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Job is suffering from illness without understanding it. His impairment and exclusion render him disabled in an abled, gloating but threatened society for which he is the laughing stock despite his exceptional piety. His psychic and spiritual breakthrough comes when God makes him reflect on and in the mirror of the wild and disorderly bodies of the two monstrosities, Behemoth and Leviathan, elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible exemplifying chaos, but now unexpectedly celebrated. Even as possible relief thanks to light-hearted humour these grotesque bodies emancipate the object of body-politics by subverting the centre of certainty and power. In this study the Bakhtinian critique of the ‘monologisation’ of the human body and its experience promised to be fruitfully combined with psychoanalytic insights about imprisoned body-images to enrich the relevance of the book of Job.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The interface of biblical hermeneutics and exegesis with other research fields in the social sciences and humanities such as psychoanalytic theory and literary criticism expanded the horizon of insight for all parties involved, not only for biblical studies.

This paper aims at analysing William Faulkner’s novel As I Lay Dying through a variety of contemporary reading strategies, especially to identify his famous character Addie Bundren. In the novel, Addie represents Faulkner’s narrative ego, a monstrous-feminine double, who is capable of experiencing and sublimating the paternally repressed desires. In this respect, the major framework will be constructed on Julia Kristeva’s theories of abject and abjection and her rereading of the Lacanian narrative of human subject. Within the scope of traditional Western culture and language, pre-oedipal stage, as identified with the mother, has been treated as a nonverbal, oppositional realm that threatens the subject’s ego and the boundaries constructed through law and language. Unlike the traditional psychoanalytical approaches which conceptualize the maternal register as a threat to subject’s identification process and his incorporation to the Symbolic order, contemporary theorists intersect at the point of investing on the subject’s eternal bound to his pre-oedipal source of existence. Along with Kristeva, theorists with alternative literary perspectives will also be employed. Through several reading strategies based on issues like sexuality, gender or contemporary feministic politics to Grotesque and Surrealist approaches, this study will identify whether Faulkner’s narrative ego in As I Lay Dying inspires a feministic voice for the emancipation and self-realization of marginalized or subordinated subjects of language., Bu çalışmada William Faulkner’ın Döşeğimde Ölürken romanını çağdaş okuma stratejileri doğrultusunda incelemek, özellikle de ünlü Addie Bundren karakterini anlamlandırmak amaçlanmaktadır. Romanda Addie, Faulkner’ın anlatıcı egosunu, aynı zamanda eril düzen/yasa ile bastırılmış arzularını deneyimleme ve yüceltme yetisine sahip şeytani-dişi bir dublörünü temsil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın ana çerçevesi Julia Kristeva’nın abject ve abjection kuramları ve Lacan’cı insan-öznenin gelişim sürecini yeniden ele alışı üzerinden kurulacaktır. Geleneksel Batı kültürü ve dili bağlamında, anne ile özdeş oedipal öncesi safha, öznenin egosunu ve dil düzeni aracılığıyla kurulan sınırlarını tehdit eden, dilin dışı ve karşıtı bir alan olarak değerlendirilmiş ve kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Ancak annenin alanını, öznenin kimliklenme sürecine ve Sembolik düzene uyum sağlamasına bir tehdit olarak kavramsallaştıran geleneksel psikoanalitik yaklaşımlardan farklı olarak, çağdaş kuramcılar öznenin oedipal öncesi varoluş kaynağı ile özsel bağının önemi konusunda birleşmektedirler. Kristeva’nın yanı sıra, çalışma içerisinde alternatif edebi bakış açılarına sahip bazı kuramcılara da yer verilecektir. Bu kuramcıların, cinsellik, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, ya da çağdaş feminist politikalara ilişkin meselelerden Grotesk, Sürrealist yaklaşımlara uzanan çeşitli okuma stratejileri kullanılacaktır. Böylelikle, Faulkner’ın Döşeğimde Ölürken romanındaki anlatıcı egonun, dilin marjinalleştirilmiş ya da baskılanmış öznelerine bağımsızlaşma ve kendilerini gerçekleştirme adına ilham verebilecek feminist bir ses olup olmadığı değerlendirilecektir.

Not only trauma, mourning and disease, but also disability has been recognised in the Book of Job in which the body plays an exceptional role. The protagonist is suffering physically, psychically and spiritually. Although the word, חלה] be sick, ill], never occurs in the book, his body is portrayed negatively being afflicted by some unknown illness, which would probably exclude him from the community described in Leviticus 13–14. While שׁ ֵרָח] be silent] occurs several times in the book, it never has the alternative meaning of deaf. Yet, his explicit empathy and sacrificial charity רֵוִּעַל] for the blind] and ַחֵסִּפַּל] for the lame] in 29:15 resonate with his own plight and undermine the possible discriminatory restrictions of like disabled in Leviticus 21:18. In this way, the Book of Job has a transgressive and yet liberating subtext, subverting the idealised body of his status quo. This subtle and veiled critique by the protagonist and therefore the book can be interpreted from a psychoanalytic perspective on physical disability and illness, where the symptoms and alleged imperfections of the body quietly cry out against social and cultural injustice of which they are the projections and mirrors when the context has silenced a concern for the body because of a lack of compassion as it is in the situation of Job. Contribution: The intersection and cross-fertilisation of Biblical Studies, Disability Studies and psychoanalytic theory as interdisciplinary approach widens the horizons and deepens the insight of all three research fields, hopefully for the benefit of those who suffer from their bodies, their psyches and their societies.&nbsp

Compared with other biblical books that are named after its main protagonist, Job mentions many (at least 72) body parts. Yet hair is explicitly referred to only once, even when it plays a relatively significant role in other books in the Hebrew Bible. This virtual absence of hair in the book can at first glance be explained by the shaving of Job’s ‘head’ as early as 1:20, using a different verb, גזז, from the one in Leviticus 13:33 and 14:8.9, גלח, where the context is that of תַע ָרָצ, wrongly translated as ‘leprosy’, but probably referring to the same skin problem from which Job is suffering. This connection to the skin is important, because the two body parts seem to be almost mutually exclusive, as also suggested by 1:21 immediately after the aforementioned shaving, where Job considers himself to be essentially םֹ רָע] naked]. This means that hair has, amongst other functions, also a clothing-like role in the book of Job. Three questions will hence be explored: how ‘absence’ is to be psychoanalytically interpreted and more specifically, what consequences all of this has on the virtual absence of hair in the Book of Job and, finally, what relevance this absence has for the South African context. Contribution: Applying a psychoanalytical perspective to both the body and to absence, the biblical text is contextualised on a broader horizon than what the purely historical- critical approach can render. The additional African context widens the relevance of the ancient book even further.

Dans l’arrêté du 27 mai 2003, l’enseignement de la philosophie dans les classes terminales des lycées vise à développer l’autonomie intellectuelle de l’élève. Or cette visée éducative est subordonnée à la réalisation d’une condition malaisée à mettre en œuvre dans l’ordinaire d’une classe de lycée. En pensant devant ses élèves, en effet, le maître est censé donner l’exemple de certaines opérations intellectuelles que doivent déployer ces derniers lors de l’épreuve écrite du baccalauréat. Que peut donc ressentir un enseignant de philosophie confronté à la difficulté de mettre en œuvre un tel modèle magistral ? L’exemple du maître peut-il suffire à former des esprits autonomes ? Et que peut nous apprendre, sur cette difficulté, une recherche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique ? In the decree of the French Ministry of Education of May 27, 2003, in the final classes of high schools the teaching of philosophy aims to develop the intellectual autonomy of the pupil. Now, this educational aim is subject to the realisation of a condition which is not easy to implement in the ordinary of a high school class: indeed, in thinking in front of his students, the teacher is supposed to give the example of certain intellectual operations that the latter must deploy during the baccalaureate written test. What can a philosophy teacher feel when faced with the difficulty of implementing such a masterful model? Can the example of the master suffice to train autonomous minds? And what can a clinical research of psychoanalytic orientation teach us about this difficulty?

