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In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), the ever-increasing number of devices connected to the IoT networks also increases the energy consumption on the edge. This is prohibitive since the devices living on the edge are generally resource constrained devices in terms of energy consumption and computational power. Thus, trying to tackle this issue, in this paper, a fully automated end-to-end IoT system for real time monitoring of the status of a moving vehicle is proposed. The IoT system consists mainly of three components: (1) the ultra-low power consumption Wireless Sensor Node (WSN), (2) the IoT gateway and (3) the IoT platform. In this scope, a self-powered WSN having ultra-low energy consumption (less than 10 mJ), which can be produced by environmental harvesting systems, is developed. WSN is used for collecting sensors’ measurements from the vehicle and transmitting them to the IoT gateway, by exploiting a low energy communication protocol (i.e., BLE). A powerful IoT gateway gathers the sensors’ measurements, harmonizes, stores temporary and transmits them wirelessly, to a backend server (i.e., LTE). And finally, the IoT platform, which in essence is a web application user interface (UI), used mainly for almost real time visualization of sensors’ measurements, but also for sending alerts and control signals to enable actuators, installed in the vehicle near to the sensors field. The proposed system is scalable and it can be adopted for monitoring a large number of vehicles, thus providing a fully automatic IoT solution for vehicle fleet management. Moreover, it can be extended for simultaneous monitoring of additional parameters, supporting other low energy communication protocols and producing various kinds of alerts and control signals.

The increasing frequency and severity of forest fires necessitate early detection and rapid response to mitigate their impact. This project aims to design a cyber-physical system for early detection and rapid response to forest fires using advanced technologies. The system incorporates Internet of Things sensors and autonomous unmanned aerial and ground vehicles controlled by the robot operating system. An IoT-based wildfire detection node continuously monitors environmental conditions, enabling early fire detection. Upon fire detection, a UAV autonomously surveys the area to precisely locate the fire and can deploy an extinguishing payload or provide data for decision-making. The UAV communicates the fire’s precise location to a collaborative UGV, which autonomously reaches the designated area to support ground-based firefighters. The CPS includes a ground control station with web-based dashboards for real-time monitoring of system parameters and telemetry data from UAVs and UGVs. The article demonstrates the real-time fire detection capabilities of the proposed system using simulated forest fire scenarios. The objective is to provide a practical approach using open-source technologies for early detection and extinguishing of forest fires, with potential applications in various industries, surveillance, and precision agriculture.

One of the most important things in IoT system development is the right communication technologies and protocols. Communication of modern IoT systems can be divided into two main parts: device-to-cloud communication and communication between cloud microservices (application level). In this study, the authors designed a test-system environment for evaluating the performance of the existing transmitting protocols for the cloud microservices communication. The proposed environment allows emulate of IoT systems with low network latency which allows evaluating and comparing protocols performance. The authors provide tests for the most popular application-level protocols: HTTP, MQTT, AMQP, and GRPC. The performance evaluation was performed based on such metrics: throughput, concurrency, scalability, transmitting size, and init connection time. The obtained experimental results and testing environment can be used for the efficient design of microservice communication. Важным этапом в разработке современных IoT систем является выбор коммуникационных технологий и протоколов. Коммуникацию IoT системы можно разделить на две части: связь между устройствами и облачными сервисами и связь между облачными микросервисами (программный уровень). В данной работе разработана среда тестирования для оценки производительности протоколов программного уровня. Предлагаемая среда позволяет эмулировать систему IoT с низкой задержкой сети, что позволяет эффективно оценить и сравнить производительность и архитектуру протоколов, а также целесообразность их использования в тех или иных ситуациях. Проведены тесты для популярнейших протоколов программного уровня: HTTP, MQTT, AMQP и GRPC. Оценка производительности проводилась на основе таких показателей как: пропускная способность, параллельность, масштабируемость и время начального соединения. Полученные экспериментальные результаты и тестирование можно использовать при проектировании облачной архитектуры современных IoT систем. Важливим етапом у розробці сучасних IoT систем є вибір комунікаційних технології та протоколів. Комунікацію IoT системи умовно можна розділити на дві частини: зв’язок між пристроями та хмарними сервісами та зв’язок між хмарними мікросервісами (програмний рівень). У цій роботі розроблено середовище тестування для оцінювання продуктивності протоколів програмного рівня. Пропоноване середовище дозволяє емулювати IoT систему з низькою затримкою мережі, що дозволяє ефективно оцінити та порівняти продуктивність та архітектуру протоколів, а також доцільність їх використання у тих чи інших ситуаціях. Проведено тести для найпопулярніших протоколів програмного рівня: HTTP, MQTT, AMQP і GRPC. Оцінювання продуктивності проводилося на основі таких показників як: пропускна здатність, паралельність, масштабованість, та час початкового з’єднання. Отримані експериментальні результати та середовище тестування можна використовувати при проектуванні хмарної архітектури сучасних IoT систем.

IoT is emerging as a massive web of heterogeneous networks estimated to interconnect over 41 billion devices by 2025, generating around 79 zettabytes of data. The heterogeneous network shall bring in a plethora of digital services leveraging cloud and communication technologies to drive smart city applications. As users access these services remotely in a ubiquitous environment over public channels, it becomes imperative to secure their communication. Both entity and message authentication emerge as a critical security primitive to thwart unauthorized access and prevent the falsification of messages. While researchers have given due attention to achieving mutual authentication between the subscriber (remote user) and gateway node (broker), the mutual authentication between the gateway node and an IoT sensor node is left to be desired. It could be done at the peril of a rogue or a shadow IoT device unauthorizedly joining an IoT-based network. Some of the widely used IoT-specific application layer protocols like constrained application protocol (COAP) and message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol are not inherently equipped with adequate security safeguards. They, therefore, rely on underlying transport layer security protocols, which are highly computationally intensive. To address this issue, this paper proposes a three-factor authentication framework suitable for IoT-driven critical applications based upon identity, password and a digital signature scheme. The framework employs publish-subscribe pattern leveraging elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) and computationally low hash chains. The formal and informal security analysis shows that the framework is resistant to different types of cryptographic attacks. Furthermore, the automated validation performed with the Scyther tool verifies that there are no cryptographic attacks found on any of the claims stated in the proposed framework. Finally, a comparison of the framework security features, computational, and communication overheads is carried out with other existing protocols.

One of the main application scenario that the upcoming 5G systems are expected to support is Internet of Things (IoT) traffic backhauling. With the exponential increase of devices, it follows the critical challenge of handling the huge data volume that they produce. Terrestrial Networks may not be sufficient for that, or not always available. Satellites then come into play, and they can provide the ubiquitous coverage targeted by 5G. On the other side, aggregation can be an efficient strategy to reduce the amount of traffic, and use network resources in an efficient manner. Building on that, in this work we consider an hybrid IoT-satellite network architecture for collecting MQTT traffic. We design an advanced filter namely MQTT-MFA that performs MQTT topics aggregation in close proximity of MQTT Publishers before data is sent over the satellite link. The developed MQTT-MFA implementation leverages on MQTT bridge, and it is compliant with Mosquitto, an open source MQTT broker. Extensive simulation results have demonstrated that MQTT-MFA requires only 10% of the TCP/IP overhead generated in a baseline architecture (where the bridge is not set up) and 1/4 number of bytes to transmit the same amount of information, when compression of the data payload is also enabled.

