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W artykule przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania technologii wirtualnej rzeczywistości jako elementu wspomagającego realizację doskonalenia zawodowego strażaków oraz innych osób związanych z zapewnieniem bezpiecznych warunków przeciwpożarowych w budynkach i obiektach. Autorzy przedstawili definicje i rodzaje wirtualnej rzeczywistości, a także zaprezentowali rozwój tej technologii począwszy od lat siedemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku aż do współczesności. Zostały przedstawione zalety, szanse, zagrożenia i ograniczenia wykorzystania tego typu narzędzi w procesie dydaktycznym. W artykule przedstawiono także środowisko wirtualne służące doskonaleniu podejmowania decyzji w przypadku działań gaśniczych na obiektach zabytkowych. Using virtual reality in firefighter training: opportunities and threats The article presents the possibility of using virtual reality technology as an element supporting the implementation of professional development of firefighters and others associated with the provision of safe fire conditions in buildings and facilities. The authors presented definitions and types of virtual reality, as well as presented the development of this technology from the 1970s to the present. The advantages, opportunities, risks and limitations of using such tools in the teaching process were presented. The article also presents a virtual environment for improving decision-making in the case of firefighting operations on historic sites.

Povzetek V diplomskem delu pišem o sistemih avtomatskega gašenja in izdelavi projektne naloge gašenja strežniškega centra. Začetek diplomskega dela sem namenil predstavitvi požara in osnovam gorenja. Opisani so najpogostejši vzroki za nastanek požara, ter razvoj požara v posameznih fazah in kaj se v posamezni fazi požara dogaja. Sledi predstavitev sistema avtomatskega gašenja, kjer podrobneje razložim razlike med konvencionalno in naslovljivo tehnologijo požarnih javljalnikov, različne tipe javljalnikov in njihovo področje uporabe. V nadaljevanju naštejem najpogostejša gasilna sredstva in njihove gasilne lastnosti. V projektnem delu je prestavljena tehnična rešitev avtomatskega gašenja izbranega strežniškega centra. Električni del projekta obsega načrtovanje sistema javljanja požara, električnih inštalacij in izbiro ustrezne opreme za javljanje požara. V strojnem delu projekta sem izbral gasilno sredstvo NOVEC 1230 in izdelal izometrično shemo gasilnega cevovoda z lokacijami razpršilnih šob. Uporabil sem Siemensovo orodje za hidravlični izračun gasilnega sistema in z njim pridobil podatke o razpršilnih šobah, presekih cevi, količini gasilnega sredstva in nadtlačni razbremenitvi. Abstract In my thesis I am writing about automatic fire extinguishing systems and the creation of a project assignment for fire extinguishing of a server centre. I start the thesis with an introduction to fire and the basics of combustion. The most common causes of fire are described, as well as the development of the fire in the different phases along with explanations of each phase of the fire. This is followed by an introduction to automatic fire extinguishing systems, where I in detail explain the differences between conventional and addressable fire detector technology, the different types of detectors and their scope of application. Followed with list of most common extinguishing agents and their extinguishing properties. In the project part, the technical solution for automatic fire extinguishing of the selected server centre is presented. The electrical part of the project comprises the design of the fire detection system, the electrical installations, and the selection of the appropriate fire detection equipment. In the mechanical part of the project, I have selected the NOVEC 1230 fire extinguishing agent and drawn up an isometric diagram of the extinguishing pipeline with the locations of the nozzles. I also used the Siemens hydraulic calculation tool for the extinguishing system to obtain data on nozzles, pipe cross-sections, extinguishing agent quantity and overpressure relief.

U radu se raspravlja o sadržaju i značenju Ulpijanova teksta D. 19, 2, 9, 3 u analizi problema podjele rizika kod ugovora o zakupu i položaju požara među različitim pojavama koje se u rimskim pravnim izvorima navode kao oblici više sile. U okviru razmatranja naknadne nemogućnosti ispunjenja činidbe kod locatio conductio (rei), tekst D. 19, 2, 9, 3 ističe se kao jedini u vezi s locatio fundi u kojem se spominje periculum, no koji je opterećen problemom suprotstavljenih tumačenja. U radu se polazi od raščlambe predmetnog teksta te ga se postavlja u kontekst drugih fragmenata u kojima su rimski pravnici izložili rješenja u vezi sa štetom od požara kod zakupa koji su analizirani u radu. Zaključno se iznose stavovi o sadržaju i funkciji teksta te diferenciranom pristupu požaru kao obliku više sile., The paper discusses the issues of the contents and the significance of Ulpian’s text D. 19, 2, 9, 3 within a wider context of allocation of risk in lease agreements and the place of fire, conflagration (incendium) among the different forms of vis maior in Roman legal sources. Considering the problem of subsequent impossibility of performance in locatio conductio (rei), D. 19, 2, 9, 3 stands out as the one mentioning periculum in relation to locatio fundi, however, it is burdened by different interpretations. The analysis in the article starts with the D. 19, 2, 9, 3 and then continues setting it in the context of other related texts in which the Roman jurists dealt with the problem of fire in lease agreements. The conclusion is drawn on the probable changes in the text as well as on the function of the term fortuitus casus in the line of the texts dealing with fire. It emphasizes the connection between fire (ignis) and conflagration (incendium) marked by the words fortuitus casus, which would show a differentiated approach to incendium as a form and an example of vis maior.

U ovom završnom radu opisana je suhomontažna gradnja i načini izvođenja iste na uređenju interijera. Ideja rada je prikazati tipove pregradnih zidova i spuštenih stropova s obzirom na zvučnu zaštitu, požarnu zaštitu i zaštitu od vlage. Prikazani su neki detalji proizvođača suhomontažne gradnje. Kompletan rad je podijeljen na tri poglavlja, gdje se u prvom poglavlju govori općenito o terminu suhomontažne gradnje, prednostima takve gradnje, alatima i materijalima koji se koriste. Drugo poglavlje bavi se samim pregradnim zidovima, načinima izrade i obrazloženjima utjecaja zvuka, vlage i požara na konstrukciju. U trećem poglavlju razrađeni su stropovi, načini izvođenja, utjecaj zvuka, vlage i požara na isti. Drywall construction and ways of performing it in interior design are described in this final paper. The idea of the work is to show the types of partition walls and suspended ceilings with regard to sound protection, fire protection and moisture protection. Some details of drywall construction manufacturers are shown. The complete work is divided into three chapters, where the first chapter discusses in general the term drywall construction, the advantages of such construction, the tools and materials used. The second chapter deals with partition walls themselves, methods of construction and explanations of the influence of sound, moisture and fire on the construction. In the third chapter, the ceilings, methods of execution, the influence of sound, moisture and fire on them are elaborated.

Naravne nesreče so vedno pogostejši pojav zaradi takšnih in drugačnih dejavnikov. Kaj sploh so naravne nesreče, kako se nanje pripraviti in kako ravnati, ko enkrat do njih pride, je znanje, ki ga je za take primere dobro imeti, saj se s tem lahko izognemo neželenim posledicam. Mi smo preverili, kašno je znanje Slovence s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika, ki smo ga sestavili na podlagi pregledane literature in dosedanjih podobnih raziskav. Anketni vprašalnik je bil sestavljen iz 41 vprašanj, ki so zajemala vprašanja o vrstah naravnih nesreč, pogostosti pojavljanja naravnih nesreč, vzrokih in posledicah naravnih nesreč, pripravljenosti ter ukrepanju ob pojavu naravnih nesreč in tako dalje. Dodatno pozornost smo v vprašalniku namenili požarom, poplavam in potresom. Cilj je bil s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika ugotoviti in dobiti odgovore, ki bi nam dali vpogled v to, kje ozaveščenosti o naravnih nesrečah pri Slovencih primanjkuje. Anketni vprašalnik smo objavili na spletnem mestu 1ka.si in jo delili na družbenih omrežjih. Pregled dobljenih statističnih podatkov nam je dal vpogled v to, kje ozaveščenosti o naravnih nesrečah primanjkuje. Ugotovili smo, da je ozaveščenost slaba predvsem pri poznavanju vzrokov in posledic naravnih nesreč ter znanju o tem, kako se nanje pripraviti. Podatke o tem smo po podrobnejši analizi vključili v krajšo zloženko, ki bo uporabniku služila pri pripravi na naravne nesreče ter ob primeru, ko do njih pride. Zloženka je v nasprotju z že obstoječimi zloženkami na tem področju napisana bolj kratko in jedrnato, kljub temu pa zajema informacije o več vrstah naravnih nesreč ter le podatke, o katerih so ljudje najmanj ozaveščeni. Zraven zloženke in podatkov, ki jih nudi magistrsko delo, bi lahko ozaveščenost Slovencev o naravnih nesrečah povečali s pomočjo promocijskih programov o naravnih nesrečah v medijih. Predlagali bi tudi obnavljanje znanja o naravnih nesrečah na nekaj let, podobno ali v sklopu varstva pri delu. Natural disasters are becoming more and more common due to various factors. What natural disasters are, how to prepare for them and how to act once they occur, is knowledge that is good to have for such cases, because with this we can avoid unwanted consequences. We checked the level of knowledge of Slovenians with the help of a survey questionnaire, which we compiled based on reviewed literature and previous similar research. The questionnaire consisted of 41 questions, which included questions about the types of natural disasters, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters, the causes and consequences of natural disasters, preparedness, and action in the event of natural disasters, and so on. Additional attention was paid in the questionnaire to fires, floods, and earthquakes. With the help of a questionnaire, the goal was to find out and get answers that would give us an insight into where Slovenians lack awareness of natural disasters. We published the survey questionnaire on the 1ka.si website and shared it on social networks. A review of the obtained statistics gave us an insight into where awareness about natural disasters is lacking. We found that awareness is poor, especially when it comes to knowing the causes and consequences of natural disasters and how to prepare for them. After a more detailed analysis, we have included the information on this in a short leaflet, which will serve the user in preparing for natural disasters and if they occur. In contrast to already existing leaflets in this field, the leaflet is written more briefly and concisely, but nevertheless it contains information about several types of natural disasters and only information about which people are least aware. In addition to the leaflet and data provided by the master's thesis, the awareness of Slovenians about natural disasters could be increased with the help of promotional programs about natural disasters in the media. We would also suggest renewing knowledge about natural disasters for a few years, similar to or as part of occupational health and safety.

