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For a long time, the indigenous Sami of northern Sweden have had little influence within planning processes. This problem have in recent years been highlighted both in legal terms and through practices for developing Impact Assessments (IA), and has led to increasing conflict between reindeer herders and mining corporations. This thesis uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the IA documents for three mining concessions within Sami Reindeer Herding Communities (samebyar). The discourse analysis found that there were some differences in methodology and language between the documents, especially relating to if the assessments evaluated impacts to reindeer husbandry using a quantitative or a qualitative approach. The documents would also tend to downplay the impacts of the mines on reindeer husbandry, while highlighting the benefits of the mines for the local economy, and dispute the concerns of the affected reindeer herders. The thesis concludes by stating that an increased awareness of positionality among IA authors would be beneficial to promote transparency when indigenous or other vulnerable stakeholders are likely to be negatively affected. Den samiska ursprungsbefolkningen i norra Sverige har under lång tid haft enbart lite inflytande inom planprocessen. Detta problem har under senare år belysts både i lagliga kretsar och genom metoder för att framställa miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB), och har lett till en ökad mängd konflikter mellan renskötare och gruvbolag. Denna uppsats använder kritisk diskursanalys för att undersöka MKB:na för tre gruvkoncessioner i samebyars renskötselområden. Resultaten pekade på att det fanns vissa skillnader i metodik och språk mellan dokumenten, särskilt när det gällde om bedömningarna utvärderade konsekvenserna på rennäringen genom en kvantitativ eller ett kvalitativ vetenskaplig metod. MKB:na tenderade även att tona ned gruvornas inverkan på renskötseln, samtidigt som de lyfte fram gruvornas fördelar för den lokala ekonomin, och ifrågasatte de berörda renskötarnas bekymran. Avslutningsvis konstateras att en ökad medvetenhet bland MKB-författare om hur deras subjektiva tillhörighet kan påverka deras bedömningar skulle vara fördelaktigt för att öka transparensen när ursprungsinvånare eller andra berörda sannolikt kommer att påverkas negativt.

The article's main argument is the volatility of the Amazon frontier, which is considered as a social result of relations in dispute for the conduction of state policies. Therefore, it uses the development of a Brazilian mining policy, to defend its main demands of civil society agencies, seeking their economic and political affirmation. It considers the1930s asalandmarkofthispoliticalarticulation,culminatingwiththecreationoftheMinesand Energy Ministry in 1960. The intellectuals of those agencies present arguments that advocate the primacy of mining activity to the industrialization process, considering mining activities as the main alternative to the Brazilian economic independence. At the sametime,theyproduceinterpretationsaboutAmazonanditsroleasamineralresources frontier.

Bangka Regency is one of the regions that has the potential of natural resources with abundant tin mineral content. Initially tin mining was mostly carried out on the land, but with the development of the times and depletion of tin sources on the ground began to shift towards the sea. Environmental problems arising from marine mining are increasing, which is exacerbating damage to marine ecosystems, damaged coral reefs, and a decline in fishing production with this decreasing fishermen's income. This study aims to determine the policies of the Bangka Regency Government in the management of marine ecosystems and to know the impact of damage to marine ecosystems due to tin mining. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach method aims to describe the phenomena that occur at this time. The results of this study describe the contents of the marine mining policy as regulated No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management which aims to ensure the survival of living things and the preservation of ecosystems; Policy benefits; Management of Sea Water Pollution Control which includes: Environmental management objectives, Management Location, Time of Management and Implementers of Management and Management of B3 Waste; and Sea Water Quality Measurement Results. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/pjiap.v4i1.2539

The mining industries of Sweden and Finland currently face several policy issues around investment, stakeholder involvement, and sustainability. Since the two countries garnered significant attention during the mining boom, research from a social sciences perspective grew significantly. One approach to understanding how these issues in Sweden and Finland compare to international examples is through an analysis of the policy development framework. Looking at three factors—institutions, actors, and process—gives a broad overview of the imminent challenges in both Sweden and Finland and potential lessons from existing research that point to similar problems and their solutions. As the mining operations continue to sit at the center of different values, capable policy is required.