The Internet of things (IoT) accommodates lightweight sensor/actuator devices with limited resources; hence, more efficient methods for known challenges are sought after. Message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) is a publish/subscribe-based protocol that allows resource-efficient communication among clients, so-called brokers, and servers. However, it lacks viable security features beyond username/password checks, yet transport-layer security (TLS/HTTPS) is not efficient for constrained devices. MQTT also lacks mutual authentication among clients and brokers. To address the issue, we developed a mutual authentication and role-based authorization scheme for lightweight Internet of things applications (MARAS). It brings mutual authentication and authorization to the network via dynamic access tokens, hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)-based one-time passwords (HOTP), advanced encryption standard (AES), hash chains, and a trusted server running OAuth2.0 along with MQTT. MARAS merely modifies “publish” and “connect” messages among 14 message types of MQTT. Its overhead to “publish” messages is 49 bytes, and to “connect” messages is 127 bytes. Our proof-of-concept showed that the overall data traffic with MARAS remains lower than double the traffic without it, because “publish” messages are the most common. Nevertheless, tests showed that round-trip times for a “connect” message (and its “ack”) are delayed less than a percentile of a millisecond; for a “publish” message, the delays depend on the size and frequency of published information, but we can safely say that the delay is upper bounded by 163% of the network defaults. So, the scheme’s overhead to the network is tolerable. Our comparison with similar works shows that while our communication overhead is similar, MARAS offers better computational performance as it offloads computationally intensive operations to the broker side.

This paper presents a healthcare information and medical resource management platform utilizing wearable devices, physiological sensors, and an indoor positioning system (IPS). This platform provides medical healthcare information management based on the physiological information collected by wearable devices and Bluetooth data collectors. The Internet of Things (IoT) is constructed for this medical care purpose. The collected data are classified and used to monitor the status of patients in real time with a Secure MQTT mechanism. The measured physiological signals are also used for developing an IPS. When the patient is out of the safety zone, the IPS will send an alert message instantly by pushing the server to remind the caretaker, easing the caretaker’s burden and offering extra protection for the patient. The presented system also provides medical resource management with the help of IPS. The medical equipment and devices can be tracked by IPS to tackle some equipment rental problems, such as lost and found. A platform for the medical staff work coordination information exchange and transmission is also developed to expedite the maintenance of medical equipment, providing the shared medical information to healthcare and management staff in a timely and transparent manner. The presented system in this paper will finally reduce the loading of medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Anomaly detection (AD) has captured a significant amount of focus from the research field in recent years, with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) application. Anomalies, often known as outliers, are defined as the discovery of anomalous occurrences or observations that differ considerably from the mainstream of the data. The IoT which is described as a network of Internet-based digital sensors that continuously generate massive volumes of data and use to communicate with one another theMessage Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Brute-force, Denial-of-Service (DoS), Malformed, Flood, and Slowite attacks are the most common in theMQTT network. One of the significant factors in IoT AD is the time consumed to predict an attack and take preemptive measures. For instance, if an attack is detected late, the loss of attack is irreversible. This paper investigates the time to detect an attack using machine learning approaches and proposes a novel approach that applies correlation analysis to reduce the training and testing time of these algorithms. The new approach has been evaluated on Random Forest, Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Artificial Neural Network, Logistic Regression, and Gradient Boost. The findings indicate that the correlation analysis is significantly beneficial in the process of feature engineering, primarily to determine the most relevant features in the MQTT dataset. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study on MQTTset that reduces the prediction time for DoS 0.92 (95% CI −0.378, 2.22) reduced to 0.77 (95% CI −0.414, 1.97) and for Malformed 2.92 (95% CI −2.6, 8.44) reduced to 0.49 (95% CI −0.273, 1.25).

[Resumo]: Neste traballo búscase crear un método de seguimento de vehículos nunha pista de Scalextric instalando sensores, tanto no coche como na pista. O obxectivo é ter monitorizada a posición en todo momento dividindo o percorrido en voltas, mediante a detección de meta, e incluíndo un modelo de localización baseado en tramos e sectores. O algoritmo desenrolado é moi robusto ante derrapes, fallos na detección de tramo ou deteccións duplicadas. A partir da posición e do paso por meta, creouse un algoritmo de control capaz de ir aumentando a velocidade do coche ata reducir o tempo por volta. Deseñouse un sistema modular empregando o estándar MQTT capaz de enviar datos a gran frecuencia (100Hz). Conformado por dous microcontroladores Arduino (no coche e contador de voltas) que capturan e envían todos os datos e un ordenador que os recolle, executa o algoritmo e determina a velocidade. Esta a envía a un terceiro microcontrolador que controla a voltaxe eléctrica na pista. Ademais, para facilitar a interpretación de datos, móstrase a información de interese sobre as imaxes que captura unha cámara que apunta ao circuíto. [Abstract]: The main goal of this project is to create a method to track cars on a Scalextric circuit. To do so, different sensors will be used, both on the vehicle and on the track. The ultimate goal is to keep the car’s position monitored at all times. Firstly, the vehicle’s route will be divided into laps by the detection of the finish line. Afterwards, sections and sectors’ detection will be added. The algorithm is very reliable during drifts, missing sections, or duplicate detections. From the car’s position and the finish line detections, a control algorithm will be designed. It is able to keep increasing the car’s speed while decreasing lap times. A modular system was designed using the MQTT standard, which is able to send data at high frequencies (100 Hz). Formed by two Arduino microcontrollers (car and lap counter), which capture and send all the data to a computer, which gathers the data, executes the algorithm, and establishes the speed. This speed is sent to a third microcontroller that modifies the voltage on the track. To facilitate the data’s interpretation, all the compelling data is shown on the images that a webcam, pointing at the track, records. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FIC). Enxeñaría Informática. Curso 2022/2023

