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To increase the current knowledge about the relationship between nutritional status and the digestive capacity of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), we addressed the effect of starvation-refeeding and macronutrient composition on growth parameters and key digestive enzyme activities in A. baerii. Acipenser baerii juveniles were fed four different diets for 3 weeks, then starved for 2 weeks and allowed to refed for 5 weeks with the same diets. Another group of fish were fed 10 weeks with the corresponding diets. Among 10-week fed fish, high-protein diets promoted higher body weight values, while the lowest specific growth rate was observed in fish fed a low-protein, medium-carbohydrate, high-lipid diet (p < .05). At the end of the experiment, in fish refed for 5 weeks following a feeding-starvation cycle and in 10-week fed animals, the higher levels of blood glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were found in fish fed low-protein diets (p < .05). In all treatments, 2 weeks of starvation decreased α-amylase activity in the intestine (p < .05), while 4 days of refeeding increased lipase (p > .05) and α-amylase activity in the intestine as well as pepsin in the stomach (p < .05). Our findings suggest that A. baerii maintains a high capacity to digest proteins and lipids after 2 weeks of starvation and that α-amylase can be used as an indicator of the nutritional status in fish submitted to starvation-refeeding cycles. Indeed, refeeding with high-protein and CHO:L ratio diets after starvation could improve the growth rate of A. baerii in culture.

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common variant of cutaneous chronic lupus erythematosus (CLE). Sun protection, topical corticosteroids, and antimalarials constitute the first-line options for treatment. In refractory cases, alternative antimalarials, methotrexate, retinoids, and thalidomide have been utilized. We present a case of an adolescent patient with generalized DLE responding rapidly to thalidomide.

Knowing the effect of dietary nutrients on physiological parameters, especially oxidative stress, during fish rearing can be useful to improve fish health and optimize production in aquaculture. In this study, four iso-energetic (2 × 2 factorial design) diets differing in nutrient composition were submitted to the Siberian sturgeon juveniles, to analyse biochemical and physiological responses. The juveniles were fed for as long as 10 weeks with the following diets: low protein–high carbohydrate (CHO): lipid ratio (LP-St), high protein–high CHO: Lipid ratio (HP-St), low protein-low CHO: Lipid ratio (LP-L) and high protein-low CHO: Lipid ratio (HP-L). It was shown that HP-L diet significantly induced higher growth performance in the juveniles than LP-L; however, there was not a significant difference between them with other treatments. HSI was increased by higher dietary CHO: L ratio. The result obviously showed the higher dietary fat led to an increase in sturgeon body fat content. In addition, dietary protein and CHO: lipid ratio significantly affected plasma metabolites (glucose, cortisol, cholesterol and triglyceride) but did not affect IGF-1 and insulin levels. Based on enzyme activities results, incorporation of high protein (44%) in the diet induced lower amylase activity and carbohydrate digestion in the sturgeon juveniles. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activities in this species were more influenced by lipid than other nutrients. In conclusion, using appropriate carbohydrates (~30%) in the sturgeon diet helps to spare protein. Furthermore, it is suggested to decrease the amount of lipid in high protein diet, to improve higher sturgeon fillet quality and less oxidative damage in liver.

Little is known about molecular mechanisms involved in gonad differentiation in sturgeon species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, sox9, dmrt1, cyp17a1 and ar are male specific genes in testicular differentiation and are highly conserved. In order to understand the mechanism underlying testicular development in sturgeon, we investigated sex steroids level of 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and testosterone (T) and relative expression of sox9, dmrt1, cyp17a1 and ar in great sturgeon gonads during different stages of sexual maturity. The results showed all studied genes had dimorphic patterns in males. In immature gonads (stage I), only cyp17a1 expressed in male gonads, while other genes did not express, and KT and T levels were low. Dmrt1 showed dimorphic expression pattern in male gonads at maturity stage II, III and IV. Furthermore, sox9 and ar mRNA presented significant dimorphic expression pattern in male gonads only at maturity stage 4. Plasma androgens levels were significantly higher in males compared to females during maturity stages II, III and IV. The results showed that among these four genes, only cyp17a1 expressed in male gonads at maturity stage I (immature), suggesting that this gene may be applicable as a sex marker in recently differentiated male great sturgeon. Sexually dimorphic patterns in other studied genes (sox9, dmrt1 and ar) suggesting that these genes may be important for testicular development and differentiation in premature great sturgeon. The obtained results provide a foundation for further research on sex differentiation and developing strategies for the sexing of sturgeon for aquaculture.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in consumer products mainly due to their antimicrobial action. The rapidly increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) has driven more attention to their possible ecotoxicological effects. In this study, the acute toxicity of colloidal AgNPs was evaluated during the embryonic stage of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L. Fertilized eggs (75 eggs per replicate) were exposed to aforementioned concentrations for 96 h in triplicate. 96-h LC50 values in Persian sturgeon and starry sturgeon were calculated as 0.163 and 0.158 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, in starry sturgeon, the short-term effects of AgNPs on the hatching rate, survival rate, and Ag accumulation during early life stages (before active feeding commences) were also analyzed at concentrations of 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/L of colloidal AgNPs. The highest silver accumulation occurred in larvae exposed to 0.1 mg/L AgNPs; however, the body burden of silver did not alter survival rate, and there were no significant differences among treatments. Based on the obtained results from the acute toxicity exposures, AgNPs induced a concentration-dependent toxicity in both species during early life stages, while complementary studies are suggested for investigating their short-term effects in detail.