This paper explores how policy structure, institutions, and political climate impact the ability of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) to ensure the reclamation of surface coal mines. We conduct a policy review that traces the impacts of the three parts of SMCRA, Reclamation Standards, Reclamation Bonding Requirements, and the Abandoned Mine Land fund. We examine the implications the act and its approach have for the mining industry and their ability to reclaim mining areas. We find that each of the three parts of SMCRA&rsquo, s approach face substantial problems in their implementation. Though largely a positive force for internalizing the environmental costs of surface mining, those issues commonly elucidated in the public choice literature reduce the efficacy of the policy approach and call into question the act&rsquo, s ability to ensure reclamation occurs. Both in the structure of the bonding requirements and in the regulatory structure created by the act, misaligned incentives sometimes hamper effective reclamation. Further, the funds created under SMCRA to reclaim and restore mined lands have often been directed towards projects that are politically expedient for politicians instead of those that would best serve the fund&rsquo, s original reclamation purpose. After revealing these problems and putting them in the context of the public choice literature, we suggest updates to the current policy that would align reclamation incentives and better ensure that the reclamation of surface mines occurs. We emphasize the cooperative elements of SMCRA and suggest how other countries, especially those without major existing frameworks for handling reclamation, can emulate the successes of SMCRA while avoiding its implementations snags.

La minería sigue siendo necesaria para el desarrollo de la sociedad e influyente en la economía de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, pero las políticas públicas no son coherentes para mejorar su manejo socioambiental. Por ello, esta revisión tiene por objetivo analizar la incidencia de la minería en la economía de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, con especial enfoque en los aspectos socioambientales, incluidos en los planes de desarrollo nacional. El método de trabajo consistió en una revisión y análisis de la información sobre el tema, contenida en los principales observatorios de la región. Los resultados, se sintetizan en tablas y mapas que expresan: la relación entre la importancia en la economía y potencial minero; el número y distribución de conflictos socioambientales derivados de actividades mineras y, algunos efectos económicos, que dichos conflictos tienen sobre los proyectos mineros. Mining is still necessary for the development of society, and influential in the economy of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, but public policies are not coherent to improve their socioenvironmental management. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the impact of mining on the economy of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, with a special focus on socio-environmental aspects, included in the national development plans. The working method consisted of a review and analysis of information on the subject, contained in the main observatories of the region. The results are synthesized in tables and maps that express: the relationship between the importance in the economy and mining potential; the number and distribution of socio-environmental conflicts derived from mining activities; and, some economic effects that such conflicts have on in mining projects. Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Although it often is imaginary, in fact, still quite well-being can be packaged attractively in the extractive industry practices. Welfare as a result of mining operations is actually the result of though construction on the existing realities. Welfare often positioned or constructed as a symbol that can facilitate acceptance of a policy. Communication patterns constructed by political elites through welfare bids can shut other desires that may be veiled. Interaction between actors presented governance (State-Private Sector-Civil Society-MNC) on mining operations in the Mountain Protection Forest Mixed Pitu Banyuwangi shows us a form of political communication and propaganda loaded. Color and pattern mining policy is dominated by the preferences and communication ansih elite level. Sound Governance approach is expected to provide opportunities for the emergence of parallel patterns of interaction for all potential possessed by all actors. All actors must be able to stand on equal footing in the face of all the problems that inevitably arise in every operation of the mining industry, such as environmental damage to the ecosystem, social and cultural impact, until the achievement of the welfare of the local community. Welfare should ideally not be imaginary side of an extractive industry, it should be presented through the strategic role of all actors existing governance. The approach used in this study is qualitative wrapped with critical paradigm. This is done to strip to the deepest problems of the cases in the study. While policy analysis is done by using the approach of Walt and Gilson through the blades of analysis for the study of policy such as policy analysis model consisting of aspects of the content, context, process, and actor. While Palmer & Short presents a number of relevant questions in a critical review of a policy. In this study, both approaches are combined and then reviewed again by the advocacy coalition framework as a form of triangulation methods of analysis. This study aims to reveal the form of political communication as well as see the symbolic interaksionalisme actor governance in the mining policy practices. DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v2i2.618