Diplomsko delo obravnava zajem vrednosti skupnega toka porabnikov in posredovanje informacije končnim električnim porabnikom. Obdelane so različne možnosti tako zajema kot posredovanja vrednosti. Delo smo začeli z ugotavljanjem možnosti uporabe obstoječih števcev električne porabe. Omenjeni števci so praviloma brez možnosti komunikacijskih povezav, ki bi jih lahko uporabili. V prihodnosti se za takšne namene obetajo števci s t. i. P1 priključkom. Pri svojem delu smo zato uporabili neodvisen merilnik električnih veličin, ki se običajno uporablja za merjenje energije in tudi za spremljanje ostalih veličin, kot so napetosti, tokovi ter drugi parametri. Tipično podpirajo komunikacijo preko Modbus protokola in RS485 povezave. Za izvedbo diplomskega dela smo predvidevali, da merilnika z MID certifikatom ne potrebujemo. Takšen merilnik se namreč uporablja v primeru, ko so pomembne točne meritve energije, saj se te neposredno obračunavajo pri plačilih porabljene energije. Za prenos informacije smo iskali možnosti uporabe obstoječih električnih in namenskih komunikacijskih namestitev. Odločili smo se, da za začetek preverimo možnosti prenosa informacije preko električne namestitve. Spoznali smo prednosti in slabosti komunikacije po energetskih vodih. Kot pomembno alternativo smo izbrali MQTT protokol, ki je namenjen internetu stvari in ga je možno izvajati tako preko žičnih Ethernet povezav kot preko brezžičnih WiFi omrežij. Za lažje reševanje problema smo si pripravili dva namizna modela. Prvi model vsebuje potrebno AC distribucijo, trifazni merilnik, mikrokrmilnik, PLC vmesnik, napajalnik z baterijo in ostalo potrebno opremo. Model vsebuje tudi možnost priključitve različnih enofaznih porabnikov, s katerimi smo lahko spreminjali skupni tok oziroma vrednost skupnega toka, ki je predmet prenosa do končnih porabnikov. Eden od porabnikov je bila 200 W klasična žarnica z nitko, druge porabnike pa smo priklapljali preko standardne AC vtičnice. Komunikacija med merilnikom poteka po Modbus protokolu. Pri drugem modelu smo uporabili le PLC vmesnik, mikrokrmilnik in baterijo. Za baterijsko napajanje smo se odločili zaradi možnosti preprostega prenašanja modela po različnih prostorih, s čimer smo spreminjali pogoje za PLC komunikacijo. Pri obeh namiznih modelih sta bila uporabljena mikrokrmilnik Raspberry PI in PLC vmesnik ES1642-C. Med njima v obeh primerih poteka komunikacija preko serijskega priključka, uporabljeni so TTL nivoji. Za nadzor komunikacije s prvim modelom smo imeli LED diodo, ki utripne ob vsakem uspešno sprejetem sporočilu o skupni vrednosti toka. Pri prenosu vrednosti skupnega toka preko PLC komunikacije smo prišli do omejitev tako glede hitrosti komunikacije kot velikosti prenesenih paketov. Izbrali smo optimalno možnost prenosa, in sicer tako, da smo prenašali vedno samo en bajt s periodo ene ali več sekund. En bajt je za nas pomenil, da smo morali med vrednosti 0 in 255 čim bolj optimalno predstaviti vrednost skupnega toka, ki je v nekaterih primerih lahko tudi negativen. V nadaljevanju smo prenos preverili tudi preko TCP/IP komunikacije in preko MQTT protokola. Naša naloga je del interneta stvari in MQTT je za naše zahteve med najbolj uporabnimi protokoli. Na osnovi testov s komunikacijami PLC in MQTT/TCP/IP smo lahko pripravili opažene prednosti in slabosti prvega in drugega načina prenosa vrednosti skupnega toka. The diploma thesis discusses reading the total load current value and sending this data to electricity end-users. It takes a look at the different options of reading and sending values. We began the research by determining the possibility of using existing electricity meters. Such meters usually do not provide communication links that we could use. In the future, meters with the so-called P1 connector will be used for such purposes. During the research we used a standalone meter of electrical quantities, which is usually used to measure energy and to monitor other quantities, such as voltages, currents and other parameters. They typically support communication via the Modbus protocol and the RS485 connection. We assumed that we would not need a meter with the MID certificate to conduct our research. Such meters are used when precise energy measurements are required, as they are directly charged on the energy bill. For data-sending purposes, we looked at the possibility of using the existing electrical and dedicated communication installations. We decided to start by examining the possibility of sending data via the electrical installations. We learnt the advantages and disadvantages of communicating via power lines. We chose the MQTT protocol as a good alternative it is designed for the Internet of Things and can be implemented via wired Ethernet connections or wireless WiFi networks. We prepared two desktop models to facilitate the problem-solving process. The first model contains the required AC distribution, a three-phase meter, a microcontroller, a PLC interface, a power supply unit with a battery, and all other required equipment. The model also provided the option of connecting different single-phase loads, which were used to modify the total current or the total current value transmitted to end-users. One load was a 200 W incandescent lightbulb, while other loads were connected via a standard AC socket. Communication with the meter took place via the Modbus protocol. In the second model we used only a PLC interface, a microcontroller and a battery. We decided on battery power supply so we could easily transport the model from room to room, thus changing the conditions for PLC communication. We used the Raspberry PI microcontroller and the ES1642-C PLC interface in both desktop models. In both cases, communication between the two took place via a serial port TTL levels were used. To control communication with the first model, we used a light-emitting diode (LED), which flashes every time a message about the total current value is successfully received. When transmitting the total current value via PLC, we encountered a limited communication speed and size of transmitted packets. We chose the optimal transmission option by transmitting only one byte at a time with a period of one or more seconds. One byte meant that we had to optimally present the total current value between the values of 0 and 255 in some cases, the current could even be negative. Afterwards, we tested the transmission via TCP/IP communication and the MQTT protocol. The thesis deals with the Internet of Things and MQTT was one of the most useful protocols for meeting our requirements. Based on the tests using PLC and MQTT/TCP/IP communications, we were able to sum up the observed advantages and disadvantages of the first and second method of transmitting the total current value.

The maritime industry, which transports approximately 90% of the world’s goods, plays a crucial role in the global economy. However, increasing reliance on digital technologies has made the industry vulnerable to cybersecurity threats that may compromise the safety and security of maritime operations, thereby potentially affecting global supply chain integrity and public safety. This study examines the vulnerability of the ISO 19847:2018 standard shipboard data server to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and proposes a method to mitigate this vulnerability. To this end, we propose modifications to the MQTT v5 protocol used by the shipboard data server, which provides streaming data-transfer services, and conduct verification experiments. These modifications allow the shipboard data server to control the frequency of messages published by the MQTT publisher, thereby preventing it from being overwhelmed by massive amounts of traffic in the event of a DDoS attack. Therefore, the proposed method can enhance the overall cybersecurity of the maritime sector by preventing the misuse of onboard MQTT publishers and reducing the impact of DDoS attacks.

Smart objects and home automation tools are becoming increasingly popular, and the number of smart devices that each dedicated application has to manage is increasing accordingly. The emergence of technologies such as serverless computing and dedicated machine-to-machine communication protocols represents a valuable opportunity to facilitate management of smart objects and replicability of new solutions. The aim of this paper is to propose a framework for home automation applications that can be applied to control and monitor any appliance or object in a smart home environment. The proposed framework makes use of a dedicated messages-exchange protocol based on MQTT and cloud-deployed serverless functions. Furthermore, a vocal command interface is implemented to let users control the smart object with vocal interactions, greatly increasing the accessibility and intuitiveness of the proposed solution. A smart object, namely a smart kitchen fan extractor system, was developed, prototyped, and tested to illustrate the viability of the proposed solution. The smart object is equipped with a narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) module to send and receive commands to and from the cloud. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution, the suitability of NB-IoT for the transmission of MQTT messages was evaluated. The results show how NB-IoT has an acceptable latency performance despite some minimal packet loss.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become ubiquitous and greatly affected peoples‘ daily lives. With the increasing development of IoT devices, the corresponding security issues are becoming more and more challenging. Such a severe security situation raises the following questions that need urgent attention: What are the primary security threats that IoT devices face currently‘ How do vendors and users deal with these threats‘ In this paper, we aim to answer these critical questions through a large-scale systematic study. Specifically, we perform a ten-month-long empirical study on the vulnerability of 1,362,906 IoT devices varying from six types. The results show sufficient evidence that N-days vulnerability is seriously endangering the IoT devices: 385,060 (28.25%) devices suffer from at least one N-days vulnerability. Moreover, 2,669 of these vulnerable devices may have been compromised by botnets. We further reveal the massive differences among five popular IoT search engines: Shodan, Censys, Zoomeye, Fofa and NTI. Besides, we measure the security of MQTT servers and identify that 12,740 (88%) MQTT servers have no password protection. Our analysis can serve as an important guideline for investigating the security of IoT devices, as well as advancing the development of a more secure environment for IoT systems.