U radu su izložene opće odrednice zaštite od požara na temelju sačuvanih tekstova unutar titula De officio praefecti vigilum, pri čemu su detaljnije analizirane dvije povijesne etape i pitanja u vezi s pravnom regulacijom organizacije protupožarne zaštite u rimskom pravu. Nakon uvoda raščlanjen je problem identiteta triumviri nocturni u okvirima republikanskog ustroja magistratura. Zatim se obrađuju pitanja u vezi s obvezama i ovlasti praefectus vigilum i vigiles kao novog oblika organizacije vatrogasne službe u Rimu. Na kraju se iznosi rekapitulacija obrađene materije i zaključci o obrađenim pitanjima pravne regulacije borbe protiv požara u rimskom pravu., The article elaborates on the general features of fire protection services in Rome through two stages of development, as provided by texts preserved within the Digest entitled De officio praefecti vigilum, and the pertaining legal issues concerning the organization of these services. After the introductory part, the author discusses the issue of the identity of triumviri nocturni and of their separate existence within the structures of magistracies in the Republican period. He goes on to present the Augustan creation of the service of vigiles, and the considerations on the duties of praefectus vigilum as their commander and the person entrusted with legal authority to deal with the fire fighting and prevention activities. In the concluding remarks the reassessment of key issues on the legal organization of fire prevention services according to the Roman legal sources is provided.

V diplomskem delu so opisani vzroki požarov na ladji. Omenjene so različne konvencije ki se nanašajo na to temo, ki nam služijo kot protokol, da do požara ne pride ,kot tudi postopki, če do tega vseeno pride. Prav tako smo podrobneje pojasnili sisteme za gašenje požara. The thesis describes the causes of fires on the ship. Various conventions related to this topic are mentioned, which serve as a protocol to prevent a fire from occurring, as well as the procedures if it does occur, and we have explained the fire extinguishing systems in more detail.

Title: Fire attack and its significance in an emergency Objectives: The main goal of this bachelor's thesis is to summarize information about fire attack, to describe history and work of Kamenna Lhota voluntary fire figther corp and to analyze the common features of firesport and emergency. Methods: Studying and developing research of available sources. Use of own experience from firesport and description of experience gained from membership in volunteer fire fighter corp. Results: The result of the bachelor thesis is a description of fire attack, a description of the equipment needed for fire attack, a summary of information about SDH Kamenná Lhota and an explanation of the meaning of fire attack during an emergency. Keywords: firesport, emergency, volunteer fire fighter corp

U radu se daje procjena broja poginulih u prirodnim katastrofama u Hrvatskoj, kao i pregled mjera za zaštitu od pojedinih prirodnih katastrofa i smanjenje broja žrtava i materijalnih šteta. Daje se pregled najznačajnijih prirodnih katastrofa koje su tijekom povijesti pogodile Hrvatsku – potresi, olujni vjetrovi, valovi (i tsunami), poplave, klizišta, požari, vulkani, meteori., The paper provides an estimate of the number of people killed in natural disasters in Croatia, as well as an overview of measures to protect against individual natural disasters and reduce the number of victims and material damages. An overview is given of the most significant natural disasters that have hit Croatia throughout history – earthquakes, stormy winds, waves (and tsunamis), floods, landslides, fires, volcanoes, meteors.

Fire, as a process of uncontrolled burning, is always accompanied by a threat to human life and property. Often, this threat results in human victims. The spread of fire can vary depending on the factors and conditions in place. The location of a fire is a very important factor, and one of the most common locations of fire spreading a closed space. Most fires occur in closed spaces, particularly residential, industrial or commercial buildings. Fire can spread across virtually the entire closed space in these structures, from basements to attics. Residential buildings are among the most interesting structures in this sense, given the large number of people inside. Fire extinguishing tactics in residential buildings can vary depending on different factors, such as the function of the building in question, its interior arrangement, arrangement of communication routes, construction materials, etc. Therefore, it is very important to apply the proper tactic for fire extinguishing in closed spaces using proper fire extinguishers. This paper presents examples of extinguishing fires in closed space with proper tactics the potential use of simulation software as an important tool., Požar kao proces nekontroliranog sagorijevanja uvijek je praćen ugrožavanjem ljudskog života i štetom na materijalnim dobrima. Često je rezultat ugroze praćen ljudskim žrtama. Širenje požara može biti različito u ovisnosti od različitih faktora. Lokacija požara predstavlja veoma važan faktor. Jedna od veoma mogućih lokacija širenja požara je zatvoreni prostor. Najveći broj požara događa se u zatvorenom prostoru-stambenim objektima, industrijskim objektima, poslovnim objektima itd. Požar može zahvatiti svaki zatvoreni prostor ovih objekata, od podrumskog prostora pa do tavanskog prostora. Naravno, jedni od najinteresantnijih objekata u ovom smislu su stambene zgrade, najviše zbog velikog broja ljudi unutar njih. Taktika gašenja požara u ovom slučaju može biti različita u zavisnosti od različitih faktora, kao što su namijena zgrade, unutrašnji raspored u zgradi, raspored komunikacijskih ruta, materijala od kojih je zgrada napravljena itd. Dakle, veoma je važno izabrati odgovarajuću taktiku za gašenje požara u zatvorenom prostoru i odgovarajuća sredstva za gašenje. Ovaj rad je napisan kako bi pokazao primjere gašenje požara u zatvorenom prostoru i moguću upotrebu simulacijskog softvera kao pomoćnog alata.

Zbog sve veće potrebe za očuvanjem našeg planeta i smanjenjem emisije ugljičnog dioksida (CO2) tijekom gradnje, sve više se nameće korištenje jedinog materijala koji pohranjuje ugljik, a to je drvo. Osim zahtjeva za smanjenjem emisije štetnih plinova, javlja se potreba za što kraćim vremenom izgradnje i minimalnom upotrebom građevinskih strojeva, što je dovelo do razvoja sustava montažne gradnje. Ovaj rad se bavi inovativnim prošupljenim lijepljenim lameliranim drvenim elementima koji su namijenjeni za montažni sustav gradnje. Uspoređujući ovaj inovativni sustav s postojećim montažnim sustavima, prikazane su glavne značajke i ponašanje konstitutivnih elemenata u ambijentnim i požarnim uvjetima. Otpornost konstrukcija na požar uvelike doprinosi osjećaju sigurnosti i važan je kriterij za odabir građevnog materijala. Zapaljivost drveta jedan je od glavnih razloga zašto regulativa strogo ograničava drvo kao građevinski materijal, posebno za gradnju višekatnih objekata. Stoga, glavni preduvjet za uporabu drva u građevinama je osigurati adekvatnu požarnu otpornost, koristeći pasivne i aktivne mjere zaštite od požara. Zbog geometrije prošupljenih drvenih elemenata i tankih vertikalnih drveni stijenki između prošupljenja, djelovanje požara može dovesti do nepravilnih rezidualnih poprečnih presjeka sa većim dubinama pougljenja u usporedbi sa standardnim drvenim elemenata. Mehaničko i požarno opterećenje zajedno sa geometrijskim i materijalnim karakteristikama drvenih konstrukcija, imaju presudnu ulogu u istraživanju njihove otpornosti. Ovaj rad daje pregled mogućnosti i izazova u postizanju tog cilja vodeći se principima požarnog inženjerstva. U doktorskom radu provedena je eksperimentalna i numerička analiza utjecaja mehaničkog i požarnog opterećenja na prošupljene lijepljeno lamelirane drvene elemente, te usporedna analiza ponašanja ovog tipa elemenata sa ponašanjem za praksu uobičajenih GLT elementa. Eksperimentalno istraživanje provedeno je u dvije glavne faze. Prva faza odnosila se na istraživanje ponašanja prošupljenih uzoraka u ambijentnim uvjetima (savijanje, tlak okomito na vlakanca, posmik, vlak paralelno s vlakancima), dok se druga faza odnosila na istraživanje u požarnim uvjetima (izloženost linijskih elemenata s jedne i tri strane, nosivi zid, te spojevi). Razvijen je novi pristup numeričkog modeliranja metodom konačnih elemenata (MKE), korišten za evaluaciju debljine pougljenog sloja, te su predloženi proračunski modeli za određivanje mehaničke i požarne otpornosti prošupljenih drvenih elemenata.

The aim of diploma thesis on the topic "Use of assistive technologies in the operational and information centres of the integrated rescue system" is to evaluate the possibility of using assistive technologies in the operational and information centres of the integrated rescue system of the South Bohemian region. In my diploma thesis I first focus on the theoretical part, where basic information about the integrated rescue system and the fire brigade is summarized through professional literature, laws, and decrees. I also conducted a search of available professional sources. In the theoretical part, I also listed the most commonly used assistive technologies in the operational and information centres of the integrated rescue system. In the research part, I first focused on a survey of the opinions of the staff of the Operations and Information Centre of the Fire and Rescue Service of the South Bohemian Region on the use of assistive technologies through a questionnaire survey. Furthermore, in this part I deal with the analysis of types and subtypes of events for which it would be appropriate or inappropriate to use supporting technologies, namely, to compile an automatic technology designer. I compiled an analysis of statistics of departures and events in 2021, compiled into graphical summaries. From the evaluated answers to the given questions, it is evident that most operational technicians and officers agree with the introduction of assistive technologies. Likewise, the overall analysis shows the benefits for the use of an automatic technology designer. The contribution of this diploma thesis is the use of processed information at the operational and information centre of the Fire and Rescue Service of the South Bohemian Region.

Iako se čelik kao konstrukcijski materijal za industriju uspješno dokazuje i na tržištu južne i jugoistočne Europe, primjeri primjene u stambenoj gradnji su rijetki. Jaka tradicija gradnje ziđem i armiranim betonom još uvijek ograničava primjenu materijala poput čelika, unatoč primjerima dobre prakse iz zemalja poput Japana i SAD-a. Revizijom prednosti i nedostataka te prikazom rješenja tih nedostataka, posebno u skladu s tri osnovna sustava gradnje čelikom, može se uvidjeti da je to konkurentan i često racionalan izbor i za stambenu gradnju. Primjer proračuna stambene jedinice (vile) ilustrira prednosti i načine umanjenja nedostataka primjene čelika te na taj način zorno prikazuje mogućnosti njegove uporabe., Although structural steel for industrial use is successfully proven in the market of Southern and Southeastern Europe, examples of its use in residential construction are rare. A strong tradition of masonry and reinforced concrete construction still limits the use of materials like steel, despite examples of good practice in countries like Japan and USA. By reviewing the advantages and disadvantages and presenting the solutions to these disadvantages, especially in accordance with the three basic steel structure framing systems, it is clear that structural steel is a competitive and often rational choice for residential construction. The example of housing unit (villa) structural analysis illustrates the advantages and possibilities to reduce the disadvantages of the structural steel use, and thus clearly shows the possibilities of its use.

