensates egocentrism by provision of communication. The meaning of achievement (obtaining a diploma) is identified by sociocentric coping style, in which dominates focus on receiving assistance from other people.

This research is focused on studying the types of education, parental attitudes and characteristics of defending strategies in families with pediatric asthma. Families with pediatric asthma have discovered a rigid system of family functioning and an existence of strict familiarly rules and roles. Based on the study results, where the factor analysis was applied, three groups of families with pediatric asthma were defined depending on to what degree the family functioning is violated. The correlation has been found between the characteristics of family functioning and severity of pediatric asthma.

The article refers to the phenomenon of learning resistance and assumes that individual defense mechanisms have much influence upon its development. Defense mechanisms are considered as a set of actions aimed to the reduction or elimination of any change that threatens the integrity and stability of biopsychic individual. The author's method of defense mechanisms diagnostics is described, along with the field of this method application: defense mechanisms diagnostics, individual profiles for making hypotheses, hypotheses verification in a clinical interview and the following work with identified defenses involved in the learning resistance development.

The article deals with psychological defense mechanisms and their beginnings. V dannoj stat´e osvešaetsja tema zašitnych mechanizmov ličnosti i ich istoki.

The representation level of the teacher in the inner world of the students is influencing to the success in the study activities (Liimets H.I.). Because they are real accompaniers to students in the learning process, as in the temporal aspect, as well as in content, the question arises about the possibility of their impact on particular coping behavior of students. According to hypothesis following methods were used in the research: 1. Frydenberg, E., Lewis, R. Adolescent (Coping Scale - ACS), adapted by Krukova T. N. “Scaling of regulatory and personal relations” Mislavskiy Y. A. Processing was carried out by using of factor analysis. The result revealed the following relationship: Students in Group 1 teachers are reflected in both subjects with a high value in the inner world of students, enabling them to achieve, aspirations and self-esteem, as well as close to the I image. The students are characterized by a mobile style of coping with a high focus on problem solving and high level of self-control (egotism). For students in Group 2 teachers reflected as a pleasant personality and accepted, directing their achievements. The style of coping is characterized for the desire for harmony and overcoming psychological defense. In the third group of students the teachers are presented as constraints and do not support their claims, and self-esteem. They are characterized by egocentric style of coping characterized by a predominance of psychological defense mechanisms (withdrawal, Jonah complex, etc.). In the fourth group the teachers are presented in a contradictory version: as supporting their claims and self-esteem and criticizing. The style of coping is characterized by a predominance of the emotional components and the avoidance of responsibility. Thus, the measure of the representation of teachers and the nature of their reflection in the inner world of students significantly affect not only the success in studies and in the ways of coping mechanisms reflecting the ratio of personal growth and psychological defense.

One of the actual issues today is how different people with varying degrees of success cope with stressful situations. Some of them are able to adapt to changes in life, while others come down with neuroses. In order to answer the question we have had a research of peculiarities of stress handling by people suffering from neurotic disorders. To achieve the objectives of the study we used the following methods: test of anticipation consistency by V. D. Mendelevich, "Life Style Index" questionnaire by R. Plutchik, questionnaire of coping means by R. Lazarus, methodology for study of coping behavior by E. Heim. As a result we have learnt that people suffering from neuroses often use unconscious protective mechanisms of psyche to overcome stressful situations (p≤0.05; p≤0.01; p≤0.001), some often feel confusion (p≤0.05) and less visualize the future optimistically (p≤0.001). Also people suffering from neuroses worse predict future difficulties (p≤0.05) and less use conscious ways of coping with stress, such as defending their interests (p≤.01), taking responsibility for what is happening (p≤.05), looking at the situation from the outside (p≤.001), controlling emotions (p≤.001), planning the solution of problems (p≤.01), finding the positive side in a situation (p≤.01).