El daño ambiental producto de la extracción de carbón en el Departamento de la Guajira, ha tenido efectos graves e irreversibles sobre el recurso hídrico de la región, generando fuertes cambios en las condiciones de existencia de la comunidad indígena wayuu. El impacto trangeneracional en derechos humanos que tiene la falta de aplicación del principio de precaución a la luz de este caso específico, permite cuestionar la política minero- energética implementada en Colombia como derrotero del progreso, en la medida en que no cumple con los postulados del desarrollo sostenible ni se considera un lineamiento efectivo para superar la pobreza. Magister en Defensa de los Derechos Humanos y el DIH ante Organismos, Tribunales y Cortes Internacionales Maestría

This paper investigates a greenfield mining project in a peripheral region in northern Sweden through the analysis of how different actor groups formed their own ‘horizons of expectations’ that temporally became fused, only to crumble together with the mining company in a short period of time. By focusing on the co-evolvement of expectations, we show how expectations are differentiated along geographical and temporal scales, reflect upon how these differences relate to interests and historical memory, and finally what these differences mean for the development of large-scale, long-term, raw materials-based projects devoted to industrial production in depopulating areas in an economy otherwise orientated towards neoliberal governance and post-industrial development. By doing so, we make a theoretical contribution to the literature on expectations through the introduction of the concept ‘horizon of expectations’, and a contribution to the literature on neoliberalism and its cultural-geographical implications. Vetenskapsrådet: Den svenska gruvpolitikens omvandling - Aktörer, möjliga världar och kontroverser

In today’s Ecuador, historically, in the provinces of Manabí and Esmeraldas on the Coast; Azuay and Cañar in the Sierra, were the most developed mining. In the decades of the 80s and 90s, the British Mission performed geological research in the Eastern (Real) and Western Ranges, concluding with the publication of maps at different scales. The competencies of the Sector Ministry are to exercise the rectory of the public policies of the geological-mining area, to issue the administrative agreements and resolutions that require their management; Evaluate policies, plans and projects for the development of the mining sector; Define, in coordination with the governing body of national planning, the National Development Plan for the Mining Sector. The Mining Law, in force since January 2009, estab-lished a new institutional structure, made up of: Sector Ministry (Ministry of NonRenewable Natural Resources), considering Artisanal Mining and Small-scale Mining. For 2012, Ecuador initiated large-scale mining activities. The Ecuadorian Government, through the National Secretariat for Planning and Development (SENPLADES), defined five strategic mining projects: Fruta del Norte, Mirador, Project awarded to the company Gold Gold, Río Blanco and Panantza San Carlos. Prior to their exploitation, concessionaires of these projects must sign a mining contract with the State. The environmental aspect considers: Direct or indirect impact on the environment. Depending on the effect; Short or long term. Be reversible or irreversible. The five projects, plus the Llurimagua project, located in Imbabura, should attract investments of about USD 8 billion up to 2024, presenting optimism for the mining industry, but the challenges are in mitigating environmental impacts and training productive labor. En el Ecuador de hoy, históricamente, en las provincias de Manabí y Esmeraldas en la Costa; Azuay y Cañar en la Sierra, fueron las que más desarrollaron la minería. En las décadas de los 80s y 90s la Misión Británica realizó trabajos de investigación geológica en las cordilleras Oriental (Real) y Occidental, concluyendo con la publicación de mapas a diferentes escalas. Las competencias del Ministerio Sectorial son ejercer la rectoría de las políticas públicas del área geológico-minera, expedir los acuerdos y resoluciones administrativas que requiera su gestión; evaluar las políticas, planes y proyectos para el desarrollo del sector minero; definir en coordinación con la entidad rectora de la planificación nacional, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del Sector Minero. La Ley de Minería, vigente desde enero de 2009, estableció una nueva institucionalidad, conformada por: Ministerio Sectorial (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales No Renovables), considerando La Minería Artesanal y La pequeña Minería. Para 2012, Ecuador inició actividades mineras a gran escala. El Gobierno ecuatoriano, a través de la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES), definió cinco proyectos mineros estratégicos: Fruta del Norte, Mirador, Proyecto concesionado a la empresa LAM Gold, Río Blanco y Panantza San Carlos. Previo a su explotación, los concesionarios de estos proyectos deben firmar con el Estado un contrato de explotación minera. El aspecto ambiental considera: Impacto directo o indirecto sobre el medio. Según sea el efecto; a corto o largo plazo. Sea reversible o irreversible. Los cinco proyectos, más el proyecto Llurimagua, ubicado en Imbabura, deberían atraer inversiones por cerca de USD 8000 millones hasta 2024, presentándose un optimismo de la industria minera, pero los desafíos están en mitigar los impactos ambientales y capacitar la mano de obra productiva.

