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Coating of stainless steel (SS) plays a crucial role in improving the properties required for various biomedical applications. These characteristics include biocompatibility, mechanical along with corrosion and wear performances. In this respect, this study developed uniform pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA/ titania (TiO2) composite films applied on the surface of SS using the sol-gel technique. The morphology and chemical composition of investigated surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Moreover, uncoated and coated SS substrates' surface roughness, micro-hardness, and wear characteristics were evaluated. The results displayed that a homogeneous nano-scale surface with higher values of micro-hardness and wear resistance is obtained for coated SS substrates, especially for HA/TiO2 composite coating.

We report on a comparative in vitro study of selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 tumor cells and normal VERO cells tested on silver-based nanocoatings synthesized by the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were loaded with five representative cytostatic drugs (i.e., doxorubicin, fludarabine, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and carboplatin) and with five essential oils (EOs) (i.e., oregano, rosemary, ginger, basil, and thyme). The as-obtained coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry coupled with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, IR mapping, and scanning electron microscopy. A screening of the impact of the prepared nanocoatings on the MCF7 tumor and normal VERO cell lines was achieved by means of cell viability MTT and cytotoxicity LDH assays. While all nanocoatings loaded with antitumor drugs exhibited powerful cytotoxic activity against both the tumor and the normal cells, those embedded with AgNPs loaded with rosemary and thyme EOs showed remarkable and statistically significant selective cytotoxicity against the tested cancercells. The EO-loaded nanocoatings were tested for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. For all studied pathogens, the cell viability, assessed by counting the colony-forming units after 2 and 24 h, was significantly decreased by all EO-based nanocoatings, while the best antibiofilm activity was evidenced by the nanocoatings containing ginger and thyme EOs.

The dissertation aimed to develop fibre-reinforced polymer composites with high mechanical and multifunctional properties based on matrix modification and nanocoating with electrically conductive MXene nanoparticles. The work analyses the mechanical and electrical properties of MXene nanocomposites and nanocoatings, both experimentally and numerically. The characterisations of MXenes were performed using XPS, AFM and SEM, while wettability properties were obtained by measuring the contact angle of polar and non-polar liquids. Multiscale homogenisation methodology was developed using 2D and 3D finite element models based on inverse modelling techniques. The influence of geometrical parameters, distribution, interface strength and volume fraction on MXene-polymer nanocomposite mechanical properties was investigated numerically, while the influence of surface roughness, temperature, UV radiance and mechanical deformations on MXene nanocoating’s electrical properties was investigated experimentally. MXene coating's piezo-resistivity was analysed under static tensile and cyclic loadings. Moreover, coating's Joules heating was performed and tested for de-icing of the composite., Disertacijos tikslas buvo sukurti geromis mechaninėmis ir daugiafunkcinėmis savybėmis pasižymintį pluoštu sustiprintą polimerinį kompozitą, panaudojant elektrai laidžią nanomedžiagą makseną kompozito matricai modifikuoti ir jo nanodangoms. Darbe buvo analizuojamos mechaninės ir elektrinės makseno nanokompozitų ir nanodangų savybės, eksperimentiniais ir skaitiniais metodais. Maksenų charakterizavimas buvo atliktas pritaikant rentgeno fotoelektroninę spektroskopiją, atominės jėgos mikroskopiją ir skenuojamąją elektroninę mikroskopiją, tuo tarpu vilgumo savybės buvo įvertintos matuojant polinių ir nepolinių skysčių vilgumo kampus. Naudojant 2D ir 3D baigtinių elementų modelius, buvo sukurta daugiaskalės homogenizacijos metodika, paremta atvirkštinio modeliavimo technikomis. Skaitiniais metodais ištirta makseno geometrinių parametrų, pasiskirstymo, tarpsluoksnio stiprumo ir tūrio dalies įtaka makseno-polimero nanokompozitų mechaninėms savybėms, o eksperimentiniais – paviršiaus šiurkštumo, temperatūros, UV spinduliavimo ir mechaninių deformacijų įtaka makseno nanodangos elektrinėms savybėms. Makseno dangos pjezovaržinis jautrumas buvo analizuojamas esant statinėms tempimo ir ciklinėms apkrovoms. Taip pat buvo atliktas dangos kaitinimas Džaulio principu ir išbandytas pritaikomumas kompozitų ledui atitirpinti.

(1) Background: The aim of this research was to investigate the antibacterial activity of dissolved silver from silver-coated titanium implants against Streptococcus mutans. (2) Methodology: Silver-coated titanium implant discs were immersed in 1.8 mL of brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) and incubated for 24 h in order to release the silver ions into the broth. The coating quality was confirmed via EDS, and the dissolved silver was measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The experimental design used unconditioned broth (control) and broth conditioned with silver released from silver-coated titanium implants (n = 6). Regarding the antibacterial activity, isolated Streptococcus mutans was used. A turbidity test and lactate production test were performed to determine the effect of dissolved silver on bacterial growth in a suspension and biofilm formation. (3) Result: The results showed that the coating was successfully applied on the substrate. There was around 0.3 mg/L of silver released into the BHIB, and the turbidity of the control group was significantly higher than the treatment, with measured absorbance values of 1.4 and 0.8, respectively, indicating that the dissolved silver ions from the silver-coated titanium discs exhibited some degree of antibacterial activity by preventing the growth of Streptococcus mutans. However, the results of the antibiofilm activity test did not show any significant difference between the groups. (4) Conclusion: The dissolved silver from silver-coated titanium implants has an antibacterial activity but not a significant antimicrobial activity, indicating that the dissolved silver from silver-coated titanium abutments can significantly reduce the incidence of peri-implant mucositis.

Novel hybrid organic/inorganic flexible devices with composite films, consisting of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST), were prepared by inserting BST nanocoating under spray deposited Poly-vinylidene fluoride-based co-polymer PVDF-TrFE. The study validated that the crystalline structure of BST remains unaffected by the presence of polymer. The 3D atomic force microscopic image of the composite sample confirmed the improved surface roughness and contact conditions after spraying the polymer. As a result, the hybrid sample exhibited a higher polarization current with reduced impedance and parasitic inductance. The enhancement of the stability of the piezoelectric parameters at multiple bending was observed for the hybrid sample in comparison with the BST single film transducer. The drop of the root mean square (RMS) voltage was 70% after approximately 340,000 numbers of bending against less than 3% for the hybrid BST+PVDF-TrFE device. Due to the effect of the separate layers and summed net charges, the piezoelectric voltage of the hybrid device was competitive to the piezoelectric oxide films, despite the lower piezoelectric coefficient of the polymer. The proposed solution paves the path toward lead-free, wearable energy harvesting devices for low-power consuming electronic devices.