Nowadays, use of the natural plant derivatives as an immunostimulant in aquaculture is becoming more useful than antibiotics which are destructive to target animals, consumers, and the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary substitution of wheat flour at 2, 5, 7.5, and 10% of olive pomace (OP2, OP5, OP7.5, and OP10) in some immune-physiological and antioxidant variables of yearling Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) weighing 165 ± 6.8 g at 19.1 ± 1.52 °C for 56 days. Fifteen fish per tank were randomly accommodated in triplicates per treatment and the control group was also included. No significant difference was seen in hematological indices including red blood cells (RBS) and immunocompetent cell population sizes among the treated groups (P > 0.05). Also, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum remained unaffected in different treatments (P > 0.05). Total protein (TP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), catalase (CT), and lysozyme were affected by dietary OP levels (P

Vasculitis associated with sarcoid granulomas is an uncommon phenomenon. A 72-year-old female presented with an expanding region of circumscribed alopecia and scalp atrophy of 2 months duration. Biopsy showed non-caseating granulomas, dermal thinning, loss of follicles, fibrosis and muscular vessels disrupted by mixed lymphocyte, macrophage and giant-cell infiltrates. Affected vessels had loss and fragmentation of the elastic lamina, fibrous replacement of their walls and luminal stenosis (endarteritis obliterans). Dermal and vascular advential intralymphatic granulomas and lymphangiectases were found by D2-40 expression, suggesting lymphatic obstruction and poor antigen clearance. No evidence of a post-zoster eruption, systemic sarcoidosis or systemic giant-cell arteritis was found. Two years later, prednisone had halted - but not reversed - progression of her alopecia. Review of the literature showed two types of vasculitis associated with sarcoid granulomas: (i) acute, self-limited leukocytoclastic vasculitis and (ii) chronic granulomatous vasculitis (GV). Persistence of non-degradable material or antigen contributes to the pathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation. In this case, lymphatic obstruction probably impeded clearance of nonimmunologic and/or immunologic stimuli permitting and sustaining the development of sarcoid granulomas and sarcoid GV, ultimately causing scarring alopecia and cutaneous atrophy.

Background Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a premalignant lesion of the lips that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma and metastasize. Actinic cheilitis is difficult to treat because surgical treatments have significant adverse effects whereas less invasive procedures have uncertain efficacy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may offer a noninvasive yet effective treatment option for AC. Objective To systematically review the safety and efficacy of PDT for AC. Methods The terms "photodynamic," "actinic," "solar," "cheilitis," and "cheilosis" were used in combinations to search the PubMed database. Studies were considered for inclusion based on eligibility criteria, and specific data were extracted from all studies. Results The authors identified 15 eligible case series encompassing a total of 242 treated subjects. Among studies that evaluated subjects for complete clinical response, 139 of 223 subjects (62%) showed complete response at final follow-ups ranging from 3 to 30 months. Among studies that evaluated subjects for histological outcome, 57 of 121 subjects (47%) demonstrated histological cure at final follow-ups ranging from 1.5 to 18 months. Cosmetic outcomes were good to excellent in the majority of subjects, and adverse events were well tolerated. Conclusion Photodynamic therapy is safe and has the potential to clinically and histologically treat AC, with a need for future randomized controlled trials.

Effects of light and tank colors on stress response of juvenile beluga sturgeon, Huso huso, was investigated by the measurement of some sero-haematological parameters and carcass chemical analysis. The analysis was based on the responses of 64 specimens (initial weight 98.83 ± 1.42 g) reared under white, red, green, or blue light, and 48 specimens reared in white, black, or blue tanks, all for 12 weeks. Blue/green light and black tanks produced positive effects on cortisol that can be related to physiological condition and stress.

Giant basal cell carcinomas (GBCCs), (BCC ≥ 5 cm), are often painless, destructive tumors resulting from poorly understood patient neglect.To elucidate etiopathogenic factors distinguishing GBCC from basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and identify predictors for disease-specific death (DSD).Case-control study examining clinicopathologic and neuroactive factors (β-endorphin, met-enkephalin, serotonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and neurofilament expression) in GBCC and BCC. Systematic literature review to determine DSD predictors.Thirteen GBCCs (11 patients) were compared with 26 BCCs (25 patients). GBCC significantly differed in size, disease duration, and outcomes; patients were significantly more likely to live alone, lack concern, and have alcoholism. GBCC significantly exhibited infiltrative/morpheic phenotypes, perineural invasion, ulceration, and faster growth. All neuromediators were similarly expressed. Adenoid phenotype was significantly more common in GBCC. Adenoid tumors expressed significantly more β-endorphin (60% vs. 18%, P = 0.01) and serotonin (30% vs. 4%, P = 0.02). In meta-analysis (n ≤ 311: median age 68 years, disease duration 90 months, tumor diameter 8 cm, 18.4% disease-specific mortality), independent DSD predictors included tumor diameter (cm) (hazard ratio (HR): 1.12, P = 0.003), bone invasion (HR: 4.19, P = 0.015), brain invasion (HR: 8.23, P = 0.001), and distant metastases (HR: 14.48, P = 0.000).GBCC etiopathogenesis is multifactorial (ie, tumor biology, psychosocial factors). BCC production of paracrine neuromediators deserves further study.

