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Food packaging manufacturers often resort to lamination, typically with materials which are neither non-biodegradable nor biobased polymers, to confer barrier properties to paper and cardboard. The present work considers a greener solution: enhancing paper’s resistance to moisture, grease, and air by aqueous coating suspensions. For hydrophobization, a combined approach between nanocellulose and common esterifying agents was considered, but the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) remained excessively high for the goal of wrapping moisture-sensitive products (>600 g m−2 d−1). Nonetheless, oil-repellant surfaces were effectively obtained with nanocellulose, illite, sodium alginate, and/or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), reaching Kit ratings up to 11. Regarding air resistance, mineral-rich coatings attained values above 1000 Gurley s. In light of these results, nanocellulose, minerals, PVA, pullulan, alginate, and a non-ionic surfactant were combined for multi-purpose coating formulations. It is hypothesized that these materials decrease porosity while complementing each other’s flaws, e.g., PVA succeeds at decreasing porosity but has low dimensional stability. As an example, a suspension mostly constituted by nanocellulose, sizing agents, minerals and PVA yielded a WVTR of roughly 100 g m−2 d−1, a Kit rating of 12, and an air resistance above 300 s/100 mL. This indicates that multi-purpose coatings can be satisfactorily incorporated into paper structures for food packaging applications, although not as the food contact layer The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the projects CON‐FUTURO‐ES (PID2020‐113850RB‐C22) and NextPack (PID2021‐124766OA‐I00)

High yield pulps (HYP), manufactured in mechanical and chemimechanical pulping processes, are mainly used in graphic papers and paper grades where a high bulk is preferable, like in paperboards. Moreover, packaging papers with very high demands on both dry and wet strength could be manufactured from HYP in a near future. Preferred bonds between fibre components (long fibres, shortened fibres and fines) in the various paper grades are quite different. In the review, plausible effects of mechanical interlocking, intermolecular interactions (“physical bonding”), hydrogen bonds, intermixing of polymers, additives and possible specific interactions in the formation of strong bonds in sheet structures from HYP are discussed. A required condition for high bond strength in sheets from HYP furnishes is that fibre components are forced into sufficiently close contact. This is to a great extent impeded if the fibre walls are too stiff. Consequently, the current review focuses on both how fibre fractions should preferably be developed for different end uses and how suitable bonds might be achieved in different paper grades. The ideal type of bonds is certainly different depending on the demands on the final paper quality.

In the packaging sector of the printing industry, different coating applications are tried and investigated in order to increase the surface appearance and performance characteristics of paper and cardboard. The printability, water and ink absorption capacity, frictional resistance, light sensitivity of the visual graphical design that are going to be printed on the packaging papers are some of them. In this study, different types of cardboards that are used as a packaging material were chosen and coated with nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)/PVA at different rates (%). In order to determine effective and economical usage conditions, the coating solutions, at three different concentrations as 3 wt.%, 5 wt. %, 7 wt.%, were prepared. The coating was applied on the test papers, which were at the same weights (350 g/m2) and had different surface properties as matte glossy, bright glossy, American Bristol. NCC/PVA existence on the coated paper surface was confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The impact of the coating, which was prepared at different concentrations, on the packaging materials was studied with respect to thickness, stiffness, water absorbability, contact angle and surface tension.

The predicted scarcity of wood-based fibre supplies has necessitated the search for alternative sources including non-woods by paper manufacturers. As a raw material for pulping, hemp bast fibre has some potential. To provide a guide for the pulp and paper industries, the suitability of hemp bast fibres for the pulp and paper industries was evaluated in this study, and blending trials with wastepaper pulp were conducted. In the hemp bast fibre preparation, the length of the fibres was first reduced to 4 mm. Subsequently, kraft pulping was applied to them. Along with the preparation of wastepaper pulps, hemp bast fibres and wastepaper handsheets were prepared according to a blending plan. Finally, the handsheets were subjected to paper strength tests. The properties of raw, cooked and beaten hemp bast fibres were investigated by characterisation methods such as optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, carbohydrate components, solubility and ash content tests were run on raw hemp bast fibres. As a result of the experiments and analyses, the targeted results were achieved. Following the resolution of the fibrillation problem, it was determined that hemp bast fibre pulp can be used in adequate blends of wastepaper pulp when the strength values of the end product are desired to be increased (including CMT, CCT, RCT, SCT, stiffness and tear resistance) or decreased (air resistance)., Ege University Scientific Research Fund [FYL-2019-21080]; Ege University Planning and Monitoring Coordination of Organizational Development and Directorate of Library and Documentation, The authors acknowledge the technical support from Selkasan Kagit ve Pak. Malz. San. ve Tic. A.S. and the financial support from Ege University Scientific Research Fund under project no. FYL-2019-21080. We are grateful to Ege University Planning and Monitoring Coordination of Organizational Development and Directorate of Library and Documentation for their support in editing and proofreading service of this study.