The paper deals with the phenomenon of vandalism and vandal behavior of adolescents. Vandal behavior consists of intentional or unintentional actions for the damage, destruction, and unauthorized transformation of material objects of a strange or public property. Despite the obvious damage done to the environment by vandals, this form of deviant behavior of adolescents is examined exclusively in terms of the statement of fact, description of forms of consequences, and determination of effective measures to combat them. To the authors' best knowledge, no publications can be found available in the literature that describe predictors of vandal activity of the person, consider the mechanisms of the emergence of this strategy of human interaction with environmental objects, and analyze the genesis of this deviation. Of course, these circumstances reduce the potential effectiveness of the developed programs and methods for prevention and counteraction to vandal behavior. Understanding vandalism as a form of defensive and coping behavior makes it possible (a) to reveal determination mechanisms of this deviation and (b) create a scientific basis for understanding the psychological nature of destructive human interaction with material objects, which can ensure the creation of effective ways to prevent it. To study correlations of the person's defense and coping system and the choice of the model of vandal behavior, the authors surveyed 60 adolescent respondents by applying a cross-sectional method using standardized questionnaires. The obtained data processing was carried out in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 19.0) by means of descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The discovered patterns of relationship (a) confirmed the assumption that vandalism is conditioned by defensive and coping mechanisms of personality, and (b) determined relations between certain types of a teenager's destructive activity and elements of psychological defenses and coping actvities.

У статті розглянуто емоційне вигорання спортивних педагогів як процес професійної деформації та як механізм психологічного захисту. Припускається, що схильність спортивних педагогів до вигорання значною мірою визначається індивідуально-психологічними особливостями їхньої особистості й особистісною адаптивністю. Завдання статті – визначити рівень соціальної адаптивності спортивних педагогів, виявити індивідуально-психологічні якості особистості, які детермінують її здатність адаптуватись; установити особливості прояву вигорання спортивних педагогів із рівнем соціальної адаптації та осо¬бистісними якостями. Результати. Високому рівню адаптації сприяють низька агресивність, середній рівень ригідності, самоконтролю, власної ефективності й адекватна самооцінка, а також високий рівень лабільності, конформності й креативності. У всіх групах досліджуваних спортивних педагогів виявлено процес емоційного вигорання. Простежено тенденцію підвищення показників емоційного вигорання в осіб із високим рівнем адаптації. Висновки. Розгляд проблеми професійного вигорання з погляду психологічного захисту дасть змогу полегшити розв’язання проблеми оптимізації праці в спортивно-педагогічній сфері, а також сприятиме побудові стратегій професійного самозбереження.The article examines the emotional burnout of sports teachers as professional deformation process and as a mechanism of psychological defense. It is expected that the tendency of sports teachers to burnout is largely determined by the individual psychological characteristics of their personality and personal adaptability. Task. To determine the level of social adaptation of sports teachers. To identify individual psychological qualities of personality that determine the ability to adapt. To set particular manifestation of burnout of sports teachers with the level of social adaptation and personality characteristics. Results. High adaptation level is assured by low aggressiveness, the average level of rigidity, self-control, self-efficacy and self-esteem, as well as a high level of lability, conformity and creativity. In all groups of sports teachers the process of burnout has been found. The tendency of increase of burnout rates among individuals with a high level of adaptation has been found out. Conclusions. Review of the problem of professional burnout in terms of psychological protection makes it easier to optimize the solution of labor problems in sports and educational field, and will help build strategies for professional survival.

Особливість діяльності сімейного лікаря у даному дослідженні розглядається як ключова складова його професійної компетентності, що, поряд зі спеціальною медичною підготовкою, забезпечує досягнення належної успішності лікарської діяльності. Particularly the activities of the family doctor in this study is seen as a key component of his professional competence, which, along with special medical training, achieves proper success of medical practice.