Herein, spectrally selective single-layered CuO nanocoatings were successfully demonstrated via green synthesis and deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrates using a spin coater at 700, 800, 900, and 1000 rpm. The morphological, structural, and compositional analyses of the obtained nanocoatings were studied using SEM, XRD, EDX, and Raman spectroscopy. The SEM images show nanorod-like structure surfaces with dense surface morphology. The XRD patterns confirmed the presence of peaks indexed to a monoclinic structural phase of CuO. The EDX spectra clearly revealed the presence of Cu and O elements, and XPS spectra showed peaks of Cu2p and O1s core levels, which are typical characteristics of Cu (II) and O(II), respectively, in CuO. The Raman spectra showed peaks at 305, 344, and 642 cm−1 attributed to Raman active (Ag+2Bg) modes for Cu-O stretching. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) determined the content of the elements and the changes in the thicknesses of the coatings with the rotational speed (RS) of the spin coater. The elemental content of Cu and O atoms were, respectively, 54 and 46%. The thicknesses were calculated to be 1.406 × 1018 atoms/cm2 (296.3 nm), 1.286 × 1018 atoms/cm2 (271.0 nm), 1.138 × 1018 atoms/cm2 (239.8 nm), and 0.985 × 1015 atoms/cm2 (207.5 nm) at 700, 800, 900 and 1000 rpm, respectively. The optical properties of the CuO nanocoatings were characterized using UV–Vis–NIR and FTIR spectrometers; its vital solar selectivity parameters of solar absorptance (α) and emissivity (ε) were evaluated in the ranges of 0.3–2.5 and 2.5–20 µm wavelengths, respectively. The obtained coatings exhibited solar parameters (α = 0.90, and ε = 0.31) associated with 700 rpm due to an intrinsic and interference-induced absorption as well as higher attenuation of light.

The aim of this study was to test the antimicrobial properties of dental cements modified with magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. Zein-modified MgO nanoparticles (zMgO) in concentrations (0.0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0%) were mixed with dental cements (Fuji II, Rely X Temp E, Ionoglass Cem, Es Temp NE, and System P link). Eight discs were fabricated from each zMgO-cement pair for a total of 32 specimens for each cement. Characterization of the dental cements incorporating zMgO was done by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The antimicrobial properties of the mixtures were tested using direct contact and agar diffusion assays against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test at 0.05 significance level. XRD spectra showed sharp peaks of zMgO indicating its high crystalline nature, while the amorphous dental cements with zMgO had broad peaks. FESEM analysis showed a uniform distribution of the zMgO nanoparticles in the cement. There were significant inhibition zone values associated with all concentrations of zMgO-cement mixtures tested compared to controls (p < 0.001) with a dose-response recorded only with Fuji II. Optical density values were significantly lower in zMgO groups compared to controls for all microorganisms. The effect was most prominent with Rely X against C. albicans and S. aureus. Dental cements containing zMgO showed significant antimicrobial properties that were dependent on the specific initial cement substrate., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in dental materials to improve their biological properties. • Magnesium Oxide (MgO) NPs are novel antimicrobial agents. • Incorporation of MgO NPs in dental cements aids in minimizing bacterial colonization at the restoration margin. • Zein polymer facilitates the dispersion of MgO NPs and avoid its agglomeration. • Zein polymer effectively enhances the performance of MgO NPs.

The fungus Aspergillus flavus causes serious damage to maize grains and its by-products, such as tortilla. Currently, animal and plant derivatives, such as chitosan and propolis, and plant extract residues, respectively, are employed as alternatives of synthetic fungicides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of several formulations based on propolis-chitosan-pine resin extract on the in vitro growth of A. flavus, the growth of maize grain plantlets and the quality of stored tortillas at 4 and 28 degrees C. The most outstanding formulation was that based on 59.7% chitosan + 20% propolis nanoparticles + 20% pine resin extract nanoparticles; since the in vitro conidia germination of A. flavus did not occur, disease incidence on grains was 25-30% and in tortillas, 0% infection was recorded, along with low aflatoxin production (1.0 ppb). The grain germination and seedling growth were markedly reduced by the nanocoating application. The percentage weight loss and color of tortillas were more affected by this coating compared to the control, and the rollability fell within the scale of non-ruptured at 4 degrees C and partially ruptured at 28 degrees C. The next step is to evaluate the toxicity of this formulation., CONACYT [997694]; Instituto Politecnico Nacional [SIP20220304], Thanks to CONACYT for funding the student scholarship of Cesar Gonzalez-Andrade (997694) and Instituto Politecnico Nacional for granting the project SIP20220304.

Nanotechnology is the field of science dealing with the manipulation of the matter at the nanoscale level. The science of nanotechnology has emerged as a promising concept in all fields of medicine including dentistry and its scope is increasing everyday. It has also gained relevance in the field of orthodontics owing to its wide range of applications ranging from nanocoatings in archwires and brackets, orthodontic bonding, antimicrobial properties, atomic force microscopy to some future applications such as shape memory polymers, mandibular growth stimulation with gene therapy, acceleration of orthodontic movement, and use as biomechanical sensors. The enormous range of application of nanotechnology in orthodontics demands an intensive research into its current and future usages. This article aims to review and discuss the various applications and its potential usage in orthodontics.

In diverse living organisms, bionanocoatings provide multiple functionalities, to the surfaces they cover. We have, previously, identified the molecular mechanisms of Turing-based self-assembly of insect corneal nanocoatings and developed forward-engineering approaches to construct multifunctional soft bionic nanocoatings, encompassing the Drosophila protein Retinin. Here, we expand the versatility of the bionic nanocoatings, by identifying and using diverse Retinin-like proteins and different methods of their metallization, using nickel, silver, and copper ions. Comparative assessment, of the resulting bactericidal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties, identifies the best protocols, to construct safe and anti-infective metalized bionic nanocoatings. Upscaled application of these protocols, to various public surfaces, may represent a safe and economic approach to limit hazardous infections.

In this study, the de-icing performance is investigated between traditional carbon fibre-based coatings and novel MXene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated single-walled carbon nanotube (PEDOT-CNT) nanocoatings, based on simple and scalable coating application. The thickness and morphology of the coatings are investigated using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adhesion strength, as well as electrical properties, are evaluated on rough and glossy surfaces of the composite. The flexibility and electrical sensitivity of the coatings are studied under three-point bending. Additionally, the influence of ambient temperature on coating’s electrical resistance is investigated. Finally, thermal imaging and Joule heating are analysed with high-accuracy infrared cameras. Under the same power density, the increase in average temperature is 84% higher for MXenes and 117% for PEDOT-CNT, when compared with fibre-based coatings. Furthermore, both nanocoatings result in up to three times faster de-icing. These easily processable nanocoatings offer fast and efficient de-icing for large composite structures such as wind turbine blades without adding any significant weight.