The paper presents the research results on the properties of the pulp coniferous and deciduous wood composition in its original state and paper made from it, proposes a mechanism to increase the waterfast and waterproof food packaging paper by surface treatment with a composition based on polyamidepichlorohydrin with polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The study was conducted in order to ensure an increase in the consumer properties of packaging paper, since when packaging materials encounter food products, their structure can change under the influence of moisture, steam, and gas. Polyamidaminepichlorohydrin was used as the main component of the composition for paper processing, as functional additives: polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The above-mentioned starting materials are environmentally friendly, since foreign inclusions in food packaging materials would pose a serious danger to human health and life, as well as to the brand image of the product in which they would be detected. It was proved that high waterfastness and waterproofness, as well as the necessary level of barrier, protective and operational properties of packaging material for food products cannot always be obtained by introducing a significant amount of polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, so the paper investigated the mechanism of interacting cellulose fibers of paper with polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, and also proved the possibility of its use to obtain packaging paper with a given set of properties. It was found that the consumption of up to 4–6% polyamidaminepichlorohydrin provides the main increase in the mechanical strength of packaging paper, both in wet and dry conditions. The resulting waterfast and waterproof material can be used for food packaging.

Elongation is an important property of many packaging board and paper grades. Paper with high extensibility could provide an alternative for oil-based packaging materials. Micro- (CMF) and nanofibrillated (CNF) cellulose are known to increase the strength of a paper, but their effect on the drying shrinkage and elongation is not well-studied. In this work, paper was reinforced with fibrillated material. Added fibrillated material increased the drying shrinkage, which was generally proportional to the increase of paper elongation before breakage. Results differed depending on the fibrillated material and how it was added to paper (wet-end addition or spray application). The papers were dried unrestrained in order to achieve the highest elongation potential for the paper. Spray application of CMF increased elongation by 13%, while wet-end additions increased elongation by 20% and also strength by 10%, but only with high dosages. Spray application of oxidized-CNF improved elongation by 33%, while wet-end applications increased only strength by 20%. Thus, boosting the drying shrinkage with fibrillated cellulose is one potential way to increase elongation and 3D formability of paper.

The poor barrier properties and hygroscopic nature of cellulosic paper impede the wide application of cellulosic paper as a packaging material. Herein, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polymer coating was used to improve the barrier performance of paper through its good ability to form a film. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was used to enhance the water resistance. The effect of the absorptive characteristics of the base paper on the barrier properties was explored, and it was shown that surface-sized base paper provides a better barrier performance than unsized base paper. Nanoclay (Cloisite Na+) was used in the coating formulation to further enhance the barrier performance. The results show that the coating of PVA/AKD/nanoclay dispersion noticeably improved the barrier performance of the paper. The water vapor transmission rate of the base paper was 533 g/m2·day, and it decreased sharply to 1.3 g/m2·day after the application of a double coating because of the complete coverage of the base paper by the PVA-based polymer coating. The coated paper had excellent water resistance owing to its high water contact angle of around 100°. The grease resistance and mechanical properties of the base paper also improved after coating. This work may provide inspiration for improving the barrier properties of packaging paper through the selection of a suitable base paper and coating formulation.