Title: Knowledge of the Principles of Public Behaviour in Emergencies among Ninth Grade Pupils of Primary Schools in Prague and Litoměřice Objectives: The diploma thesis aims to determine level of knowledge of principles of public behaviour in emergencies among ninth grade pupils in Prague and Litoměřice, specifically floods, chemical accident, fires and storms. Methods: compilation, survey questionnaire, analysis Results: Knowledge of the Principles of Public Behaviour in Emergencies among Ninth Grade Pupils were above average. Success rate of right answers was detected at 76 %. The knowledge of this specific field is sufficient due to overview teaching. At only three questions the answers did not exceed 50 %. As a weak spots can be indicated knowledge about general warning and principles during chamical accident. In comparation Litoměřice had better results by two percentage points than Prague. Men did less wrong answers than women by 4 %. Keywords: flood, fire, chemical accident, storm, evacuation, questionnaire

Развој заштите од пожара и нормативно уобличавање ватрогасних и превентивних пожарних мера у српској држави изграђиваној у XIX веку одвијали су се у складу са општим друштвеним приликама и степеном достигнутог државноправног развитка. Пожарна безбедност у обновљеној Србији развијала се почев од искуствене заштите од пожара, кроз учење на пропустима и уоченим грешкама током пожара, преко настојања да се контролише примена ватре у занатским процесима у првој половини XIX века, до подизања грађевина припремљених за пожарни сценарио и стварања пожарних чета осамдесетих година XIX века. Имајући у виду да је пожарна безбедност у прошлости Србије тек спорадично истраживана, њено научно истраживање чини се оправданим. Због прописаног обима рада предмет истраживања ограничен је на нормативни ниво пожарне безбедности као истраживачког проблема. У раду је анализиран правни оквир пожарне безбедности у Србији у првој половини XIX века, са посебним освртом на прописе о гашењу пожара, одредбе о превенцији пожара и одредбе којима је санкционисано нарушавање пожарне безбедности. Истраживање пожарне безбедности у прошлости Србије с циљем да се о њој стекне сређено, систематизовано и проверено сазнање, подразумевало је систематско трагање за ваљаним чињеницама, њихову анализу, интерпретацију и уопштавање у циљу извођења општих законитости. Чињенице садржане у релативно малом броју секундарних извора прове раване су упоређивањем са чињеницама прикупљеним из примарних извора, историјских докумената, применом историјског метода, док су као допунски коришћени метод анализе садржаја, догматско-правни и социолошки метод. The development of fire protection and the normative shaping of firefighting and preventive fire measures in the Serbian state built during the 19th century took place in accordance with the general social circumstances and the degree of achieved state and legal development. Fire safety in renewed Serbia has progressed from experiential fire protection, throughout learning from failures and observed errors during fires, through efforts to control the use of fire in craft processes in the first half of the 19th century to erecting buildings prepared for fire scenarios and creating fire brigades in 80s of the 19th century. The paper analyzes the legal framework of fire safety in Serbia in the first half of the 19th century, which consisted of regulations on fire extinguishing, provisions on fire prevention and provisions sanctioning violations of fire safety. During the first half of the 19th century, fire safety measures in Serbia were developed within the framework of general state and legal development and were characterized by a set of features present in all segments of state organization and its legal regulation. During the first reign of Prince Miloš, the area of fire protection, as well as the entire social life, was marked by standardization in the form of bylaws. Among them, the 1834 Decree on extinguishing fires from 1834, which would remain in force and be applied long after Miloš left Serbia, stands out in importance. During the rule of the so-called constitutionalists, based on the legal regulation of numerous issues of social and state life, progress in the field of fire protection was made by prescribing preventive fire measures and sanctions for violating fire safety. Due to its importance, even before it became the capital of the young Serbian principality in 1841, Belgarde was the subject of special attention of the state authorities in every sense, even in terms of fire protection. Both Prince Miloš Obrenović, who did not like to stay in it, and Prince Aleksandar Karadjordjević, who ruled Serbia together with the constitutionalists, aware of the increased risk of fire, prescribed protective fire-fighting measures for the implementation and supervision of which the Belgrade police was in charge. Several conclusions emerge from the performed analysis. The fire safety in Serbia in the observed period was often the subject of legal regulation. At first, the emphasis was on extinguishing fires, and later fire prevention was standardized. In accordance with such a development of fire protection standardization, sanctions for causing fires and violating preventive fire measures were also prescribed. The absence of professional firefighting is noticeable, in the sense that Serbia was behind the developed European countries by about a hundred years. However, entrusting fire safety to the competence of the police authorities was a solution characteristic of a developing country such as Serbia was in the first half of the 19th century.

This thesis is focused on emergencies and behavior during emergencies. The aim of the work was to find out whether the pupils of selected secondary schools know what emergency situations are and how they should behave during them. Based on the evaluation of the questionnaires that the students filled in, I am creating a possible lecture that could improve the students' awareness of the issue. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the definition of emergencies. I also deal with how the warning of the population, evacuation and hiding of the population in the event of an emergency occurs. I also deal with how to proceed in specific emergencies. Extraordinary situations are selected according to the probability of occurrence in our territory. The part devoted to the components of the integrated rescue system, which intervene in case of emergency situations, is also important. The theoretical part provides information important for the evaluation of questionnaires, which were used as a research tool in the practical part. In the practical part, I evaluate a total of 175 questionnaires from students from selected high schools. I summarize the results in several tables. From the questionnaires we can also read what level of study the students state as the one where they encountered the issue of...

Razvojem tehnologije i povećanjem zahtjeva za sigurnošću u današnje doba graditeljstva potrebno je adekvatno zaštititi građevine od požara i vatre. U modernoj gradnji prisutni su novi materijali organskog i anorganskog podrijetla, stoga je potrebno posvetiti posebnu pažnju protupožarnoj zaštiti u cilju očuvanja materijalne imovine i ljudskih života. Primjena protupožarnih sustava zaštite nudi očuvanje svojstava materijala te omogućava stabilnost konstrukcija izloženih požaru i povišenim temperaturama. Time se dobiva dragocjeno vrijeme za evakuaciju i spašavanje ljudskih života i produžuje se kratki period za djelovanje vatrogasnih službi. Protupožarni sustavi zaštite od požara dijele se na aktivne i pasivne sustave zaštite. Za najbolje rezultate preporučuje se neka od kombinacija i aktivnih i pasivnih sustava protupožarne zaštite. U ovom radu detaljnije je proučavana pasivna zaštita od požara, posebice protupožarna zaštita čelika ekspandirajućim premazima. Opći konstrukcijski čelik najzastupljeniji je materijal u graditeljstvu zbog dobrih mehaničkih svojstava i ekonomičnosti, ali pri izloženosti visokim temperaturama drastično gubi svoja mehanička svojstva što može dovesti do urušavanja građevina prilikom požara. Cilj rada bio je ispitati svojstva vatrootpornosti ekspandirajućeg protupožarnog premaza na nelegiranom čeliku pri izloženosti različitim vremenskim uvjetima. With the development of technology and the increase of safety requirements in the modern construction era, it is necessary to adequately protect buildings from fire. In modern construction, new materials of organic and inorganic origin are present, so it is necessary to pay special attention to fire protection to protect property and human life. The application of fire protection systems provides the preservation of material properties and enables the stability of structures exposed to fire and elevated temperatures. This buys valuable time for evacuation and saving lives and extends the short period of time for firefighters to respond. Fire protection systems are divided into active and passive protection systems. To achieve the best results, a combination of active and passive fire protection systems is recommended. In this paper, passive fire protection (especially fire protection of steel with intumescent coatings) is studied in detail. Steel is the most used material in construction due to its good mechanical properties and economy. However, when exposed to high temperatures, it drastically loses its desirable mechanical properties, which can lead to the collapse of buildings during a fire. The aim of this study was to investigate the fire-protective properties of the intumescent fireproof coating on mild steel when exposed to different weather conditions.

Zadatak diplomskog rada je proračunati požarnu otpornost glavnih i sekundarnih nosača krovne konstrukcije sportske dvorane Briješće u Briješću. Tlocrtne dimenzije sportske dvorane su 22,85 x 33,90 m, a visina strehe je 10,37 m s nagibom krovišta 11,1°. Statički sustav glavnog nosača i podrožnica je prosta greda pravokutnog poprečnog presjeka. Materijal glavnog nosača je lijepljeno lamelirano drvo razreda čvrstoće GL24h, a podrožnica cjelovito drvo razreda čvrstoće C24. Prostorna stabilizacija krovišta je izvedena kao sustav dijagonala kružnog poprečnog presjeka kvalitete čelika S275. Koncept proračuna požarne otpornosti prikazan je prema važećim normama Eurokoda 5 (EN 1995-1-2) za glavni nosač te sekundarne nosače. Statička analiza provedena je u računalnom programu Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2018, a grafički prilozi u računalnom programu AutoCAD 2020., This paper aims to compute the fire resistance of the primary and secondary girders for the roof structure of the gymnasium in Briješće. The gymnasium’s plan dimensions amount to 22,85 x 33,90 metres, and the eaves’ height amounts to 10,37 metres with the slope of the roof of 11,1°. The static system of the primary girder and branch equal a simple beam of a rectangular cross-section. The primary girder is made out of glued, laminated wood in the strength of GL24h, and the branch out of solid wood in the strength of C24. Spatial stabilisation of the roof was performed as a circular-cross section diagonal system of S275 steel quality. The concept of fire resistance calculation is portrayed according to the applicable standards of the Eurocode 5 (EN1995-1-2) for the primary and secondary girders. Static analysis was conducted in the Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2018 computer programme and the graphical annexes in the AutoCAD 2020.

Požar predstavlja definiciju nekontroliranog gorenja koje često dovodi do velikih materijalnih gubitaka te iznimne ugroženosti ljudskih života. Projektiranje sustava dojave požara, omogućava signalizaciju požara u slučaju istog te se time osigurava evakuacija ljudi iz zahvaćenih objekata. Važnije od detekcije požara bila bi rana detekcija požara. Sustav za dojavu požara ili često zvani vatrodojavni sustavi predstavljaju elektronički sustav inteligentnih kontrolera, centrale, upravljanja, raznoraznih ulazno/izlaznih i izvršnih elemenata koji samostalno analiziraju situaciju štićenih objekata. Diplomski rad obuhvaća tri aspekta pri projektiranju sustava dojave požara, a oni su zakonski, tehnički i ekonomski. Pri projektiranju nužno je uvijek vrlo dobro poznavati zakonske norme i regulative. Tehnički dio sustava za dojavu požara obuhvatio je sve elemente sustava detaljno analizirane te prikazane na primjeru projektiranja poslovne zgrade. Projekt projektiranja poslovne zgrade obuhvatio je i blok shemu plana uzbunjivanja sa svom teorijskom podlogom. Pomoću iste, može se razumjeti princip rada izvedenog projekta. Na kraju diplomskog rada za ekonomski aspekt prikazan je troškovnik sustava za dojavu požara. Fire is the definition of uncontrolled burning, which often leads to large material losses and extreme threat to human lives. Designing fire alarm system enables fire signaling in fire situation, thus ensuring the evacuation of people from the affected facilities. More important than fire detection would be early fire detection. Fire alarm system is an electronic system of intelligent controllers, control panel, controls, various input / output and executive elements that independently analyze the condition of protected objects. Thesis covers three aspects in designing fire alarm systems, and they are legal, technical and economic. While designing, it is always necessary to know well the legal norms and regulations. The technical part of the fire alarm system included all the elements of the system that were analyzed in detail and presented on the example of designing an office building. The project also included a block diagram of the alert plan with its theoretical basis. It can be used to understand the working principle of the completed project. At the end of the thesis from the economic aspect, an estimate of the costs oft he fire alarm system is presented.