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum on hemato-immunological parameters and resistance against Streptococcus iniae infection in juvenile Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii. Fish (14.6 ± 2.3 g) were fed three experimental diets prepared by supplementing a basal diet with L. plantarum at different concentrations [1 × 107, 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 colony-forming units (cfu) g−1] and a control (non-supplemented basal) diet for 8 weeks. Innate immune responses (immunoglobulin (Ig), alternative complement activity (ACH50) and lysozyme activity) were significantly higher in fish fed the 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 cfu g−1 L. plantarum diet compared to the other groups (P

Objective: Mohs micrographic surgery is widely utilized for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers with the advantage of tissue sparing and higher cure rate. The preoperative tumor size and post-Mohs micrographic surgery defect size are useful surrogate measures of nonmelanoma skin cancer morbidity. The authors sought to evaluate whether gender, Hispanic ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sun-safe practices and self-skin exams affected tumor size and Mohs micrographic surgery defect size. They also investigated factors associated with self-skin exams. Design: A cross-sectional survey-based study. Setting: Two dermatologic surgery clinics—one academic-associated and the other private. Participants: Patients receiving Mohs surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Measurements: Tumor size and Mohs defect size and their relationship to patient factors ascertained from a survey, as well as the number of patients performing self-skin exams. The authors used t-tests and analysis of variance to compare tumor and defect sizes for each patient factor. Chi-squared tests were used to determine the factors associated with self-skin exams performance. Results: Lower education was associated with greater head and face tumor area (95mm2 vs. 41mm2, P=0.019), but not Mohs micrographic surgery defect size. Other studied patient factors were not associated with an increased morbidity. Hispanics performed self-skin exams at a lower rate than non-Hispanics (27% vs. 46%, p=0.03). Conclusion: This study innovatively uses tumor and Mohs micrographic surgery defect area as a measure of morbidity, allowing for identification of populations at need for improved education and prevention. (J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(9):16–22.)

Many fish species undergo natural starvation periods. Adaptation to starvation is possible through the activation of behavioral, biochemical and physiological mechanisms. Knowledge of the effect of dietary nutrients on the intermediary metabolism during starvation and refeeding can be useful to improve fish health and optimize aquaculture production. To analyze the effect of dietary nutrients on liver metabolism of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) submitted to starvation and refeeding, four isoenergetic diets differing in nutrient composition were designed: LP-St (38 % protein, 12 % lipid, 36 % carbohydrate), HP-St (44 % protein, 10 % lipid, 30 % carbohydrate), LP-L (38 % protein, 18 % lipid, 25 % carbohydrate) and HP-L (44 % protein, 16 % lipid, 22 % carbohydrate). Four groups of fish were fed 3 weeks to satiety with the corresponding diet, starved for 2 weeks and then refeed 5 weeks to satiety on the same diet. Starvation mobilized the hepatic lipid store to a greater extent than glycogen. Starvation increased superoxide dismutase activity irrespective of the diet, while low protein diets (LP-St and LP-L) increased catalase activity. The oxidative damage decreased after 5 weeks of refeeding. Refeeding the starved fish on the HP-St diet promoted the greatest growth performance. In addition to reporting for the first time the effect of diet composition on growth, liver composition and antioxidant activities in Siberian sturgeon submitted to starvation and refeeding, our findings suggest that refeeding on HP-St diet stimulated the use of dietary carbohydrates and allowed a protein sparing effect in Siberian sturgeon.