El valor de una empresa minera como Mineros S. A. puede variar en forma considerable por diversos factores que van desde el precio del commodity y las políticas internas que regulan el sector hasta los problemas de infraestructura del país -- Este entorno desencadena la necesidad mínima de valorarla para establecer un punto de partida y comparación y el presente trabajo pretende darle solución a dicha situación -- En la fase inicial se abordan el contexto actual del sector, las operaciones llevadas a cabo por la compañía y las dificultades que enfrenta en el futuro -- En la segunda parte, de acuerdo con los diferentes métodos de valoración desarrollados por diferentes autores expertos en la materia, se detallan los pros y los contra de cada uno de ellos y se elige trabajar con los métodos de descuento de flujos de caja, en especial con los de descuento de FCC por medio de Ku, FCL por medio de WACC tradicional, FCL por medio de WACC ajustado y APV mas FC ahorro de impuestos por medio de Ku -- En último lugar se desarrollan los conceptos y cálculos de cada uno y se presentan las conclusiones que se deprenden de los resultados

La Bolivie est un pays de tradition minière où on trouve diverses représentations des ressources du pillage des richesses naturelles par des nations étrangères au rêve « eldoradiste » de développement du pays sur sa base minière. L'arrivée au pouvoir en 2005 du premier président indigène du pays, Evo Morales, devait apporter au pays une nouvelle souveraineté nationale sur ces ressources. Ce modèle s'insère dans l'imaginaire du « Buen Vivir », qui doit permettre à la Bolivie de dépasser le modèle de développement capitaliste pour proposer un nouveau modèle, plus respectueux de la nature. Malgré de tels objectifs, le gouvernement Morales reste dépendant de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles qui lui permettent de financer ses politiques sociales. Il n'est également pas parvenu à dépasser les conflits entre organisations sociales pour le contrôle des gisements miniers. Tout en qualifiant le secteur minier de « stratégique » pour le développement du pays, le gouvernement Morales définit ainsi davantage sa politique minière pour répondre aux pressions de ces différentes organisations que dans l'intérêt national, comme en témoigne la Loi minière approuvée en 2014. Nous analyserons les contradictions de cette politique à partir de l'étude des différents modes de gouvernances minières en concurrence pour le contrôle des ressources et des réponses politiques apportées par le gouvernement Morales. Bolivia is historically a mining country where multiple visions concerning the natural resources have emerged, from their plundering by foreign nations to the Eldorado dream of a development of the country on its mining base. The coming to power in 2005 of the first Native American president of the country, Evo Morales, was to endow Bolivia with a new national sovereignty on these resources. This project fits into the "Buen Vivir" vision, which is supposed to allow Bolivia to go beyond the model of capitalist development and propose a new model, more respectful of nature. In spite of these objectives, the Morales government remains dependent on the exploitation of natural resources, which allow financing of its social policies. It hasn’t succeeded either in transcending conflicts between social organizations for the control of the mining fields. While describing the mining sector as "strategic" for the development of the country, the Morales government designs its mining policy more in answer to pressures from these various organizations than in the national interest, as shown by the Mining Act passed in 2014. I will provide an analysis of the contradictions of this policy, based on the study of the various modes of mining governance in competition for the control of the resources and the political response brought out by the Morales government. Bolivia es un país históricamente minero en el cual se crearon varios imaginarios, ya sea alrededor del saqueo de sus recursos naturales por una nación extrajera o un sueño « eldoradista » de desarrollo del país a partir de su base minera. La llegada al poder en 2005 del primer presidente indígena, Evo Morales, debía traer al país una soberanía nacional sobre sus recursos. Este proyecto se inserta en el imaginario del “Buen Vivir” el cual debe permitir a Bolivia superar el modelo de desarrollo capitalista proponiendo un nuevo modelo, más respetuoso de la naturaleza. A pesar de estos objetivos, el gobierno de Morales se queda dependiente de la explotación de los recursos naturales que le permite financiar sus políticas sociales. Además, no logró superar los conflictos entre organizaciones sociales para el control de los yacimientos mineros. En el mismo tiempo que describe el sector minero de “estratégico” para el desarrollo del país, el gobierno Morales define más su política minera en respuesta a las presiones de estas diferentes organizaciones que tomando en cuenta el interés nacional, como lo demuestra la nueva Ley Minera aprobada en 2014. Analizaremos las contradicciones de esta política a partir del estudio de los diferentes modos de gobernanza minera en competencia por el control de los recursos y de las respuestas prestadas por el gobierno Morales.