У даній статті наводиться порівняльний аналіз поглядів психоаналітиків та сучасних дослідників на проблему психологічного захисту, аналізується сучасний стан вивчення даного питання. Розглядається приналежність захисних механізмів до довільної поведінки людини. Висвітлюється проблемність використання даного феномену, як ригідного, автоматичного і неусвідомлюваного процесу відображення і регуляції. Акцентується увага на порушенні вищих психічних процесів особистості, що відбувається внаслідок зловживання захисними механізмами. Навколишня нестабільність сьогодення має руйнівний вплив на емоційний стан людини, яка долаючи різнопланові стресори, дедалі більш частіше змушена звертатись до використання захисних механізмів свідомості, що, в свою чергу, може призводити до різних видів патологічної залежності, насильницьких дій, суїцидів та ін., тобто до руйнування особистості. В статті робиться акцент на необхідності усвідомлення психологічного захисту задля можливості формування копінг-стратегій, які надають змогу виважено та осмислено реалізувати адаптацію суб’єкта до важкої ситуації, що є необхідною умовою для продуктивного вирішення конфлікту та подолання внутрішнього напруження та дискомфорту., В данной статье приводится сравнительный анализ взглядов психоаналитиков и современных исследователей на проблему психологической защиты, анализируется современное состояние изучения данного вопроса. Рассматривается принадлежность защитных механизмов к произвольного поведения человека. Освещается проблемность использования данного феномена, как ригидного, автоматического и неосознаваемого процесса отражения и регуляции. Акцентируется внимание на нарушении высших психических процессов личности, происходит вследствие злоупотребления защитными механизмами. Окружающая нестабильность настоящее имеет разрушительное воздействие на эмоциональное состояние человека, преодолевая разноплановые стрессоры, все более чаще вынуждена обращаться к использованию защитных механизмов сознания, что, в свою очередь, может приводить к различным видам патологической зависимости, насильственных действий, суицидов и др., То есть к разрушению личности. В статье делается акцент на необходимости осознания психологической защиты для возможности формирования копинг-стратегий, которые дают возможность взвешенно и осмысленно реализовать адаптацию субъекта к тяжелой ситуации, что является необходимым условием для продуктивного решения конфликта и преодоления внутреннего напряжения и дискомфорта., issue of psychological defense, as well as analyzes the current state of the study of this issue. The belonging of defense mechanisms to arbitrary behavior of a person is considered. The article describes the problematic of usage of the given phenomenon as rigid, automatic and unconscious process of reflexion and regulation. Attention is focused on the deviation of the higher mental processes of the individual, which happen as the result of abuse of the protective mechanisms. Surrounding instability of today has a destructive effect on emotional condition of a person, who overcoming the different difficulties, more often should constrain to resort to the use of defense mechanisms of sense, that by-turn can bring about different kinds of dependence on drugs, alcohol etc., coercive actions, suicides et al., that is destruction of a person. The emphasis is put on the necessity to realize a psychological defense in order to create coping-strategies which allow the subject to adapt to the difficult situation in a careful and sensible manner, that is a necessary condition for a productive arrangement of a conflict and overcoming of an internal stress and discomfort.

У даній статті наводиться порівняльний аналіз поглядів психоаналітиків та сучасних дослідників на проблему психологічного захисту, аналізується сучасний стан вивчення даного питання. Розглядається приналежність захисних механізмів до довільної поведінки людини. Висвітлюється проблемність використання даного феномену, як ригідного, автоматичного і неусвідомлюваного процесу відображення і регуляції. Акцентується увага на порушенні вищих психічних процесів особистості, що відбувається внаслідок зловживання захисними механізмами. Навколишня нестабільність сьогодення має руйнівний вплив на емоційний стан людини, яка долаючи різнопланові стресори, дедалі більш частіше змушена звертатись до використання захисних механізмів свідомості, що, в свою чергу, може призводити до різних видів патологічної залежності, насильницьких дій, суїцидів та ін., тобто до руйнування особистості. В статті робиться акцент на необхідності усвідомлення психологічного захисту задля можливості формування копінг-стратегій, які надають змогу виважено та осмислено реалізувати адаптацію суб’єкта до важкої ситуації, що є необхідною умовою для продуктивного вирішення конфлікту та подолання внутрішнього напруження та дискомфорту. This article provides a comparative analysis of the views of psychiatrists and modern scholars on the issue of psychological defense, as well as analyzes the current state of the study of this issue. The belonging of defense mechanisms to arbitrary behavior of a person is considered. The article describes the problematic of usage of the given phenomenon as rigid, automatic and unconscious process of reflexion and regulation. Attention is focused on the deviation of the higher mental processes of the individual, which happen as the result of abuse of the protective mechanisms. Surrounding instability of today has a destructive effect on emotional condition of a person, who overcoming the different difficulties, more often should constrain to resort to the use of defense mechanisms of sense, that by-turn can bring about different kinds of dependence on drugs, alcohol etc., coercive actions, suicides et al., that is destruction of a person. The emphasis is put on the necessity to realize a psychological defense in order to create coping-strategies which allow the subject to adapt to the difficult situation in a careful and sensible manner, that is a necessary condition for a productive arrangement of a conflict and overcoming of an internal stress and discomfort. В данной статье приводится сравнительный анализ взглядов психоаналитиков и современных исследователей на проблему психологической защиты, анализируется современное состояние изучения данного вопроса. Рассматривается принадлежность защитных механизмов к произвольного поведения человека. Освещается проблемность использования данного феномена, как ригидного, автоматического и неосознаваемого процесса отражения и регуляции. Акцентируется внимание на нарушении высших психических процессов личности, происходит вследствие злоупотребления защитными механизмами. Окружающая нестабильность настоящее имеет разрушительное воздействие на эмоциональное состояние человека, преодолевая разноплановые стрессоры, все более чаще вынуждена обращаться к использованию защитных механизмов сознания, что, в свою очередь, может приводить к различным видам патологической зависимости, насильственных действий, суицидов и др., То есть к разрушению личности. В статье делается акцент на необходимости осознания психологической защиты для возможности формирования копинг-стратегий, которые дают возможность взвешенно и осмысленно реализовать адаптацию субъекта к тяжелой ситуации, что является необходимым условием для продуктивного решения конфликта и преодоления внутреннего напряжения и дискомфорта.

