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Governments around the globe have taken different measures to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. The city of Santiago, Chile, followed a dynamic lockdown strategy in which its municipalities were temporarily restricted depending on the degree of advance of the pandemic. We use this variation over time to study the effect of lockdowns on public transport demand, by analysing a 2019-2020 database of smartcard data of trips. These data allow us to identify public transport trips at a bus stop level,accounting for the variation of municipalities that were under lockdown in a given day. Metro and buses are analysed as individual modes and combined, allowing to estimate mode-specific factors. Using an empirical strategy that controls for timely variations, we find that dynamic lockdowns reduced public transport demand for all the public transport modes, but the average effect was larger for buses, which may be explained in part by fare evasion for this mode of transport and/or socioeconomic differences on mode usage. We also find that this effect varies over time. After the fifth week of the application of the lockdowns, its effect starts slowly vanishing, which suggests short-term effectiveness of such policy to reduce transport mobility in this case. Regarding sociodemographic effects, we find that lockdowns have a stronger impact in reducing public transport demand in municipalities with a larger proportion of elderly populationand high-income households.

Asymmetric effects across sectors are the distinctive features of the Covid-19 shock. Business Formation Statistics in the United States show a reallocation of entry and exit opportunities across sectors in the initial phase of the pandemic. To explain these facts, we propose an Epidemiological-Industry Dynamic model with heterogeneous firms and endogenous firms dynamics. Our analysis suggests that the cleansing effect on business dynamism of the Covid-19 crisis, which typically characterizes recessions, is sector-specific. The framework can rationalize the dynamics of aggregate productivity during the crisis. Monetary policy and sticky wages are central ingredients to capture reallocation effects. Social distancing, by smoothing out cleansing in the social sector, slows down the reallocation process and prolongs the recession, but saves lives.

The aim of the articleis to study the place of the process of depositing the intellectual activity results within the paradigm of open science; to summarize relevant international developments; to offer their use for the transformation of the deposit system in Ukraine. Research methods. The article uses a set of general scientific methods of generalization and analysis, synthesis and forecasting, as well as special library science methods, which made it possible to achieve the declared goal. Scientific noveltyof obtained results lies in grounding the need in modification of policies and procedures for depositing intellectual property results, and the creation of necessary infrastructure, taking into consideration the concepts of open access and open science, as well as the corresponding international practice. Main conclusions. The open science paradigm implementation is a current world trend, which enables immediate and constant access to the results of scientific research and data. Many challenges are brought about by this tendency for both scientists and those ones in charge of publishing, storing, and preserving data, such as libraries. The transformation of the system of intellectual property results depositing in Ukraine should take into account the best international experience in the development of research infrastructure, and the creation of repositories of publications and data; ensuring their compatibility and interoperability; more active introduction of the culture of preprints and open review; the development of public license and copyright policies; the needs of relevant research and practices in the field of digital curatorship. Especially, all the highlighted above should be viewed in the aspect of the National Open Science Plan which was approved in Ukraine in October, 2022, the need for integration with the European Open Science Cloud, and the new version of the Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights”, which has entered into force since January 1, 2023.