This report provides a review of the Armenian mining sector, and assesses its potential to contribute to sustainable economic growth and development. Based on the findings, it provides recommendations for initiatives and actions for the future development of the sector. The report was produced in the period October 2015 to April 2016. It was commissioned by the World Bank with the aim to assist the Armenian government to gain a better understanding of key social and environmental challenges and future opportunities for the Armenian Mining Sector; and to support the development of a minerals strategy which is line with international good practices and which contributes to sustainable development. The findings are based on: desktop reviews of existing documents; a large number of meetings and interviews with affected and interested stakeholders; field work performed in the main mining districts of Armenia; stakeholder workshops. Comments, suggestions and corrections on a draft version of this report has been provided by representatives of the GoA, and the World Bank. Further, oversight and feedback was continuously provided by representatives of the World Bank.

In this paper, we analyse the critique that has accompanied sustained efforts made in recent years by the Government of Sweden to facilitate global investment in the country's mining sector. The minerals market in the 21st century has been characterized by increasing global prices. In Sweden, the largest mining nation within the EU, this has led to what has been identified as a mining boom. The governmental mining policy, aimed at attracting an increasing part of the global venture capital seeking to profit from the volatile but lucrative minerals market, has been met with growing domestic resistance, fuelled by what has been perceived as dangers and side effects of a rapidly expanding Swedish mining industry. This resistance has largely focused on the mineral strategy launched by the government in 2013, as it crystallized the neoliberal ideas judged by critics to severely jeopardize social, cultural, economic and environmental values. After a critical analysis of the mineral strategy, we go on to analyse the mining-critical discourse, concluding with a discussion where we highlight the main implications of the analysis and identify a possible path for compromise between proponents and opponents of the mineral strategy. The transformation of the Swedish mining politics - Actors, possible worlds and controversies

Este trabajo busca entender la imposición de nuevas normas informales en contextos de minería aurífera, estudiando el caso del municipio de Buriticá, Antioquia luego del incremento de la actividad minera en 2009 y los efectos quesobre estas dinámicas tuvo la intervención del gobierno en 2013 y 2014 -- El texto utiliza el análisis institucional como un marco de teórico aproximación a las dinámicas de incumplimiento e ilegalidad en los territorios mineros, e intenta plantear el concepto de “emprendedor de incumplimiento” como un elemento importante en los estudios sobre competencia de arreglos institucionales informales, su imposición sobre una población o sector poblacional específico, y su influencia en el establecimiento de normas sociales que incentiva comportamientos incumplidores -- Finalmente, propone algunos elementos de una agenda de investigación sobre incumplimiento, normas sociales y competencia de arreglos instituciones en el nivel local; además de algunas intuiciones de política pública para las intervenciones de gobierno en contextos similares al caso de estudio

The contribution of mining used to be seen essentially through taxes and royalties; it tends to be viewed now in a more integrated manner. This report, the result of a 2-year research project, attempts to improve that information and to structure the debate around the long term economic impact of industrial mining. The objectives of this research were to assess the fiscal and non-fiscal contribution of mining to Madagascar economy, and by so doing to reinforce the capacities of main stakeholders to prepare for the related challenges and opportunities. Its scope was deliberately focused on large-scale mining, excluding i) mining exploration; ii) artisanal and small-scale mining; and iii) quarrying. This explains why the reader may notice important differences between historical data and information published by EITI in Madagascar, which also includes petroleum exploration activities. The research focused on economic spillovers as a first step. Admittedly, additional research on the environmental and social impacts of industrial mining over time should complement this work to provide for a more complete picture of the contribution of the sector towards sustainable development.