241 p. -- Bibliogr.: p. 240-241 En el presente documento se expone el desarrollo de un cliente MQTT que permite realizar comunicaciones seguras mediante TLS, para ser usado en una aplicación que se ejecute sobre un sistema embebido. La aplicación creada también hace uso de otros protocolos TCP/IP, motivo por el cual se han desarrollado clientes adicionales que también son expuestos en este documento. El documento consta de dos partes. La primera parte es la memoria, y en ella se exponen aquellos aspectos teóricos y prácticos de los que es recomendable tener conocimiento para hacer uso del proyecto de programación creado, escrito en lenguaje C y que se encuentra en la segunda parte, de anexos.

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is one of the standard application layer protocols for the Internet of Things. It uses a publish/subscribe mechanism which organizes a set of clients around a server called the broker, which delivers published data to its intended recipients. This article proposes an architecture that allows MQTT brokers to cooperate and share their data with other interested MQTT brokers. It is a service-oriented architecture that wraps an MQTT broker with a well defined WebSockets-based interface which allows it to offer its topic space and published data to other MQTT brokers. The wrapped MQTT broker is called a broker service, and it discovers other broker services through a discovery service. Each broker service only connects to services that have data its clients are interested. Furthermore, these services are authenticated by obtaining tokens from an authentication service that registers and issues JSON Web Tokens for them. These tokens contain the identity and claims of their owners and they can be verified without contacting the authentication service. The proposed architecture simplifies data sharing and improves the security in scenarios with multiple MQTT brokers where clients can move between them. In these scenarios, the MQTT brokers need to obtain data based on their clients interests, which are constantly changing. It does so by isolating MQTT brokers into services that can be discovered and consumed over well-defined interfaces. The architecture was implemented in javascript using MQTT 3.1.1 standard complaint library. We demonstrate the performance characteristics of our architecture using our implementation through three scenarios, which are designed to compare the delay from publisher to subscriber when they operate within the same MQTT broker and different MQTT brokers. The results show that the overhead of our architecture is around 50% in two synthetic scenarios (performed on a single machine) and around 27% in a third scenario performed on the cloud with multiple virtual machines hosting the broker services and simulated clients.

Device-free localization (DFL) systems exploit changes in the radio frequency channel by measuring, for example, the channel impulse response (CIR), to detect and localize obstacles within a target area. However, due to a lack of well-defined interfaces, missing modularization, as well as complex system configuration, it is difficult to deploy DFL systems outside of laboratory setups. This paper focused on the system view and the challenges that come with setting up a DFL system in an indoor environment. We propose MA-RTI, a modular DFL system that is easy to set up, and which utilizes a multipath-assisted (MA) radio-tomographic imaging (RTI) algorithm. To achieve a modular DFL system, we proposed and implemented an architectural model for DFL systems. For minimizing the configuration overhead, we applied a 3D spatial model, that helps in placing the sensors and calculating the required calibration parameters. Therefore, we configured the system solely with idle measurements and a 3D spatial model. We deployed such a DFL system and evaluated it in a real-world office environment with four sensor nodes. The radio technology was ultra-wideband (UWB) and the corresponding signal measurements were CIRs. The DFL system operated with CIRs that provided a sub-nanosecond time-domain resolution. After pre-processing, the update rate was approximately 46 Hz and it provided a localization accuracy of 1.0 m in 50% of all cases and 1.8 m in 80% of all cases. MA fingerprinting approaches lead to higher localization accuracy, but require a labor-intensive training phase.

Air pollution have been associated with a big amount of adverse health effects, the main pollutants are CO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM10 and PM2.5. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a monitoring and control system so that people can be aware at any time. Due to the above, this project proposes a new solution divided into three developments. Firstly, a data acquisition device equipped with sensors that receive the concentrations of gasses and particles harmful to health. Secondly, a system of processing, transmission, and data processing, capable of managing, storing, and transmitting data in a safe way. Finally, the development of a monitoring and control system that keeps users always informed and with customized alerts, through an application on your phone. The result is a low-cost system for monitoring and controlling air pollution. La contaminación atmosférica está asociada a una serie de efectos perjudiciales para la salud, los principales contaminantes son CO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM10 y PM2.5 por lo que es necesario desarrollar un sistema de monitorización y control para que las personas puedan estar informadas en todo momento. En el presente trabajo se plantea una solución novedosa que implica tres desarrollos: la realización de un dispositivo de adquisición de datos mediante sensores capaces de recibir las concentraciones de los gases y partículas perjudiciales para la salud; un sistema de procesamiento, transmisión y tratamiento de datos, capaz de gestionar, almacenar y transmitir los datos de forma segura; y, finalmente, el desarrollo de un sistema de monitorización y control que permite al usuario estar informado en todo momento con avisos personalizados, mediante una aplicación en su teléfono móvil. El resultado final es un sistema de bajo coste para el seguimiento y control de la contaminación atmosférica.

The subject of a distributed RFID system with proximity-range read/write devices (RWD) is considered in this paper. Possible work scenarios were presented in the scope of industrial implementations and were then tested in a dedicated laboratory set. The development system is based on a high-frequency RWD integrated with a Wi-Fi microcontroller unit to create an Internet of things connected with a server (for data exchanging, user interface, etc.) via a wireless local area network. In practical applications, in order to increase the interrogation zone (IZ), there is a tendency to use one RWD with significant output power equipped with a multiplexer for managing several antennas located in the operational space. Such a solution is often economically unprofitable and even impossible to implement, especially in the case of the need to create the large IZ. Responding to market demand, the authors propose a distributed system developed on the basis of several cheap RFID reader modules and a few freely available hardware/software tools. They created the fully functional RFID platform and confirmed its usefulness in static and dynamic systems of object identification.

The rapid pace of technological advancements in the industrial world has transformed the traditional factory floor into a smart, digitalized environment. The advent of advanced and innovative manufacturing techniques, coupled with the Internet of Things (IoT), has made shop floor data an essential source of information for industries to monitor and optimize their operations. The ability to collect, process, and analyse shop floor data has become critical to facilitating the digitalization of factories, which can ultimately improve the competitiveness of industries in the global market. To address this need, the SHOP4CF project aims to develop a comprehensive platform that can facilitate the digitalization of factories. A key module of this project is the Data Collection Framework (DCF), which collects data from various shop floor devices and sensors, analyses, and process data streams, stores the Event Processing in a database and posts the context data to the FIWARE context broker. In line with this, the proposed master's thesis seeks to design and develop a data collection framework that can effectively collect and process shop floor data and can facilitate the digitalization of factories, which has become essential for industries to monitor and optimize their processes in the era of Industry 4.0. This framework is scalable, flexible, and modular, accommodating various manufacturing processes’ requirements and integrating with different devices and sensors used on the shop floor. Additionally, the framework is equipped with real-time data analysis capabilities, allowing manufacturing managers and engineers to monitor event processing information and optimize them in real-time as well as handle large volumes of data generated by shop floor devices and store it in a centralized database for further analysis. The thesis aims to contribute to the development of Industry 4.0 and improve the competitiveness of industries in the global market. To achieve this, it proposes research questions to identify the suitable architecture for collecting real-time shop floor data, how the data collection framework and event processing can be utilized to create real-time alerts for a safe shop floor environment, and which industrial communication protocols have been tested for accomplishing data acquisition for industrial shop floors. Structured into six chapters, this thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the proposed data collection framework's design, implementation, and testing. The literature review and theoretical background in Chapter two provide an in-depth analysis of vital concepts, such as automation pyramid, ISA-95, communication protocols, MQTT, OPC UA, FIWARE, and MongoDB. The thesis's innovative framework is presented in Chapter three, and Chapter four discusses its implementation. Chapter five examines the testing process and the results obtained from the proposed data collection framework, while Chapter six concludes the thesis and proposes future work to improve the framework.