Zgradbe našega časa so opremljene z električno napeljavo, katere sestavni del so električni vodniki, le-ti pa so pogosto povezani tudi z nesrečami - požari. Zaradi kompleksnih pogojev prisotnih v požaru – torej med gorenjem različnih materialov nastanejo razmere, ki so lahko za vsak dogodek specifične. Prav zaradi tega, še vedno ni ustaljenih metod za določanje vloge električnih vodnikov (in drugih elementov električnega tokokroga) pri nastanku požara - ali je vodnik povzročitelj ali zgolj ¨žrtev¨ dogodkov. Prav to pa je največja ovira pri določanju izvora poškodb. Obenem pa se sprašujemo ali je vzrok nastanka požara sploh mogoče določiti? Kljub temu, da so vodniki obdani s samougasljivimi ali negorljivimi materiali, lahko pri nekaterih pogojih vseeno pride do vžiga in v skrajnih primerih tudi do požara. Poškodovani deli električne napeljave lahko ob stiku s predmeti predstavljajo močan toplotni vir, ki lahko povzroči vžig materialov v neposredni bližini. Prav tako pa lahko vir toplote (požar) povzroči poškodbe vodnikov. Za boljše razumevanje smo v sklopu diplomske naloge opravili preiskave vodnikov vpletenih v požare in v laboratoriju pripravili primerjalne vzorce poškodovanih žic. S primerjavo rezultatov analize mikrostrukture in kemijske sestave vzorcev vodnikov poškodovanih v požaru, ter vzorcev pripravljenih v laboratoriju bom skušala odgovoriti na vprašanji: zakaj pride do krhkosti pri poškodovanih vodnikih in kaj se pravzaprav dogaja na poškodovanih stikih. Electrical installation is one of key components of Buildings in our time, for that reason electrical conductors are often involved in accidents – house or other fires. Burning of different materials during the course of fire, usually creates unique circumstances. Due to complicated setting of the scene which makes use of standardized tests impossible, we are left with seemingly impossible question. What was the cause of the fire – was electrical conductor (or any other element of electrical installation) at fault or just another ¨victim¨. And yet we still wonder, is it even possible to determinate the cause? Even with modern self-extinguishing and flame-resistant materials, electrical conductors can (in the right conditions) still ignite the fire. Mostly it is due to unprotected wires under voltage which can present a powerful heat source that ignites objects and materials in near vicinity. Fires caused by electrical conductors are often traced back to damaged protective layer. For better understanding of changes in electrical conductors, we compared conductor samples from fires and those damaged in laboratory. With the help of modern technology and it's power of precision while analyzing chemical components and structure of materials I'm going to try and answer the following questions: why do electrical conductors involved in fire get fragile and what is happening on damaged contacts.

Dimenzioniranje drvenog rešetkastog nosača krovišta proizvodne hale zadanih dimenzija i vjetrovnih spregova na utjecaj kritične kombinacije opterećenja. Dimenzionirani su svi spojevi drvenog rešetkastog nosača prema EC5. Proveden je proračun otpornosti svih drvenih elemenata na požar u trajanju od 30 minuta prema EC5. Priloženi su detalji pojedinih spojeva, generalni plan pozicija, radionički nacrt glavnog nosača te iskaz materijala. Design of the wooden truss roof of the production hall of given dimensions and wind bracings on the influence of the critical combination of loads. All joints of the wooden lattice structure are dimensioned according to EC5. The calculation of fire resistance of all wooden elements for 30 minutes according to EC5 was performed. Details of individual joints, general plan of positions, workshop plan of the main structure and statement of materials are attached.

Vsako požarno analizo nosilne konstrukcije stavbe v grobem delimo v tri bistvene faze: (i) analiza razvoja temperature zraka v delu stavbe, kjer gori, (ii) analiza posledičnega naraščanja temperature materiala nosilne konstrukcije tega dela stavbe in (končno) (iii) mehanski odziv nosilne konstrukcije tega dela stavbe (analiza možne porušitve) zaradi njenih povišanih temperatur. Vsaka izmed teh treh faz se skladno z Evrokodom lahko izvede s poenostavljenimi ali natančnejšimi postopki, pri čemer Evrokod podrobneje opredeli le računske metode poenostavljenih analiz, naprednejše analize pa ostajajo bolj stvar osebnega angažmaja vsakega posameznega projektanta (know-how). Diplomska naloga predstavi osnovne principe izvajanja vseh treh omenjenih osnovnih faz požarne analize konstrukcije, in sicer na izbranem konkretnem primeru vzročne stavbe. Pri tem uporabi tako enostavnejše kot naprednejše pristope. Osnovne karakteristike izbrane vzorčne AB stavbe deloma povzamemo po karakteristikah znanega primera poslovne stavbe na Jesenicah, ki jo je v letu 2016 prizadel hujši požar. Primer je dobro opisan v dostopni literaturi, kar nudi dobro osnovo za končno validacijo računskih rezultatov, ki jih predstavlja to delo. Every fire analysis of a building is in general divided in three phases: (i) analysis on the development of temperature of gas inside the fire-affected compartment of the building, (ii) analysis on rising temperature of materials used in the structural elements and (finally), (iii) mechanical analysis of the structure (analysis of possible structural collapse on account of the rising material temperatures). According to Eurocode, each of those phases may be performed with simplified or advanced calculation methods. Eurocode goes into more details on the simplified methods. However, in terms of the advanced methods, the exact procedure is more in the hands of each individual designer (his know-how). This graduation thesis presents on a practical example the basic principles of all the three phases by using both simpler and more advanced approaches. A case of a real building is analysed, and its main characteristics are based on characteristics of a building from Jesenice (Slovenia), which was affected by a severe fire in late 2016. A couple of details is available in literature about this particular building and this particular fire including information about the corresponding fire-induced damage to the building’s load-bearing structure. The latter provide a good basis for final validation of the calculation results presented in the thesis.

Izolacijski materiali odigrajo pomembno vlogo pri preprečevanju prehajanja vlage, toplote, zvoka, električnega toka in ostalih količin. Zaradi izrednih lastnosti izolacije, ter tudi ostalih lastnosti, so v industriji in vsakdanjem življenju široko zastopani in uporabljeni. V diplomskem delu sem se osredotočil na gorljivost izolacijskih materialov, standarde s katerimi jih klasificiramo in na preprečevanje razvoja požara in njegovih posledic. Glavna naloga požarno odpornih izolacijskih materialov je preprečitev razvoja požara in njegovega širjenja, ki ključno varuje pred posledicami požara, poleg odsotnosti zadostne temperature vira vžiga in oksidacijskega sredstva. Na podlagi raziskave fizikalnih, kemijskih in termičnih karakteristik v diplomskem delu ugotovimo da izolacijski gradbeni materiali (kamena in steklena volna, penjeno steklo), izolacijske plastične mase (politetrafluoroetilen PTFE, polistiren PS, polieterimid PEI) in izolacijska vlakna (ogljikova vlakna, poliimidna vlakna PI, poliestrska vlakna PES) zagotavljajo visoko primarno funkcijo izoliranja s toplotno prevodnostjo λ < 0,1 W/mK. Poleg tega pa izolacijski materiali s svojimi protipožarnimi lastnostmi zagotavljajo ustrezno stopnjo požarne odpornosti za objekte in predmete saj imajo vsi materiali, z izjemo PS, visoko gostoto, ki omogoči ugodno sestavo materiala. Specifične toplote cp za plastične mase in vlakna zavzemajo vrednosti med 1,1 in 2,0 kJ/kgK, vrednosti specifičnih toplot za gradbene materiale pa so nad 700 kJ/kgK in tako sposobni prevzeti bistveno večje količine toplote. Tališča Tt za plastične mase so pod 500 °C in zato bistveno hitreje tvorijo goreče kapljice za širjenje gorenja kot gradbeni materiali s tališči okoli 1000 °C. Kisikov indeks OI, ki je določljiv samo za plastične mase in vlakna, je za obravnavane materiale nad 25. vol. %, s čimer je izpolnjena sposobnost zaviranja gorenja. V primeru gorenja ali tlenja izolacijskih materialov se sproščajo škodljivi plinasti produkti, ki na organizmu lahko povzročijo trajne poškodbe. Največjo nevarnost prestavljata ogljikov oksid CO in dioksid CO2, ki se tvorita z visokimi deleži pri gorenju vseh vrst materialov, in jih s človeškimi čutili ne zaznamo. Zato z različnimi mehanizmi gašenja, pri čemer sta najbolj učinkovita hlajenje reakcijske cone in dušenje, preprečimo ali omejimo širjenje in vpliv potencialnih nevarnosti v najkrajšem možnem času. Insulation materials play an important role in preventing the translation of moisture, heat, sound, electricity and other quantities. Due to the extraordinary properties of insulation, as well other properties, they are widley represented and used in industry and every day life. In my thesis i focused on flammability of insulation materials, the standards for classification and on the prevention of the development of fire and it's consequences. The main task of fire-resistant materials is to prevent the development of fire and it's spread, which is crucial to protect against the fire consequences, in addition to the absence of sufficient temperature of the ignition source and oxidizing agent. Based on the research of physical, chemical and thermal characteristics in the thesis, insulating building materials (stone and glass wool, foam glass), insulating plastics (polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, polystyrene PS, polyetherimide PEI) and insulating fibres (carbon fibres, polyimide fibres PI, polyester fibres PES) provide a high primary insulation function with a thermal conductivity λ < 0,1 W/mK. In addition, insulating materials with their fire-retardant properties provide an adequate level of fire resistance for buildings and objects, as all materials, with the exception of PS, have high densities, which allows a favourable composition of the material. Specific heats for plastic and fibres occupy values between 1,1 and 2,0 kJ/kgK, while values for building materials are above 700 kJ/kgK and are able to absorb significantly more heat. Melting point for plastics are below 500 °C, therefore they form flammable droplets for spreading the fire much faster, than building materials with melting points around 1000 °C. The oxygen index, which can only be determined for plastic and fibres, is above 25 vol. %, so they fulfill the ability to inhibit combustion. In the case of burning or smoldering of insulation materials, harmful gaseous products are released, which can cause permanent damage to the organism. The greatest danger is presented by carbon monoxide CO and CO2 dioxide, which are formed with high proportion in the combustion of all materials and are not detected by the humans senses. Therefore, various extinguishing mechanisms are used to prevent or limit the spread of the fire and impact of potential hazards in the shortest possible time.