La minería, durante la última década, ha sido considerada como uno de los motores de crecimiento económico del país y como tal fue incluida dentro de los sectores económicos que el presidente Juan Manuel Santos denominó “las locomotoras de crecimiento”, debido a estos sectores o actividades económicas tienen el potencial de ofrecer una mayor contribución para el logro de los objetivos de desarrollo planteados por el gobierno en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2010-2014 -- Este documento hace un análisis de los avances de la “locomotora minero-energética”, en su componente minero, para lo cual, en primer lugar se hace una presentación general del sector enunciando sus puntos relevantes en cuanto a producción, exportaciones, inversión extranjera directa (IED) y participación del PIB nacional, así como las metas y objetivos fijados por el gobierno en este sector -- Seguidamente se analizan, con base en las metas fijadas en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2010 – 2014 y los indicadores macroeconómicos, los avances que ha tenido la locomotora durante lo corrido del gobierno actual

Este artículo de reflexión pretende contribuir a la comprensión de las categorías presentes en la vida cotidiana de las regiones mineras: la corrupción, mercado, reglas impositivas -- Además del panorama descriptivo, resulta preciso materializar las recomendaciones y alternativas de solución planteadas, para lograr incidir en la calidad de vida de los habitantes de las zonas mineras del Chocó -- Pretende mostrar cómo el gobierno nacional en su normatividad contempla restricciones que persiguen la actividad laboral de los pequeños mineros y por el contrario, benefician los intereses de las grandes compañías internacionales, interpelando así la noción de lo que se entiende por informalidad, que para los mineros en el Chocó es sinónimo de tradición, cultura, ancestralidad y producción económica -- El estudio presenta un análisis institucionalista sobre las relaciones actuales entre la minería informal durante la cadena de extracción y comercialización del oro, que da como resultado alternativas de formalización del mercado que a su vez, podrían ser utilizados como insumos para la elaboración de una política pública pertinente sobre la minería aurífera en el chocó, con un enfoque étnico diferencial -- De manera transversal, se plantean intenciones y condiciones necesarias adaptadas a la realidad local, conformada por Territorios Colectivos de comunidades negras y Resguardos Indígenas

La administración actual tiene proyectado en el corto plazo ser parte de los países que sustentan su crecimiento y desarrollo con aportes significativos del sector minero, motivo por el cual esta administración designó a la minería como una de las locomotoras que jalonará el desarrollo y crecimiento del país, situación que nos motivó a realizar un análisis a través de este trabajo -- Para empezar mostraremos las características de la actividad minera en algunos países que sustentan su crecimiento y desarrollo en este sector, y que son modelo de crecimiento y desarrollo en sus continentes y a nivel mundial, como es el caso de Chile para Suramérica, Sudáfrica para África, Canadá para Norteamérica, Australia para Oceanía y China para Asia; incluso algunos de estos países son considerados potencias a nivel mundial -- Se toma como referencia a estos países, en donde la minería por muchos años ha sido una locomotora de desarrollo y crecimiento, para tener una idea de qué tan lejos o cerca estamos para que la minería en Colombia aporte de manera significativa al crecimiento de la calidad de vida de los colombianos -- En segundo lugar se hace un análisis de lo que ha significado la minería en Colombia, actividad que tradicionalmente se ha realizado desde épocas precolombinas en vastas zonas del territorio nacional, pero que desafortunadamente no han significado para estas regiones un mejoramiento en la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, antes por el contrario en la mayoría de estas zonas se manejan altos índices de pobreza, descomposición social y un grave deterioro ambiental -- Se llega a concluir que es inaudito que un país como Colombia, con un alto potencial minero, comparable con los países aquí analizados como potencias mundiales, muestre índices de calidad de vida tan bajos, que han llevado a un inconformismo generalizado y que recientemente se ha manifestado en continuas protestas de los diferentes sectores productivos del país -- La ausencia del Estado por varias décadas en las áreas mineras del país ha contribuido de manera significativa a las grandes problemáticas que aquejan en la actualidad a la actividad minera, la cual se caracteriza por ser realizada por pequeñas unidades productivas, en medio de la informalidad, con bajo conocimiento técnico, con bajo (por no decir nulo) acompañamiento técnico del Estado generando una actividad depredadora de los recursos naturales, con baja o nula proyección social, altamente vulnerable a la corrupción y a merced de los grupos armados al margen de la ley -- La combinación de todos estos problemas, denominados dentro de este trabajo problemas estructurales, trae como consecuencia una baja cultura minera en la población colombiana, a pesar de la alta tradición minera que existe en el país, que lleva a que se tenga una valoración errada de la minería moderna, tanto en las personas que tienen una relación directa con la minería, como en aquellas que están ajenas a esta actividad -- Todo esta problemática es analizada a través de este trabajo por los autores, los cuales ponen en duda que la minería pueda ser por lo menos en el corto plazo la locomotora que jalonará el desarrollo del país, como lo promueve la actual administración