Sigmund Freud considers that personality comprises three major subsystems that interact and control human behavior: the self, the self, the superhuman. S. Freud detected a series of consistent themes that were nothing but expressions of unconscious fears or desires, themes similar to those seen in the analysis of dreams or childhood memories. Sigmund Freud, as he is well known, placed great importance on becoming the personality of the first years of his life. Mostly, he spoke about the fact that the first five years of life are those responsible for establishing the psycho-behavioral base and for constituting the individual unconscious. Freud, at the time, did not enjoy a special collaboration with those in his professional guild. This was also due to the fact that, due to its histrionic structure, it did not accept any opinions from colleagues or disciples. On the other hand, it has restructured its conception of personality, but as some specialists show, also within the same dogmatism.

The objectives of this study are to analyze how is the obsession of the women characters and to explain how the obsession of the women characters influences their behavior described in Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca. The object of the study is a novel entitled Rebecca, written by Daphne du Maurier. This study is a descriptive qualitative study by applying Freudian psychoanalytic theory. The data of the study were collected by reading, identifying, inventorying, classifying, selecting, and reporting. By using Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the analysis focused on the women's character's obsession. The results show (1) Rebecca’s obsession in gaining power through fake appearances to get wealth and honor. Then, Mrs de Winter obsession in getting her husband’s love influenced by her father’s figure so that she has an electra complex. Further, Danvers obsession in loving Rebecca makes her have selfishness. (2) The influence of Rebecca’s obsession makes her have a narcissistic personality disorder. Then, the influence of Mrs de Winter obsession makes her envy, and finally she imitates Rebecca to increase her confidence in getting her husband’s love. Further, the influence of Danvers obsession makes her a Rebecca worshiper. Keywords: Characters, Obsession, Psychoanalytic, Rebecca, Women

Introduction The urgency of the problem of drug addiction in recent years is beyond doubt. Addiction to psychoactive substances is an interdisciplinary problem that needs to be adequately addressed. One of the reasons is the lack of a clear scientific and psychological concept of drug addiction and, as a consequence, lack of knowledge about the psychology of drug addiction. Purpose Analyze different scientific approaches to understanding the problem of drug addiction in psychology and develop a structural psychodiagnostic model of a person with drug addiction. Methods Theoretical analysis, induction, abstraction, generalization, systematization. Originality The possibilities of the ontosubjective approach have been revealed, which emphasizes the study of external and internal sanogenic factors that contribute to improving the level of psychological health. Components of the sanogenic potential of the individual are inner harmony, psychological stability and subjective well-being of the individual. Differentiation of sanogenic and adaptive potential of the individual allows to improve the approach to predicting the dynamics of personal changes of the addict in the therapeutic process. Conclusion In the article there was fulfilled a critical analysis of the main psychological approaches to the drug addiction problem: behavioral, psychoanalytic cognitive, systemic, humanistic, existential, the theory of transactional analysis, ontosubjective. Their profound analysis made it possible to see the multidimensional nature of the problem and presume the fact that within the current psychology trends, none of the theories or concepts explains the phenomena connected with the emergence of drug addiction. This fact completely prevents the developing of methods for drug addiction diagnosis, treatment and prevention.On the ontosubjective approach basis (VS Berezin, KS Lysetsky) the structural psychodiagnostic model of drug addicted persons was educed., В статье проведен критический анализ основных психологических подходов к проблеме наркомании: бихевиорального, психоаналитического когнитивного, системного, гуманистического, экзистенциального, теории трансактного анализа, онтосубъектного подхода. Их содержательный анализ дал возможность увидеть многоаспектность проблемы и предположить, что в рамках существующих сегодня направлений в психологии ни одна из теорий или концепций полностью не объясняет феномены, связанные с возникновением наркотической зависимости, что препятствует разработке методов их диагностики, лечения и профилактики. На основании онтосубъектного подхода разработана структурная психодиагностическая модель личности с наркотической зависимостью., У статті здійснено критичний аналіз основних психологічних підходів до проблеми наркоманії: біхевіорального, психоаналітичного когнітивного, системного, гуманістичного, екзистенційного, теорії трансактного аналізу, онтосуб'єктного підходу. Їх змістовний аналіз дав можливість побачити багатоаспектність проблеми та припустити, що в рамках існуючих сьогодні напрямків у психології жодна з теорій чи концепцій повністю не пояснюють феномени, пов'язані з виникненням наркотичної залежності, що перешкоджає розробці методів їх діагностики, лікування та профілактики. На підставі онтосуб’єктного підходу (В.С. Березін, К.С. Лисецький) розроблено структурну психодіагностичну модель особистості з наркотичною залежністю.

Objective:Sudden gains (SGs) have often been found associated with better treatment outcome across different psychiatric disorders. However, no studies have evaluated SGs in internet-based treatment targeting adolescent depression.Method:The sample consisted of 66 adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder, attending psychodynamic internet-based treatment. Effects of SGs were evaluated at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up. We also evaluated effects of large intersession improvements (LIIs; sudden and relatively large gains, between sessions, without the stability criterion). Effects of SGs and LIIs early in treatment were also investigated.Results:A total of 17 patients (25.75%) experienced an SG. The effect of having an SG or early SG was non-significant after treatment (d = 0.48) and at follow-up (d= 0.66). However, having an LII was related to better outcome after treatment (d = 0.97) and at follow-up (d = 0.76). Early LIIs were associated with significantly better results at end of treatment (d = 0.72).Conclusions:The original criteria of SGs might be overly conservative and thus miss important improvements in depression. Relatively large intersession gains, regardless of stability, seem to be predictive of outcome. Funding Agencies|Kavli Trust [32/18]

Este artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar la literatura pestífera en la literatura española del siglo XXI a través de la obra del poeta Germán Talaván. Se aplicará la corriente neohistoricista para contrastar la descripción que el autor hace sobre la eclosión de la pandemia de la COVID-19 durante los meses en los que hay un confinamiento domiciliario en el país con la visión que proporcionaban otros medios de comunicación. Posteriormente, se estudiarán los recursos retóricos que usa el autor prestando atención a la metáfora y a la metonimia, para finalizar con un análisis desde la crítica psicoanalítica que permitirá proporcionar una visión holística de la «producción poética confinada» de Talaván en su contexto. A modo de conclusión, la literatura pestífera es un género de un gran valor artístico, cultural e histórico debido a que refleja de forma artística la cruda realidad que genera la rápida expansión de enfermedades infectocontagiosas. This article aims to study the production of Spanish Plague Literature in the 21st century through the work of the poet Germán Talaván. The new historicist approach will be applied to contrast the description that the author makes about the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic during the months in which there is a home confinement in the country with the perspective of the mass media. Subsequently, the rhetorical resources used by the author will be studied, paying special attention to cognitive metaphors and metonymy. A deep analysis from psychoanalytic criticism outlook will provide a holistic vision of Talaván's «confined poetic production» in its context. In conclusion, plague literature is a genre of great artistic, cultural and historical value because it reflects in an artistic way the harsh reality that generates the rapid spread of infectious diseases.