The present study was carried out to determine the ability of Acipenser baerii in utilizing carbohydrate (dextrin) as a non protein energy source substituted with animal oil. A total of 65 juveniles A. baerii with an initial mean weight of 689 ± 62 g were distributed in 15 fiber glass tanks. Five diets were formulated including 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of dextrin and fed for 8 weeks. Fish were weighed monthly and growth was evaluated in each treatment. At the end of experiment, body composition and hepatosomatic index were analyzed. There was no significant differences in body weight increase (BWI) and final weight (FW) among different groups (p>0.05). Increase of dextrin levels in diets led to an increase in feed conversation ratio (FCR) in fish fed diets containing 15 and 20% dextrin as compared to that in the control group and in fish fed the diet containing 10% dextrin although the differences were not significant (p>0.05). The specific growth rate (SGR) in all treatments were the same (p>0.05). The highest body protein and lipid were observed in fish fed diets containing 10 and 20% dextrin, respectively (p0.05). In conclusion, juvenile A. baerii can be fed diets with high levels of dietary dextrin as a non protein energy source with no deleterious effects and a partial replacement of cheap carbohydrate with lipid is suggested to obtain the necessary energy in commercial diets.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the skin with various treatment options. Cryosurgery has been studied in only a limited number of case series for the treatment of small plaque psoriasis with variable results. Findings from these studies suggest cryosurgery can improve the induration, erythema, and scaling of small psoriatic plaques with one or just a few treatments. Furthermore, these studies suggest that cryosurgery is a safe treatment modality with hypopigmentation as the only major adverse effect. However, further studies are necessary to clarify the role of cryosurgery in the armamentarium of psoriasis therapy.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fish oil replacement with dietary vegetable oils on growth performance, chemical composition and fatty acids profiles in fillets of farmed Caspian great sturgeon juveniles Huso huso (26.97 ± 0.49 g). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated, containing 10 % of added oil. The diet with 100 % kilka fish oil (Caspian tyulka, Clupeonella caspia) was the control. Fish oil was substituted by 50 % of vegetable oils consisting of an equal share of sunflower and soybean oils (diet A), sunflower and canola oils (diet B) and soybean and canola oils (diet C). In diet D, 100 % of fish oil was replaced with vegetable oil (1:1:1 ratio of sunflower oil, soybean oil and canola oil). Significant differences (P > 0.05) were not detected during 60 days feeding trial in final body weight, weight gain, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, protein efficiency ratio and the chemical composition of fillet (crude protein, crude lipid, moisture and ash). Generally, the fatty acids composition of fish fillets was reflective of the dietary lipid sources. These results indicate the feasibility of substituting fish oils with the mixture of vegetable oils in diets of juvenile H. huso without negative influence on growth providing optimum ratios of n-3/n-6 and n-3/18:1n-9 is met in the diet.

The objective of this research is to study the relationship between the religious beliefs and the feeling of loneliness in elderly. In this descriptive correlation study, the statistical society included 100 individuals of the society of retired people in the Medical University of Gilan province in Iran. The sample was taken by the easy random method. The method of collecting data was the questionnaire contained 3 parts: 1) personal characteristics and social characteristics. 2) Allport's internal and external religious beliefs scale and 3) the Standard loneliness feeling of You care. Data was analyzed by means of the description and presumption statistical methods and use of the SPSS software. The findings showed that there is a meaningful correlation between the external religious beliefs and the marital status, the amount of income, socialization with family members and relatives, social activities and also between the internal religious beliefs and the attending in the religious gatherings, the emotional support of the family, friends, and the others and the general satisfaction of the mentioned supports with P

We investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum used as a dietary supplement on the growth performance and innate immune response in juvenile Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii. Juvenile fish (14.6 ± 2.3 g) were fed three experimental diets prepared by supplementing a basal diet with L. plantarum at different concentrations [1 × 10(7), 1 × 10(8) and 1 × 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu) g(-1)] and a control (non-supplemented basal) diet for 8 weeks. Growth performance indices were increased in fish fed the 1 × 10(8) cfu g(-1) L. plantarum diet compared to the other groups. There was an increased innate immune response in fish fed the experimental diets. The highest levels of lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin (IgM) and complement component 3 (C3) were observed in fish fed the diet containing L. plantarum at a concentration of 1 × 10(8) cfu g(-1), but there was no significant difference in the level of complement component 4 (C4) in fish fed the experimental diets or the control diet. The present study underlying some positive effects (growth performance and immune indices) of dietary administration of L. plantarum at a concentration of 1 × 10(8) cfu g(-1) in the Siberian sturgeon.

Introduction: In recent years attention to elderly is progressing rapidly in countries. Special ‎attention to their mental and physical need is necessary. Loneliness may occur in all age ‎groups, but this is more a problem peculiar to the elderly. Loneliness is a complex concept, ‎specially affecting the psychosocial well-being of the elderly. The feelings of loneliness have ‎serious consequence on the health of older adults.‎ Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine loneliness and general health of ‎members of the elderly pensioners association of Gilan University of Medical Science in ‎Rasht.‎ Methods: This study was a descriptive– correlational research. Sampling performed, through ‎easy sampling method. ‎‏100‏‎ members of pensioners association from both gender (female and ‎male) took part in the study. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire consisted of three ‎parts. Part one was about demographic data, part two about loneliness that was measured by ‎the UCLA loneliness scale, and part three was general health status with ‎‏28‏‎ questions. Data ‎were analyzed by descriptive-analytical methods, using SPSS ‎‏16‏‎.‎ Results: In this study it was found that married elderly people (p