This report is intended to provide guidance on best practices in mining licensing, based on examples from low, middle and high income countries in Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. It is not a 'how-to guide' or a licensing implementation toolkit, but rather identifies certain common features of successful mining licensing regimes worldwide that other national or sub-national jurisdictions might usefully incorporate in new mining laws and regulations or revisions or existing ones. The case studies and other examples of good and bad practice are intended to provide a cross-section by geography and by income level, and they demonstrate that the prevalence of good and bad practices is not simply a function of income level. Tanzania, one of the poorest countries in the world, has in many respects a better licensing regime than either South Africa or the U.S. State of Wisconsin. In considering these complex issues, it has proven difficult to confine the discussion purely to questions of licensing. Discussion of licensing invariably invokes reference to overall policy and investment climate issues, environmental protection, labor law, taxation, national and sub-national jurisdiction, land tenure, and much more. This report makes no attempt to address all of these in detail but refers to them in reference to their interactions with and effect on, licensing itself. Far more detailed research on mineral policy, taxation, investment climate, and other issues has been carried out, some of it referred to in this report and cited in the footnotes and bibliography.

One of the main hypotheses underlying much of the discussion about extractive industries, and a central recommendation in the Report of the World Bank Group's Extractive Industries Review, is that the quality of a country's governance is a key determinant of the development outcomes of extractive industry activities. While the quality of national governance is undoubtedly a key ingredient, this comparative study of mining code reform in Africa seeks to demonstrate that no amount of local governance is sufficient if it is not accompanied by legal and fiscal frameworks designed to meet development objectives, and implemented in the context of good international policies and rules. Based on five case studies (Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Madagascar, and Tanzania), the volume suggests that the reform measures introduced largely on the recommendation of multilateral financial institutions over the last twenty years have entailed a redefinition of the role of the state so profound that it is without historical precedent. The comparative study of three generations of African mining codes concludes that past reforms have the potential to drive down standards in areas of critical importance to social and economic development, as well as to protecting the environment in the countries concerned.The question that arises from this study is whether a country which deregulates and liberalises in order to be fully competitive in the context of evolving norms and incentives, and which respects its obligations under WTO rules, can, indeed, ensure the enforcement of environmental norms, pursue development objectives that build backward and forward linkages to resource extraction (such as value added processing of minerals), and introduce "trade balancing," involving, if necessary, export/import restrictions to increase local content and stimulate local productive activities. At best, the answer to this question appears to be uncertain, leading to the further question: Regulating mining - for whose benefit? CONTENT -- Introduction -- I. Liberalisation of the Mining Sector in Africa in the 1980s -- A Developmental Perspective -- II. The Creation of a New Regulatory Framework for Mining in Africa in the 1990s -- The World Bank's Diagnostic and Recommendations -- III. Mining Codes and Environmental Regulations Several African Examples -- A. The first generation of reformed mining codes. Thomas Akabzaa -- Mining Legislation and Net Returns from Mining in Ghana -- B. The second generation of reformed mining codes. Bonnie Campbell -- Guinea: Deregulation and Its Consequences for Environmental protection -- C. The third generation of african mining codes. Pascale Hatcher -- Mali: Rewritting the Mining Code or Redefining the Role of the State? Bruno Sarrasin -- Madagascar: A Mining Industry Caught Between Environment and Development. Paula Butler -- Tanzania: Liberalisation of Investment and the Mining Sector -- Analysis of the Content and Certain Implications of the Tanzania 1998 Mining Act -- Conclusion -- Bibliography

Consideration on the future role of the state in the development of the mining sector in the DRC.

The DRC's policy towards the privatisation of Gécamines and artisanal mining.