The aim of the article is to study the place of the process of depositing the intellectual activity results within the paradigm of open science; to summarize relevant international developments; to offer their use for the transformation of the deposit system in Ukraine. Research methods. The article uses a set of general scientific methods of generalization and analysis, synthesis and forecasting, as well as special library science methods, which made it possible to achieve the declared goal. Scientific novelty of obtained results lies in grounding the need in modification of policies and procedures for depositing intellectual property results, and the creation of necessary infrastructure, taking into consideration the concepts of open access and open science, as well as the corresponding international practice. Main conclusions. The open science paradigm implementation is a current world trend, which enables immediate and constant access to the results of scientific research and data. Many challenges are brought about by this tendency for both scientists and those ones in charge of publishing, storing, and preserving data, such as libraries. The transformation of the system of intellectual property results depositing in Ukraine should take into account the best international experience in the development of research infrastructure, and the creation of repositories of publications and data; ensuring their compatibility and interoperability; more active introduction of the culture of preprints and open review; the development of public license and copyright policies; the needs of relevant research and practices in the field of digital curatorship. Especially, all the highlighted above should be viewed in the aspect of the National Open Science Plan which was approved in Ukraine in October, 2022, the need for integration with the European Open Science Cloud, and the new version of the Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights”, which has entered into force since January 1, 2023., Мета статті – дослідити місце процесу депонування результатів інтелектуальної діяльності в рамках парадигми відкритої науки; узагальнити відповідні міжнародні напрацювання; запропонувати їх використання для трансформації системи депонування в Україні. Методи дослідження. У статті застосовано сукупність загальнонаукових методів узагальнення і аналізу, синтезу і прогнозування та спеціальних бібліотекознавчих методів, що дало змогу досягти проголошеної мети. Наукова новизна отриманих результатів полягає в обґрунтуванні потреби трансформації політик і процесів депонування результатів інтелектуальної власності та розбудови відповідної інфраструктури з урахуванням концепції відкритого доступу і відкритої науки й відповідної міжнародної практики. Основні висновки. Впровадження парадигми відкритої науки є актуальною світовою тенденцією, яка передбачає забезпечення оперативного й довготривалого доступу до результатів наукових досліджень і даних. Ця тенденція породжує низку викликів як перед ученими, так і перед тими, хто відповідальний за процеси публікації, зберігання та збереження даних, зокрема бібліотеками. Трансформація системи депонування результатів інтелектуальної власності в Україні має враховувати найкращий міжнародний досвід щодо розбудови дослідницької інфраструктури та створення репозитаріїв публікацій і даних; забезпечення їхньої сумісності та здатності до взаємодії; активніше запровадження культури препринтів і відкритого рецензування; розвиток політик щодо публічних ліцензій та авторського права; потреби відповідних досліджень і практик у галузі цифрового кураторства. Особливо з огляду на схвалений в Україні у жовтні 2022 р. Національний план відкритої науки та потребу в інтеграції з Європейською хмарою відкритої науки, а також нову редакцію Закону України «Про авторське право та суміжні права», що набула чинності з 1 січня 2023 р.

We consider here a new type of mixed local and nonlocal equation under suitable Neumann conditions. We discuss the spectral properties associated to a weighted eigenvalue problem and present a global bound for subsolutions. The Neumann condition that we take into account comprises, as a particular case, the one that has been recently introduced in [S. Dipierro, X. Ros-Oton, E. Valdinoci, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. (2017)]. Also, the results that we present here find a natural application to a logistic equation motivated by biological problems that has been recently considered in [S. Dipierro, E. Proietti Lippi, E. Valdinoci, preprint (2020)].

Contemporary cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing propose that heightened levels of anxiety vulnerability are associated with a decreasing ability to inhibit the allocation of attention towards task-irrelevant information. Existing performance-based research has most often used eye-movement assessment variants of the antisaccade paradigm to demonstrate such effects. Critically, however, eye-movement assessment methods are limited by expense, the need for expert training in administration, and limited mobility and scalability. These barriers have likely led to researchers’ use of suboptimal methods of assessing the relationship between attentional control and anxiety vulnerability. The present study examined the capacity for a non-eye-movement-based variant of the antisaccade task, the masked-target antisaccade task (Guitton et al., 1985), to detect anxiety-linked differences in attentional control. Participants (N = 342) completed an assessment of anxiety vulnerability and performed the masked-target antisaccade task in an online assessment session. Greater levels of anxiety vulnerability predicted poorer performance on the task, consistent with findings observed from eye-movement methods and with cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing. Results also revealed the task to have high internal reliability. Our findings indicate that the masked-target antisaccade task provides a psychometrically reliable, low-cost, mobile, and scalable assessment of anxiety-linked differences in attentional control.

Background The full potential of eHealth technologies to support self-management and disease management for patients with chronic diseases is not being reached. A possible explanation for these lacking results is that during the development process, insufficient attention is paid to the needs, wishes, and context of the prospective end users. To overcome such issues, the user-centered design practice of creating personas is widely accepted to ensure the fit between a technology and the target group or end users throughout all phases of development. Objective In this study, we integrate several approaches to persona development into the Persona Approach Twente to attain a more holistic and structured approach that aligns with the iterative process of eHealth development. Methods In 3 steps, a secondary analysis was carried out on different parts of the data set using the Partitioning Around Medoids clustering method. First, we used health-related electronic patient record data only. Second, we added person-related data that were gathered through interviews and questionnaires. Third, we added log data. Results In the first step, 2 clusters were found, with average silhouette widths of 0.12 and 0.27. In the second step, again 2 clusters were found, with average silhouette widths of 0.08 and 0.12. In the third step, 3 clusters were identified, with average silhouette widths of 0.09, 0.12, and 0.04. Conclusions The Persona Approach Twente is applicable for mixed types of data and allows alignment of this user-centered design method to the iterative approach of eHealth development. A variety of characteristics can be used that stretches beyond (standardized) medical and demographic measurements. Challenges lie in data quality and fitness for (quantitative) clustering.