The article considers the possibility of improving the performance and reliability of the design of parts made of zirconium alloys due to the application of nano-coatings and the formation of nanostructures during ion bombardment B+, C+, N+, Si+, Al+, V+, Cr+, O+, Fe+, Ni+, Co+, Y+, Zr+, Mo+, Hf+, Ta+, W+, Pt+ (with charge numbers 1, 2, 3) with energies of 200, 2000, 20,000 eV. The volume of grains and the minimum and a maximum depth of their occurrence are determined. This allows you to design a complex structure in-depth, depending on the requirements for the reinforced layer. It is found that nanostructures are formed practically for all types of ions, except for boron and carbon, in the considered range of charge-number energies., В статье рассмотрена возможность повышения работоспособности и надёжности конструкции деталей из циркониевых сплавов за счёт нанесения нанопокрытий и образования наноструткур при бомбардировке ионами B+, C+, N+, Si+, Al+, V+, Cr+, O+, Fe+, Ni+, Co+, Y+, Zr+, Mo+, Hf+, Ta+, W+, Pt+ (с зарядовыми числами 1, 2, 3) энергиями 200, 2000, 20000 эВ. Определены объёмы зёрен, минимальная и максимальная глубины их залегания. Это позволяет проектировать сложную структуру по глубине в зависимости от требований к упрочнённому слою. Получено, что практически для всех сортов ионов, кроме бора и углерода, в рассмотренном диапазоне энергий зарядовых чисел образуются наноструктуры, У статті розглянуто можливість підвищення працездатності і надійності конструкції деталей з цирконієих сплавів за рахунок нанесення нанопокриттів і створенні наноструткур при бомбардуванні іонами B+, C+, N+, Si+, Al+, V+, Cr+, O+, Fe+, Ni+, Co+, Y+, Zr+, Mo+, Hf+, Ta+, W+, Pt+ (з зарядовими числами 1, 2, 3) енергіями 200, 2000., 20000 еВ. Визначено об’єми зерен, мінімальна і максимальна глибини їх за лягання. Це дозволяє проектувати складну структуру по глибині залежно від вимог до зміцненного шару. Отримано, що практично для всіх сортів іонів, крім бору і вуглецю, в розглянутому діапазоні енергій зарядових чисел утворюються наноструктури.

This work focuses on the development of nanoparticle-based layer-by-layer (LbL) coatings for enhancing the detection sensitivity and selectivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using on-chip mid-infrared (MIR) waveguides (WGs). First, we demonstrate construction of conformal coatings of polymer/mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) on the surface of Si-based WGs using the LbL technique and evaluate the coating deposition conditions, such as pH and substrate withdrawal speed, on the thickness and homogeneity of the assemblies. We then use the modified WGs to achieve enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of polar organic compounds, such as ethanol, versus non-polar ones, such as methane, in the MIR region. In addition, using density functional theory calculations, we show that such an improvement in sensing performance is achieved due to preferential adsorption of ethanol molecules within MSNs in the vicinity of the WG evanescent field.

Edible coatings are important for horticulture crops preservation and reducing food waste. Application of edible coatings followed by low-temperature storage prolongs the storability, preserves quality, and decreases the overall postharvest losses. This study evaluated the efficacy of two nanoemulsions formulae containing thyme essential oil and whey proteins as coatings for zucchini, with the purpose of extending their shelf-life. The nanoemulsions were rheologically evaluated and the formula with guar and arabic gum mix stabilizer (S) showed a better capacity to restructure after strain compared to the formulae with Tween 20 (T). The S coating material had a better capacity to integrate nanoparticles compared to T. However, when applied on zucchini, T coating was more effective in reducing weight loss showing 16% weight loss compared to 21% in S, after 42 days. At the end of storage at 10 °C, the T-coated zucchini had better firmness (p < 0.05) compared with S and both coatings were superior to control (p < 0.05). POD (peroxidase) activity was high in peel at the end of storage when also CAT (catalase) showed a sudden increase. On the 42nd day of storage, the highest enzymes activity (CAT, POD, and APX (ascorbate peroxidase)) was present in the S-coated zucchini peel. The most abundant volatile in T coating was α-pinene and 4-carene in S. Sensory analysis showed that T coating delayed the appearance of senescence while S exhibited surface cracks.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorganic and organic materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces.

Graphical abstract, Objectives The number of dental nanomaterials has increased significantly over the past years. A variety of commercial dental nanomaterials are available and researched. Nevertheless, how these nanomaterials work, what makes them special and whether they are superior to traditional dental materials is not always clear to dentists and researchers. The objective of this review paper is, therefore, to give an overview of the principles of nanomaterials and basic research and applications of dental nanomaterials. Methods The fundamentals of materials science of nanomaterials as well as their advantages and disadvantages are elaborated. The most important dental nanomaterials are discussed. This is mainly based on a survey of the literature and a review of the most frequently cited scientific papers in the international peer reviewed journal Dental Materials over the past five years. The developments of commercial dental nanomaterials as well as aspects of their clinical use are considered in this review. Results Nanomaterials have unique structures and properties that distinguish them from other materials. The journal Dental Materials is the journal with the highest numbers of articles and citations on the subject of dental nanomaterials. The most frequently reported dental nanomaterials are nanocomposites, nanoparticles, antimicrobial nanomaterials and bio-mineralization systems. Hallmarks of dental nanomaterials include a set of unique properties and challenges in the preparation of these materials. Significance By understanding the physical principles of dental nanomaterials, their strengths, limitations and their specific benefits will be better appreciated. Dental nanomaterials have potential for the future but currently do not always exhibit superior properties, for example in clinical situations.

The outbreak of unknown viral pneumonia in Wuhan China in December 2019 led to a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which attracted worldwide attention, with the related COVID-19 disease quickly becoming a global pandemic. In about 5 months, this disease has led to ~ 4 million cases and claimed more than 200 k deaths as a result of its highly contagious nature. The present understanding is that SARS-CoV-2 is a type of influenza virus that can be transmitted through respiratory droplets and aerosols; Lewis (Nature 580:175, 2020). The primary methodology to prevent the spreading of this disease has been “social distancing” and usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the front lines of healthcare and other critical operations. The scale of the disease has led to unprecedented demand for PPEs and increased functionality of the same. This paper focuses on improving PPE functionality in a scalable manner by surface treatment and coating with appropriate materials and other functional enhancements, such as exposure to UV rays or other sterilizing agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide).