V članku najprej predstavljamo najpomembnejše izsledke eksperimentalnih raziskav s področja kompozitnih konstrukcij iz lesa in betona v požaru in pregled poenostavljenih metod za določanje njihove požarne odpornosti. V drugem delu prispevka pa s prikazom dejanskega izračuna izvedemo primerjavo postopka določitve požarne odpornosti kompozitnega nosilca iz lesa in betona po dveh izmed obstoječih poenostavljenih metod. Pri tem se osredotočimo na pomembnejše razlike v postopku, na oceno zahtevnosti postopka in seveda na primerjavo dobljenih rezultatov. Namen celotnega prispevka je bralcu približati odziv vedno bolj priljubljenih kompozitnih konstrukcij iz lesa in betona v požarnem projektnem stanju, ki sicer v trenutno veljavnih Evrokodih še niso zajete, pripravlja pa se njihova vključitev v prihodnje izdaje standardov. The article begins with the presentation of the most important findings of experimental investigations on timber-concrete composite structures in fire, together with an overview of simplified methods for the determination of fire resistance of timber-concrete composite elements. In the second part of the article, a worked example of calculation of the fire resistance of a timber-concrete composite beam is given. Here, two of the existing simplified methods are used and thus compared. The focus is on the most notable differences between both procedures, on the assessment of their complexity and on the comparison of the obtained results. The aim of the entire article is to provide the reader with information on the response of increasingly popular timber-concrete composite structures in fire, which are somewhat overlooked in the currently active Eurocodes, although their inclusion in future editions of European standards is already in preparation.

Użyte w tytule metaforyczne określenie „języki ognia” otwiera na perspektywę hermeneutyczną i służy podkreśleniu wielowykładalności omawianego motywu. Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytania o to, jakie zagadnienia i tematy wprowadzane są do literatury dla małego czytelnika, gdy pojawia się w niej wydarzenie pożaru. Analiza scen pożarów w utworach z różnych epok pokazała, że oddziałując na wyobraźnię oraz emocje odbiorców, obrazy te wyprowadzają dziecko ze sfery bezpieczeństwa, konfrontują z sytuacją graniczną, ze zniszczeniem i śmiercią. Co więcej, wydobywając grozę wydarzenia i egzystencjalną bezradność człowieka, ujawniają moralne wybory, niosą pedagogiczny przekaz, a niekiedy zachwyt nad pięknem zjawiska. Prześledzenie motywu pożaru w wielu tekstach pokazało, że uruchamia on różne dyskursy: egzystencjalny, etyczny, dydaktyczny, antropologiczny czy estetyczny, otwiera na pytania o wartości i ich hierarchię. A ponadto - że zmienia się, zwłaszcza w przekazie dydaktycznym, jego funkcja. The metaphorical expression used in the title, the "tongues of fire", opens a hermeneutic perspective and is meant to emphasize the multi-explicability of the discussed motif. The article attempts to answer the questions what issues and subjects are introduced into literature for young readers, when an event of fire is addressed. The analysis of fire scenes in literary works from various epochs has shown that by influencing the imagination and emotions of the audience, these images take children out of their comfort zone, and confront them with a borderline situation, with destruction and death. What is more, by exposing the horror of the event and the existential helplessness of humans in the face of it, they reveal moral choices, carry a pedagogical message, and sometimes also fascination with the beauty of the phenomenon. Tracing the motif of fire in numerous texts has proved that it triggers off different kinds of discourse - existential, ethical, didactic, anthropological or aesthetic one, and poses questions about values and their hierarchy. Moreover, its function changes, especially in the didactic message.

U radu su predstavljeni postupci procjene oštećenosti i preostale nosivosti AB konstrukcija nakon požara. Prikazana su oštećenja konstrukcijskih AB elemenata stupa, grede, ploče, zida te detalja spajanja. Iako se AB elementi općenito smatraju otpornima na požar, utjecaj temperature bitno utječe na njihove fizikalne i mehaničke karakteristike, a nosivost prije i nakon požara možemo odrediti primjenom više različitih metoda koje su prikazane u radu. Napravljen je osvrt na temu procjene stanja AB konstrukcija nakon požara te daljnja metodologija postupanja., Procedures for estimating damage and remaining bearing capacity of RC structures after fire are presented in the paper. The damage to structural RC elements of a column, beam, slab, wall, and connection details, is presented in the paper. Although RC elements are generally considered to be fire resistant, their physical and mechanical characteristics are greatly influenced by temperature, while the bearing capacity before and after fire can be determined through a number of different methods that are presented in the paper. An overview of condition assessment for RC structures after fire is proposed, and methodology for taking further action is presented.

Cilj je ovog rada usporediti osutost krošanja stabala obične jele, obične bukve i obične smreke te prikazati stupnjeve opasnosti od požara za područje monitoringa osutosti krošanja. Analizirani su podaci o osutosti krošanja stabala s ploha monitoringa (ICP Forests) na području Uprave šuma Podružnice Gospić. Za pokusne plohe na kojima je uspostavljen monitoring osutosti krošanja izvršena je i procjena opasnosti od šumskog požara. Kod istraživanih vrsta najveći postotak stabala obične jele, obične bukve i obične smreke bio je u stupnju male osutosti krošanja. Uspoređujući osutost između vrsta drveća, najveći postotak stabala u stupnju male osutosti krošanja imala je obična bukva, a najmanji obična jela. U stupnju značajne osutosti krošanja najveći je bio postotak stabala obične jele, a najmanji obične bukve. Prema stupnju opasnosti od požara na plohama za motrenje osutosti krošanja bila je mala opasnost od požara. Veći stupanj opasnosti od požara može se očekivati u uvjetima izostanka uzgojnih radova na saniranju posljedica narušenog zdravstvenog stanja sastojina i odumiranja pojedinih vrsta drveća na istraživanom području., Tree crown defoliation is an indicator of tree vitality and one of the parameters in assessing forest tree crown damage. The aim of this paper is to show the trends in the classes of crown defoliation and to compare the crown defoliation of silver fir, common beech and common spruce trees. In addition, the aim of the research was to show the degrees of fire danger for bioindication and basic plots where monitoring of tree crown defoliation is carried out. Data on the percentage of trees by classes of defoliation, slight defoliation ( 25 %) and severe defoliation (> 60 %) from the monitoring plots (ICP Forests) in the area of ​​the Forest Administration Gospić were analysed. For experimental plots on which crown monitoring was established, a forest fire risk assessment was performed. During the observed period, there was no clear statistically significant increasing trend in the percentage of silver fir trees in classes with moderate and severe crown defoliation. In contrast, there was a statistically significant increasing trend in the share of common beech trees in classes with moderate and severe crown defoliation. There were no statistically significant trends in Norway spruce crown defoliation. In the studied species, the highest percentage of silver fir, common beech and Norway spruce trees was in the degree of low crown deforestation. Comparing the defoliation of tree species, the highest percentage of trees in the degree of slight crown defoliation was common beech, and the lowest silver fir. In the degree of moderate crown defoliation, the highest percentage was of silver fir trees, and the lowest of common beech trees. According to the degree of fire hazard on the crown defoliation monitoring plots, there was little fire hazard. The crown defoliation of the trees of the analysed forest tree species in the investigated area is in favourable condition considering that the highest average percentage of trees had a slight crown defoliation. A higher degree of fire danger can be expected in the absence of silvicultural operations to repair the consequences of impaired health of stands and the dieback of certain species of trees in the study area.

U radu je provedeno istraživanje transporta cisterne pri prijevozu opasne tvari s fokusom na opasnost od prevrtanja, te taktički pristup gašenju požara takvog incidenta. Kao ključan dokument u prijevozu opasnih tvari cestom, sporazum ADR je konzultiran uz analizu vijeka trajanja vozila za transport u Republici Hrvatskoj. Analizirani su glavni uzroci nepravilnosti na tehničkim pregledima vozila za prijevoz opasnih tvari. Prikazana je i procedura koja se obavlja pri prijevozu opasnog tereta - benzina na Hrvatskim autocestama uz pomoć karti rizika, odabira sigurnih ruta. Temeljem odabranog prijevoza opasne tvari dane preporuke za vatrogasnu taktiku u slučaju incidenta., The paper investigates the transport of tanks during the transport of dangerous goods with a focus on the danger of overturning, and a tactical fire extinguishing approach to such an incident. As a key document in the transportation of dangerous goods by road, the ADR agreement was consulted with the analysis of the service life of transport vehicles in the Republic of Croatia. The main causes of irregularities in the technical inspections of vehicles for the transport of dangerous goods were analyzed. The procedure performed when transporting dangerous goods - gasoline on Croatian motorways with the help of risk maps, selection of safe routes is presented. Based on the selected transport of dangerous goods, recommendations for firefighting tactics in case of an incident were given.

Požari na odlagalištima najviše su zastupljeni u proljetnim i ljetnim mjesecima, kada je najveća šansa za samozapaljenje. Oni ne uključuju samo otpad, već i vozila, konstrukcije, okolno grmlje i travu. Sredinom 2019. godine bili smo svjedoci enormnoga požara koji je zahvatio bale otpada na odlagalištu za neopasan otpad Totovec, čiji su produkti sagorijevanja bili vidljivi s pedesetak kilometara zračne udaljenosti. Takve intervencije zahtijevaju hitnu mobilizaciju svih vatrogasnih snaga u vidu ljudstva i tehnike ne bi li se požar stavio pod kontrolu. Po završetku akcije gašenja nužno je izvršiti iscrpnu analizu takve intervencije s odgovarajućim proračunom korištenih sredstava za gašenje.

Detektori požara imaju veliku ulogu u zaštiti od požara i predstavljaju osnovne elemente svih sustava u realnom vremenu namijenjenih za mjerenje materijalnih i energetskih pojava. Detektori požara mogu biti klasificirani prema različitim faktorima i različitim kriterijima. Karakteristično je da požari nekih materijala proizvode plamen vrlo brzo. Taj plamen je praćen s veoma malom količinom dima ili potpuno bez dima. Zbog toga, jedino praktično i efikasno rešenje za detekciju takvih požara su detektori plamena. Detektori plamena također mogu biti korišteni na otvorenom prostoru i u objektima s visokim potkrovljem. Glavni razlog je zato što detekcija dima u navedenim primjerima nije moguća (najveći problemi su razrijeđenost dima i hlađenje konvekcijskih strujanja). Navedeni tip požara ima vrlo brz razvoj tako da je važno da detektori plamena reagiraju vrlo brzo. Za detekciju plamena, infracrveni i ultraljubičasti dijelovi spektra mogu biti korišteni. Ovaj rad je napisan da predstavi ulogu detektora plamena u zaštiti od požara, predstavi princip realizacije detektora plamena i da predstavi pravila za postavljanje detektora plamena prema validnim standardima., Fire detectors have a great role in fire protection and present base elements of all systems in real time designed for the measuring of material and energetic occurrences. Fire detectors can be classified according to various factors and different criteria. Fires of some materials produce flames quite quickly. That flame is followed with a very small quantity of smoke, sometimes even none. Because of that, the only practical and effective solution for the detection of such types of fires are flame detectors. Flame detectors can also be used in open spaces and in objects with high ceilings. The main reason for that is the impossibility of smoke detection in given examples (the biggest problems are smoke dilution and convective flow cooling). Such types of fires spread rapidly, so it is important that flame detectors react quickly. For flame detection, infrared and ultraviolet parts of electromagnetic spectrum can be used. This paper was written to present the role of flame detectors in fire protection, and to present the principle of realisation of flame detectors and the rules of the installation of flame detectors arrangement according to valid standards.