International SturgeonResearch Institute, Guilan, IranSummaryThe influence of colored light and tank color was investigatedon growth performance (body weight, growth rate, carcasscomposition, etc.) and physiological status (blood and plasmaparameters) of beluga (Huso huso) juveniles. The study wasconducted using 64 specimens for colored light treatments withinitial weight 98.83 ± 1.42 (mean ± SE) g which were rearedunder white, red, green and blue light and using 80 specimensfor tank color treatments with initial weight 98.50 ±1.24 (mean ± SE) g which were reared in white, red, green,black and blue tanks, all for 12 weeks. Red light had asignificantly negative impact on beluga growth performance(in contrast with blue light) accompanied with reduced livertotal lipids and plasma albumin and elevated plasma cortisol,glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride (in contrast with the othertreatments). No significant effects of tank color were detectedon growth performance. Nevertheless, most of growth param-eters suggested a positive impact of black tank. Althoughplasma glucose levels in white tank were significantly higherthan the other tank colors, no significant effects of tank colorwere detected for the other physiological parameters. There-fore, based on the obtained results, blue light by establishingcomfort in beluga juveniles spelled increased growth perfor-mance and had positive significant effect on physiologicalconditions. Moreover, taking into consideration the consis-tency of all growth parameters among beluga juveniles rearedin black tanks, it is suggested that considerable results inregard to this treatment may be achieved if the rearing periodprolongs.IntroductionThe living fossil status of the lineage and the unusualmorphologic traits of sturgeons make the research on themscientifically valuable (Gardiner, 1984; Bemis et al., 1997).Caspian Sea is the habitat for the four commercial species ofsturgeon (Khodorevskaya et al., 1997) where their populationsare declining due to overfishing for meat and caviar produc-tion, habitat destruction, and environmental pollution (Billardand Lecointre, 2001). The beluga, Huso huso, is an importantcommercial species in the Caspian Sea and a good candidatefor aquaculture because of their fast growth, market price,propagation in captivity and high marketable value of theircaviar. In order to optimize the cultivation of this species,realizing its behavior and performance in culture conditions issubstantial. Among environmental factors that may influencefish performance in culture are colored light and tank color(Barton, 2002). The effects of colored light on disparate aspectsof fish physiology have been investigated such as growth,survival, neuro-hormonal system, reproduction, behavior andstress response (Head and Malison, 2000; Ruchin, 2001, 2004;Volpato and Barreto, 2001; Bayarri et al., 2002; Naor et al.,2003; Boulcott et al., 2005; Marchesan et al., 2005; Karak-atsouli et al., 2007, 2008). Each of the above studies has beenindicated that various light colors have relieved the physio-logical processes in different species. Hence, it is likely that thisspecies-specific quality relates to consistencies of fish visualstructure with its particular natural habitat traits. The effectsof tank color on different aspects of fish physiology have alsobeen investigated including growth performance, survival, skincolor and stress response (Papoutsoglou et al., 2000, 2005;Tamazouzt et al., 2000; Rotllant et al., 2003; Van der Salmet al., 2004; Jentoft et al., 2006; Strand et al., 2007). Thesestudies have indicated that reactions to tank color may varyaccording to fish species and life stage (Papoutsoglou et al.,2005). While light is easily adjusted in intensive indoor fishcultivation and it is possible to have tanks manufactured inany color, determining suitable light and tank color forfarming beluga is important for optimizing its production andcomfort. The present study aimed to investigate whethercolored light and tank color could affect beluga growthperformance and physiological status (blood and plasmaparameters). For this reason, fish were reared separately underwhite, red, green and blue light and in white, red, green, blackand blue tanks.Materials and methods

Summary This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of temperature fluctuations on growth rates, hematological indices and body composition of Acipenser baerii juvenile during a 120 day trial. A total of 120 juveniles (initial body weight: 132 ± 4.2 g) were stocked in triplicate groups (10 individual per replicate) in 12 fiberglass tanks (500 L capacity). Four temperature regimes were applied: The first group was maintained as control at constant 22 ± 0.6°C (mean temperature around which the temperature of the other test trials fluctuated). The second group was exposed to temperature fluctuations between 19 and 25°C over a 24 h cycle, starting with the upward part of the cycle during daytime (feeding period). The third group started the exposure of the 24 h temperature cycle at the higher value (at 25°C; declining over the daytime) while the fourth group was exposed to two complete daily cycles of the same temperature fluctuations (between 19 and 25°C). Biometry of fish (total length and weight) was determined monthly. Blood samples were also collected every month and body composition was determined at the end of the experiment. After 17 weeks final weights were significantly affected by the daily temperature fluctuations (P 0.05). The leukocyte count increased slightly in regimes 2 and 4 compared to regime 1 (control) but differences were not significant (P > 0.05). These results tentatively suggest that some temperature fluctuations on a daily cycle can improve growth rates and enhance the immune system in Acipencer baerii. However, the optimum frequency and amplitude for temperature undulations remain to be investigated in more detail.