Розробка зносостійких покриттів раніше залишається сьогодні основним напрямком підвищення надійності різального інструменту для сучасної металообробки. Від зміцнюючих покриттів вимагають підвищених характеристик твердості, що поєднуються з в'язкістю, міцної адгезією до підкладки, теплостійкістю, жаростійкістю і іншими якостями. До таких покриттів можуть бути віднесені багатошарові наноструктурні покриття (БНП) на основі різних нітридів. Змінюючи параметри їх нанесення, можна регулювати склад, структуру, морфологію, а також товщину і кількість окремих шарів в БНП. Високі значення твердості, стійкості до пластичної деформації визначають підвищену міцність адгезії їх з різними підкладками в порівнянні з покриттями, де багатошарова складова відсутня. Одним із шляхів вирішення проблеми стабілізації структури при високій температурі може бути формування додаткового бар'єрного шару на основі нітридів тугоплавких металів. Вирішення такого завдання поставлено в роботі. The development of wear-resistant coatings previously remains today the main direction of improving the reliability of cutting tools for modern metalworking. Reinforcing coatings require increased hardness characteristics, combined with viscosity, strong adhesion to the substrate, heat resistance, heat resistance and other qualities. Such coatings can include multilayer nanostruc-tured coatings (BNP) based on various nitrides. By changing the parameters of their application, you can adjust the composition, structure, morphology, as well as the thickness and number of individual layers in the BNP. High values of hardness, resistance to plastic deformation determine the increased strength of their adhesion to different substrates in comparison with coatings where the multilayer component is absent. One of the ways to solve the problem of stabilizing the structure at high temperature may be the formation of an additional barrier layer based on nitrides of refractory metals. The solution of such a problem is set in the work.

There is, as a matter of fact, an ever increasing number of patients requiring total hip replacement (Pabinger, C.; Geissler, A. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014, 22, 734–741). Implant-associated acute inflammations after an invasive orthopedic surgery are one of the major causes of implant failure. In addition, there are instability, aseptic loosening, infection, metallosis and fracture (Melvin, J. S.; Karthikeyan, T.; Cope, R.; Fehring, T. K. J. Arthroplasty 2014, 29, 1285–1288). In this work, a drug-delivery nanoplatform system consisting of polymeric celluloce acetate (CA) scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone was fabricated through electrospinning. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the successful fabrication of these structures. Cytotoxicity studies were performed by using MTT assay, methylene-blue staining and SEM fixation and showed very good cell adhesion and proliferation, indicating the cytocompatibility of these fibrous scaffolds. Drug-release kinetics was measured for the evaluation of a controllable and sustained release of anti-inflammatory drug onto the engineered implants and degradation study was conducted in order to assess the mass loss of polymers. This drug-delivery nanoplatform as coating on titanium implants may be a promising approach not only to alleviate but also to prevent implant-associated acute inflammations along with a simultaneous controlled release of the drug.

V-TiO2 photocatalyst with 0 ≤ V ≤ 20 mol% was prepared via the sol–gel method based on mixed oxide titanium–vanadium nanoparticles with size and composition control. The mixed oxide vanadium–titanium oxo-alkoxy nanonoparticles were generated in a chemical micromixing reactor, coated on glass beads via liquid colloid deposition method and underwent to an appropriate thermal treatment forming crystallized nanocoatings. X-ray diffraction, Raman, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses confirmed anatase crystalline structure at vanadium content ≤ 10 mol%, with the cell parameters identical to those of pure TiO2. At a higher vanadium content of ~20 mol%, the material segregation began and orthorhombic phase of V2O5 appeared. The crystallization onset temperature of V-TiO2 smoothly changed with an increase in vanadium content. The best photocatalytic performance towards methylene blue decomposition in aqueous solutions under UVA and visible light illuminations was observed in V-TiO2 nanocoatings with, respectively, 2 mol% and 10 mol% vanadium.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are perishable commodities requiring technologies to extend their postharvest shelf life. Edible coatings have been used as a strategy to preserve fresh fruits and vegetables in addition to cold storage and/or controlled atmosphere. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a new strategy for improving coating properties. Coatings based on plant-source nanoemulsions in general have a better water barrier, and better mechanical, optical, and microstructural properties in comparison with coatings based on conventional emulsions. When antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds are incorporated into the coatings, nanocoatings enable the gradual and controlled release of those compounds over the food storage period better than conventional emulsions, hence increasing their bioactivity, extending shelf life, and improving nutritional produce quality. The main goal of this review is to update the available information on the use of nanoemulsions as coatings for preserving fresh fruits and vegetables, pointing to a prospective view and future applications.

Zinc (Zn) is one of the five most widely consumed metals in the world. Indeed, more than 50% of all the zinc produced is used in zinc-galvanizing processes to protect steel from corrosion. Zn-based coatings have the potential for use as a corrosion-resistant barrier, but their wider use is restricted due to the poor mechanical properties of Zn that are needed to protect steel and other metals from rusting. The addition of other alloying elements such as Ni (Nickle) and WC (Tungsten Carbide) to Zn coating can improve its performance. This study investigates, the corrosion performance of Zn–Ni coating and Zn–Ni–WC composite nanocoatings fabricated on mild steel substrate in an environmentally friendly bath solution. The influence of WC nanoparticles on Zn–Ni deposition was also investigated. The surface morphologies, texture coefficients via XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) were analyzed. The electrochemical test such as polarization curves (PC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) resulted in a corrosion rate of 0.6948 Å/min for Zn–Ni–WC composite nanocoating, and 1.192 Å/min for Zn–Ni coating. The results showed that the Zn–Ni–WC composite nanocoating reduced the corrosion rate by 41.71% and showed an 8.56% increase in microhardness compared to the hardness of the Zn–Ni coating. These results are augmented to better wettable characteristics of zinc, which developed good interfacial metallurgical adhesion amongst the Ni and WC elements. The results of the novel Zn–Ni–WC nanocomposite coatings achieved a great improvement of mechanical property and corrosion protection to the steel substrate surface.

The present paper discusses and analyses tribological properties of various coatings that increase surface wear resistance. Four Ti/C-N nanocoatings with different coating deposition settings are analysed. Tribological and metrological tests on the samples are performed: 2D and 3D parameters of the surface roughness are measured with modern profilometer, and friction coefficient is measured with CSM Instruments equipment. Roughness parameters Ra, Sa, Sz, Str, Sds, Vmp, Vmc and friction coefficient at 6N load are determined during the experiment. The examined samples have many pores, which is the main reason for relatively large values of roughness parameter. A slight wear is identified in all four samples as well; its friction coefficient values range from 0,.21 to 0.29. Wear rate values are not calculated for the investigated coatings, as no expressed tribotracks are detected on the coating surface.