The unequal burden of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis (e.g., in terms of infection and death rates) across Canadian provinces is important and puzzling. Some have speculated that differences in levels of citizen compliance with public health preventive measures are central to understanding cross-provincial differences in pandemic-related health outcomes. However, no systematic empirical test of this hypothesis has been conducted. In this research, we make use of an exceptionally large dataset that includes 23 survey waves ( N = 22,610) fielded in Canada across 12 months (April 2020–April 2021) to answer the question “Is there evidence of substantial cross-provincial differences in citizen compliance with basic public health measures designed to prevent the spread of infection?” We find that regional differences in self-reported behaviour are few and very modest, suggesting that interprovincial differences in COVID-19–related health outcomes have little to do with differences in citizen compliance, at least in the first year of the pandemic. These results have important implications. Although it is crucial that we continue to study regional variations related to the COVID-19 burden, public health agency officials, pundits, and politicians should be cautious when musing about the role of citizen compliance as the primary explanation of interprovincial pandemic health outcomes.

Global problems require global scientific solutions, but the dominance of the English language creates a large barrier for many non-English-proficient researchers to make their findings and knowledge accessible globally. Here, we propose integrating peer language proofing and translation systems in preprint platforms as a solution for promoting equity, diversity, and inclusion in science.

Open access began with preprints in the 1990s. Today, preprints remain a popular means of disseminating scientific results in certain disciplines. It also makes it possible to experiment with new ways of carrying out peer review and to build new publication models.

IntroductionCOVID-19-related (vs. non-related) articles appear to be more expeditiously processed and published in peer-reviewed journals. We aimed to evaluate: (i) whether COVID-19-related preprints were favored for publication, (ii) preprinting trends and public discussion of the preprints, and (iii) the relationship between the publication topic (COVID-19-related or not) and quality issues.MethodsManuscripts deposited at bioRxiv and medRxiv between January 1 and September 27 were assessed for the probability of publishing in peer-reviewed journals, and those published were evaluated for submission-to-acceptance time. The extent of public discussion was assessed based on Altmetric and Disqus data. The Retraction Watch Database and PubMed were used to explore the retraction of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles and preprints.ResultsWith adjustment for the preprinting server and number of deposited versions, COVID-19-related preprints were more likely to be published within 120 days since the deposition of the first version (OR=2.04, 95%CI 1.87-2.23) as well as over the entire observed period (OR=1.42, 95%CI 1.33-1.52). Submission-to-acceptance was by 38.67 days (95%CI 34.96-42.39) shorter for COVID-19 articles. Public discussion of preprints was modest and COVID-19 articles were overrepresented in the pool of retracted articles in 2020.ConclusionCurrent data suggest a preference for publication of COVID-19-related preprints over the observed period.

This study argues that the ability to mitigate risks associated with international trade is particularly important at times of heightened uncertainty, such as the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Risk mitigation can be achieved through letters of credit (LCs), trade finance instruments providing guarantees to trading partners. As their use varies across products, exports of some products are more resilient than others during times of increased uncertainty. This situation reverses in times of financial crises when distressed banks may limit the supply of LCs. Our analysis using data on US and EU-15 exports during the Covid crisis and the Global Financial Crisis provides empirical support for these hypotheses. © 2021, International Monetary Fund.

The paper discusses the tension between social solidarity and religious freedom as demonstrated by the refusal of the ultra-Orthodox sects in Israel to comply with Covid-19 regulations. The paper provides a detailed description of the refusal to comply with the regulations restricting mass prayer services in synagogues and studying Torah in the yeshivas, thus interfering with the ultra-Orthodox religious life. The paper suggests possible explanations for that refusal, based on either religious beliefs or a socio-political claim to autonomy, and discusses whether the polity should be willing to tolerate such a refusal on the basis of the cultural defence. The paper concludes that the drastic restrictions which the regulations posed on religious life were justified by the need to reduce the spread of the pandemic. Under such circumstances, the enforcement of social distancing regulations must be given priority over religious freedom.