Between 2013 and 2018, the paper industry, together with the European Commission and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), developed the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Category Rules (PEFCR) for intermediate paper products as part of the EU Environmental Footprint (EF) pilot phase. Based on the recommended method for life cycle assessment (LCA) in a European context, the technical secretariat involving the majority of paper producers in Europe, but also with international contribution from Asia and Brazil, developed the product category rules (PEFCR). The process involved three stakeholder consultations and one common environmental footprint study of three average intermediate paper category grades, namely packaging paper, graphic paper and tissue paper. The PEFCR can be used by paper producers to quantify the environmental footprint of their intermediate paper products. This contribution presents an overview of the PEFCR and discusses some important choices made in the PEFCR.

Elongation is an important property of many packaging board and paper grades. Paper with high extensibility could provide an alternative for oil-based packaging materials. Micro- (CMF) and nanofibrillated (CNF) cellulose are known to increase the strength of a paper, but their effect on the drying shrinkage and elongation is not well-studied. In this work, paper was reinforced with fibrillated material. Added fibrillated material increased the drying shrinkage, which was generally proportional to the increase of paper elongation before breakage. Results differed depending on the fibrillated material and how it was added to paper (wet-end addition or spray application). The papers were dried unrestrained in order to achieve the highest elongation potential for the paper. Spray application of CMF increased elongation by 13%, while wet-end additions increased elongation by 20% and also strength by 10%, but only with high dosages. Spray application of oxidized-CNF improved elongation by 33%, while wet-end applications increased only strength by 20%. Thus, boosting the drying shrinkage with fibrillated cellulose is one potential way to increase elongation and 3D formability of paper.

Plastics with their multiform properties are common materials used in packaging. However, these oil-based materials have drawn lots of negative attention in recent years due to the non-renewable raw material, continuously increasing amounts of plastic waste in the environment and difficulties in waste handling and recycling. The urgent need for more environmentally friendly bio-based materials is evident. Paper-based packaging is a relevant alternative with a huge market potential but the material properties of paper must be improved. In order to actively compete with plastics, a paper material that can be formed into smooth and deep 3D shapes is needed. The aim of this project is to create a highly extensible and strong bio-based material from wood fibers that could substitute plastics in packaging applications to some extend. The extensibility of cellulose fibers can be affected, for example, by modification of the fiber properties through mechanical refining, the use of an alternative drying technique or addition of papermaking additives to modify the fiber-fiber bonds. Free shrinkage of paper during drying is known to increase the extensibility of the fiber network's. Addition of fines and fibrillated fiber material have previously been shown to increase shrinkage, density, tensile strength and extensibility of paper.The effects of micro- (CMF) and nanofibrillated (CNF) cellulose on paper shrinkage, extensibility and tensile strength of paper made from a low consistency refined bleached softwood kraft pulp were investigated after unrestrained drying. Two different addition techniques were compared; wet-end addition and spray addition. Papers with high extensibility were obtained by combining additions of fibrillated material with unrestrained drying of the sheets.Paper shrinkage, tensile strength and extensibility were all affected by additions of CMF and CNF. It was seen that the increases in extensibility of the paper was directly proportional to its shrinkage during drying. Generally, addition of CNF was found to be a more effective than addition of CMF; very small quantities of CNF produced clear changes in paper properties whereas rather larger quantities of CMF were needed in order to obtain significant effects. Wet-end addition of CNF resulted in increased tensile strength and stiffness of the paper, while spray addition of CNF boosted the extensibility of the paper to a high extent. With wet-end additions of CNF, retention of the fibrillated material was quite challenging. Spray addition of CNF circumvented the problems with retention and is therefore the preferred addition technique. However, wet-end addition of CMF was more efficient than spray addition. Wet-end addition of CMF resulted in increased tensile strength and extensibility of the paper. It could be concluded that addition of micro- or nanofibrillated cellulose in combination with unrestrained drying of the paper is a promising pathway to boost extensibility of paper.