Anna Meresta,1 Justyna Folkert,1 Timo Gaber,2 Korneliusz Miksch,1 Frank Buttgereit,2 Jacqueline Detert,2 Nicole Pischon,3,* Katarzyna Gurzawska3,4,* 1Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; 2Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 3Department of Periodontology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; 4Oral Surgery Department, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK *These authors contributed equally tothis work Background: Bioengineered plant-derived Rhamnogalacturonan-Is (RG-Is) from pectins are potential candidates for surface nanocoating of medical devices. It has recently been reported that RG-I nanocoatings may prevent bacterial infection and improve the biocompatibility of implants. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro impact of bioengineered RG-I nanocoatings on osteogenic capacity and proinflammatory cytokine response of murine osteoblasts following Porphyromonas gingivalis infection.Methods: Murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and isolated primary calvarial osteoblasts from C57BL/6J (B6J osteoblasts) mice were infected with P. gingivalis and incubated on tissue culture polystyrene plates with or without nanocoatings of unmodified RG-Is isolated from potato pulps (PU) or dearabinanated RG-Is (PA). To investigate a behavior of infected osteoblasts cultured on RG-Is cell morphology, proliferation, metabolic activity, mineralization and osteogenic and pro-inflammatory gene expression were examined.Results: Following P. gingivalis infection, PA, but not PU, significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 and BJ6 osteoblasts proliferation, metabolic activity, and calcium deposition. Moreover, Il-1b, Il-6, TNF-α, and Rankl gene expressions were downregulated in cells cultured on PU and to a higher extent on PA as compared to the corresponding control, whereas Runx, Alpl, Col1a1, and Bglap gene expressions were upregulated vice versa.Conclusion: Our data clearly showed that pectin RG-Is nanocoating with high content of galactan (PA) reduces the osteoblastic response to P. gingivalis infection in vitro and may, therefore, reduce a risk of inflammation especially in immunocompromised patients with rheumatoid or periodontal disorders. Keywords: nanocoatings, Rhamnogalacturonan-I, Porphyromonas gingivalis, osteoblasts, inflammation

Anna Meresta,1 Justyna Folkert,1 Timo Gaber,2 Korneliusz Miksch,1 Frank Buttgereit,2 Jacqueline Detert,2 Nicole Pischon,3,* Katarzyna Gurzawska3,4,* 1Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; 2Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 3Department of Periodontology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; 4Oral Surgery Department, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK *These authors contributed equally tothis work Background: Bioengineered plant-derived Rhamnogalacturonan-Is (RG-Is) from pectins are potential candidates for surface nanocoating of medical devices. It has recently been reported that RG-I nanocoatings may prevent bacterial infection and improve the biocompatibility of implants. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro impact of bioengineered RG-I nanocoatings on osteogenic capacity and proinflammatory cytokine response of murine osteoblasts following Porphyromonas gingivalis infection.Methods: Murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and isolated primary calvarial osteoblasts from C57BL/6J (B6J osteoblasts) mice were infected with P. gingivalis and incubated on tissue culture polystyrene plates with or without nanocoatings of unmodified RG-Is isolated from potato pulps (PU) or dearabinanated RG-Is (PA). To investigate a behavior of infected osteoblasts cultured on RG-Is cell morphology, proliferation, metabolic activity, mineralization and osteogenic and pro-inflammatory gene expression were examined.Results: Following P. gingivalis infection, PA, but not PU, significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 and BJ6 osteoblasts proliferation, metabolic activity, and calcium deposition. Moreover, Il-1b, Il-6, TNF-α, and Rankl gene expressions were downregulated in cells cultured on PU and to a higher extent on PA as compared to the corresponding control, whereas Runx, Alpl, Col1a1, and Bglap gene expressions were upregulated vice versa.Conclusion: Our data clearly showed that pectin RG-Is nanocoating with high content of galactan (PA) reduces the osteoblastic response to P. gingivalis infection in vitro and may, therefore, reduce a risk of inflammation especially in immunocompromised patients with rheumatoid or periodontal disorders. Keywords: nanocoatings, Rhamnogalacturonan-I, Porphyromonas gingivalis, osteoblasts, inflammation

Anti-infective surfaces are a modern strategy to address the issue of infection related to the clinical use of materials for implants and medical devices. Nanocoatings, with their high surface/mass ratio, lend themselves to being mono-layered on the material surfaces to release antibacterial molecules and prevent bacterial adhesion. Here, a &ldquo, layer-by-layer&rdquo, (LbL) approach to achieve a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with high microbicidal effect on hydroxylated surfaces is presented, exploiting the reaction between a monolayer of thiolic functions on glass/quartz surfaces and a newly synthesized derivative of the well-known antibacterial compound silver sulfadiazine. Using several different techniques, it is demonstrated that a nano-monolayer of silver sulfadiazine is formed on the surfaces. The surface-functionalized materials showed efficient bactericidal effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, bactericidal self-assembled nano-monolayers of silver sulfadiazine could be achieved on a large variety of materials by simply pre-depositing glass-like SiO2 films on their surfaces.