Academic scholarly communication is the predominant business of researchers, scientists, and scholars. It is the core element of promoting scientific thought, investigation, and building up solid knowledge. The development of preprint platform web interfaces, server repositories of electronic scholarly papers submitted by their authors and openly available to the scientific community proposed a new form of academic communication. The distribution of a preprint of a scientific manuscript allows the authors to claim the priority of discovery, in a manner similar to the conference proceedings output, but also creates an anteriority that prevents protection by a patent application. Herein, we review the scope and the role of preprint papers platforms in academia, we explore individual cases, arXiv, SSRN, OSF Preprints, HAL, bioRxiv, EconStor, RePEc, PhilArchive, Research Square, viXra, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Preprints.org, ChinaXiv, medRxiv, JMIR Preprints, Authorea, ChemRxiv, engrXiv, e-LiS, SciELO, PsyArXiv, F1000 Research, and Zenodo, and discuss their significance in promoting scientific discovery, the potential risks of scientific integrity, as well as the policies of data distribution and intellectual property rights, the plus and minus, for the stakeholders, authors, institutions, states, scientific journals, scientific community, and the public. In this review we explore the scope and policies of the existing preprint papers platforms in different academic research fields.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents the airline industry with unprecedented challenges that constitute no less than an existential threat. Given airlines’ importance in the economy, which includes providing connectivity, preserving jobs, and supporting related sectors, many governments have given local airlines enormous financial support since early 2020. Although it is well understood why many governments cannot allow their major airlines to shut down, the ongoing massive government bailouts can distort competition in the airline industry. This article analyzes various government bailouts of airlines in the COVID-19 crisis and discusses how these bailouts are creating a growing problem with fair competition in the international air transport market. While examining the unique regulatory framework of international air transport, the article recommends multilateral, bilateral, and unilateral rule-based approaches that can better serve economic governance of international air transport in the post-COVID-19 era. Although this article does not suggest major legal reforms, which would be too ambitious and unrealistic at this stage, transparency can be significantly improved through the recommendations provided here.

Present in all kingdoms of life, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple ATP hydrolysis to mechanical force and facilitate trafficking of diverse substrates across biological membranes. Although many ABC transporters are promising drug targets, their mechanisms of regulation by small molecule inhibitors remain largely unknown. Herein, we used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flippase MsbA, a prototypical ABC exporter, as a model system to probe mechanisms of allosteric modulation by compounds binding to the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Recent chemical screens have identified intriguing LPS transport inhibitors targeting MsbA: the ATPase stimulator TBT1 and the ATPase inhibitor G247. Despite preliminary biochemical and structural data, it is unclear how TBT1 and G247 bind to the MsbA TMDs yet induce opposite allosteric effect in the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Through single-particle EM, mutagenesis and activity assay, we show that TBT1 and G247 bind adjacent yet separate locations in the TMDs, inducing drastic changes in TMD conformation and NBD positioning. Two TBT1 molecules asymmetrically occupy the LPS binding site to break the symmetry of MsbA, resulting in disordered transmembrane helices and decreased NBD distance. In this novel inhibited ABC transporter state, decreased distance between the NBDs causes stimulation of ATP hydrolysis yet LPS transport blockage. In contrast, G247 acts as a TMDs wedge, symmetrically increasing NBD separation and preventing conformational transition of MsbA. Our study uncovers the distinct mechanisms of the first-generation MsbA-specific inhibitors and demonstrates that rational design of substrate-mimicking compounds can be exploited to develop useful ABC transporter modulators.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether preprint servers are a disruptive technology for science, librarians or information seeking among the general population. Design/methodology/approach This column explores what preprint servers are, how they are used in the world of science, how their usage changed in response to the deluge of COVID-19 related research papers and how they might impact the work of librarians and society in general. Findings Preprint servers are not a highly disruptive technology, but they do challenge both scientists and librarians to understand them better, use the information they find on them with care and educate society in general on topics such as peer review and the importance of using well-vetted, good quality science in making important decisions. Originality/value Up until the past year and a half, only a small segment of the librarian profession needed to be concerned with preprint servers. With the increasing presence of references to non-peer-reviewed articles from preprint servers in popular media reports, most librarians now need to know something about this technology. It is also useful to consider how the technology might benefit and create challenges for their work.

The synergy between theory and experiment found in X-ray wavefunction refinement (XWR) makes it one of the most compelling techniques available for chemical physics. The foremost benefit of XWR – obtaining wavefunctions constrained to experimental data – is at the same time its Achilles heel, because of the dependence of the results on the quality of both empirical and theoretical data. The purpose of this work is to answer the following: What is the effect of the refinement strategy and manipulation of input data on the physical properties obtained from XWR? With that in mind, cutoffs based on data resolution and F/σ(F) ratios were applied for both steps of XWR, the Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) and the X-ray constrained wavefunction fitting (XCW), for four selected systems: sulfur dioxide, urea, carbamazepine and oxalic acid. The effects of changing the weighting scheme or the method to transform σ(F 2) to σ(F) were also analysed. The results show that while HAR always reaches the same result, XCW is extremely sensitive to crystallographic data manipulation. This is a result of the variability of the experimental uncertainties for different resolution shells, and of not having proper standard uncertainties. Therefore, the use of distinct constraints for each resolution interval in XCW is proposed to fix this instability.