Summary This study was conducted to adapt Persian sturgeon larvae to commercially prepared diets over a period of 35 days. A total of 6000 Acipenser persicus larvae (mean weight: 0.406 ± 0.047 g (Mean ± SD; n = 180) were randomly stocked into 12 concrete tanks (diameter: 2.5 m, height: 30 cm). Each tank was stocked with 500 individuals. Three diets were used: (i) a formulated diets in the form of a paste; (ii) a formulated diet in pellet form, and (iii) a paste diet combined with chopped chironomid larvae. A control group fed live food (Daphnia + chironomid larvae + gammarids) was also used. Growth rates in the group 3 were significantly different (P

Introduction: Hydatidform mole is one of the branches of trophoblastic diseases in pregnancy. Trophoblastic diseas in pregnancy is referred to special group of diseases with different invasive and metastasis types. In attention to the importance of this disease and its high incidence in Asian and African countries and scant information in Iran, especially in Guilan, this study aims to determine the risk factors and clinical course in pregnant women who suffer from hydatidiform mole in Alzahra hospital in Rasht from 2003-2007. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study and its sample consists of all pregnant mothers who referred to Alzahra hospital in Rasht from 2003-2007 and were diagnosed with hydatidiform mole with sonography and were hospitalized and treated. The data were collected through patient records. Results: In this study 78 pregnant mothers with hydatidifrom mole were surveyed who referred to Alzahra hospital. The mean age of women studied was 26 years. Fifty-two percent were primigravida. In (%76.9) of samples, disease was diagnosed in gestational age less or equal to 14 weeks (first trimester of pregnancy). In this study blood group O+ (%14) with positive Rh (%84) had the most frequency. Majority (%56.4) resided in villages in Guilan province. (%2.6) of mothers had the history of H.M. %10.3 of mothers had abortion that happened before molar pregnancy. Most mothers (%39.7) didn t use contraception. The most prevalent sign was uterus size bigger than gestational age (%75). Vaginal bleeding(%74.4), anemia(%99.2), hyperemesis gravidarum (%19.2) thyrotoxicosis(%19.2 ) tecalutein cyst(%10.2) were seen in study samples. Fetal heart activity or preeclampsia was not seen in any of the pregnant women. Conclusion: According to obtained results routine sonography in first trimester is recommended for early diagnosis and also a support center for these mothers to be established and further prospective studies to be conducted which can help early detection, decrease expenses and help the economy.

Introduction: World population is getting old. Regarding the increasing number of elderly individuals and prevalent mental disorders, seeking other sources in order to prevent the difficulties of geriatric conditions is necessary. It seems that religion can play an important role in supporting the elderly in reducing the mental disorders and making meaningful life. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the role of internal and external religious beliefs in general health of the elderly members of pensioners association of Guilan University of Medical Sciences – Rasht. Methods: This study was a descriptive – correlational research. Sampling performed, through easy sampling method. 100 members of pensioner association from both gender (female and male) took part in the study. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire consisted of three parts. Part one was about demographic Data, Part two about internal and external religious beliefs of Aloport and part three was about general health status with 28 questions. Data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical methods, using SPSS. Results: The research findings indicated that external religious beliefs, has strong correlation with visiting relatives and social activities. Internal religious beliefs correlates with emotional supports received from family members and others (P < 0.05). Non- parametric statistical test revealed a significant correlation between internal religious belief and general health (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It was demonstrated that religious beliefs as an important source of support can help elderly people to achieve better physical and mental health. These findings should be considered in mental health education programs.

Although most trainees in dermatology learn that different suturing techniques are designated for a specific purpose (i.e., certain functional and cosmetic outcomes), students often have a difficult time visualizing how a given suture functions in its designated capacity. In this article, we address the logic behind the most common suturing techniques in dermatologic surgery, including the direction and magnitude of their pulling force with respect to the wound edges and the ensuing displacement of dermal and epidermal structures. To aid better understanding, we diagram the vectors of suture force with each of the techniques discussed.

1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015), Volume 135 © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology QUESTIONS 1. A 37-year-old man with history of diabetes mellitus type 1 presented for evaluation of the lesions pictured above. They are asymptomatic and have been slowly increasing in size and number over the past few years. What is your diagnosis? a. Tinea versicolor. b. Vitiligo. c. Nevus depigmentosus. d. Postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Cells to Surgery Quiz: June 2015 Leyre Falto-Aizpurua1, Mohammad-Ali Yazdani Abyaneh1, Brian J. Simmons1, Fleta N. Bray1, Mohammed Alsaidan1 and Keyvan Nouri1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015) 135, e14. doi:10.1038/jid.2015.136

1Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Image appears with permission from VisualDx. © Logical Images, Inc. JID and Logical Images, Inc., have cooperated to offer the Cells to Surgery Quiz, incorporating diagnostic images from VisualDx’s vast database. Questions relate to the image as well as to selected articles in JID, which are listed after the questions. Answers will be posted as supplementary material. We hope you enjoy this challenge.

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a benign contagious viral skin infection that typically resolves without treatment within months. For cases where treatment is recommended or requested, a number of options are available. Over the last 2 decades, a number of case reports and case series have described cases of MC lesions that were successfully treated with pulsed dye laser (PDL); however, a review of these studies has not been reported in the dermatologic literature.To review the use of PDL for the treatment of MC.A search of the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Database and the SCOPUS Database was performed to find articles that detailed the treatment of MC with PDL.Eight articles met criteria for inclusion in this review. These articles represented 161 patients with over 4200 MC lesions that were treated with PDL. Each article was reviewed and summarized in a table.The main limitation of this review is the small number of published studies, which reflects the importance of this review of the dermatology literature.PDL offers a novel and effective treatment for MC. However, the articles reviewed herein suggest PDL is a safe, effective, quick and well-tolerated treatment for clearing MC lesions that does not cause scarring or permanent pigment change.