Background and objectives COVID-19 has had a negative effect on mental health across the world's population. Healthcare workers in particular have experienced increased levels of psychological distress, depression and anxiety. Any perceived stress to an individual can provoke psychological defence mechanisms. Using psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism is described as an unconscious psychological strategy, with or without resulting behaviour, which aims to reduce or eliminate anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. This paper aims to describe a range of psychological defence mechanisms encountered within colleagues in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Using the methodology of a case series, specific defence mechanisms are explored with reference to further literature in the field. Results The author has encountered varying psychological defence mechanisms, both within himself and in other members of the multidisciplinary team. These have been illustrated in the attached clinical vignettes, relating to the specific psychological coping mechanisms of; denial, hypochondriasis, altruism, sublimation and humour. Conclusion We encourage acknowledgement of psychological defence mechanisms and their implications on day to day practice. Whilst defence mechanisms can have a number of negative consequences as described in this article, they also have an important role, particularly in the case of mature defence mechanisms, as protective factors against psychological distress and symptom formation. Deeper understanding of the gold-standard hierarchical organisation of defence mechanisms could help increase utilisation of specific therapeutic interventions for enhancing changes from immature to mature defensive responses to stressful experiences as the COVID-19 pandemic progresses.

Background Little is known about the influence on outcome of exploration of the patient-therapist relationship (that is, transference work) in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. We hypothesized that depressed adolescents would have better long-term effects from psychoanalytic psychotherapy with than without transference work. Methods Depressed adolescent (16 to 18 years) were recruited in health authority funded out-patient clinics in Oslo and Vestfold County, Norway. They were randomized to 28 weeks of treatment with psychoanalytic psychotherapy with or without transference work. Change was assessed using linear-mixed models. The primary outcome measure was the Psychodynamic Functioning Scale (pre- post-, and 1-year post-treatment). Level of depression was measured at the same time points and during therapy (week 12, and 20). Results 69 adolescents were treated with (N = 39) or without (N = 31) transference work. The mean number of sessions was 18.6 (SD = 8,6) in the transference work group and 18.0 (SD = 10.9) in the non-transference work group. Both groups showed large and significant improvement on Psychodynamic Functioning Scale during the whole study period. The difference between the two groups was not significant during the treatment period (95% CI −.79 to 1.2, p = .674, F = .18), or from post-treatment to one-year follow-up (95% CI −.13 to .96; p = .134; F = 2.3). For the secondary outcome measures the transference work group had significantly better outcomes from 12 weeks in treatment to one-year follow-up (Beck Depression Inventory, 95% CI − 1.7 to −.14, p = .022; Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, 95% CI − 1.6 to −.23, p = .009). Conclusion The findings suggest that exploration of the adolescents’ relations to the therapist amplify the effects of short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy on their depressive symptoms for adolescents with a Major Depressive Disorder. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. Id: NCT01531101. Registered 8 February 2012.

Psikanalitik edebiyat metodu, Freud’un kurucusu olduğu psikanalizin imkanlarından faydalanılarak ortaya çıkmış ve edebî metinlerin incelemesinde kullanılan bir yöntem olmuştur. Edebiyat ve psikanalizin hareket noktasının insan olması, insan davranışlarının nedenleri üzerinde durup ruhsal yaşamın malzeme olarak kullanması her iki bilim dalını birbirine daha da yaklaştırmıştır. Psikanalitik eleştiri yönteminde sanatkârın hayatının ve ruhsal yaşamının esere ne şekilde yansıdığı, bastırılmış duyguların edebî eserde nasıl dile getirildiği üzerinde durularak edebî eser incelemesinde farklı bir bakış açısı geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, övünmede olduğu kadar sövgüde de abartıya kaçan ve uçlarda gezinen 17. yüzyılın ve klâsik Türk edebiyatının en büyük kaside üstadı ve hiciv şairi Nef’î’nin bu tavrının nedenleri, psikanalitik eleştiri yönteminin imkanlarından yararlanılarak izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Nef’î’nin bu tavrı, kuralları belirlenmiş klasik şiirin genel bir eğilimi gibi görünse de bu tavrın psikanalitik edebiyat kuramında birtakım psikolojik izahatları vardır. Zira küçük yaşta babası tarafından terk edilen şairin bu travmatik terk edilmişliğin ağır tahribatı altında ezildiği, bu tahribatın etkisiyle sağlıklı ilişkiler geliştirme noktasında sıkıntılar yaşadığı ve çocukluk çağı travmalarının şairin sanatçı kişiliğinde belirleyici olduğu düşülmektedir. Babasız kalmanın acı tecrübesini henüz küçük yaştayken yaşayan Nef’î’nin bu durumu şiirlerine nasıl yansıttığı, narsist davranışları ile hiciv ve küfre meyyal tavrının nedenleri hakkında disiplinlerarası bir çalışma yapılarak özellikle Freud, Adler, Jung, Fromm, Lacan ve Klein gibi psikanalistlerin tespitlerinden faydalanılarak şairin şiirlerinin nedenleri üzerinde durulmuş; Nef’î’nin şiirlerini hangi ruh hali ile yazdığı örnek beyitler üzerinden ortaya konmaya çalışılmış ve psikanalitik çözümlemeler yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu yönüyle bu çalışmanın benzer çalışmalara kaynaklık etmesi ve araştırmacıların klâsik Türk edebiyatı manzumelerine farklı bir gözle bakması amaçlanmıştır., The psychoanalytic literature method has emerged by making use of the possibilities of psychoanalysis founded by Freud. It has been a method used in the study of literary texts. The fact that the starting point of literature and psychoanalysis is human, emphasizing the reasons of human behavior and using spiritual life as a material has brought both branches of science closer to each other. In psychoanalytic criticism method, a different perspective has been developed in the study of literary work by emphasizing how the life and spiritual life of the artist is reflected in the work and how the repressed feelings are expressed in the literary work. In this study, the reasons for this attitude of Nef'i, the greatest master of ode and satire poet of 17th century and classical Turkish literature, who exaggerated not only in boasting but also in cursing, were tried to be explained by using the possibilities of psychoanalytic criticism method. Although this attitude of Nef'i seems to be a general tendency of classical poetry whose rules have been determined, this attitude has some psychological explanations in psychoanalytic literary theory. Because it is thought that the poet, who was abandoned by his father at a young age, was crushed under the heavy destruction of this traumatic abandonment, had difficulties in developing healthy relationships with the effect of this destruction, and childhood traumas were determinant in the poet's artist personality. An interdisciplinary study was conducted on how Nef'i, who lived the painful experience of being fatherless at a young age, reflected this situation in his poems, and the reasons for his narcissistic behaviors and his attitude prone to satire and swearing. The reasons of the poet's poems are emphasized by making use of the determinations of psychoanalysts such as Freud, Adler, Jung, Fromm, Lacan and Klein. The mood in which Nef'i wrote his poems was tried to be put forward through the sample couplets and psychoanalytic analyzes were made. In this respect, it is aimed that this study will be a reference to similar studies and that the researchers will look at the classical Turkish literature poems from a different perspective.