[Resumen]: En este proyecto se han desarrollado dos aplicaciones: una aplicación web y una aplicación móvil, diseñadas para que los técnicos puedan visualizar los datos de los diferentes aparatos que gestionan. Para el envío de los datos de los dispositivos hacia el servidor, se utilizó el protocolo de comunicación MQTT, junto con sus componentes y roles correspondientes. Los datos obtenidos se almacenaron en una base de datos ubicada en un servidor, que luego se expuso a través de una API REST para su obtención por parte de las aplicaciones. En cuanto al desarrollo del backend de las aplicaciones, se utilizó el framework de Django. Para el desarrollo del frontend de la aplicación web, se empleó Bootstrap con las características de los templates de Django. Por otro lado, en la aplicación móvil se utilizó el framework de Flutter. [Abstract]: In this project, two applications have been developed: a web application and a mobile application, designed for technicians to visualize data from different devices. To send data from the devices to the server, the MQTT communication protocol was used, along with its corresponding components and roles. The obtained data was stored in a database located on a server, which was then exposed through a REST API for retrieval of the data by the applications. Regarding the backend development of the applications, the Django framework was used. Bootstrap and Django’s template features were employed for the frontend development of the web application. On the other hand, the Flutter framework was used for the mobile application. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FIC). Enxeñaría Informática. Curso 2022/2023

Este Trabajo de fin de grado presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de control de accesos motorizados no invasivo, que completa y no anula los sistemas de controles existentes. La innovación de Hodor respecto a los dos sistemas parecidos más vendidos actualmente es la filosofía modular. El sistema está compuesto por una aplicación web construida con Angular, un Back-end en Node.js para interactuar con una base de datos MongoBD y una serie de dispositivos Raspberry Pi que funcionan en conjunto. Se comunican mediante el protocolo MQTT y realizan funciones como la apertura de puertas, recolección de datos de sensores, apertura mediante análisis facial y detección de intrusos con cámara de seguridad. El sistema tiene aplicaciones reales en el mercado, ya que ofrece una solución eficiente y segura para el control de accesos en diversos entornos, tanto empresariales como particulares. Aquest treball de fi de grau presenta el desenvolupament d'un sistema de control d'accessos motoritzats no invasiu, que completa i no anul·la els sistemes de controls existents. La innovació d'Hodor respecte als dos sistemes semblants més venuts actualment és la filosofia modular. El sistema està compost per una aplicació web construïda amb Angular, un Back-end a Node.js per interactuar amb una base de dades MongoBD i una sèrie de dispositius Raspberry Pi que funcionen en conjunt. Es comuniquen mitjançant el protocol MQTT i fan funcions com l'obertura de portes, la recol·lecció de dades de sensors, l'obertura mitjançant anàlisi facial i la detecció d'intrusos amb càmera de seguretat. El sistema té aplicacions reals al mercat, ja que ofereix una solució eficient i segura per al control d'accessos en diversos entorns, tant empresarials com particulars. This Bachelor's thesis presents the development of a non-invasive motorized access control system that complements existing control systems rather than replacing them. With regards to the two currently best-selling motorized access systems, Hodor's innovation stems from its modular philosophy. The system consists of a web application built with Angular, a Node.js backend to interact with a MongoDB database, and a set of Raspberry Pi devices that work together. They communicate via the MQTT protocol and perform functions such as door opening, sensor data collection, facial recognition-based access, and intruder detection with security camera. The system has practical applications in the market as it offers an efficient and secure solution for access control in a variety of environments, both for corporate and private users.

Documentation for the 2022 Stanford AREC team, who collaborated with TU Wien on improving sustainability in current commercial buildings in Vienna by measuring Environmental, Societal, and Governance(ESG) Key Performance Indicators (KPI). Documentation details the problem background, user definition, benchmarking, need finding, exploring solutions, design specification, design requirements, and testing constructed prototypes.

The current industry trend is to replace the use of custom components with standards-based Commercially available Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based hardware and protocols. Furthermore, the emergence of new industrial paradigms, such as Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things, sets additional requirements regarding e.g. scale, transparency, agility, flexibility and efficiency. Therefore, in these domains, application layer protocols such as Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) are gaining popularity, in result of their simplicity, scalability, low resource-usage and decoupling between end nodes. However, such protocols were not designed for real-time applications, missing key features such as determinism and latency bounds. A recent work proposed extending MQTT with real-time services, taking advantage of Software Defined Networking (SDN) to manage the network resource. These extensions allow applications to specify real-time requirements that are then captured by a resource manager and used to reserve the necessary resources at the network layer. This paper shows that such MQTT extended architecture is analyzable from a worst-case timing perspective. We derive a system model that captures the real-time features and we present a response-time analysis to assess the schedulability of the real-time traffic. Finally, we validate the analysis with a set of experimental results., OASIcs, Vol. 108, Fourth Workshop on Next Generation Real-Time Embedded Systems (NG-RES 2023), pages 5:1-5:15

In the era of digital transformation of the manufacturing and process industry, heterogeneity of assets is one of the most challenging issues towards digitally integrating components within the Industrial Internet of Things. In this context every participant relies on its proprietary digitalization approach envisioned by Plattform Industrie 4.0. To consolidate these heterogeneous data exchange interfaces, e.g communication protocols, data formats etc., an intermediate step of harmonization is required. Our contribution provides an architecture based on the Asset Administration Shell standard to bring heterogeneous Cyber-Physical-Systems together. We illustrate the functionality through an abstract use-case.

In the present context of the 4th Industrial revolution, there is a growing need to get data from different data sources in a standard data format. This paper presents a solution to achieve this convergence in using IoT technology, extracting available data, and making it available to high-level systems in a standard, low latency framework. This paper presents different protocols like OPC UA, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), and Constrained Application Protocol(COAP) to achieve this data transportation/acquisition. It also presents an emerging Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology, LoRa WAN, to augment the data of the process control system, explicitly extending the range of sensors to wireless data points.

Healthcare is one of the largest domains across the globe both in terms of employment and income generation. It is continuously evolving and exploiting new technological dimensions to incorporate innovations for providing universal health coverage. Sharing of data collected by various sensors deployed at the patient’s end is a growing solicitude in healthcare as the privacy of the personal healthcare data is of paramount importance. In this paper, a blockchain based healthcare framework is proposed to address the problems related to the sensor-based patient vital body parameters collection, monitoring, secured data storage and sharing among different stakeholders. This framework uses Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices interfaced with MAX30205 (human body temperature), and a blood pressure including heart-rate measuring device to collect the patient vital parameters. A Markov state chain is modeled to monitor the patient medical states through various phases during the treatment and monitoring process. Application layer protocols MQTT, CoAP, and AMQP are evaluated for latency and packet loss during data transfers. Ethereum permissioned blockchain is used to deploy the proposed model. Smart contracts provide access control only to the authorized users. A comparative analysis is provided in the end to highlight the merits of the proposed model over the existing similar methods. Due to the parallelism and use of blockchain, the system reports 80% improvement in terms of nodes and transaction scalability compared to the existing systems.