Plastics with their multiform properties are common materials used in packaging. However, these oil-based materials have drawn lots of negative attention in recent years due to the non-renewable raw material, continuously increasing amounts of plastic waste in the environment and difficulties in waste handling and recycling. The urgent need for more environmentally friendly bio-based materials is evident. Paper-based packaging is a relevant alternative with a huge market potential but the material properties of paper must be improved. In order to actively compete with plastics, a paper material that can be formed into smooth and deep 3D shapes is needed. The aim of this project is to create a highly extensible and strong bio-based material from wood fibers that could substitute plastics in packaging applications to some extend. The extensibility of cellulose fibers can be affected, for example, by modification of the fiber properties through mechanical refining, the use of an alternative drying technique or addition of papermaking additives to modify the fiber-fiber bonds. Free shrinkage of paper during drying is known to increase the extensibility of the fiber network's. Addition of fines and fibrillated fiber material have previously been shown to increase shrinkage, density, tensile strength and extensibility of paper.The effects of micro- (CMF) and nanofibrillated (CNF) cellulose on paper shrinkage, extensibility and tensile strength of paper made from a low consistency refined bleached softwood kraft pulp were investigated after unrestrained drying. Two different addition techniques were compared; wet-end addition and spray addition. Papers with high extensibility were obtained by combining additions of fibrillated material with unrestrained drying of the sheets.Paper shrinkage, tensile strength and extensibility were all affected by additions of CMF and CNF. It was seen that the increases in extensibility of the paper was directly proportional to its shrinkage during drying. Generally, addition of CNF was found to be a more effective than addition of CMF; very small quantities of CNF produced clear changes in paper properties whereas rather larger quantities of CMF were needed in order to obtain significant effects. Wet-end addition of CNF resulted in increased tensile strength and stiffness of the paper, while spray addition of CNF boosted the extensibility of the paper to a high extent. With wet-end additions of CNF, retention of the fibrillated material was quite challenging. Spray addition of CNF circumvented the problems with retention and is therefore the preferred addition technique. However, wet-end addition of CMF was more efficient than spray addition. Wet-end addition of CMF resulted in increased tensile strength and extensibility of the paper. It could be concluded that addition of micro- or nanofibrillated cellulose in combination with unrestrained drying of the paper is a promising pathway to boost extensibility of paper.

In this study, antimicrobial packaging was prepared by mixing colloidal silver nanoparticles with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and depositing this hybrid coating (CNF/Ag) as a layer on different paper substrates. The CNF/Ag-coated papers were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, their antimicrobial activity, and barrier and strength properties were assessed. SEM showed deposition of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of CNF and formation of a relatively smooth, dense coating layer on the paper surface. The results also demonstrated that the CNF/Ag coating exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria. Although the coating coverage was influenced by paper surface characteristics and coat weights, almost all properties (except water absorption of greaseproof paper) including the water vapor transmission rate, oil resistance, and tensile strength of the CNF/Ag-coated papers were improved in comparison with uncoated papers.

Paper and ink characteristics effect on print density were investigated. For this purpose three types of papers and four types of printing inks at 2 viscosities levels (25-30, 50-55) were used. Then characteristics of paper & ink were measured. Inks on sampled papers Printed and then printing density was measured. Statistical analysis was conducted based on a complete randomized design in factorial experimental model and means were analyzed and grouped by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS software. Result indicated that Solid content, pH and particles diameter of inks have significant effect on print density. While roughness and water absorption of papers do not have on significantly influences print density. There was not any significant different between two viscosity level and print density

Effect of roughness & water absorption of paper and ink characteristics on optical properties was investigated. For this purpose three type of paper and four type of printing ink was used.Then characteristics of paper & ink was measured. Inks on sampled papers Printed and then L, a & b was measured. Result indicated that the effect of roughness and water absorption on L, a & b are not significant. But Solid content, PH and particles diameter of four type of ink on L, a & b have significant effect

This letter presents the design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of an LC-resonator-based chipless RFID tag. The ID-generating circuit is designed based on a reconfigurable LC resonance circuit. Phase position modulation (PPM) coding is used for the enhancement of the coding capacity. The tag has been realized on packaging paper using all printing technique. In fabrication, overprinting process has been investigated as an effective pathway for the improvement of the conductivities. The tag with 4.25-bit coding capacity has been examined using a sweeping frequency signal transmitted from a vector network analyzer, and experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed chipless tag. With further optimizations, the tag can be used in the item-level tracking and identification applications, especially for the management of paper tickets and banknotes. QC 20130503