anemon Psychoanalysis, which has taken its place among many scientific studies in psychological history, appears as an approach of Freud and his thoughts. Karen Horney, who objects to Freud’s limited approach over his characteristic structure due to biological reasons, prioritized childhood experiences and their social impact instead of inborn qualities. This study is based on neurosis and human development, which contributes to Horney’s psychoanalytic approach. The context and characters of the movies are also considered data for an psychoanalytic approach of human behavior. This study contributes to analysis of neurotic characters from movies, including an analysis of neurotic characters from David Fincher’s ‘Gone Girl.’ The analyzed character in this study is shown to showcase neurotic tendencies as mentioned in Horney’s approach. Psikolojide çok sayıda bilimsel çalışmada yer alan psikanaliz, Freud ve onun öğretilerinden gelişen bir yaklaşım olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Freud’un kişilik yapısı üzerine biyolojik sebeplerle sınırlı yaklaşımına karşı çıkan psikanaliz kuramcısı Karen Horney, kişilik gelişiminde ve davranışlarda doğuştan gelen özelliklerinden ziyade çocukluk döneminde yaşanan deneyimler ve toplumsal etkilere odaklanmıştır. Horney’in psikanalitik yaklaşıma katkısı olan nevrozlar ve insan gelişimi çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. İnsan davranışlarına yönelik çözümlemelerde psikanalitik yaklaşım çerçevesinde filmlerin içerik malzemesi ve karakterleri psikanalitik veriler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Nevrotik karakterler üzerine film çözümlemesine katkı amacı taşıyan çalışma, Horney’in nevrotik ihtiyaçlar ve nevrotik eğilimler yaklaşımından hareketle, yönetmenliğini David Fincher’in yaptığı “Kayıp Kız (Gone Girl)” filminin nevrotik karakter çözümlemesini içermektedir. Çalışmada incelenen karakterin, Horney’in kuramında belirttiği nevrotik eğilimlerle örtüşen davranışlar sergilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. 646174

This thesis is a practice-based investigation into the production of filmic dream sequences. The research aims to demonstrate how the dream theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Allan J. Hobson and Antti Revonsuo, incorporated into film-making practice, affects the production of dream sequences. The thesis asks: Which techniques denote a film sequence as depicting a dream and how closely do filmic dream sequences correlate with the dream theories of Freud, Jung, Revonsuo and Hobson? In support of answering this question, the thesis investigates what variations in styles of dream sequence are produced by using different combinations of dream-denoting elements. As part of the practice-research, I explore methods for incorporating representations of latent dream content. After reviewing and comparing the selected dream theories, I compare two opening film sequences with similar content, 8 ½ (Federico Fellini, 1963), depicting a dream, and Falling Down (Joel Schumacher, 1993), depicting waking reality, discovering eight dream-denoting film-making techniques. Building on these findings, I analyse a further 49 dream sequences, revealing four additional dream-denoting techniques. I then analyse the dream sequences for correlation with the selected dream theories, including to discover if latent content is ever explicitly represented. I use the findings from my analyses to inform the production of a series of filmic dream sequences, with each film incorporating one or more of the selected dream theories into each stage of production. The thesis addresses several gaps in theoretical and practice-based film research. In film theory, the thesis provides a structured, repeatable methodology for filmic analysis specific to dream sequences and summarises the form and content of dream sequences up to the present, identifying twelve dream-denoting elements. In practice, the thesis researches detailed methods for producing dream sequences in narrative film including representing latent content, by creatively interpreting and using different combinations of psychoanalytic and neurocognitive dream theories.

This study aims to identify and describe the character of characters contained in the short story Future of Silence and No Longer Sky Blue by Radhar Panca Dahana. This research is qualitative approach by applying psychoanalytic study. Various character behaviors are identified in terms of id, ego, and super ego. The results showed that psychologically the character of the characters in the short story is an idealistic figure. The character is described as a character always defeated and dikalhkan in life. Mesikipun overwritten with various persolan that heavily he remains firm to face it. The results of this study can be used as a medium of appreciation of work among students and students.---Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serta mendeskripsikan mengenai karakter tokoh yang terdapat dalam cerpen Masa Depan Kesunyian dan Langit tak Lagi Biru karya Radhar Panca Dahana. Penelitian ini berpendekatan kualitatif dengan menerapkan kajian psikoanalitik. Bergai perilaku tokoh diidentifikasi dari segi id, ego, dan super ego. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa secara psikologi karakter tokoh dalam cerpen tersebut adalah sosok yang yang idealis. Sang tokoh digambarkan sebagai tokoh selalu kalah dan dikalahkan dalam kehidupan. Mesikipun ditimpa dengan berbagai persolan yang bergitu berat ia tetap tegar menghadapinya. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media apresiasi karya pada kalangan mahasiswa dan pelajar.DOI : 10.15408/bat.v24i1.7442

It would seem that there has been a growing concern about the body during the composition of the Hebrew Bible, just as the body has awakened in the mind of the humanities during the last three to four decades in Western culture. Parallel to that has been a growing interest in psychological understanding often linked to the wisdom writings, and now again when the historical–critical approach has shown its limitations. The aim of psychoanalysing the body image of Job has several advantages: it allows the recipient to sense the body of the protagonist and so penetrate into the core of the narrative. Moreover, psychological sense can be made of the deeper meanings underlying certain body parts, which play a particularly important role for Job. In such a way, a network of subtexts can be accessed. This study will trace the image of Job’s body in the mind of the external world around him but more so in his own internal reality as depicted by the text. This will then constitute a body image which shifts amongst the characters and as the narrative develops. The clusters of attention imply the relations between the body parts in Job’s mind and suggest the tensions of his still unintegrated body image.

Alongside social anthropology and discursive psychology, conversation analysis has highlighted numerous ways in which cultural forms of perceiving and acting in the world are primarily rooted in socially shared normativity. However, when consideration turns to the origins and purposes of human affect and emotion, ethnomethodology, and conversation analysis appear to face particular difficulties that arise from the over-arching focus on sense-making practices. This article considers the proposal that psychoanalytic thinking might inform our understanding of how socially shared normativity emerges during infancy and early childhood. First, a framework is sketched out that highlights the fact that from the beginning, an infant’s earliest experience is bound up with those procedures, practices, and social actions that make up what conversation analysts call members’ methods. Second, comparisons are drawn between conversation analysis and psychoanalytic accounts of early experience for infants during the first years of life. Discussion then moves to the Kleinian notion of object relations and the concept of projective identification. Essentially, this is a theoretical account of how “what-was-once-one” (the mother-infant unit) somehow differentiates resulting in the gradual emergence of the “individuated being.” What is often glossed over in this account is the discursively embedded nature of projective identification; a process that is itself interdependent with the embodiment that makes up the infant’s lived engagement with the world. Whatever might constitute consciousness emerges from somatic, embodied, material-physical, tactile/affective experience – that is, a fundamentally social milieu. Ultimately, this raises the question of how transformation (i.e., from the social to the individual) occurs. One answer may be Winnicott’s idea of the transitional space, where the “good-enough” parent is said to be somebody, who can “contain” both negative and positive identifications coming from the infant, transform and re-project such identifications, but in modified form. In this way, the infant begins to recognize/experience what it is they are “feeling.” Such projective identifications are conveyed within and through the prevailing discourses that constitute all social practices. Concluding comments note that conversation analysis may find in psychoanalytic thinking a framework for understanding the interdependence between affect and action, given that in psychoanalytic thought, we find a thoroughly relational conception of human nature.