Process industries such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and power plants require a human-machine interface system to monitor continuously. The operator usually carries out monitoring via a human-machine interface. However, it is difficult to know the condition of process equipment in real-time. The implementation of augmented reality allows engineers to visualize process equipment in real-time when conducting field inspections. The implementation of augmented reality at the human-machine interface to the fluid catalytic cracking process in an oil refinery is discussed in this paper. The design was started by developing a three-dimensional process equipment model using Autodesk Inventor. The result of the three-dimensional model then using Unity 3D software connected to the Vuforia Engine was implemented on a gadget into an augmented reality application. Data communication performance analysis was carried out using inferential statistics methods to test variations in service quality at levels 0, 1, and 2. The result of the Tukey test showed that the communication network latency value in level 2 was significantly higher than levels 0 and 1, which was 0.704±0.108 seconds. These results indicate that augmented reality can be implemented on human-machine interfaces by ensuring the quality of data communication services using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol at levels 0 or 1.

An open-source P2P energy trading platform facilitates energy trading amongst the peers. The proposed system provides real time data acquisition, monitoring and control of self-generated energy at a remote location. The trading activities are done on a web interface that uses a private Ethereum blockchain. A smart contract is deployed on the Ethereum blockchain and the trading activities performed on the web interface are recorded on a tamper-proof blockchain network. An internet of things platform is used to monitor and control the self-generated energy. Energy data is collected and processed by means of ESP32-S2 microcontrollers using field instrumentation devices which are connected to the voltage source and load. An open-source decentralized Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading system, designed on the blockchain and internet of things (IoT) architecture is proposed. The hardware setup includes a relay, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, a Wi-Fi router and ESP32-S2 microcontroller. For data transfer the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used over a local network. ESP32-S2 is set up as MQTT client and Node-Red IoT server is used as MQTT broker. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) request method is implemented to connect the Node-Red server with the web interface developed using React.JS library. The system design, implementation, testing, and results are presented in this paper.

Internet of Things (IoT)- based services connect the user with sensing devices through intermediary devices like a gateway. The authentication with secure key exchange assures security trio of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for the complete IoT-based system. It also ensures trusted privacy of communicated information. Recently, numerous authors proposed a Remote User Authentication scheme (RUA) on User-Gateway based secure key exchange for the tiny and lightweight sensor based paradigms such as an IoT and a wireless sensor network (WSN) using lightweight mathematical approaches. In this article, we propose a reliable and efficient lightweight key exchange scheme with the secure RUA for the user-gateway model. For designing a lightweight RUA scheme, we use elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). We use BAN-Logic for the validation of mutual authentication. We use widely accepted random oracle-based ROR model for formal security analysis and Dolev-Yao channel for informal security analysis. For the implementation and result collection of the proposed scheme, we used publisher-subscriber-based lightweight Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Overall, in this article, we propose a highly secure and efficient RUA scheme for the sensor-based environment with the formal security analysis and real-time implementation.

In the scientific field, data acquisition using commercial or self-developed sensors is a necessity for many research activities. Data security and data privacy are important requirements in all types of IoT applications, especially in the medical context. IoTree42 is a powerful, OpenSource platform that closes the gap between cost-efficiency, the ease of use and digital sovereignty. The flexible and user-friendly design makes the platform ideal for the originally conceived research context. Nevertheless, it can be used for smaller budget-oriented setups and industrial applications with thousands of sensors and actuators likewise. The platform was developed with security in mind by minimizing interfaces and the use of stable software components and transport protocols. IoTree42 utilizes lightweight OpenSource software cast into a flexible backend, allowing the deployment not only on full-fledged servers but also on single board computers like the Raspberry Pi. Data is transmitted with low overhead via MQTT, a robust protocol optimized for machine to machine communication. The transmission technology between all components is freely selectable. Besides data acquisition, IoTree42 enables control of actuators and automation through interfaces with visual programming tools. This allows for remote interventions without requiring prior programming experience. The incoming data can conveniently be visualized in dashboards or easily be exported for further analysis. The network consists of a central server and satellites (gateways) arranged in a star topology. Sensors and actuators connect to the gateway. The initial setup of the server and the gateways is automated, well documented, and can be done within minutes. Thanks to the increasing usage and the contribution of the community, the pool of code examples for sensors is growing and lowers the entry hurdle for users without programming background. IoTree42 is a fast-growing, multi-user, hardware and cloud agnostic, easy to deploy, privacy compliant and competitive solution compared to commercial IoT alternatives.

Recently, a number of smart devices are connected through the Internet to achieve data processing and generation. The data generated from the cloud server demand robust and reliable data storage and protection for unauthorized data access. Additionally, the processed data demands for avast range of processing power to tangible effective information for processing. The different business process comprises of technologies to increase efficiency and performance with the reduced cost of operation in the IoT devices. The data processing leads to the data handledwith the edge computing technology. The technological procession deal with the response time improved cost-saving bandwidth and battery life those significantly impacts on safety and privacy in the organization. This paper presented a Virtual Environment Based HTTP server model termed as (VEnvMQTT) for effective data processing in the edge computing architecture of the IoT environment. The proposed VEnvMQTT model comprises of the actuators and IoT server data. The proposed VEnvMQTT model evaluates the data collected from the sensor at an effective level of processing time with edge computing technology. The analysis of the simulation results expressed thatthe proposed VEnvMQTTmodel achieves a reduced latency of 24.566ms which is ~20% minimal to the existing MQTT model.

Unreliable networks often use excess bandwidth for data integration in smart cities. For this purpose, Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) with a certain quality of service (QoS) is employed. Data integrity and data security are frequently compromised for reducing bandwidth usage while designing integrated applications. Thus, for a reliable and secure integrated Internet of Everything (IoE) service, a range of network parameters are conditioned to achieve the required quality of a deliverable service. In this work, a QoS-0-based MQTT is developed in such a manner that the transparent MQTT protocol uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-based connectivity with various rules for the retransmission of contents if the requests are not entertained for a fixed duration. The work explores the ways to improve the overall content delivery probability. The parameters are examined over a transparent gateway-based TCP network after developing a mathematical model for the proposed retransmission-based mutant QoS-0. The probability model is then verified by an actual physical network where the repeated content delivery is explored at VM-based MQTT, local network-based broker and a remote server. The results show that the repeated transmission of contents from the sender improves the content delivery probability over the unreliable MQTT-based Internet of Things (IoT) for developing smart cities’ applications.

Continuous development of advanced web and IoT technologies facilitate new solutions for scalable data management systems. Data can be transferred over the internet efficiently in standardized formats. We propose a system architecture applicable to both mobile machinery and other industries. We introduce standards and technologies for collecting and analysing data in addition to exchanging the data in cloud applications and with partner systems. Data is exchanged in a standardized MIMOSA CCOM format over efficient MQTT communication protocol for near real-time updates of operation. Eclipse Arrowhead framework is used to securely manage the edge and cloud services. VTT O&M Analytics provide predictive maintenance services for mobile machinery based on the collected data. We describe in detail a system designed for collecting and analysing data from the combination seed drill. Our architecture facilitates monitoring and predictive maintenance, thus improving crop yields and OEE.