Cilj rada bio je razviti polimerne nano prevlake primjenom ionizirajućeg zračenja te ispitati njihovo djelovanje u svrhu zaštite implantata izrađenih od nehrđajućeg čelika od korozije. U tu svrhu je ispitivana mogućnost umrežavanja samoorganizirane prevlake elaidinske kiseline (EA) primjenom različitih doza zračenja gama zrakama 60Co. EA je trans-masna kiselina, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH, i kao takva ima sklonost samoorganiziranja na površini metala. EA ima dugolančanu strukturu sa jednom dvostrukom vezom na sredini lanca koja je ključna za umrežavanje. Ispitivanja su provedena na medicinskom čeliku, odnosno 316L leguri, a EA se nanosila samoorganiziranjem iz otopine etanola na površinu uzoraka. Djelotvornost zaštite polimernih prevlaka ispitivana je u otopini natrijevog klorida elektrokemijskim metodama: potenciodinamičkom polarizacijskom tehnikom, odnosno metodom Tafelove ekstrapolacije i elektrokemijskom impedancijskom spektroskopijom (EIS). Za identifikaciju stvorenih prevlaka korištena je infracrvena spektroskopija s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR). Ispitivanja su pokazala da se primjenom ionizirajućeg zračenja samoorganizirane prevlake EA umrežavaju i nastaje polimerna prevlaka na površini čelika. Polimerizacijom prevlaka se značajno poboljšavaju zaštitna svojstva samoorganizirane prevlake EA. Utvrđeno da se primjenom doze zračenja od 200 kGy dobiva prevlaka s najboljim zaštitnim svojstvima, te da je djelotvornost njene zaštite 93,61 %. The aim of this work was to develop a polymer nanocoating using ionizing radiation and to examine its efficiency in protection of implants made of stainless steel from corrosion. For this purpose the possibility of obtaining coatings of nano thickness by crosslinking self-assembled molecular layers of elaidic acid (EA), using different gamma radiation doses of 60Co was analyzed. EA, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH, is a trans-fatty acid with self-assembling properties and an affinity for metals. It has a long chain structure with one double bond in the middle of the chain that is essential for crosslinking. The research was performed on medical steel, 316L and EA was applied by self-assembling on the surface of the steel samples from an ethanol solution. The protective efficiency of the developed polymer nano coatings was investigated in a sodium chloride solution using electrochemical methods: potentiodynamic polarization i.e. Tafel extrapolation method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For identification of the developed polymer nano coatings Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The studies have shown that using ionizing radiation the self-assembled coatings of EA are crosslinked and that a polymer nano coating is formed on the surface of steel. It was shown that by crosslinking the protective properties of the EA coatings are significantly improved and that by irradiation with a dose of 200 kGy the obtained coating shows the best protective properties, with a protective efficiency of 93,61 %.

The coatings application onto medical devices has experienced a continuous growth in the last few years. Medical device coating market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.16% to reach USD 10 million by 2023 due to the increasing geriatric population and the growing demand for continuous innovation. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly represents a versatile method to modify the surface properties, in order to control cell interaction and thus enhance biological functions. Furthermore, LbL is environmentally friendly, able to coat all types of surfaces with the creation of homogenous film and to include and control the release of biomolecules/drugs. This feature review provides a critical overview on recent progresses in functionalizing materials by LbL assembly for bone regeneration and disorder treatment. An overview of emerging and visionary opportunities on LbL technologies and further combination with other existing methods used in biomedical field, is also discussed to evidence the new challenges and potential developments in bone regenerative medicine.

Existing industrial titania production lines and their intermediate products are economically attractive precursors for synthesis of highly concentrated TiO2 coating sols and soluble nanopowders. Refluxing of aliphatic alcoholic TiOCl2 solutions (with up to 500 g TiO2/L) allows straightforward formation of nonaggregated anatase nanocrystals with size between 5 and 8 nm. Surface modification of these nanoparticles with organosilanes shifts the pH value of point of zero charge from initially 5.3 down to around 2.8. At appropriate Ti/Si ratios, complete suppression of the anatase ultraviolet (UV) photoactivity is possible. Furthermore, we address the optical and photocatalytic data of transparent nanocrystalline layers produced from superconcentrated ZnxTiyOz heterosols. Depending on the Zn/Ti ratio and processing temperature, colorless cubic c-ZnTiO3 and c-Zn2TiO4 spinel nanophases or coupled r-ZnTiO3-ilmenite/r-TiO2-rutile heterojunctions (Zn/Ti = 2/3) can be produced. The cubic spinel films are indirect semiconductors showing band gap transition of around 3.7 eV. In contrast, r-ZnTiO3-ilmenite films have slightly lower band gap of around 3.6 eV. Organic dye photodegradation studies reveal the highest catalytic activity for the coupled r-ZnTiO3-ilmenite/r-TiO2-rutile systems compared with colored (nitridated) or colorless cubic spinel film samples.

В статье рассмотрена возможность повышения работоспособности и надёжности конструкции деталей из циркониевых сплавов за счёт нанесения нанопокрытий и образования наноструткур при бомбардировке ионами B⁺, C⁺, N⁺, Si⁺, Al⁺, V⁺, Cr⁺, O⁺, Fe⁺, Ni⁺, Co⁺, Y⁺, Zr⁺, Mo⁺, Hf⁺, Ta⁺, W⁺, Pt⁺ (с зарядовыми числами 1, 2, 3) энергиями 200, 2000, 20000 эВ. Определены объёмы зёрен, минимальная и максимальная глубины их залегания. Это позволяет проектировать сложную структуру по глубине в зависимости от требований к упрочнённому слою. Получено, что практически для всех сортов ионов, кроме бора и углерода, в рассмотренном диапазоне энергий зарядовых чисел образуются наноструктуры. The article considers the possibility of improving the performance and reliability of the design of parts made of zirconium alloys due to the application of nano-coatings and the formation of nanostructures during ion bombardment B⁺, C⁺, N⁺, Si⁺, Al⁺, V⁺, Cr⁺, O⁺, Fe⁺, Ni⁺, Co⁺, Y⁺, Zr⁺, Mo⁺, Hf⁺, Ta⁺, W⁺, Pt⁺ (with charge numbers 1, 2, 3) with energies of 200, 2000, 20,000 eV. The volume of grains and the minimum and a maximum depth of their occurrence are determined. This allows you to design a complex structure in-depth, depending on the requirements for the reinforced layer. It is found that nanostructures are formed practically for all types of ions, except for boron and carbon, in the considered range of charge-number energies.

© 2016 Future Medicine Ltd. During the last two decades although many calcium phosphate based nanomaterials have been proposed for both drug delivery, and bone regeneration, their coating applications have been somehow slow due to the problems related to their complicated synthesis methods. In order to control the efficiency of local drug delivery of a biomaterial the critical pore sizes as well as good control of the chemical composition is pertinent. A variety of calcium phosphate based nanocoated composite drug delivery systems are currently being investigated. This review aims to give an update into the advancements of calcium phosphate nanocoatings and thin film nanolaminates. In particular recent research on PLA/hydroxyapatite composite thin films and coatings into the slow drug delivery for the possible treatment of osteomyelitis is covered.

Carbon-copper composite coatings reinforced with titanium were deposited using high power magnetron sputtering technique. Tribological and metrological tests were performed using Taylor Hobson Talysurf Intra 50 measuring equipment and CSM Instruments ball-on-disk type tribometer. Friction coefficient and wear rate were determined at 2N, 4N, 6N loads. It was revealed that friction coefficient decreased at a higher Ti concentration, which was particularly expressed at bigger applied loads. However, wear volume values tended to increase in the beginning, till Ti concentration reached about 11 %, but then decreased, thus providing better nanocoating wear resistance.

Nanocoatings are regarded as the most promising high-performance materials for construction applications. Thanks to their self-assembly effect, they represent remarkable characteristics against environmental agents compared to conventional coating materials in construction industry. They also show high performance in contradiction of energy efficiency, CO 2 emission, and the air quality improvement. In this study, a review of nanocoatings on the basic reaction mechanisms and materials, in general, and for building application, in particular, is presented.