Taking inspiration from Frommer, this paper is part of a shift towards incorporating death as a defining psychic issue. With a sense that I am surrounded by death, the author presents two brief vignettes of clinical cases to illustrate the impact of the therapist’s relationship with death on the therapeutic process. Each case shows a different level of engagement with the client when the focus is on death-talk, and reflects, on the one hand, the therapist’s ability and readiness to work with death as an object of analysis, and on the other hand, the therapist’s lack of processing of experiences of death of others, and the resultant failure to successfully work with death in analysis. The one case is arguably more successful therapeutically than the other, and highlights some issues that come into play in the light of the therapist’s relationship with death. These issues are: i) the importance of the therapist’s development with regards to processing experiences of death and dying cannot be underestimated when working with death as an object of scrutiny; ii) empathy remains core to the process and getting in touch with how the client experiences the death of the other. Without recognition, however, no (grief) work can begin. The therapist needs to psychologically recognise the other to be able to connect to, and empathize with, the clients process; iii) the impact of the death of the other often transforms into the work of the impact of the death of self; iv) if clients have a sense that the therapist knows what they are speaking about because the therapist has done some of the work of making meaning of death, clients may feel more confident in working with death as an object of analysis.

The psychological analysis of personality theories of leadership, which is the basis for other conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of leadership, is conducted. Conceptual approach of leadership is analyzed taking into account the priority of personality theories, including: heroic, psychoanalytic, «trait» theory, charismatic and five-factor. It is noted that the psychological analysis of personality theories are important in understanding the nature of leadership

Just as the text is layered by redactional processes and its effects by reception processes, so different meanings of the statue of a human body in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream can be psychoanalytically ‘excavated’. Following a typical psychoanalytical dream interpretation, the possibility has therefore been explored of the body referring to the king as an individual before it was reinterpreted as a societal, collective body, the latter serving as a defence against the anxiety which the former would cause. Re-experiencing these common, human, unconscious anxieties and processing them could facilitate psychological healing and health, especially in the postmodern, pluralistic and eco-threatened context, which the dream seems to adumbrate.

El presente artículo expone y analiza las reflexiones que sostuvieron Freud y Ferenczi durante el proceso de creación de la primera cátedra de psicoanálisis en la Universidad de Budapest. A partir de estos elementos, se destacará que no fueron sólo diferencias teóricas o profesionales las que marcaron la relación conflictiva entre el psicoanálisis y la Universidad, sino que en ese proceso influyó de manera decisiva la política institucional que fundamentó la constitución del movimiento psicoanalítico. O presente artigo expõe e analisa as reflexões que sustentaram Freud e Ferenczi durante o processo de criação da primeira cátedra de psicanálise na Universidade de Budapeste. A partir desses elementos, destaca-se que não foram apenas as diferenças teóricas ou profissionais que marcaram a relação conflitiva entre a psicanálise e a universidade, senão que nesse processo influiu, de maneira decisiva, a política institucional que fundamentou a constituição do movimento psicanalítico. This paper presents and analyzes reflections by Freud and Ferenczi as they were creating the first chair of psychoanalysis at the University of Budapest. Based on these elements, we emphasize that the conflictive relationship between psychoanalysis and the University was not only marked by theoretical or professional differences, but that this process was decisively influenced by the institutional policy that laid the foundations for the constitution of the psychoanalytic movement. Cet article présente et analyse des réflexions menées par Freud et Ferenczi à l’occasion de la création de la première chaire de psychanalyse à l’Université de Budapest. A partir de ces éléments, on souligne que le rapport conflictuel entre la psychanalyse et l’université n’a pas été uniquement marqué par de différences théoriques ou professionnelles, mais que ce processus a également été influencé de façon décisive par la politique institutionnelle qui a servi de base à la constitution du mouvement psychanalytique. Dieser Artikel präsentiert und analysiert die Überlegungen Freuds und Ferenczis zur Schaffung des ersten Lehrstuhls für Psychoanalyse an der Universität Budapest. Aus diesen geht hervor, dass es nicht nur theoretische oder berufliche Meinungsverschiedenheiten waren, die die konfliktreiche Beziehung zwischen der Psychoanalyse und der Universität kennzeichneten. Der Prozess wurde ebenfalls entscheidend von der institutionellen Politik beeinflusst, die zur Verfassung der psychoanalytischen Bewegung beitrug.

Traditionally, there has been a tension between psychology and religion because of the Freudian critique of religion. This research intends to show that a deeper understanding of religion leading hopefully to an even deeper religiosity can be achieved by studying bodily features portrayed in a (religious) text from a psychoanalytic perspective. Just as any literary character can be �psychoanalysed� to produce new perspectives on it and on the narrative as a whole, the personality of Job invites the postmodern reader to continue understanding this book on new levels. From this approach, it becomes clear that the protagonist struggles with boundaries and individuation because of his depressive tendencies experienced in issues with reality�s harsh touch, nakedness and distance. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Just as any literary character can be �psychoanalysed� to produce new perspectives on it and on the narrative as a whole, the personality of Job invites the postmodern reader to continue understanding this book on new levels. From this approach, it becomes clear that the protagonist struggles with boundaries and individuation because of his depressive tendencies experienced in issues with reality�s harsh touch, nakedness and distance.

The process and outcome of psychoanalytic psychotherapy have been studied for a long time. However, the experiences of patients, particularly in therapies where goals were not met, have not yet been the target of extensive research. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults might face particular challenges. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the experiences of young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, with a particular focus on differences between suboptimal therapies and therapies with generally good outcome. The setting was naturalistic, and perspectives of the patient, therapist and observer were combined. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Study I explored experiences of psychotherapy process and outcome among seven patients in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, who expressed dissatisfaction. Interviews at termination and 18 months later were analysed using grounded theory and compared to therapist experiences. Patients experienced abandonment with their problems in and after therapy, since therapy according to the patients lacked connections to daily life, as well as flexibility, activity and understanding from the therapist. Therapists presented a different picture of the same therapies, mainly focused on the difficulties of the patients. Study II analysed the experiences of 20 non-improved or deteriorated young adult psychotherapy patients at termination of therapy and 36 months later. Non-improvement and deterioration were calculated based on the reliable change index on self-rating scores. The grounded theory analysis of interviews established spinning one’s wheels as a core category. The relationship to the therapist was described as artificial, although at times helpful. Participants experienced their own activity in life and active components of therapy as helpful, but thought focus in therapy was too much on past experiences. Study III explored the experiences of 17 young adult patients, in psychoanalytic individual or group therapy, overcoming depression. The analysis of interviews from therapy termination and 18 months later indicated that finding an identity and a place in life were perceived as intertwined with symptom relief. Negative experiences included difficulties to change oneself, fear of change, and problems in therapy, such as too little activity on the therapist’s part. The results were discussed in relation to young adulthood, therapeutic alliance, mentalization, and attachment. The conclusion was expressed in a comprehensive process model of suboptimal therapy with young adults, with suggested ways to prevent such a development. The therapist’s meta-communication and correct assessment of the patient’s mentalization capacity from moment to moment are proposed as crucial. Regarding clinical implications, therapists of young adult patients need to establish meta-communication on therapy progress, as even experienced therapists might be unaware of dissatisfaction or deterioration. Meta-communication could be considered part of the treatment itself, as it may foster mentalization and good outcome. Further, the period of young adulthood entails decisions and developing an adult life, and therapists need to make room for this by active interventions.

The introduction of the concept of mentalizing into psychoanalytic discourse has provided researchers with an important tool for beginning to understand the mechanisms mediating the relationships between childhood experiences and later psychological functioning. Researchers have made strong statements regarding the strength of this mediational relationship in their movement toward the building of novel and efficacious intervention approaches. The goal of this systematic review was to critically examine the empirical evidence for these statements. Five unique studies were identified that assessed the relationships between the variables of attachment and/or childhood adversity, mentalizing and adult functioning. Some preliminary evidence for the role of mentalizing as an important mediator variable was identified. However, researchers were cautioned to continue to engage in further empirical study to ensure that theoretical explorations do not overstate or move too far beyond the empirical research findings.