Owing to their wide application, Internet of Things systems have been the target of malicious attacks. These attacks included DoS, flood, SlowITe, malformed, and brute-force attacks. A dataset that includes these attacks was recently released. However, the attack detection accuracy reported in previous studies has not been satisfactory because the studies used too many features that are not important in detecting malicious message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) traffic. Therefore, this study aims to analyze these attacks. Herein, a novel feature extraction method is proposed that includes the source port index, TCP length, MQTT message type, keep alive, and connection acknowledgment. The attacks were classified using the Seq2Seq model. During the experiment, the accuracy of the proposed method was 99.97%, which is 7.33% higher than that of previously reported methods.

The mission and goal of this paper was to compare functionalities for both MQTT and HTTP protocol on the same example to see the advantages and disadvantages of sending and receiving data from server/device. Used tools are Android Studio, Kotlin, NestJS, TypeScript, PostgreSQL and in implementation two protocols were used: HTTP and MQTT protocols to determine advantages and disadvantages of the protocols, several examples are given where a particular protocol could be used in the development of mobile/IoT applications. While talking about MQTT and HTTP protocols, HTTP is one of the globally most used protocols for communication on the World Wide Web (Internet), when MQTT is for sure most used for connecting more devices in the networking called IoT (Internet of Things). Main goal is to show that MQTT can be also used in the mobile application, for example as notification service (server is notifying mobile devices).

Over-the-air (OTA) updating is a critical mechanism for secure internet of things (IoT) systems for remotely updating the firmware (or keys) of IoT devices. Message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) is a very popular internet of things (IoT) communication protocol globally. Therefore, MQTT also becomes popular in facilitating the OTA mechanism in many IoT platforms, such as the Amazon IoT platform. In these IoT platforms, the MQTT broker acts as the message broker and as an OTA server simultaneously; in these broker-based OTA architectures, it is quite common that an IoT application manager not only uploads the new firmware/software to the broker but also delegates his signing authority on the firmware/software to the same broker. If the broker is secure and trusted, this OTA model works well; however, it incurs lots of security concerns if the broker is not fully trusted or if it is curious. Many MQTT deployments do not own their own brokers, but rely on a third-party broker, which sometimes is a freeware program or is maintained by a curious third party. Therefore, a secure OTA process should protect privacy against these brokers. This paper designs a novel MQTT-based OTA model in which an IoT application manager can fully control the OTA process through an end-to-end (E2E) channel. We design the model using MQTT 5.0’s new features and functions. The analysis shows that the new model greatly enhances security and privacy properties while maintaining high efficiency.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has provided substantial enhancements to the communication of sensors, actuators, and their controllers, particularly in the field of home automation. Home automation is experiencing a huge rise in the proliferation of IoT devices such as smart bulbs, smart switches, and control gateways. However, the main challenge for such control systems is how to maximize security under limited resources such as low-processing power, low memory, low data rate, and low-bandwidth IoT networks. In order to address this challenge the adoption of IoT devices in automation has mandated the adoption of secure communication protocols to ensure that compromised key security objectives, such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability are addressed. In light of this, this work evaluates the feasibility of MQTT-based Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, Man-in-the-Middle (MitM), and masquerade attacks on a ZigBee network, an IoT standard used in wireless mesh networks. Performed through MQTT, the attacks extend to compromise neighboring Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) nodes, a specialized service layer protocol for resource-constrained Internet devices. By demonstrating the attacks on an IKEA TRÅDFRI lighting system, the impact of exploiting ZigBee keys, the basis of ZigBee security, is shown. The reduction of vulnerabilities to prevent attacks is imperative for application developers in this domain. Two Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are proposed to mitigate against the proposed attacks, followed by recommendations for solution providers to improve IoT firmware security. The main motivation and purpose of this work is to demonstrate that conventional attacks are feasible and practical in commercial home automation IoT devices, regardless of the manufacturer. Thus, the contribution to the state-of-the-art is the design of attacks that demonstrate how known vulnerabilities can be exploited in commercial IoT devices for the purpose of motivating manufacturers to produce IoT systems with improved security.

The management of electricity consumption for lamps and water tanks generally relies on a kWh meter, so it is still not effective because it can only monitor and limit electricity usage, not being able to turn off pumps and unused lights. These problems can be overcome with the Internet of Things, which is able to connect equipment through the internet network. The process requires a communication protocol system, which is efficient in terms of bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. The communication protocol model used in this study is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, considering that this protocol can connect to slow networks. The test results show that the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) application has a better performance on the lighting and watering automation system, which is implemented on a mobile application using the Flutter framework to receive and display high-load garden light control, waterpump control and underground reservoir water level monitoring. The calibration results show that the HYSRF05 sensor can work well in the range of 50-150 cm, with a maximum relative error of 0.36%. The smallest distance change that can be detected by the sensor is 0.04 cm with a maximum relative error of 0.05%. With the magnitude of the error obtained, it can be said that the sensor is suitable for use as a water level detector in an underground reservoir water level monitoring system. The power consumption for lighting and water pumps shows that the design of this system has an impact on power savings of 118.03 kWh. With the Flutter framework, a Mobile Application was built to manage and handle underground reservoir water level monitoring system data, so that users can set conditions to notify users about water level thresholds, use of lighting devices and water pumps through a Mobile Application that is equipped with a Notification feature that is integrated in real-time. Keywords: Internet Of Things (IOT), MQTT, Lighting and Waterpump Control, Underground Water Reservoir Monitoring, Flutter, Mobile Apps. Title: Design of Lighting System and Watering Automation Based Internet of Things with Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol and Framework Flutter Author: Ardianto Syaifur Rohman, Bambang Sujanarko, Bambang Sri Kaloko International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 4, October 2022 - December 2022 Page No: 23-32 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 22-November-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7347542 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/design-of-lighting-system-and-watering-automation-based-internet-of-things-with-message-queuing-telemetry-transport-protocol-and-framework-flutter, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, ISSN 2348-6988 (online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com

With the emergence of available wireless technologies in combination with small-sized hardware, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the defining technology trends of the last decade. It has additionally gained the attention of military technology innovators as a means to gain information dominance in the battlespace through enhanced situational awareness. Conducted as partof the NATO research task group IST-176 on “Federated Interoperability of Military C2 and IoT Systems”, this research investigates asecure approach to connect heterogeneous assets that rely on widely used and standardized technologies. To demonstrate theapproach, a set of planned experiments are presented in which systems from different nations are connected in a federatedenvironment. The results of the experiments aim to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating battlefield assets, including soldiersystems and IoT devices, in supporting collective C2.

Ambientna inteligenca predstavlja okolje, ki na podlagi zaznavanja aktivnosti in okoliščin uporabnika sprejema odločitve, ki ugodno vplivajo nanj [1], [2]. S prototipiranjem vmesnikov ambientne inteligence želimo preučiti možnosti, kako tehnologijo pametnih ambientov približati končnemu uporabniku, da postanejo del njegovega vsakodnevnega življenja. Doseči želimo, da so vmesniki in sistemi ambientne inteligence odzivni, vseprisotni in prilagodljivi uporabnikovim potrebam. Izdelani prototip uporablja principe naravnih vmesnikov in omogoča upravljanje multimedijskega predvajalnika Kodi s pomočjo uporabnikovih gest in prisotnosti v prostoru. Prototip vsebuje več vhodov ter izhodov, zato za izvedbo prototipa potrebujemo programsko orodje, s katerim lahko hitro in pregledno ustvarjamo povezave med posameznimi entitetami ter vključujemo inteligenco v naš sistem. To nam omogoča razvojno orodje za vizualno programiranje Node-RED. Morda celo najpomembnejši korak v razvoju prototipa je testiranje s končnimi uporabniki, kajti le tako dobimo vpogled v uporabnost našega prototipa, zato smo izvedli uporabniška testiranja v laboratoriju ter analizirali pridobljene rezultate. Ambient intelligence represents an environment, which adapts and makes decisions based on the observation of user's activities and context [1], [2]. By prototyping ambient intelligence interfaces, we want to study ways to bring the technology of smart environments closer to the end user, so that they become part of his daily life. We aim that interfaces and systems of ambient intelligence are responsive, ubiquitous and adaptable to user's needs. During the development of the prototype we employed the principles of natural interfaces, more specifically presence detection and gesture-based control. The final prototype enables the user to control Kodi multimedia player by using hand gestures. A prototype consists of several inputs as well as outputs. In order to connect entities quickly and transparently and integrate intelligence into our system, we utilised visual flow-based programming framework Node-RED. Perhaps the most important step in development of a prototype is end-user testing, as this is the only way to gain insight into the usability of our prototype, therefore, we performed user testing in the laboratory and analyzed the obtained results.