Special properties of the polymeric nanomaterials (nanoscale size, large surface area to mass ratio and high reactivity individualize them in food packaging materials. They can be processed in precisely engineered materials with multifunctional and bioactive activity. This review offers a general view on polymeric nanocomposites and nanocoatings including classification, preparation methods, properties and short methodology of characterization, applications, selected types of them used in food packaging field and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, biological, biocatalyst and so forth, functions.

Останнім часом значно зріс інтерес дослідників до матеріалів з двовимірною кристалічною структурою,таких як MoS2, WS2, SnS2 тощо. Унікальні електронні властивості цих сполук пов’язані з шаруватістю та високою питомою площею поверхні, роблять їх перспективними для створення приладів для зберігання енергії, випромінювання та поглинання світла, емісії електронів, каталізу, сенсорики, наносхем нового покоління, польових транзисторів та ін.

International audience

Funkcionalizacija različnih materialov z uporabo prevlek iz nanodelcev je v zadnjem času predmet mnogih raziskav, vendar pa to tehnologijo na tekstilnem področju uporabljajo le v omejenem obsegu, in to kljub njenemu velikemu potencialu. Članek zajema pregled raziskav s področja nanoprevlek vlaken z delci titanovega in silicijevega dioksida, treba pa je poudariti, da so prevleke iz drugih anorganskih nanodelcev na vlaknih prav tako pomembne, saj z njimi dosegamo nove funkcionalne lastnosti tekstilij. Recently functionalisation of different materials by nanocoating is being the target idea of several research projects, however the technology is only limited applied for textiles although it promises a lot. Only functional coatings of textiles based on $TiO_2$ and $SiO_2$ nanoparticles are reviewed in this article however, it should be emphasized that different other nano-coatings are of significance likewise.

The electrochemical behavior of rhodium at low-temperature carbamide-chloride and acetamide-chloride melts was investigated. It was found that, during rhodium anodic dissolution in carbamide and acetamide containing chloride melts, mixed complexes [Rh(NH3)4Cl2]+ of quasi-octahedral symmetry D4h are produced. The composition and structure of nascent complex ions have been studied. During electrochemical reduction of [Rh(NH3)4Cl2]+ complexes, the synthesis of Rh nanoparticles, as well as Fe, Cu, and Mo nanocoatings, were realized.

Electrospun micro- and nanofibrous poly(glycerol sebacate)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PGS-PCL) substrates have been extensively used as scaffolds for engineered tissues due to their desirable mechanical properties and their tunable degradability. In this study, we fabricated micro/nanofibrous scaffolds from a PGS-PCL composite using a standard electrospinning approach and then coated them with silver (Ag) using a custom radio frequency (RF) sputtering method. The Ag coating formed an electrically conductive layer around the fibers and decreased the pore size. The thickness of the Ag coating could be controlled, thereby tailoring the conductivity of the substrate. The flexible, stretchable patches formed excellent conformal contact with surrounding tissues and possessed excellent pattern-substrate fidelity. In vitro studies confirmed the platform’s biocompatibility and biodegradability. Finally, the potential controlled release of the Ag coating from the composite fibrous scaffolds could be beneficial for many clinical applications. Keywords: electrospinning; electrical properties; nanocoatings; flexible electronics

International audience; Cyclic depth-sensing nanoindentation tests are carried out to unravel the effect of monolithic and multilayer thin coatings on load-bearing capacity and stress distribution in the coating-Zr-based metallic glass systems. Thin films of TiN, CrN, and Ti/TiN multilayer, having thickness of 300nm, are deposited on Zr60Ni10Cu20Al10 and Zr50Cu40Al10 metallic glasses by RF sputtering technique. Strain softening occurs over several cycles in Zr-based metallic glasses, CrN, and TiN films as evidenced by a disparity between the unloading and reloading sequences. However, the cyclic nanoindentation of Ti/TiN multilayer coating results in a hysteresis loop in the load-depth profiles, and this event depends on the number of cycles and the loading rates. AFM and SEM characterization of remnant imprints revealed microcraks and crack-like shear bands in nanocoatings and Zr-based metallic glasses, respectively. Based on shear-fracture driven plastic flow of the coatings, a modified cavity model is used to determine the shear stress evolution as a function of penetration depth. The finite-element simulations predicted the stress distribution beneath the indenter and are well consistent with the evolving trend of shear stress obtained from experiments.

The wear rate of a cutting tool mainly affects its life. So it is important for tool manufacturers to think about different techniques to reduce tool wear rate, which in turn helps to increase its life span. This paper proposes an efficient design of an array of micro grooves useful for the deposition of alternate hard and soft nanocoatings which will help to characterize and analyze wear zones of WC inserts. The proposed design of the grooves on tool inserts helps to deposit various nanocoatings which act as a lubricating medium and helps the tool to reduce friction and wear. Grooves were designed based on the chip flow path. Electro discharge machining (EDM) was used for the formation of grooves on the rake face of WC inserts. The authors made an attempt to design efficient and generalized groove pattern to deposit hard and soft alternative nanocoatings on the rake face of the cutting tool. Authors are also suggested that the method proposed in this paper can concentrate on the identified zones instead of depositing the nanocoatings over the entire rake face. This in turn reduces the wastage of Nanomaterial deposited on the tool and also makes optimum rake face utilization. PVD technique is used to deposit alternate soft and hard nanocoatings in the grooves.

J Folkert,1 A Meresta,1 T Gaber,2 K Miksch,1 F Buttgereit,2 J Detert,2 N Pischon,3,* K Gurzawska3,4,* 1Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; 2Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 3Department of Periodontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; 4Department of Oral Surgery, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK *These authors contributed equally tothis work Abstract: A new strategy to improve osseointegration of implants is to stimulate adhesion of bone cells, bone matrix formation, and mineralization at the implant surface by modifying surface coating on the nanoscale level. Plant-derived pectins have been proposed as potential candidates for surface nanocoating of orthopedic and dental titanium implants due to 1)their osteogenic stimulation of osteoblasts to mineralize and 2) their ability to control pectin structural changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the impact of the nanoscale plant-derived pectin Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) from potato on the osteogenic response of murine osteoblasts. RG-I from potato pulps was isolated, structurally modified, or left unmodified. Tissue culture plates were either coated with modified RG-I or unmodified RG-I or – as a control – left uncoated. The effect of nanocoating on mice osteoblast-like cells MC3T3-E1 and primary murine osteoblast with regard to proliferation, osteogenic response in terms of mineralization, and gene expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphate (Alpl), osteocalcin (Bglap), α-1 type I collagen (Col1a1), and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (Rankl) were analyzed after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Nanocoating with pectin RG-Is increased proliferation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 and primary osteoblast as compared to osteoblasts cultured without nanocoating. Moreover, osteogenic transcriptional response of osteoblasts was induced by nanocoating in terms of gene induction of Runx2, Alpl, Bglap, and Col1a1 in a time-dependent manner – of note – to the highest extent under the PA-coating condition. In contrast, Rankl expression was initially reduced by nanocoating in MC3T3-E1 or remained unaltered in primary osteoblast as compared to the uncoated controls. Our results showed that nanocoating of implants with modified RG-I beneficially 1) supports osteogenesis, 2) has the capacity to improve osseointegration of implants, and is therefore 3) a potential candidate for nanocoating of bone implants. Keywords: nanocoatings, osseointegration, osteoblasts, mineralization, Rhamnogalacturonan-I