The essence of the concept of a preprint is revealed and the main provisions of publication ethics in relation to a preprint are described, the specifics of the use of preprints in scientific communication are investigated. The capabilities of platforms for posting preprints and the changes that occur to them in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic are analyzed.

This article will throw the light on impact of the global pandemic COVID-19 on the Indian economy including its detailed impact on all the sectors of the economy. The outcome of the study will also highlight the impact of the measures undertaken by the ministry of finance to tackle situations more rationally and set an example and enough basis for the policymakers to make policies for handling the situation in an effective manner.

The COVID-19 pandemic is an infectious disease that was initially detected in December 2019 in Wuhan City, China. Since then, it has been spreading country-wise on mild to severe scales, where Bangladesh, like most countries, was not prepared to meet the challenges. Addressing the crisis, Bangladesh, like many countries, starting with the philosophy of the traditional approach. In the 1st-wave of COVID-19, the government implemented lockdown laws and enforced to have-on-mask and maintain-physical-distance. However, no government effort was seen ensuring modern-approach for convincing people, making people for their way understanding consequences & preventive-measures thus people can take own decision facing perceived-risk. In the proposed approach, under Consumer Choice Theory, an individual’s utility received from using face-mask and maintaining distance is equal to expected utility. Here outcome depends on an individual’s efforts and the quality of the product individual uses. Any changes to these may risk getting infected, which may defeat the individual in fights with COVID-19. Rather than investing efforts only within main cities, the government could have reached out to rural areas by having local administration engaged. It could have weakened today’s trends of catastrophes. The proposed approach could have been appealing to people for their actions in choices. It could ensure peoples’ roles in society on moral-responsibility grounds. However, today's nation is witnessing the 2nd-wave and strict lockdown with provisions of arrest, penalties for violators. Since the number of death and infected people daily remained almost unchanged and since the mostly populated rural-area situation is not fully known, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of government policies where the empirical study is warranted overcoming limitation. But people are now familiar with consequences and preventive measures in choices. This progression was not free-of-cost but with high-price-tag “so many lives”, which could have been curtailed if modern strategies were in place.

During the COVID -19 pandemic, educational institutions around the world faced problems that have to do with the frustration of students for whom traditional education has been replaced by the online format. Students are experiencing technical difficulties in the digitalization of education. International monitoring of education systems has shown that quite a few countries were ready to move to distance learning, both for technical and economic reasons. The covid pandemic has caused an increase in educational inequality. Elearning systems were expected to reduce inequality in education, but empirical research has shown that learning in this format not only does not reduce, but can increase inequality, increasing the gap in educational outcomes between students with different socioeconomic status. The article describes applications of using voice recognition technology based on artificial intelligence which, by our opinion, may reduce educational inequality during covid-19. We presented a comparative analysis of existing examples artificial intelligence in the educational process. Artificial intelligence uses in specialized software it makes educational process more convenient for both the students and the teachers. There is a description of an application “Academic phrase bank" developed by author. The application consists of two specialising actions for Google assistant. The application allows to increase academic vocabulary, train of creating grammatically correct academic expressions, and memorize templates of academic phrases. In active mode, this application helps to create correct phrases of academic English and improve the abilities of understanding English speech.

This presentation was held at the german Open Science Festival 2022 in Hanover as a part of the Workshop "Transparency and Openness in Peer Review: Towards a new publication and evaluation culture." The Workshop was co-organised by members of Berlin Exchange Medicine and Ludo Waltman from the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University, whose presentation can be found here.

Aim: To evaluate the adherence to the publication of preprints by professors of postgraduate programs in Dentistry, from the three Federal Universities of the Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS, UFPel and UFSM) (n = 97). Materials and methods: Four reviewers performed a search for publications in the preprint format, in May 2021, on the MedArxiv and SciELO Preprints platforms, for each included professor. The same reviewers extracted the data which were checked by a fifth reviewer. Fisher's exact test was used for the evaluation and comparison of the different universities. For comparison between platforms, Pearson's Chi-square test was applied with α = 0.05. Results: The results showed that 16.5% (n=16) of the total number of professors included had already published at least 1 preprint on either of the platforms, with UFPel differing statistically from the other universities, with the highest membership followed by UFRGS and UFSM (p = 0.038). There was no statistical difference between the platforms concerning the number of published preprints (p=0,306). Discussion: The findings demonstrate that this format, even incipiently, is already a reality in the Dentistry field. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a low rate of adherence to the preprint publication model by professors of the postgraduate programs in Dentistry in the public universities in of the Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil., Objetivo: Avaliar a aderência à publicação de preprints pelos professores dos cursos de pós-graduação em Odontologia, das três Universidades Federais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS, UFPel e UFSM) (n = 97). Materiais e métodos: Quatro revisores realizaram a busca de publicações em formato preprint, em maio de 2021, nas plataformas MedArxiv e SciELO Preprints, por cada professor incluído. Os mesmos revisores extraíram os dados que foram checados por um quinto revisor. Para a avaliação e comparação das diferentes universidades foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher, com posterior análise dos resíduos com α corrigido. Para a comparação entre as plataformas foi realizado o teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson (α = 0,05). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 16,5% (n=16) do total de professores incluídos já haviam publicado pelo menos 1 preprint em alguma das duas plataformas, sendo que a UFPel diferiu estatisticamente das outras universidades, apresentando o maior número de aderência seguido pela UFRGS e UFSM (p=0,038). Não houve diferença estatística quanto a comparação das plataformas pesquisadas (p=0,306). Discussão: Os achados demonstram que este formato, mesmo que de forma incipiente, já é uma realidade na área de Odontologia. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo indicam uma baixa taxa de aderência ao formato de publicação preprint pelos professores dos programas de pós-graduação em Odontologia das universidades públicas do Rio Grande do Sul.