U ovom radu dane su osnovne informacije o daljinskim istraživanjima i satelitskim misijama. Praktični dio ovog rada temelji se na primjenama daljinskih istraživanja i satelitskih misija u inženjerstvu okoliša. Tri primjene su razmatrane i opisane. Prva primjena je analiza poplave u Županji te izračun veličine područja koji je poplavljen te smo za tu primjenu koristili satelitske snimke Landsata 8. Druga primjena se bavi požarom u Splitu te smo pomoću satelitske misije Copenicus i satelita Sentinel 2 dobili mapu opožarenog područja. Još jedna primjena je bila izračun urbaniziranog područja za grad Varaždin od 2001.g. do 2020.g.. Za tu primjenu korištene su satelitske snimke Landsata 7 i Landsata 8. The basic information about remote sensing and satellite missions were given in this paper. The practial part of the paper is based on the applications of remote sensing and satellite missions in environmental engineering. Three applications were considered and described. The first application was an analysis of a flood that happened in Županja and a calculation of the territory that was flooded and for that we used satellite images from Landsat 8 .The second application dealt with wildfire that happened in Split and with the analysis of that fire we gained a map of the burned area. For that application we used satellite mission Copernicus and satellite Sentinel 2. One more application was considered and that was a calculation of urbanization of the town of Varaždin from 2001. to 2020.. For that application we used satellite images from Landsat 7 and Landsat 8.

U ovom se radu istražuje utjecaj zagrijavanja, metoda hlađenja i debljine zaštitnog sloja na ponašanje (čvrstoću i duktilnost) rebraste armature promjera 12 mm ugrađene u mort u kojem je riječni pijesak zamijenjen granitnim prahom i proizvedenim pijeskom, pri čemu debljina zaštitnog sloja iznosi 30 i 50 mm. Na temperaturama iznad 500 °C, toplinsko naprezanje uzrokovalo je nasumično ljuskanje zaštitnog sloja, a vlačna ispitivanja upozorila su na smanjenje čvrstoće i povećanje duktilnosti armature pri hlađenju na zraku, dok je suprotna pojava uočena pri gašenju vodom., This study investigates the effects of fire, cooling methods, and cover thickness, on the behaviour (strength and ductility) of 12-mm diameter rebars embedded in mortars with river sand (RS) substitutes such as granite powder and manufactured sand, with 30 and 50 mm cover thickness. Beyond 500°C, thermal stress induced random spalling of mortar cover, and tension test results showed strength decrement and ductility increment of rebars for air cooling, while the vice versa was observed for water quenching.

At date a common agreement seems to be established among researchers that for a proper prediction of fire-induced concrete spalling on structural fire resistance a fully-coupled thermo-hygro-mechanical model should be used in general. Such sophisticated models may engage complex systems of equations. For everyday practical applications, however, the accompanying computational procedures may be found to time-consuming. Proper input material data such as permeability tensor and diffusion coefficients may be found difficult to define as well, especially for modern special-type concretes. Thus, simplified procedures for rough assessments of spalling are still desirable. For reinforced concrete (RC) columns, one of such is proposed here. The model combines two essential analyses, i.e. a hydro-thermal and a mechanical analysis, and runs them separately but simultaneously. For rough estimation of spalling different semi-empirical criteria are used. They consider concrete pore pressure, velocity of spalled-off pieces and buckling length of delaminated concrete. The proposed model is validated against experimental data and shows promising results. In the final part of the paper, the model is implemented in an investigation of the effects of different spalling scenarios on a fire-engulfed column. This shows that spalling may reduce its ultimate fire resistance as much as by 70%.

U završnom radu će biti prikazana instalacija suvremenog vatrodojavnog sustava i način rada. Zadatak vatrodojavnog sustava je da na vrijeme upozori na pojavu požara radi evakuacije i da se što prije krene s gašenjem požara. Osnovna zadaća je spašavanje života i imovine. Vatrodojavni sustav se sastoji od centrale koja služi za upravljanje i nadzor svih elemanata, automatskih i ručnih javljača koji dojavljuju požar, a sirene i bljeskalice služe za uzbunjivanje. Ovakav sustav se može nadograditi izlaznim modulima koji služe za aktiviranje automatskih sustava za gašenje, paljenje ventilatora, otvaranje protupožarnih vrata i protupožarnih zaklopki. Velike objekte je nemoguće štititi samo ručnom opremom pa oni zahtjevaju automatizirane provjerene sustave koji će pružiti zaštitu od požara. Smanjivanje opasnosti od požara postiže se pravilnim projektiranjem, korištenjem sustava za dojavu i gašenje požara, te pravilnom ugradnjom svih elemenata., The final paper shows the installation of a modern fire alarm system and its operation procedure. The task of the fire alarm system is to warn, as soon as possible, in case of a fire in order to evacuate and to start to put out the fire faster. The basic task is to save lives and property. The fire alarm system consists of a control panel that serves to control and monitor all elements, automatic and manual detectors that report a fire, and sirens and flashes which serve to alert. Such a system can be upgraded by output modules used to activate automatic extinguishing systems, fan ignition, opening fire doors and fire dampers. It is impossible to protect large objects by handheld equipment so they require automated proven systems that will provide protection from fire. Reducing the risk of fire is achieved by proper design, using a fire alarm and extinguishing system, and by proper installation of all the elements.

The paper presents a novel approach to determine charring of wood exposed to standard and natural fire that is based on a new numerical model named PyCiF. The new model couples an advanced 2D heat-mass model with a pyrolysis model. A new charring criterion based on a physical phenomenon is implemented in the PyCiF model to determine charring of wood. This presents the main advantage of the new PyCiF model in comparison to common modelling approaches, which require an empirical value of the charring temperature that is often called the char front temperature. The fact that the char front temperature is not an explicit value as assumed by the isotherm 300 °C is advantageously considered in the presented approach where an assumed empirical value of the char front temperature is not directly required to determine the thickness of char layer. The validation of the PyCiF model against experimental results showed great model accuracy, meaning that the model is appropriate for the evaluation of charring depths of timber elements exposed to the standard fire as well as the natural fires. Additionally, as shown in the case study, the presented approach also enables to determine the char front temperature for various natural fire exposures. This will be especially important for the upgrade of the new design methods for fire safety of timber elements exposed to natural fire given in the various design codes such as Eurocode 5.

V prvem delu magistrskega dela sem se osredotočil na zgodovino in organiziranost gasilcev v Sloveniji in Združenih državah Amerike, predstavil sem požarno preventivo in vzroke za požare. V svetu požari postajajo vedno večji problem, saj zaradi klimatskih sprememb, staranja prebivalstva, malomarnosti ljudi, nepazljivosti, novih tehnologij, različnih novih materialov in zmanjševanja vlaganj v požarno varnost lahko povzročijo vse večjo premoženjsko, materialno in človeško škodo. S tem lahko opozorimo na dejstvo, da je gasilstvo zelo pomembna družbena panoga, ki pa je v Sloveniji slabše cenjena kot v Združenih državah Amerike. K znanju in usposobljenosti gasilcev izjemno pripomorejo zgodovina, organiziranost in vlaganje denarja. Seveda ne smemo pozabiti tudi na izboljševanje zakonodaje področja požarne varnosti, ki zajema tako načrtovanje požarne varnosti in tudi samo gašenje požarov. Organiziranost gasilcev v Sloveniji in Združenih državah Amerike je različno, saj se zdi da so ameriški gasilci bolje tehnično in organizacijsko izurjeni. V zgodovini obeh držav se je zgodilo mnogo uničujočih požarov, ki so terjali veliko smrtnih žrtev in premoženja. V drugem delu magistrskega dela sem opravil statistično analizo števila požarov in škode, ki je pri tem nastala v Sloveniji in v Združenih državah Amerike v obdobju od leta 1992 do leta 2018. V Sloveniji se vsako leto zgodi od 4000 do 6000 požarov, v Združenih državah Amerike pa se v zadnjih letih zgodi od 1,3 milijona do 1,6 milijona požarov letno. Najpogostejši požari so požari v objektih, v prometu, v naravi in v komunalnih ali drugih zabojnikih. V Sloveniji se skozi leta število požarov drastično ni spremenilo, vendar pa število ves čas niha. V Združenih državah Amerike se je število požarov iz leta 1992 zmanjšalo za okoli 25 %. Število poškodovanih v požarih se v Sloveniji v zadnjih letih malce zvišuje, število smrtnih žrtev požara pa ostaja dokaj konstantno. V Združenih državah Amerike obe ti številki skozi leta padata. Izjema je le leto 2001, ko se je zgodil napad na World Trade Center. Premoženjska škoda, ki je nastala v požarih, je v Sloveniji v zadnjih letih okoli 7 milijonov evrov, v Združenih državah Amerike pa se ta številka že več kot 15 let vrti okoli 15 milijard dolarjev. Spet pa je izjema leto 2001 zaradi napada v New Yorku, ki je povzročil več kot 30 milijard denarne škode. In the first part of the master's degree thesis, I focused on the history and organization of firefighters in Slovenia and United States of America, I presented fire prevention and the causes of fires. In the world, fires are becoming an increasing problem, as they can cause increasing property, material and human damage due to climate change, population aging, human negligence, carelessness, new technologies, various new materials and reduced investment in fire safety. Therefore, firefighting is a very important social sector, which is less valued in Slovenia than in the United States. History, organization and investment of money contribute enormously to the knowledge and skills of firefighters. Of course, we must not forget to improve the legislation in the field of fire safety, which includes both fire safety planning and firefighting itself. The organization of firefighters in Slovenia and the United States is different, it seems that American firefighters are better technically and organizationally trained. In addition, this profession is also more valued there. There have been many devastating fires in the history of both countries, claiming many lives and property. In the second part of my master's degree thesis, I performed a statistical analysis of the number of fires and damage that occurred in Slovenia and the United States in the period from 1992 to 2018. In Slovenia, between 4,000 and 6,000 fires occur every year. In the United States, however, 1.3 million to 1.6 million fires have occurred in recent years. The most common fires are fires in buildings, in traffic, in nature, and in communal or other containers. In Slovenia, the number of fires has not changed drastically over the years, the number fluctuates all the time. In the United States, however, the number of fires in 1992 fell by about 25 percents. The number of people injured in fires in Slovenia has been rising slightly in recent years, while the number of fatalities in fires has remained fairly constant. In the United States, however, both of these numbers have been falling over the years. The only exception is 2001, when the attack on the World Trade Center took place. The property damage caused by fires in Slovenia in recent years is around 7 million euros, and in the United States this figure has been hovering around 15 billion dollars for more than 15 years. Again, the exception is 2001 due to the attack in New York, which caused more than 30 billion in monetary damage.