Internet of things (IOT) has taken a very pervasive role in our technological advancement. Today we find development in medical, schools, industrial sectors using IOT to enhance their operations. IOT is used in medical to gather information about patient’s health records, in schools’ teachers are able to track attendance of students in the campus, in industries motor controls, maintenance, and predictive fault analysis are some of application. The architecture of IOT is setup in such a way that sensors and actuators are connected to the internet. The devices on which interface to internet are small embedded modules such as microcontroller which have limited resources and processing power at the edge. Hence an efficient and reliable communication protocol is needed which fulfills the design criteria. MQTT is implemented using client and broker network entities. In this paper a hardware system is developed which tracks and monitor the parameters like temperature, RPM, vibration, load current and voltage of induction motor. A Dashboard is developed which illustrates the various parameters on IOT cloud platform which can be accessed remotely. Keywords: MQTT-Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, edge computing, Industrial IOT.

PurposeThis modeling facilitates the determination of control responses (or possibly reconfiguration) upon such events and the identification of which segments of the pipeline can continue to function uninterrupted. Based on this modeling, an algorithm is presented to implement the control responses and to establish this determination. In this work, the authors propose using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), which is an integrated method to perform the system-wide control based on message exchanging among local node controllers (agents) and the global controller (broker).Design/methodology/approachComplex manufacturing lines in industrial plants are designed to accomplish an overall task in an incremental mode. This typically consists of a sequence of smaller tasks organized as cascaded processing nodes with local controls, which must be coordinated and aided by a system-wide (global) controller. This work presents a logic modeling technique for such pipelines and a method for using its logic to determine the consequent effects of events where a node halts/fails on the overall operation.FindingsThe method uses a protocol for establishing communication of node events and the algorithm to determine the consequences of node events in order to produce global control directives, which are communicated back to node controllers over MQTT. The algorithm is simulated using a complex manufacturing line with arbitrary events to illustrate the sequence of events and the agents–broker message exchanging.Originality/valueThis approach (MQTT) is a relatively new concept in Cyber-Physical Systems. The proposed example of feed-forward is not new; however, for illustration purposes, it was suggested that a feed-forward be used. Future works will consider practical examples that are at the core of the manufacturing processes.

Skateboarding as a method of transportation has become prevalent, which has increased the occurrence and likelihood of pedestrian–skateboarder collisions and near-collision scenarios in shared-use roadway areas. Collisions between pedestrians and skateboarders can result in significant injury. New approaches are needed to evaluate shared-use areas prone to hazardous pedestrian–skateboarder interactions, and perform real-time, in situ (e.g., on-device) predictions of pedestrian–skateboarder collisions as road conditions vary due to changes in land usage and construction. A mechanism called the Surrogate Safety Measures for skateboarder–pedestrian interaction can be computed to evaluate high-risk conditions on roads and sidewalks using deep learning object detection models. In this paper, we present the first ever skateboarder–pedestrian safety study leveraging deep learning architectures. We view and analyze state of the art deep learning architectures, namely the Faster R-CNN and two variants of the Single Shot Multi-box Detector (SSD) model to select the correct model that best suits two different tasks: automated calculation of Post Encroachment Time (PET) and finding hazardous conflict zones in real-time. We also contribute a new annotated data set that contains skateboarder–pedestrian interactions that has been collected for this study. Both our selected models can detect and classify pedestrians and skateboarders correctly and efficiently. However, due to differences in their architectures and based on the advantages and disadvantages of each model, both models were individually used to perform two different set of tasks. Due to improved accuracy, the Faster R-CNN model was used to automate the calculation of post encroachment time, whereas to determine hazardous regions in real-time, due to its extremely fast inference rate, the Single Shot Multibox MobileNet V1 model was used. An outcome of this work is a model that can be deployed on low-cost, small-footprint mobile and IoT devices at traffic intersections with existing cameras to perform on-device inferencing for in situ Surrogate Safety Measurement (SSM), such as Time-To-Collision (TTC) and Post Encroachment Time (PET). SSM values that exceed a hazard threshold can be published to an Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker, where messages are received by an intersection traffic signal controller for real-time signal adjustment, thus contributing to state-of-the-art vehicle and pedestrian safety at hazard-prone intersections.

This paper presents implementation of smart system for irrigation. There will be discussed about components of system, their implementation, as well as the process of collecting, processing and sending data to the platform.

This paper assesses the relative performance of the MQTT protocol in comparison to the Secure Remote Update Protocol (SRUP) in a number of simulated real-world conditions, and describes an experiment that has been conducted to measure the processing delay associated with the use of the more secure protocol. Experimental measurements for power consumption of the devices and the size of comparable TCP packets were also made. Analysis shows that the use of the SRUP protocol added an additional processing delay of between 42.92 ms and 51.60 ms—depending on the specific hardware in use. There was also shown to be a 55.47% increase in power consumption when running the secure SRUP protocol, compared with an MQTT implementation.

Things or device under the Internet of Things, when connected to the internet, becomes a product, offers various applications and services for end-users. Existing methodologies offer sensor-based IoT based health-care services, to the end-users populated with lots of sensed values all at a time, making the health-care system with least robustness and inefficient due to unsystematic preview of patient’s health record. In order to address this issue, a novel semantic-based service framework is proposed in this paper which allows the end-user to subscribe for a specific physiological parameter, among all the available sensed data, making the health-care system more efficient. In the SeSem framework, Semantification rules and semantification relationship table are applied to the sensed JavaScript object Notation format (JSON) data, in order to semantically separate the JSON data, into a meaningful format. To list the sensed data according to the significance of health issues, a priority is assigned to the sensors in the semantification relationship table. Hence, semantically separated data can be done along with assigned priority. Sensor-based Sematic (SS) ontology is then applied to the semantically separated data, to transform the sensed data more relevant in terms of particular disease and sensor associated with it. The semantically separated sensed data are then published to the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) interface. Using MQTT subscribe, the end-user along with date and time, requests for a particular service, using a Semantic Similarity mapping algorithm, which compares the entire sensed data to that of requested data and responds with a particular physiological parameter request. To make the health care system deploy services in an intelligent way, deep learning algorithm Feedforward Recurrent Neural Networks are applied, which makes the prediction of sensed data based on the latest update when the end-user subscribes for a certain sensed data without specifying date and time. The proposed methodology is evaluated against IoT performance metrics which had shoed showing better results in terms of service-oriented IoT.