The psychological analysis of personality theories of leadership, which is the basis for other conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of leadership, is conducted. Conceptual approach of leadership is analyzed taking into account the priority of personality theories, including: heroic, psychoanalytic, «trait» theory, charismatic and five-factor. It is noted that the psychological analysis of personality theories are important in understanding the nature of leadership, Здійснено психологічний аналіз особистісних теорій лідерства, що є підґрунтям для інших концептуальних підходів до розуміння природи лідерства. У статті проаналізовано концептуальний підхід лідерства із врахуванням пріоритету особистісних теорій, серед яких: героїчна, психоаналітична, теорія «рис», харизматична та п’ятифакторна. Відзначено, що психологічний аналіз особистісних теорій є важливим у розумінні природи лідерства

�Psychoanalysing� the different forms of �scale disease� dealt with in Leviticus 13�14 can shed some light on the way the skin can be interpreted in this context. The eight psychic functions of the skin identified by Anzieu reveal how individuals meet collective anxieties on the surface of the skin where unconscious conflicts about identity boundaries are projected and inscribed.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Traditionally there has been a tension between psychology and religion, due to the Freudian critique of religion. This research intends to show that a deeper understanding of religion leading hopefully to an even deeper religiosity can be achieved by studying bodily features portrayed in a (religious) text from a psychoanalytic perspective.

This thesis is an ethnographic study of the Mexican cult of Santa Muerte employing Jungian and psychoanalytic frameworks of anthropological understanding. I use the theory of ‘cultural complexes’ (Kimbles and Singer) in order to facilitate an understanding of Santa Muerte with a focus on the psycho-historical dimension of the subjective experiences of her devotees. Although I am not trained as a psychotherapist and my research took place way outside of the regular context of psychoanalytic cum therapeutic engagement, my ethnographic involvement with specific individuals and detailed documentation of their life-histories, interpreted through Jungian thought and psychoanalysis, opens up a view on the inter-subjective and unconscious (at once personal and cultural-transpersonal) dimensions of the contemporary mega-urban life-worlds of the State of Mexico. I argue that Santa Muerte addresses the psychic tension between Christian polarisation – between ‘good’ and ‘evil’ – and Mesoamerican ouroboric dualism. Our Lady of Guadalupe has lost her stronghold as the prominent mother image in the life-worlds of these devotees who often find themselves in volatile existential situations. As such, the socio-spiritual economy of the relationship between devotee and Santa Muerte reflects the nuclear archetype, thereby suggesting a need for maternal security. Furthermore, I interpret Santa Muerte as a personification of the collective Mexican Shadow which mediates the Great Mother archetype, thereby pointing to a transitional period in the Mexican collective unconsciousness. She is a cultural expression of the Black Madonna compensating for the Virgin’s ‘sublime and pure’ Christian qualities – an elevated morality apparently too at odds with the oppressive inter-subjectivities of Mexican sociality. As such, Santa Muerte can be used as a conceptual tool through which to evaluate wider socio-political constructs, and to foreground the increasing salience of the Mexican death drive. Santa Muerte, Mexico, death drive, psychoanalytic anthropology, cultural complex, Black Madonna

Recording Reality, Desiring the Real analyses documentary media through the lens of psychoanalytic, deconstructionist and semiotic theory. This book has as its assumed audience a well-read and intellectually engaged readership, a fact that comes as no surprise to anyone already acquainted with Elizabeth Cowie’s previous work, particularly her 1997 book Representing the Woman: Cinema and Psychoanalysis. As noted by Jeffrey Gieger, “Cowie’s work … brings theory and astute critical practice to bear on documentary texts while underlining their social and interpersonal nature” through a consideration of the “citizen-spectator” who participates in the film experience as a situated and desiring subject (Geiger).

In study, the story, Uzun Sürmüş Bir Günün Akşamı, one of Bilge Karasu’s award winning works is intended to be analyzed under the title of ‘religion and individualization’ depending upon C.G. Jung’s psychoanalytic understanding. Our study has been systematically prepared by being divided into different titles. Images and symbols are explained by associating the related archetypes with the disciplines and people in the story. That’s been the lodestar for both defining social structure and tripping one’s inner word. Çalışmada Bilge Karasu’nun ödüllü eserlerinden biri olan Uzun Sürmüş Bir Günün Akşamı adlı öyküsünün ‘din ve bireyleşme’ başlığı altında C.G.Jung’un psikanalitik anlayışına bağlı olarak çözümlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamız farklı başlıklara ayrılarak sistematik bir şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Öyküdeki kavramlar ve kişiler ilgili arketiplerleilişkilendirilerek imge ve semboller anlamlandırılmıştır. Bu da hem toplumsal yapının incelenmesinde hem de bireyin iç dünyasına yaptığı yolculuğun belirlenmesinde yol gösterici olmuştur.

The overall aim of this thesis was to explore therapeutic action in psychoanalytic psychotherapy from different perspectives (patient, therapist, observer), using different methodological approaches (qualitative and quantitative). Study I explores patients’ views of therapeutic action with grounded theory methodology. The results indicated that talking openly in a safe therapeutic relationship led to new relational experiences and expanding self-awareness. Hindering factors included difficulties “opening up” and experiencing something missing in treatment. Study II investigates experienced therapists’ views of therapeutic action. The development of a close and trusting relationship was perceived as the core curative factor. Patients’ fear of closeness hindered treatment from the therapists’ perspective. Study III involves the development and psychometric examination of a new rating scale for patient-therapist attachment (Patient Attachment to Therapist Rating Scale; PAT-RS). Inter-rater reliability was good for three of the subscales (Security, Deactivation, Disorganization), but poor for one (Hyperactivation). Patterns of correlations with other measures suggest construct validity for the reliable subscales. Study IV examines the relationships between secure attachment to therapist, alliance, and outcome. Linear mixed-effects models, controlling for therapist effects, treatment length and patient-rated alliance, indicated that secure attachment to therapist relates to outcome. Further, the unique variance associated with secure attachment to therapist predicted continued gains in functioning during follow-up. The results of this thesis suggest that the development of a secure attachment to the therapist is a central mechanism of therapeutic change. The results are discussed in relation to established notions of therapeutic action in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Two tentative process models that may be useful for clinical practice and future research are proposed. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Epub ahead of print.

This essay examines Neil Gaiman’s Coraline from a psychoanalytic perspective, with focus on the formation of the super ego. While the young girl’s identity formation has been examined before, the general focus is often oedipal. In this essay, I choose to step away from the oedipal and examine the psychosymbolism throughout the novella. The aim is to see how Coraline’s own psychic development manifests itself in the other world. The characters in the novella are looked upon as representations of different aspects of Coraline’s psyche. Her actions with them are considered to be representations of internal conflicts or resolutions. In short, this essay examines how the novella portrays the psychodevelopmental nature of the child's identity formation.

In the mental health sector it is the biggest and most important task of the psychiatrist, psychotherapist or interviewer to make a diagnosis that most closely approximates the inner condition of the patient in order to induce proper therapeutic and psychiatric treatment. In the field of mental illness however, this is often very challenging due to the fact that there are feelings, dynamics and experiences that are central to the mental condition of the patient but cannot be verbally communicated. Especially in the field of trauma, these issues become visible since traumatizing experiences often cannot be remembered. There are varying paths to diagnosis and treatment in the mental health sector differing in method and setting, however they all consist of some sort of assessment in the context of an interaction between mental health professional and patient. We argue that in order to achieve a proper diagnosis and treatment for psychic illness, the interaction between patient and therapist has to be taken into account to facilitate an understanding of internal dynamics. It is our position that only with proper use of countertransference concepts and the understanding of processes of projective identification full use of the therapeutic setting for treatment and diagnosis can be achieved.