Negorljivi materiali se uporabljajo povsod, kjer obstajajo vsaj minimalne možnosti nastanka požara. To so lahko materiali, ki jih uporabljamo v gradbeništvu, pri izdelavi osebne varovalne opreme za zaščito pred visokimi temperaturami ali pa pri opremi, ki jo uporabljamo ljudje za lažje rokovanje z vročimi predmeti. V svoji diplomski nalogi sem se osredotočil na negorljivo osebno varovalno opremo, dodal pa sem tudi nekatere negorljive gradbene materiale in navedel standarde, ki se uporabljajo za njihovo klasifikacijo. Poleg okolja brez oksidacijskega sredstva in okolja brez zadostne temperature za vžig je uporaba negorljivega materiala je ena od treh metod zaščite pred požarom. Standardi določajo preizkusne metode in zahteve za negorljive materiale, na podlagi katerih lahko proizvajalci vedo, v kakšnih okoliščinah se lahko izdelki iz teh materialov uporabljajo. Negorljiva osebna varovalna oprema je lahko sestavljena iz materialov oz. vlaken, ki so že sama po sebi negorljiva (aramidi, ogljikova vlakna, modal akrili, polibenzimidazol), ali materialov, ki jih moramo obdelati, da postanejo negorljivi (plastične mase npr. polibutilen tereftalat, silikonski kavčuk, nenasičene poliesterske smole …). Z apreturami pa lahko obdelamo tudi celulozo, bombaž in volno, da dobimo negorljiva zaščitna oblačila, vendar se s pranjem ta zaščita odstranjuje. Non-combustible materials are used wherever there is at least a minimal risk of fire. These can be materials used in construction, in the manufacture of personal protective equipment to protect against high temperatures, or in equipment used by people to facilitate the handling of hot objects. In my thesis, I focused on non-combustible personal protective equipment, but also added some non-combustible building materials and listed the standards used for their classification. Besides an environment without oxidizing agents and an environment without sufficient ignition temperature, the use of non-combustible materials is one of the three methods of fire protection. The standards define test methods and requirements for non-combustible materials, which enable manufacturers to know the circumstances under which products made of these materials may be used. Non-flammable personal protective equipment may consist of materials or. fibers that are inherently non-flammable (aramides, carbon fibers, modal acrylates, polybenzimidazole), or of materials that must be treated to become non-flammable (plastics, e.g. polybutylene terephthalate, silicone rubber, unsaturated polyester resins, etc). Finishes can also be used to convert cellulose, cotton and wool into non-flammable protective clothing, but this protection is removed by washing.

U radu su prikazani modeli požara u sobi s kabelskom policom, u ormaru s električnom opremom i u sobi s pumpom i motorom unutar nuklearne elektrane. Za proračun korišten je CFD program NIST FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator). Analiziran je utjecaj geometrije sobe, količina sastava i položaj gorivog materijala na postignutu temperaturu u sobi. Analizirana je i količina generiranog dima i mogućnost propagacije vatre unutar i van prostorije. The thesis shows the models of fire in a room with cable tray, electrical enclosure or electrical motor and pump inside the nuclear power plant. These models are made using NIST FDS CFD program (Fire Dynamic Simulator). The influence of the geometry of the room, the quantity, composition and position of the fuel material to the reached temperature in the room is analised, and also the amount of smoke generated and the possibility of propagation of fire inside and outside of the room.

POVZETEK V diplomski nalogi sem predstavil edino slovensko mednarodno tovorno pristanišče, Luko Koper. Na kratko sem navedel in opisal glavne mejnike in zgodovinski razvoj pristanišča, opredelil razvoj Luke Koper in načrte za prihodnost, predstavil Načrt zaščite in reševanja, ki je pomemben dokument, saj natančno opisuje koncept odzivanja interventnih služb, natančnejše odzivanje poklicne gasilske enote PGE Luka Koper ob industrijskih nesrečah na koncesijskem območju in klasifikacijo nesreč. Opisal sem organizacijo poklicne enote in glavne sklope požarne varnosti v Luki Koper, ki bi se uporabljali v primeru gašenja tovorne ladje na privezu in obrambe pristaniške infrastrukture. Rdeča nit moje diplomske naloge sta požar ladje na privezu in odziv pristaniških gasilcev. Definiral sem tovorno ladjo, opisal, kako se deli in katere protipožarne sisteme ima, kje se najpogosteje pojavijo požari, kateri preventivni ukrepi se izvajajo za preprečevanje požarov, če do požara že pride, pa kako se ga kar najhitreje obvlada in pogasi. V študiji primera sem s pomočjo CIIS-poročila, pogovora z vodjo intervencije in kronologije dogodkov podrobno raziskal delo posadke in gasilcev na intervenciji, ki so s skupnimi močmi ter hitrimi in pravimi odločitvami vodje intervencije in poveljnika ladje obvladali požar v strojnici tovorne ladje MV Bremer Anna. Iz zadnjega poglavja sta jasno razvidna potek rasti intervencije od »majhne« do »srednje« nesreče ter možnost nastanka »velike« nesreče. The present thesis aims to present the Port of Koper, the only international cargo port in Slovenia. First, an overview is given of all milestones and the evolution of the port since its establishment with future projections of development. The thesis goes on to describe the Rescue and Protection Plan as a key document for the functioning of the port. It foresees in detail the envisaged response of emergency services, namely the professional fire brigade PGE Port of Koper in the case of industrial accidents in the areas under concession agreement the description also includes a classification of accidents. The thesis then focuses on the organisational aspects of the professional fire-brigade unit and the main sections of fire security in the Port of Koper that would be activated in the case of possible fire intervention on a docked cargo vessel or for protecting key port infrastructure. The entire thesis centres around the main issue of a potential fire on docked vessels and the ensuing port fire brigade response. Different chapters deal with the main characteristics of a cargo vessel, its different units and fire protection systems. The overview also includes a list of areas most frequently attained by fires, a set of prevention measures in place in order to eliminate any possibility of fire, and, in the worse-case scenario, how can the flames be contained and extinguished as quickly as possible. Through a CIIS report, an interview with the head of operation and a timeline of events, the case study details the work of the crew and fire fighters participating in the operation who – by joining forces and thanks to fast and adequate responses by the head of operation and captain of the vessel – managed to effectively contain the fire in the machine room of the MV Bremer Anna cargo vessel. The last chapter clearly shows how the intervention grew from a “small” and “medium-sized” accident to the possibility of a “serious” accident.

Razlogov, ki popolnoma miren in brez težaven dan spremenijo v najhujšo nočno moro, je veliko, še posebej, ko smo na ladji. Od površin v ladijski strojnici z izjemno visokimi temperaturami, do kratkih stikov v električni napeljavi, nepazljivega ravnanja z vročimi stvarmi v kuhinji, samovžigov, nepremišljenega ravnanja z orodji, ki lahko povzročijo iskrenje ali požar, itd. Če k temu dodamo še razne nevarne in eksplozivne pline, ki jih pomorščaki povrh še vdihujejo med svojim delovnim časom, pridemo do zaključka, da v celotnemu scenariju igra zelo pomembno vlogo ustrezno nameščen in pravilno delujoč varnostni sistem. Sprva se bom dotaknil sistema ventilacije in protipožarnega sistema na ladjah. V pomoč mi je prišlo 9. poglavje knjige European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN), ki govori o pravilih gradnje ladij, kar so postale smernice za izdelavo moje makete. Za lažje razumevanje poglavja Avtomatizacija in regulacija, v katerem model strojnice razčlenim na več podsistemov, predstavljam in opisujem njegove osnovne lastnosti. Sledijo opisi in glavne lastnosti sestavnih komponent, kjer sem vključil tudi razne posebnosti ter predvsem težave, na katere sem naletel pri pisanju programske kode, saj se je izkazalo, da vseeno ni bilo tako preprosto, kot sem si zamislil na začetku in kakor morda sedaj izgleda. Programsko kodo podrobno opišem ter razložim, na kakšen način sem se spopadel s težavami. Za konec pa še najbolj zanimiv del – izvedba treh različnih scenarijev, s katerimi lahko dejansko razumemo pomen in delovanje makete. There are many reasons to turn a completely calm and trouble-free day into the worst nightmare, especially when we are on a ship. From surfaces in a ship's engine room with extremely high temperatures, to short circuits in electrical wiring, careless handling of hot things in the kitchen, self-ignition, reckless handling of tools that can cause sparks or fire, etc. If we add to these the various hazardous and explosive gases that seafarers inhale during their working hours, we come to the conclusion that a properly installed and properly functioning safety system plays a very important role in the overall scenario. I will first touch on the ventilation system and the fire protection system on ships. Chapter 9 of the book European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN), which talks about the rules of shipbuilding, became the guideline for making my model. Chapter Automation and Regulation explains the basic working principle of our model. I divide the engine room model into several subsystems. I than continue with the descriptions and main features of the components, which were used. I also included various special features and especially the problems I encountered when writing the program code. As it turned out it was not as simple as I imagined at the beginning and as it may look now. I next describe the program code in detail and explain how I dealt with the problems. Finally, the most interesting part - the implementation of three different scenarios with which we can actually understand the meaning and operation of the model.