Presentation at the Open Science Festival in Hanover, Germanyon August 30, 2022.

Leamer's 1983 paper Let's Take the Con out of Econometrics is credited with ushering in the Credibility revolution in economics. Since that point, many fields including economics have been found to harbor a large number of papers littered with QRPs, unreplicable results, literatures replete with evidence for publication bias, and so on. One potential driver of unreliable science is obeisance to arbitrary significance criteria; a recently proposed solution is to scale critical values to control the rate of false positives. We aim to assess, using all preprints uploaded to the NBER preprint server until March 2020, whether the economic literature yields significant results with this solution in mind. In addition, we aim to assess the evidence for a number of QRPs.

Preliminary report on the first study out of a series (i.e., work in progress)

During financial crises individual investors modify their portfolio allocation to decrease their exposure to more risky investments such as equities. Most recent empirical analyses of this phenomenon have focused on changes in risk attitudes, and in risk and return expectations but, so far, inconclusive evidence has been provided that changes in those psychological variables play a causal role in the actual decision making at work. Furthermore, the duration of the phenomenon, which is very short, is often not considered and it is thus unclear why the situation recovers so quickly after crises. Relying on experimental data and on a simple agent-based model, we propose an alternative explanation of this phenomenon based on the interaction of the two most important phases that individuals undertake in decision making, namely (1) searching information about possible options and (2) selecting the preferred one. Our main result is that the observed reallocation of portfolios in times of crisis is not the result of a portfolio reassessment driven by the crisis but it is instead explained by changes in search behavior for information on specific market conditions.

Stage 1 IPA at Royal Society Open Science

Language comprehension often requires making implicatures: for example, inferring that “I ate some of the cookies” implies the speaker ate some but not all (scalar implicatures); and “I ate the chocolate-chip cookies” where there are both chocolate chip cookies and raisin cookies in the context implies that the speaker ate the chocolate chip, but not both the chocolate chip and raisin cookies (ad-hoc implicatures). Developmental work have reported mixed results about the development of implicature processing abilities. In the current work we use two time-sensitive methods (eye-tracking and tablet) to examine developmental gains in children’s ad-hoc implicature processing, and test whether one cause of toddlers’ consistent failure to process implicature is their difficulty with executive function - specifically their failure to inhibit responses toward a salient distractor (inhibitory hypothesis). Across three experiments, we present evidence for successful implicature computation by children as young as 3 years, substantial developmental gains in implicature computation in both paradigms, and support for the inhibitory hypothesis from the tablet paradigm. Our work contributes to the growing literature showing signs of pragmatic inference in young children.

Understanding post-depositional movement of artefacts is vital to making reliable claims about the formation of archaeological deposits. Human trampling has long been recognised as a contributor to post-depositional artefact displacement. We investigate the degree to which artefact form (shape-and-size) attributes can predict how an artefact is moved by trampling. We use the Zingg classification system to describe artefact form. Our trampling substrate is the recently excavated archaeological deposits from Madjedbebe, northern Australia. Madjedbebe is an important site because it contains early evidence of human activity in Australia. The age of artefacts at Madjedbebe is contentious because of the possibility of artefacts moving due to trampling. We trampled artefacts in Madjedbebe sediments and measured their displacement, as well as modelling the movement of artefacts by computer simulation. Artefact elongation is a significant predictor of horizontal distance moved by trampling, and length, width, thickness and volume are significant predictors of the vertical distance. The explanatory power of these artefact variables is small, indicating that many other factors are also important in determining how an artefact moves during trampling. Our experiment indicates that trampling has not contributed to extensive downward displacement of artefacts at Madjedbebe.