We report that the continuous assembly of polymers (CAP) approach, mediated by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), is a facile and versatile technology to prepare engineered nanocoatings for various biomedical applications. Low-fouling coatings on particles were obtained by the formation of multicompositional, layered films via simple and efficient tandem CAPROMP processes that are analogous to chain extension reactions. In addition, the CAPROMP approach allows for the efficient postfunctionalization of the CAP films with bioactive moieties via cross-metathesis reactions between the surface-immobilized catalysts and symmetrical alkene derivatives. The combined features of the CAPROMP approach (i.e., versatile polymer selection and facile functionalization) allow for the fabrication and surface modification of various types of polymer films, including those with intrinsic protein-repellent properties and selective protein recognition capabilities. This study highlights the various types of advanced coatings and materials that the CAP approach can be used to generate, which may be useful for biomedical applications. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Training food scientists and technologists (FSTs) to have appropriate skills begins with identification of those skills most desired by employers. Between March 2010 and August 2011, 16 workshops in 16 countries had 315 local FST employers contribute ideas of skills desired in their FSTs. Attendees provided as many skills as possible and these descriptive data were quantifed and then analysed with multiple contingency tables and chi squared testing. Of the 3348 skill ideas provided, the most desired skill overall was Communicating, which was identified 13% of the time. Separate analysis of the 792 food sector skills indicated Product Development, at 28%, as the most desired. Geographical region, employment area and FST level of responsibility all significantly influenced the top 3 choices of overall skills and of food sector skills, indicating that most desired skills in the food industry are not uniform. These results should contribute to the improvement of FST training and thus benefit the European food industry. Industrial relevance The data presented here suggest that improvements in FST training, particularly the acquisition of ‘soft skills’, will improve Europe's food workforce as these are the skills employers most desire. These data further suggest that geographical region significantly influences those skills most desired by industrial employers. Differences in desired skills at different levels of FST responsibility further suggest that continual FST training i.e., continual professional development, will contribute to improved FST performance. Overall, this study presents data which can improve FST performance and thus contribute to increased innovation and competitiveness of the food and drink industry.

The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique is widely used to develop multilayered films based on the directed assembly of complementary materials. In the last decade, thin multilayers prepared by LbL deposition have been applied in biological fields, namely, for cellular encapsulation, due to their versatile processing and tunable properties. Their use was suggested as an alternative approach to overcome the drawbacks of bulk hydrogels, for endocrine cells transplantation or tissue engineering approaches, as effective cytoprotective agents, or as a way to control cell division. Nanostructured multilayered materials are currently used in the nanomodification of the surfaces of single cells and cell aggregates, and are also suitable as coatings for cell-laden hydrogels or other biomaterials, which may later be transformed to highly permeable hollow capsules. In this Focus Review, we discuss the applications of LbL cell encapsulation in distinct fields, including cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and biotechnological applications. Insights regarding practical aspects required to employ LbL for cell encapsulation are also provided.

Fouling of process plant from food fluids is a major practical problem that lowers plant efficiency and endangers product safety. As a result, frequent process plant cleaning is needed, and cleaning-in-place (CIP) protocols are well- developed. It is less clear whether they are optimal, however. Recent progress in fouling and cleaning research is reviewed. Advances in computational modelling and nanotechnology may enable developments in modelling cleanability at the design stage and in developing surfaces that resist fouling and speed cleaning.

Wound healing involves a complex interaction between immunity and other natural host processes, and to succeed it requires a well-defined cascade of events. Chronic wound infections can be mono- or polymicrobial but their major characteristic is their ability to develop a biofilm. A biofilm reduces the effectiveness of treatment and increases resistance. A biofilm is an ecosystem on its own, enabling the bacteria and the host to establish different social interactions, such as competition or cooperation. With an increasing incidence of chronic wounds and, implicitly, of chronic biofilm infections, there is a need for alternative therapeutic agents. Nanotechnology shows promising openings, either by the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles or their function as drug carriers. Nanoparticles and nanostructured coatings can be active at low concentrations toward a large variety of infectious agents; thus, they are unlikely to elicit emergence of resistance. Nanoparticles might contribute to the modulation of microbial colonization and biofilm formation in wounds. This comprehensive review comprises the pathogenesis of chronic wounds, the role of chronic wound colonization and infection in the healing process, the conventional and alternative topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing, as well as revolutionizing therapies such as nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches.

The regularities and spatial distribution of multiple cracking of a nanocoating are investigated. It is found that in the cracking zones the relaxation of the stresses accumulated in the coating takes place moreover, the intensity of its failure is determined by the structural level of defect accumulation. A new algorithm for a digital identification of the elements of a crack network in a nanocoating is proposed, and its adequacy is checked. Raziskovali smo zakonitosti in prostorsko porazdelitev več razpok na nanoprevleki. Ugotovili smo, da pride na področjih z razpokami do relaksacije napetosti, nakopičene v prevleki. Intenzivnost njenega propadanja je določena s strukturnim nivojem nakopičenja defektov. Predstavljen je nov algoritem za digitalno identifikacijo elementov mreže razpok na nanoprevleki. Preverili smo ustreznost modela.

Pathogenic bacterial biofilms in the food industry are considered undesirable, as these can lead to food spoilage, economic losses, and transmission of diseases. Bio-nanotechnology has many relevant applications in the food industry and has been shown to be more effective at biofilm prevention when compared to traditional techniques such as chemical and physical methods. This in-depth review explores the application of nanotechnology in the food processing and manufacturing industry for prevention and control of pathogenic bacterial biofilms. Food relevant microbes, food manufacturing zones most at risk for biofilm formation, and the environmental/public concerns surrounding nanotechnology are also discussed.