This thesis offers an analysis of workplace emotions by interweaving socialconstructionist and psychoanalytic theoretical frameworks. The introductionhighlights the importance of workplace emotion for organisation studies anddiscusses the significance of drawing on more than one framework for anunderstanding of the complexities of workplace emotions. India was chosen as thelocale for the study for a variety of reasons, including its global significance, its history of psychoanalysis, and immense diversity, which offer a vast landscape for exploring emotions from multiple perspectives. Engaging with India provides a cultural corrective to research on organisational emotion focussed upon Western spaces. The literature review discusses the tenets, limitations, and possibilities for cross-fertilisation of social constructionist and psychoanalytic accounts, and explores further the opportunities provided by the choice of India as the site for this work. The methodology informing the research is then introduced, focussing on qualitative interviews, storytelling, and countertransference as key features of the data collection and analysis. Four data chapters follow, which present and analyse empirical data from the field work to highlight the importance of both frameworks for an enriched understanding of emotions. The major themes that emerge from the data include cultural dynamics influencing emotions, emotional labour, workplace traumas, and the legacy of colonialism in work spaces. The thesis concludes with a review of the theoretical contributions and an identification of new possibilities and new stories for exploration opened upon by this research.

The initial reactions to a bipolar disorder diagnosis of research participants in a small, qualitative study consisted of astonishment, dread of being “mad,” and extremely negative associations. All had prior mental health diagnoses, including episodes of severe depression (all but one) and alcoholism (one). All participants reported mental health histories prediagnosis and most had spent years contending with mental health labels, medications, symptoms, and hospitalizations. In addition, most participants were highly educated health professionals, quite familiar with the behaviors that the medical system considered to comprise bipolar disorder. Their negative associations to the initial bipolar disorder diagnosis, therefore, appeared inconsistent with their mental health histories and professional knowledge. This article contextualizes these initial reactions of shock and distress and proposes interpretations of these findings from societal and psychodynamic group relations perspectives. The participants’ initial negative reactions are conceptualized as involving the terror of being transported from the group of “normal” people into the group of “mad” or “crazy” people, i.e., people with mental illnesses, who may constitute a societal “denigrated other.”

This essay is based on the premise of psychoanalytical literal theory through a perspective of the author-imprint, or the mirroring neural-effect of the author as an external persona - a force influencing, constructing and enforcing traits, intertextual messages and sublime meanings of the subconscious in the primary text material – the short story Imp of the Perverse, published by Edgar Allan Poe in 1845. The aim is to view this short story in light of Poe's empirically documented destructive personality, proposing that the message of the story, in itself, is more than simply a tale, but part of a larger contextual idea sprung from the pained soul of the author. As primary source for the hypothesis statement, theories by Freud and the later constructions on psychoanalysis as a tool for interpreting literature have been used, such as the collected works of Kurzweil & Phillips (Literature and Psychoanalysis). Further reference will be made to extensive autobiographical works on Poe himself, combined with specific research within the psychoanalytical field by authors such as Dr. Liebig (Criminal Insanity and Hypersensibility in Edgar Allan Poe), M. Bonaparte (The Life and Works of E.A. Poe, a psycho-analytic interpretation) and more. The results of this paper found that the dysfunctional lifestyle and neurotic tendencies of Edgar Allan Poe strongly indicate a connection between his psychological state, his experiences and the message of The Imp of the Perverse. The claim, then, is that Edgar Allan Poe did indeed fuel his short story with direct elements of his own psyche and moral values.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário Esta revisão de literatura teve por objectivo a pesquisa, a organização e a conceptualização de informação relativamente à técnica psicoterapêutica, especificamente numa abordagem psicanalítica. No entanto, o estudo da técnica foi enquadrado na investigação da psicoterapia ao nível dos processos e produtos. Tentou-se perceber e sistematizar os conceitos base da técnica clássica psicanalítica e a sua contraposição em relação à terapia psicanalítica, assim como quais as técnicas mais representativas desta abordagem. Espera-se que esta revisão sirva como base para futuros estudos e no imediato como suporte teórico para uma investigação empírica relativamente à utilização de técnicas psicanalíticas. ABSTRACT: This literature review was aimed at research, organization and conceptualization of information on the psychotherapeutic technique, specifically a psychoanalytic approach. However the study of the technique was framed in the investigation of psychotherapy in terms of processes and products. Tried to understand and discuss the basic concepts of classical psychoanalytic technique and its opposition in relation to psychoanalytic therapy, as well as what techniques are most representative of this approach. It is hoped that this review will serve as a basis for future studies and at this moment as a theoretical support for empirical research on the use of psychoanalytic techniques.