Although most trainees in dermatology learn that different suturing techniques are designated for a specific purpose (i.e., certain functional and cosmetic outcomes), students often have a difficult time visualizing how a given suture functions in its designated capacity. In this article, we address the logic behind the most common suturing techniques in dermatologic surgery, including the direction and magnitude of their pulling force with respect to the wound edges and the ensuing displacement of dermal and epidermal structures. To aid better understanding, we diagram the vectors of suture force with each of the techniques discussed.

The orientation of surgical incisions over the skin iswidely considered to affect scarring and the final cosmetic outcome for patients. Whenmost surgeons visualize lines on the skin surface to guide such incisions, it is Langer lines (alsoknownasskincleavageor tension lines) thatmost readilycometomind.KarlLanger(1819-1887),themanbehindthefamouslines, was born in Vienna, Austria, where he spentmost of his life and later becameprofessor of anatomy at Joseph’s Academy. In 1861, Langer began publishing a series of 5 articles detailing his seminalwork on the physical andmechanicalpropertiesof theskin. In thefirstof thesearticles,Langer creditedDupuytrenandMalgaigne for their earlierobservations. In 1834, Dupuytren reported seeing a youngmanwhohad attempted to commit suicidebystabbinghimselfover theheart3 times.Thepatient claimedto haveusedaroundawlasthe instrument,buthedidnotfashionroundstab wounds onhis chest. This ledDupuytren to study thematter in cadavers anddiscover thata round instrument indeedproduced linearcleftswhen thrust throughtheskin.Healsonoticedthat thesecleftshaddifferentorientations in different parts of thebody.Malgaigne confirmed these findingsandobserved fromhisexperienceasa surgeon that the retractionof wounds differedwith the direction of incisions. Langer went on to use sharp conical spikes to produce wounds all over the body of a large series of cadavers—of different ages and body constitutions—toanalyze the relationshipof each small cleft to thenext. He further attempted to shed light on wound retraction and the tension in human skin bymaking small circular incisions all over the bodies of cadavers and documenting in the directions in which the resulting woundsnarrowedandbroadened, if at all. Bywayof these incredibly meticulous efforts, Langer was able to draw his famous lines. Unfortunately, Langer’sworkwas largely unappreciated and ignored during his lifetime. In fact, because his original publications were written in the classical scientific German of his era, with hints of his local Austrian dialect, it was not until 1978 that a translation of his work wasmade available to the English-speaking world. Today, elective surgical incisions may not follow Langer lines in all body areas, andother guides, such as relaxed skin tension lines running perpendicular to the direction of muscle contraction, may serve patients better. However, the concept of skin tension lines has helped improve the practice of surgery and forensicmedicine, and Langer’swork hasbeen instrumental inourunderstandingof themanyfascinatingproperties of the skin.

The lines of Blaschko describe a linear pattern of distribution of various congenital, nevoid, andacquiredskindisorderswith their suspectedembryological origins not yet well understood. These lines were painstakingly and thoroughly documented first by German dermatologist AlfredBlaschko.Blaschkowas the sonof aphysician andwasborn in 1858 in Freienwalde and died in 1922 in Berlin. He was a private practitioner in Berlin, where his dermatologic interests ranged from dermatitis herpetiformis, leprosy, and, later in his career, occupational skin diseases to social hygiene and venereal diseases. Blaschko studied the distribution of various nevoid disorders, such as epidermal and sebaceous nevi, aswell as acquired disorders, such as linear psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, and scleroderma. He transposed the pattern of these lesions in more than 140 patients onto dolls and statues and eventually produced complete illustrations of his famous lines all over thebody.His findingswere published in 1901 as a supplement to the Proceedings of the German Dermatological Society’smeeting held inBreslau that year. Thepublication included 26 pages of hand drawings, the first 9 of which were illustrations of herpes zoster. Although we now know that zoster follows the distributionof cutaneousdermatomesandnotBlaschko lines, the2distributions were commonly confused at the time. In 1902, Blaschko helped in the founding of the German Society for the Fight against Venereal Diseases alongwith Albert Neisser, a leading expert in venereology and the discoverer of theNeisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. He served as general secretary for the organization and led efforts to educate the public regarding venereal diseases by distributing pamphlets and leaflets, organizing lectures all over the country, offering seminars for teachers, and lobbying for sex education in classes. After reviewingBlaschko’swritingsduringthis time,RobertJackson,who in 1976 published a detailed review of Blaschko’s seminal findings, suggests hewas perhaps among the first advocates of thewomen’s liberationmovement. For instance, inanaddress in 1903Blaschkoargued that the best form of prophylaxis against venereal disease was improvement of the economic condition of women, which would only be possible in agenuinely freeanddemocratic state. In 1913, he counteredprevious legislative efforts to ban advertising for contraceptives by calling these efforts extremely dangerous, and championed the “recommendationofprophylacticsuntil thewholepopulation is fully informed from the onset of puberty.” Clearly,Blaschko’s legacy isas impressive forhisdiligentworkasadermatologistandeminenteyeforpatternrecognitionasit isforhiscourageous championing of social health reforms at the turn of the 20th century.