V delu smo raziskovali potek sukcesije po požarih v naravnih sestojih črnega bora (Pinus nigra Arnold). Izbrali smo požarišče v Trenti iz leta 2005 in požarišče nad Logom pod Mangartom, kjer se je poţar zgodil leta 1979. Postavili smo skupno 22 ploskev velikosti 10x10 m, na delih poţarišča z različno intenziteto poţara ter v ohranjenih sestojih. Na ploskvah smo opravili fitocenološke popise, popisali smo tudi pomladek drevesnih in grmovnih vrst ter sušice in leţeče drevje po stopnjah razkroja. Podatke smo analizirali s pomočjo hierarhične klasifikacije in analize glavnih koordinat. Vegetacijo smo analizirali tudi glede na rastlinske strategije po Grimeu (CSR). Ploskve z različnimi intenzitetami poţara smo primerjali glede na številčnost pomladka z neparametričnimi testi. Ugotavljali smo še korelacijo med odmrlo lesno maso in pomlajevanjem. Ugotovili smo jasne razlike med mlajšim poţariščem in ohranjenimi sestoji, starejše poţarišče pa je ohranjenim sestojem bolj podobno. Po poţaru se je spremenila pokrovnost dominantnih vrst zeliščne plasti (Erica carnea, Calamagrostis varia, Achnatherum calamagrostis), pojavile pa so se nekatere nove vrste, značilne za požarišča. Sukcesijo lahko prikažemo kot prehod od bolj stres-tolerantih vrst k vrstam s kompeticijsko strategijo, medtem ko ruderalna komponenta zaradi slabše produktivnosti rastišča ni izrazita. Na poţarišču so se uspešneje pomlajevale pionirske vrste, medtem ko pri značilnicah zdruţbe Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae ni razlik v obnovi med poţariščem in ohranjenimi sestoji. Pozitiven vpliv odmrle lesne mase na pomlajevanje smo ugotovili le v starejšem požarišču. The post-fire succession in natural black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) stands was analysed. Our research was done in the Trenta valley, where a fire took place in 2005, and above Log pod Mangartom, where a fire burned in 1979. The species composition of 22 sample plots of 10x10 m in areas of different burn severity and in unburned stands was recorded. The seedlings and saplings of tree and shrub species were also counted, and the amount of snags and logs wasrecorded. Hierarchical aglomerative clustering methods and principle coordinate analysis were used. The vegetation was also analysed according to plant strategies sensu Grime (CSR). Differences in regeneration between burn severity sites were determined using nonparametric tests, and correlation between coarse woody debris and regeneration was analysed. Significant differences were found between the recent burned area and control sites, but the older burned area is very similar to non-burned sites. The cover of dominant herb species (Erica carnea, Calamagrostis varia, Achnatherum calamagrostis) changed after the fire, and some new species, typical for burned areas, appeared. The succession is a transition from stress-tolerators to more competitive species, while the ruderal component is not significant. Pioneer species regenerated successfully in burned areas, while there was no difference in the regeneration of typical Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigraespecies. Coarse woody debris was found to have a positive impact on regeneration in the older burned area.

The aim of this thesis was to assess the impact of controlled fire on fungal community in heathlands in CHKO Brdy and describe their changes during succession. Fungal fruitbodies were monitored during years 2018 and 2019 at twenty-five monitoring plots at Jordán, Tok and Brda. The relationship between fungal species richness and the time since the last fire and soil humidity was determined. The effect of the time since the last fire, soil humidity and vegetation on fungal species composition was analysed using multivariate ordination methods. The quality of studied habitat was evaluated based on the presence of red-listed and indicator fungal species.

Title Description of fire sport disciplines. Objectives The aim of this work is to describe the rules of fire sport. Methods The method of analysis of available literature and professional articles, observation and several years of experience in the field of fire sport were used during the elaboration of this bachelor thesis. Results The result is a description of the rules of fire sport, which provides trainers basic information about competitions for adults and adolescents and get the public more interested in stuff of this sport too. Keywords Discipline, sport, fire, children, adolescents.

U radu su prikazane analitičke metode proračuna požarne otpornosti aluminijskih konstrukcija koje su usvojene u (HRN) EN 1999-1-2. Budući da aluminij kao materijal više gubi mehanička svojstva pri nižim temperaturama nego li čelik, ispravan odabir aluminijske legure u smislu minimalnog smanjenja mehaničkih svojstava je bitan za zadovoljavanje požarnih uvjeta. Radi objašnjenja utjecaja odabira aluminijske legure s obzirom na dobivanje optimalne požarne otpornosti, prikazana je parametarska analiza u kojoj je demonstriran utjecaj aluminijske legure na proračunsku požarnu otpornost nosivog aluminijskog stupa., Analytical methods for calculating fire resistance of aluminium structures, specified in (HRN) EN 1999-1-2, are presented in the paper. Since aluminium as a material loses its mechanical properties at lower temperatures compared to steel, the correct selection of aluminium alloy in terms of minimal reduction of mechanical properties is essential for satisfying fire-related requirements. For clarifying the influence of selecting aluminium alloy for obtaining an optimum fire resistance, a parametric analysis is presented to demonstrate the influence of aluminium alloy on the design fire resistance of a load-bearing aluminium column.

The diploma thesis "Statistical survey of selected parameters of fire development in the districts of the Czech Republic in 1997-2017" deals with the gaining and evaluation of data of selected parameters on fires in the districts of the Czech Republic in 1997-2017. The amount of fires and the amount of damage associated with these numbers of fires became selected parameters related to individual districts in the mentioned period. The topic of the diploma thesis deals with the field of fires, which can be classified as a class of phenomenon "Segment of emergencies" associated with the theory of "Protection of the population". In the elaborated applied quantitative research, the author evaluated the methodological triangulation (the ratio of the quantity given by the existing theory and the newly processed quality, which means a benefit for the already existing theory) in the proportion of 90:10. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts and areas related to fires, which are based mainly on legislative regulations. This section describes the concept of fire protection and prevention in detail. The last section of this part summarizes the basic methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics, which were used in the processing of the practical part of the thesis. In the practical part of the diploma thesis, three hypotheses are verified. The hypotheses were examined on the basis of obtained and statistically processed data published in the statistical yearbooks of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic. For the processing of the practical part, the basic methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics were selected, by which these data are processed. In the methodology are listed statistical methods used. The use of the work consists mainly in the verification of the statistical algorithm for fire investigation, the two-dimensional statistical method can be applied to the problems of emergencies. Another benefit could be the design of follow-up work, which would, for example, deal with other parameters of fires such as fires according to the sector where they occurred, the number of deaths or the number of injuries. Another benefit could be the design of follow-up work, which would, for example, deal with other parameters of fires in individual districts, for example fires by branches, by number of deaths or number of injuries.

This bachelor's thesis focuses on the media image of the fire of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, which broke out on Monday, April 15, 2019 and lasted until the morning of the next day. The cause of the fire of the building, which celebrated 850 years since its creation and which was made famous by a novel by the French writer Victor Hugo, is still debated. The most probable cause is a short circuit in the circuit of the electrified bell located in the sanctuary tower, from which the fire spread to the rest of the roof. The final form of the future reconstructed cathedral is still not agreed, but French President Macron promised a final repair within 5 years. The aforementioned Paris fire brought with it a wave of media interest among the world and Czech media. This topic was relevant both to print and online media, as well as to television broadcasting and social networks. Most information about the fire of Notre Dame Cathedral resonated with social networks, while the smallest number of mentions was in television news. I came to my findings on the basis of a quantitative content analysis of selected media in my chosen period from April 15 to May 31, 2019, for which I used the Maximus application. I processed my findings into graphs, in which the data are clearer.

Prilikom projektiranja i kod same izvedbe pojedine građevine važno je ostvariti dostatnu pouzdanost (sigurnost, uporabljivost i trajnost) kako bi konstrukcija mogla podnijeti sva uobičajena i izvanredna djelovanja. Požar je jedno od izvanrednih djelovanja i s malom vjerojatnošću pojave, pa mu se često prilikom projektiranja i provođenja mjera zaštite ne pridaje dovoljno pažnje. Ukoliko dođe do požara njegove posljedice su velike materijalne štete, a nerijetko i ljudske žrtve. U ovom radu naglasak je na konceptu proračuna i zaštite čeličnih konstrukcija od požara. Rad je podijeljen na teorijski i praktični dio. U teorijskom dijelu ukratko je dan opis pravne regulative iz područja požarnog inženjerstva u Republici Hrvatskoj. Detaljnije je objašnjen fenomen prirodnog požara i prikazan je koncept proračuna čeličnih konstrukcija koji obuhvaća svojstva čelika pri povišenim temperaturama, provođenje topline kroz čelični element te kodificirani proračun prema Eurokodu (skupini HRN EN normi). Također su detaljnije opisane i mjere zaštite od požara. U praktičnom dijelu rada prikazan je tijek proračuna otpornosti čelične konstrukcije na djelovanje požara. Zadatak je bio provjeriti postojanje najmanje požarne otpornosti R30, a s obzirom da nezaštićena konstrukcija često ne zadovoljava niti tu otpornost, bilo je potrebno provesti određene mjere zaštite. Koristeći različite vrste protupožarne zaštite postignute su zaštite R30 i R60 te uspoređeni rezultati proračuna. Proračuni su provedeni i pomoći programa SCIA Engineer za tri mjere zaštite, i na kraju su uspoređeni rezultati s „ručnim“ proračunom.

Title: Analysis of the activities of the Fire rescue service in the Moravian - Silesian region (Opava regional department). Objectives: Analysis of the activities of the Fire rescue service in the Moravian - Silesian region (Opava regional department) for the period 1. 1. 2017 - 31. 12. 2019. They are corps of the category JPO I: Hlučín, Opava and Vítkov. Methods: Data collection in cooperation with an internal worker of the Fire brigade of the Moravian - Silesian region - Territorial department Opava and searches of available sources. Analyzes were performed for each unit separately according to the type of events in individual years, followed by a comparison between individual years. Results: The results of the diploma thesis are a description of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Moravian - Silesian Region (Territorial Department of Opava) and an analysis of the activities of free selected unit of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Mioravian - Silesian Region (Territorial Department of Opava) in 2017 - 2019. Keywords: Intervention, activity, firefighter, analysis, fire

The paper discusses the historical circumstances of a book collection gift to the burnt library of the Åbo Academy, which then belonged to the Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire. Such a support was organised by the supreme government of Russian Empire and Emperor Nicholas I. Examination of official documents (The Book of Donations to the Vilnius University, 1820-1832; The Activity Daybook, 1823-1832) of the Vilnius University Library; Lists of donated books, preserved in the National Library of Finland and in the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine, enabled specification of chronology of this charity act, discovering its effectors in Vilnius, and provided qualitative and quantitative parameters of donated books. It was identified, that the shipment of books delivered from Vilnius no earlier than 1829 February 28, consisted of 1481 volumes, mainly duplicate books on different topics, which were deposited to the Helsinki University. Alexander Wiktor Bohatkiewicz, a librarian and a bibliographer in the Vilnius University Library, played a crucial role in the selection of the books. At present, the best part of the donated books is preserved in the National Library of Finland. Specimens from private libraries of Georg Albinius, Nicolaus Decius, Fabian Birkowski, Leo Sapieha, Jan Kazimierz Wojsznarowicz, Georg Forster, Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus etc., and also from institutional libraries of Jesuit Colleges in Grodno, Słuck, Smoleńsk etc. were found within this collection. Completed bibliographical and provenance research of survived books makes a premise to a historical digital reconstruction of the donated collection. The results of provenance research may contribute greatly to the synthetic library history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.