У статті представлено теоретико-емпіричне вивчення автобіографічних показників прояву стратегій психологічного захисту медичних сестер. Теоретичне обґрунтування проблеми стосується аспектів необхідності вивчення цього питання в професійній діяльності медичних сестер у зв’язку з обов’язковим супроводом якості лікувального процесу їх комунікативно-особистісними характеристиками. Наголошено, що сфера особистісних проблем медичних сестер відображається у вигляді їх психологічного захисту. Конкретизація поняття «психологічний захист» у контексті обов’язкового врахування умов емоційної напруженості професійної діяльності дає змогу розглядати автобіографічний зміст психологічного захисту як індикатор деонтологічної компетентності й культури медичного працівника. Розроблено програму емпіричного дослідження, а також комплекс використаних методів математичної обробки результатів дослідження, що дає змогу конкретизувати теоретичні положення у вигляді реальних психологічних фактів: рівень емоційної напруженості умов професійної діяльності детермінує формування відмінних один від одних стратегій психологічного захисту; у медичних сестер, які працюють у відділеннях поліклінік, вираженими є стратегії заміщення, заперечення і проекція, а в медичних сестер, які працюють у відділеннях інфекційних лікарень, виділяються стратегії компенсації і раціоналізації; психологічне наповнення стратегій психологічного захисту медичних сестер, які працюють у різних умовах емоційної напруженості, демонструє комунікативно-особистісні відмінності вираженої комунікативності й альтруїстичної дружелюбності на фоні відсутності сенситивності та емпатійності в медичних сестер відділень поліклінік і проявів практичності, витриманості, соціальної спрямованості, залежності й емпатійності медичних сестер відділень інфекційних лікарень. Автобіографічні кореляти прояву стратегій психологічного захисту медичних сестер підтверджують відмінності акмереалізації медичних сестер, які працюють у різних умовах емоційної напруженості, а саме медичні сестри зі стажем роботи більше семи років, які працюють у відділеннях інфекційних лікарень, демонструють вищі показники акме-реалізації, що визначає межі їх комунікативно-деонтологічної компетентності та професійної зрілості й відображається в дієвих автобіографічних подіях соціально-професійного життя фахівця. The article presents the results of the theoretical and empirical research of autobiographical manifestation of the medical nurses’ psychological defense strategies based on the ties between treating process and communicative and personality features. The autobiographical content of the nurse’s psychological defense is viewed as a marker of her deontological competence and culture. The results of the empirical study with the application of the factor analysis and statistical methods allowed defining a set psychological fact. First, the nurses’ emotional tension degree determines the variety of their defense strategies. Secondly, the defense strategies of nurses who work in polyclinics contain substitution, rejection, and projection. By contrast, those who work in the clinic departments of infectious diseases apply compensation and rationalization strategies. Under stress, the latter illustrate more sensitivity, empathy, patience, social direction, and dependence, whereas the former demonstrate less sensitivity, empathy, and altruistic friendly behavior. Next, the research findings based on the autobiographical method prove the fact that nurses with over seven-year seniority in the departments of infectious diseases, in contrast to those who work in policlinics, show higher indices of acme-realization, which defines their degree of communicative and deontological competence and professional maturity.