Vasculitis associated with sarcoid granulomas is an uncommon phenomenon. A 72-year-old female presented with an expanding region of circumscribed alopecia and scalp atrophy of 2 months duration. Biopsy showed non-caseating granulomas, dermal thinning, loss of follicles, fibrosis and muscular vessels disrupted by mixed lymphocyte, macrophage and giant-cell infiltrates. Affected vessels had loss and fragmentation of the elastic lamina, fibrous replacement of their walls and luminal stenosis (endarteritis obliterans). Dermal and vascular advential intralymphatic granulomas and lymphangiectases were found by D2-40 expression, suggesting lymphatic obstruction and poor antigen clearance. No evidence of a post-zoster eruption, systemic sarcoidosis or systemic giant-cell arteritis was found. Two years later, prednisone had halted - but not reversed - progression of her alopecia. Review of the literature showed two types of vasculitis associated with sarcoid granulomas: (i) acute, self-limited leukocytoclastic vasculitis and (ii) chronic granulomatous vasculitis (GV). Persistence of non-degradable material or antigen contributes to the pathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation. In this case, lymphatic obstruction probably impeded clearance of nonimmunologic and/or immunologic stimuli permitting and sustaining the development of sarcoid granulomas and sarcoid GV, ultimately causing scarring alopecia and cutaneous atrophy.

QUESTIONS 1. A 54-year-old white man presents with the lesion shown above on his left lower arm and a similar-appearing lesion on his left upper back. There is no regional lymphadenopathy, and he is otherwise asymptomatic. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses of the lesion shown are consistent with a primary melanoma with a thickness of 2.40 mm. The lesion on the patient’s back reveals findings concerning for a possible metastatic melanoma to the skin with a thickness of 3.20 mm. Which of the following is a tumor-produced extracellular matrix protein that could help distinguish a metastatic melanoma to the skin from a second primary melanoma and guide further workup for this patient?

QUESTIONS 1. A 20-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of this eruption (see image above), which has been present intermittently for two years. Which of the following statements is false regarding the pathophysiology of this disease? a. The severity of this eruption does not correlate with serum androgen levels. b. Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity are not affected by this disease. c. Estrogen in sufficient amounts is known to suppress sebum production. d. Sebum composition may be more important for the development of these lesions than the secreted amount. e. High linoleate levels have been observed in the skin surface lipids of these patients. Cells to Surgery Quiz: July 2015 Mohammed Alsaidan1, Brian J. Simmons1, Fleta N. Bray1, Mohammad-Ali Yazdani Abyaneh1 and Keyvan Nouri1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015) 135, e15. doi:10.1038/jid.2015.173

1. An 87-year-old man with past medical history of stroke is a resident of a long-term care facility. Staff members have been conservatively managing his sacral pressure ulcer. What is the stage of the ulcer according to the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel staging system? a. Stage I. b. Stage II. c. Stage III. d. Stage IV. Cells to Surgery Quiz: May 2015 Fleta N. Bray1, Mohammed Alsaidan1, Leyre Falto-Aizpurua1, Brian J. Simmons1, Mohammad-Ali Yazdani Abyaneh1, Robert D. Griffith1 and Keyvan Nouri1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015) 135, e13. doi:10.1038/jid.2015.101

1Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Image appears with permission from VisualDx. © Logical Images, Inc. JID and Logical Images, Inc., have cooperated to offer the Cells to Surgery Quiz, incorporating diagnostic images from VisualDx’s vast database. Questions relate to the image as well as to selected articles in JID, which are listed after the questions. Answers will be posted as supplementary material. We hope you enjoy this challenge.

1Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Image appears with permission from VisualDx. © Logical Images, Inc. JID and Logical Images, Inc., have cooperated to offer the Cells to Surgery Quiz, incorporating diagnostic images from VisualDx’s vast database. Questions relate to the image as well as to selected articles in JID, which are listed after the questions. Answers will be posted as supplementary material. We hope you enjoy this challenge.

In order to introduce the best strain of Iranian Artemia cyst to larvicultural feeding of aquatic animals, biometrical characteristics of Artemia cysts and newly hatched nauplii of four different geographical regions of Iran (Maharloo Lake, Fars province, Meyqan Lake, Central province Urmia Lake and Fesendooze pond West Azarbaijan province) were determined. Whole cysts and decapsulated cyst diameters, chorion thickness, dry weight and total length of newly hatched nauplii were measured under stereomicroscope equipped with Motic 2000 software MLC – 150C, attached to a monitor. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA and tested with multivariate Duncan test. The results showed that Artemia urmiana cyst has a significantly larger diameter and nauplius total length than the other cysts (P0.05). The smallest cyst diameter (276.8± 0.58 µm), nauplii total length (491.2±1.17 µm) and consequently the largest number of cysts per gram were obtained from Fesendooz. Due to the suitable size of Artemia samples for shrimp post larvae, ornamental and marine fish larval stage feeding it could be a good candidate for replacing imported expensive cysts.