Descriptive analysis of the experiences of civilian men married to military women. 1995 unpublished working paper.

Since the introduction of mental disorders as networks of causally interacting symptoms, this novel framework has received considerable attention. The past years have resulted in over 40 scientific publications and numerous conference symposia and workshops. Now is an excellent moment to take stock of the network approach: what are its most fundamental challenges, and what are potential ways forward in addressing them? After a brief conceptual introduction, we first discuss challenges to network theory: (1) What is the validity of the network approach beyond some commonly investigated disorders such as major depression? (2) How do we best define psychopathological networks and their constituent elements? (3) And how can we gain a better understanding of the causal nature and real-life underpinnings of associations among symptoms? Next, after a short technical introduction to network modeling, we discuss challenges to network methodology: (4) Heterogeneity of samples studied with network analytic models; and (5) a lurking replicability crisis in this strongly data-driven and exploratory field. Addressing these challenges may propel the network approach from its adolescence into adulthood, and promises advances in understanding psychopathology both at the nomothetic and idiographic level.

This chapter summarizes the extant sociological literature on the interactive nature of school and teacher effects on student learning. It explains why the most recent literature on teacher sorting demands the attention of more sociologists of education, and it demonstrates what is revealed about patterns of teacher sorting using the type of data most commonly analyzed by sociologists of education. Throughout, the chapter discusses the methodological requirements of research that can and cannot disentangle teacher effects from school effects, and it considers how teacher and school effects may be evolving in the changing landscape of K-12 education in the United States.

In a time when most conferences, workshops and seminars have been cancelled or postponed, we have to look for alternatives to network with our peer community and to keep them up to date about our research. I will here showcase easy-to-implement examples on how to increase the online visibility of your projects and publications, as well as your academic profile in general.

Legal systems often rule that people own objects in their territory. We propose that an early-developing ability to make territory-based inferences of ownership helps children address informational demands presented by ownership. Across 6 experiments (N = 504), we show that these inferences develop between ages 3 and 5 and stem from two aspects of the psychology of ownership. First, we find that a basic ability to infer that people own objects in their territory is already present at age 3 (Experiment 1). Children even make these inferences when the territory owner unintentionally acquired the objects and was unaware of them (Experiments 2 and 3). Second, we find that between ages 3 and 5, children come to consider past events in these judgments. They move from solely considering the current location of an object in territory-based inferences, to also considering and possibly inferring where it originated (Experiments 4 to 6). Together, these findings suggest that territory-based inferences of ownership are unlikely to be constructions of the law. Instead, they may reflect basic intuitions about ownership that operate from early in development.

The study is a collaboration between the repliCATS project (https://replicats.research.unimelb.edu.au/) and Rapid Reviews: COVID-19 (RR:C19), an overlay journal published by MIT Press and the School of Public Health at UC Berkeley that is accelerating open-source peer review of COVID-19 related research preprints across a wide range of disciplines. The aim of the study is exploratory rather than confirmatory, comparing the standard peer-review process employed by RR:C19 (https://rapidreviewscovid19.mitpress.mit.edu/guidelines) and a novel review process modelled on a Delphi-style structured expert elicitation process called IDEA, “Investigate”, ”Discuss”, ”Estimate”, “Aggregate” (Hemming et al. 2018). The former is an individual, semi-structured process, while the latter is a collaborative and structured process. We aim to compare the performance of the two processes on a series of dimensions related to review quality, including inter-reviewer reliability and richness of argumentation. Furthermore, we are also interested in studying the impact of social influence on reviewers’ behaviour, over the two rounds of the repliCATS review process. The study will also allow the two research teams (repliCATS and RR:C19) to trial novel parameters in the review process such as the provision of reviewer incentives and the presentation of review outcomes for end-users of the research. The motivation for this study is twofold. On the one hand, peer review - the main scientific quality control mechanism - has come under intense criticism. Peer review has been shown to miss methodological flaws and statistical errors (Baxt et al., 1998; Schroter et al., 2008; Anderson et al., 2013), reviewers were found to avoid reporting something they suspect to be fraudulent (Francis, 1989) and reviewers agree on “the disposition of manuscripts at a rate barely exceeding what would be expected by chance” (Kravitz et al., 2010; see also a review in Bornmann, 2011). Indeed, it has been argued that how and whether peer review identifies high-quality science remains an open question (Rennie, 2016) and that it should even be abolished (Heesen & Bright, 2020). Partly motivated by these (apparent) failures, recent research into peer-review calls for more interaction and structure in the elicitation of expert judgments on manuscripts under consideration. For instance, Haines et al. (2017) recommend editors to: “Share with each reviewer the editorial decision as well as written comments from all reviewers and encourage self-assessment” (p. 2087). Whereas, Shah (2021) writes that there is a need for “a careful look at the protocols for interactions between reviewers and the eventual decision-making process based on reviewer interactions" (p. 13) and that in order to ensure fairness, all (comparable) papers should be judged by the same yardstick” (p. 8). On the other hand, peer review is an exercise that elicits and aggregates expert judgments for the purpose of supporting (editorial) decision-making under uncertainty. In a companion paper (Marcoci et al., in prep), we draw on insights on group decision-making from the structured expert elicitation literature (and the IDEA protocol in particular), and formulate lessons for how journals and editors can get the best out of their reviewers. We discuss the influence of anonymity, individual and group characteristics that contribute to higher quality judgements, and aspects of elicitation protocols that promote constructive discussion, avoiding social influence, as well as situations where reviewers ultimately acquiesce to opposing views (“consensus by fatigue” decisions), and enable editorial decisions to be objectively aggregated, decomposed and reconstructed, thus promoting transparency.