The article is concerned with one of the urgent issues of special psychology and pedagogy, i.e. psychological defense mechanisms and conceptual attitude of schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities as a factor in adaptation of an individual. The author analyzes socio-and psychological adaptation of children with intellectual disabilities by using a psychodynamic approach to the study of personality – the main indicators of the behavior determinants – defense mechanisms and semantic attitudes of an individual. This allows the author to distinguish the main patterns of sociopsychological adaptation of children with normal and pathological development and to formulate conclusions on the general approach to the personal potential of children with disabilities. The article provides descriptive examples of strategies and patterns of socio-psychological adaptation of children intellectual disabilities. The examples can be used in the process of training of specialists (bachelors, masters) in the field of general and special education. В статье затрагивается одна из актуальных проблем специальной психологии и педагогики – механизмы психологической защиты и смысловые установки у школьников с интеллектуальной недостаточностью как фактор адаптации индивида. При анализе социально-психологической адаптации детей с нарушениями интеллектуального развития автор использует психодинамический подход в изучении личности – основных индикаторов детерминант поведения – защитных механизмов и смысловых установок личности. Это позволяет автору выделить основные закономерности социально-психологической адаптации детей при нормальном и патологическом развитии, сформулировать выводы об общих подходах развития личностного потенциала у детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. В статье приводятся примеры описаний стратегий и моделей социально-психологической адаптации детей с нарушениями интеллектуального развития, которые могут быть использованы в процессе подготовки специалистов (бакалавров, магистров) в области общего и специального образования.

The importance of happiness understanding research is caused by cardinal changes experiences in system of people values in the post-Soviet countries territory. «The time of changes», which characterized with destruction of old values and not creativeness of new, stimulating experiences by the person of existential vacuum. The given research is actual not only in connection with sense formation, but also in connection with necessity creatively to adapt in integrative space. According to numerous works [1,2,3], we define happiness as the peak experience connected with satisfaction correlated system of needs, dependent on style of subject's coping behavior., {"references":["Argayl M. Psychology of happiness. 2nd Ed. SP.b: Piter, 2003.- 271 p.\n(in Russian language)","Freud S. Dissatisfaction of culture //Basic instinct./Moscow.: Olymp:\nð×ð×ð× «AST-LTD edition», 1997, p.431 - 512 (in Russian language)","Fromm E. Running from freedom. Human for himself. //translated to\nrussian. Moscow.: «AST-LTD edition», 2004. - 571 p. (in Russian\nlanguage)","Krukova T.L. Methods of coping behavior research: three coping -\nscales.- Kostroma: Avntitul, 2007. - 60 p. (in Russian language).","Tashimova F.S., Rizulla A.R. Features of virtual subjects influence on\ncreative adaptation and experiences of youth happiness in globalization\nconditions // Intercultural mutual relations in Kazakhstan in the\nglobalization proccess. Almaty, 2011, p.149-156. (in Russian language)","Tashimova F.S. The psychological analysis of subject determination of\nsenses. Almaty: « Kazakh University», 2011, Monography in Russian\nlanguage. 287 p."]}

This article investigates the problem of connection between the academic performance of schoolchildren and their defense mechanisms. The article describes the author's diagnostic method of defense mechanisms and shows the sphere of its application, which is the diagnostics of high schoolchildren's defense mechanisms. The author analyzes the connection between schoolchildren's academic performance and their defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms originate and develop in early childhood; therefore the problem requires further investigation.

This article investigates the problem of interrelationship between schoolchildren's academic performance and their defense mechanisms. The article describes the author's diagnostic method of defense mechanisms and shows the sphere of its application, which is the diagnostics of high school students’ defense mechanisms. The author analyzes the relationship between schoolchildren's academic performance, their defense mechanisms and intellectual development, which may cause learning resistance. Defense mechanisms originate and develop in early childhood; therefore the problem requires further investigation.