Tutkimuksen kohteena on Tampereen yliopiston näyttelijäntyön laitoksen projekti, johon osallistui vuosina 1995-2006 yhteensä 55 opiskelijaa. Kunkin ryhmän kanssa valmistettiin vieraskielinen näytelmä kielellä, jota opiskelijat eivät entuudestaan osanneet. Päätutkimuskohteena on 14 Juhannustanssit-esityksessä suomeksi ja espanjaksi näytellyttä opiskelijaa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näyttelemistä opiskelijan äänen, puheen ja kehollisuuden kannalta. Projektin tavoitteena on ollut kehittää metodi, jonka avulla puheopetus kytkeytyy osaksi näyttämöllistä toimintaa. Kytkijänä toimii erityisesti äänen kehollinen merkitys näyttelijälle, mikä ei ole saanut teatterin- tai puheentutkimuksessa aiemmin juurikaan huomiota. Tutkimuksessa lähestytään näyttelijän ääntä, puhetta ja kehoa sekä kvalitatiivisin että kvantitatiivisin menetelmin. Tutkimusmateriaalina ovat näytelmän suomeksi ja espanjaksi puhutut repliikit, videoidut kohtaukset sekä suomenkieliset vokaali- ja proosaluentanäytteet, joihin opiskelijat sovelsivat mielikuvaa espanjankielisestä puhumisesta. Opiskelijoiden kokemuksia tutkivassa osiossa materiaalina ovat haastattelut sekä opiskelijoiden kirjoittamat opinnäytteet. Espanjaksi näyttelemiselle oli tyypillistä ulospäin suuntautuva, energinen näyttelemisen tapa, johon liittyi runsas, kehosta ylös- ja poispäin suuntautuva elehtiminen, virtaava kehonkäyttö sekä voimakas ja selkeä puhetapa. Tutkimuksen perusteella vieraalla kielellä näyttelemistä voi hyödyntää näyttelijän äänen kantavuuden ja artikulaation etisyyden harjoittamiseen, jos äänentuoton mahdollista puristeisuutta samalla kontrolloidaan. Vieraalla kielellä näytellessä sanojen symbolinen merkitystaso hämärtyy ja kieleen rakentunut näyttelijäidentiteetti horjahtaa tutulta paikaltaan. Esiin työntyvät äänen materiaalisuus ja kielen keholliset ja musiikilliset merkitystasot, jotka psykoanalyyttisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna löytävät voimansa kehon arkaaisesta kokemusmaailmasta. Miehet kokivat merkitysten ailahtelevuuden useammin ahdistavaksi ja näyttelemistä rajoittavana kuin naiset, jotka puolestaan pitivät vieraalla kielellä näyttelemisen herättämiä kehollisia tuntemuksia nautinnollisina ja näyttämöllistä läsnäolokokemusta lisäävinä. Opiskelijat kokivat kehotietoisuutensa voimistuneen ja varsinkin naiset kokivat myönteisiä muutoksia kehonkuvassaan espanjan kielellä näytellessä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että ääni ei ole vain kommunikaation ja informaation välittämisen palveluksessa, vaan sillä on yksilöllistä merkitystä kielen symbolisesta merkitystasosta irtaantuneenakin. A Strange Tongue in the Mouth. The Dimensions of Acting in a Foreign Language in the Student Actor´s Voice, Speech and Body The subject of the research is a project at the Department of Acting, University of Tampere in which five student intakes (a total of 55 student actors) participated. In each group a play was processed in a foreign language (either Spanish or Italian) with which the students were not familiar. The main focus was on seven male and seven female actors who in 1998-1999 performed in the play Juhannustanssit, in Finnish and in Spanish. The study concerns acting in a foreign language from the perspective of the student s voice, speech and body, and the opportunity to apply an image of a foreign language to Finnish speech. The study also considers the significance of voice to body awareness and body image. The study falls into two main parts. In the part which addresses voice, speech and body from the outside, the research material consists of lines in Finnish and Spanish, videotaped scenes and vowel and prose readings to which the students applied an image of Spanish speech. These are scrutinised through acoustic analyses, viewing tests and listening tests. In the part of the study which addresses the students experiences, the material consists of interviews and of theses written by the students. The theoretical framework is delineated on the one hand by the psychoanalysis of Jacques Lacan and the related post-structuralist theories of language and voice and on the other hand by the phenomenology of the body of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Acting in Spanish was characterised by an extrovert, energetic style accompanied by ample gesticulation outward and upward, flowing use of body movements and carrying speech. In men especially the Spanish image raised the sound energy on frequencies of 2-5 kHz and the equivalent sound level (the loudness of the voice). The frequency of the second formant in several vowels rose closer to the third formant on the frequency scale. Finnish vowels pronounced in the Spanish way were estimated to be more fronted than normally pronounced vowels. Both men s and women s articulation was felt to be clearer when they thought they were speaking in Spanish. Women s reading was assessed to be more energetic and faster while men s voices were assessed to be firmer and brighter when using an image of Spanish speech. It appears possible to utilise acting in a foreign language to practise the carrying quality of the voice and the fronting of the articulation, but this requires control in order to avoid producing a pressed voice. When acting in a foreign language the symbolic significance of the words was blurred and the corporeal level of meaning of the language and the material quality of the voice were accentuated. These are interpreted in the research in keeping with Julia Kristeva s genotext and Roland Barthes genosong concepts as a shift to the realm of semiotic genospeech. The men more frequently than the women felt that the wavering nature of significance caused anxiety and restrictive to acting. Women reported more corporeal experiences related to archaic types of experience such as vital affects and amodal perception. The students reported a sensation of enhanced corporeal awareness notably internally and in the region of the head and chest as the feeling of resonance gained strength, and women especially reported feeling positive changes in their body image when acting in Spanish. Speech and the sensations of the body were mainly felt to be enjoyable. It is above all a question of breaking away from certain habitual ways of using the body and from attitudes concerning the body and of the ability to conceive of the body through acoustic-kinesthetic perception. The study demonstrates that the voice is not merely at the service of the actor for communication and the transfer of information, but that it has individual corporeal significance to its producer also when isolated from the language s symbolic level of meaning.

Walker Percy writes, in the foreword of "A confederacy of dunces", “I hesitate to use the word comedy - though comedy it is - because that implies simply a funny book, and this novel is a great deal more than that …It is also sad. One never quite knows where the sadness comes from.” In this essay I have analyzed where the sadness comes from, through the psychoanalytic theories of Jaqcues Lacan, John Bowlby, Melanie Klein and Erich Fromm, mainly. My standpoint is that no text or utterance is ever completed, and therefore it is not absolute. The text itself is the strongest manifestation of power in the novel. When scrutinizing the text itself, I have treated it as one of the analysands, trying to reveal the suppressed information underneath the surface of the implied story.

A monograph published simultaneously as Psychoanalytic Social Work, Volume 8(3/4), 2001Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Birghamton, New York 13904-1580, United States of America 203 pages plus index; Hardcover, ISBN 0-7890-1726-1, US$39.95; Softcover, ISBN 0-7890-1727-x, US$24.95 http://www.haworthpressinc.com, e-mail: getinfo@haworthpressinc.comJournal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2004, 16(1): 63–64

Missing page 305 As the title of this thesis indicates, this work is a study of key psychoanalytic issues deemed to be central to a proper appreciation of the work of the contemporary American writer, Donald Barthelme. Much has been written about Barthelme's fiction in recent years (he has, for example, been the subject of four full-length studies in the last five years), but the approach taken by criticism in general to his work misinterprets what seems to me to be one of the most interesting and relevant issues raised by his work. Conventional wisdom assumes that Barthelme's short stories represent a uniquely successful challenge to the notion that fiction need embody meanings which originate in the author. It is asserted, in other words, that Barthelme's fiction has for all intents and purposes utterly subverted potential criticism which might attempt to establish a relationship between text and author. In the effective absence of an "author," Barthelme's prose is taken to represent a radically innovative form of discourse, a form of discourse which has influenced an entire generation of experimental writing. The context in which Barthelme's fiction is appreciated by criticism is informed by distinctively postmodern aesthetics. In particular, what critics identify as postmodernism's emphasis on "an aesthetic of process" (Hutcheon 1985, 2) has served to throw the entire concept of the artist or the author as the source of meaning in a text open to serious question. Postmodern fiction presents itself as a form of situation, a variety of experience in which author and reader are free to recreate meaning and recreate themselves in a dynamic gestalt through the process of text. What is most repugnant to postmodernism is the rule of definitions of the self that are anterior to the text, definitions that limit the existential freedom of the self to recreate itself in situation. Barthelme's fiction is widely proclaimed to be exemplary postmodern writing in the sense that it has created a form of discourse in which the author--a potentially limiting source of prefigured meanings--is effectively absent from the text, and can therefore be discounted as a factor in any interpretation of the meaning of the text. This study will show that the voice of the author in Barthelme's short fiction is neither absent nor as irrelevant as criticism would have us believe. Indeed, this study will show that Barthelme's fiction says essentially the opposite of what has hitherto been assumed with regard to the relevance of the authorial voice to the meaning of the fiction. This study is psychoanalytic in the sense that it will isolate the latent features of Barthelme's prose based on readings of patterns of association as they occur in the manifest content of the stories. To this point no criticism has considered the relevance of these patterns of association in Barthelme because it has been assumed that, in the absence of a legitimate authorial voice in his work, such patterns either do not exist, or if they do exist, they were deliberately woven into the fabric of the prose by an ironic author familiar with Freud. With a careful and comparative analysis of his earliest stories to serve as a reference point, this study proposes to demonstrate basically two things: first, that Barthelme's fictions have from the beginning implicitly affirmed the notion that an understanding of the psychoanalytic issues attached to the voice behind the fiction has been crucial to an appreciation of the full meaning of any given story; and second, that the psychoanalytic issues of concern to the authorial voice in Barthelme have not changed to any significant degree over the twenty years Barthelme has been publishing fiction. The implications of the latter point are especially worth noting: proof of the presence of a consistent authorial voice would require a radical readjustment to the popular view of the meaning of Barthelme's fiction. Thesis Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)