This article presents a rational choice account of Brazil's jogo do bicho ('animal game'), possibly the largest illegal lottery game in the world. In over 120 years, the jogo do bicho has grown from a local raffle to a multimillion-dollar business, and the game has played a major role in Brazil's cultural and political life. My analysis of the jogo do bicho has three goals. First, I examine the mechanisms that fostered the lottery's notable growth outside the boundaries of Brazilian law. Second, I investigate how the animal game financiers combine costly signals and selective incentives to induce cooperation from members of the community. Lastly, I discuss the relationship between the lottery sponsors and Brazilian representatives, particularly how the bicheiros exploit the fragmentation of Brazil's political system to advance their long-term interests. Keywords: Brazil; criminal organisations; gambling; jogo do bicho; private governanceJEL Codes: D72, K42, P26, P37, Z00DOI: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/se2jrBibTeX entry:@misc{freire2019jogodobicho, title={{Beasts of Prey or Rational Animals? Private Governance in Brazil's \emph{Jogo do Bicho}}}, howpublished = {\url{https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/se2jr}}, publisher={SocArXiv}, author={Freire, Danilo}, year={2019}, month={Mar}}

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that was closely related to the environment and human behavior. To overcome pulmonary tuberculosis, various factors associated with TB who received anti-TB treatment became very important. Therefore, we extend the Riskesdas data analysis To determine the various factors associated with Pulmonary TB patients received anti-TB treatment. Subject treated with anti-TB treatment became the dependent variable, while the independent variables consisted of subjects characteristics (age, gender, and education level), socioeconomic status and residential classification. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the use of anti-tuberculosis. The result showed that male subjects with age of 35 until 44 years, low education, consider poor in economic and inhabited in the urban area more common in subjects with anti-TB treatment. Thus, characteristics of subjects (age, gender, and education level), socioeconomic status and residential classification are the factors of subjects treated with anti-tuberculosis in Indonesia

Tulisan ini akan diikutkan dalam Kongres Bahasa Indonesia XI Oktober 2018

Cultivation theory assumes that frequent exposure to certain media can lead people to perceive the real world through the lens of their preferred media. This led to the research question of whether fans of science fiction who are accustomed to seeing problem solving based on science and technology are prone to accept science- and technology-based interventions to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. An exploratory survey and a preregistered experiment (N = 1,983) found that participants who liked science fiction were more likely to trust science and to accept protective measures against COVID-19. This effect was especially visible for a Corona mobile-phone app but also extended to other behaviors. The effect was stronger for those whose genre preference was activated just before the behavioral intentions were assessed. Harnessing these preferences could improve health communication and may be useful in solving health crises, such as pandemics or the climate crisis.

A preprint submitted to the short paper track of Forum Citizen Science 2019, Münster, Germany.

In some ways, scholarly publishing has not changed much in the last ten years. Publishing in prestigious top-tier journals is still perceived as critical for career progression (especially gaining promotion and grants). Likewise, journal metrics continue to dominate in the evaluation of a paper’s research, rather than the paper’s contents. Against the backdrop of highly competitive job and grant markets, factors such as these encourage narrow research agendas and tie researchers (particularly in early career) to placing work in exploitative publishers who draw significant funds from academic work. Further, standard publishing criteria, especially for instance on publishing statistically significant, positive results, creates biases across published studies. However, there are several reasons for optimism that the nature of scientific publishing will improve. Here we outline some recent developments that we believe will improve the working environment and career prospects for life scientists.