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The article contains an analysis of the problems of personal anxiety among adolescents. Anxiety is considered as a property of the personality, which is manifested in the cognitive aspect, emotional reaction, physical reaction and behavior of the individual. The general purpose of the study was to identify the metacognitive beliefs of adolescents with a high level of personal anxiety and was realized thanks to the implementation of such tasks as: identifying adolescents with a high level of personal anxiety, studying personal attitudes towards symptoms, determining and comparing the metacognitive beliefs of adolescents with different levels of personal anxiety, determining predictive power of metacognitions of young people with a high level of personal anxiety. The results of a study of the prevalence of reactive and personal anxiety among adolescents are presented, a comparative analysis of one's own opinion regarding the presence of symptoms and test results of adolescents with a high level of personal anxiety is carried out. A new approach to the study of personal anxiety from the perspective of metacognitive beliefs is proposed, which is built on the principles of cognitive-behavioral psychology. Metacognition is defined as the basis of automatic thoughts, emotional and physical reactions, and the role of metacognitive processes in the interpretation of information about the level of security, the formation of judgments, assessments. The article proves that the metacognitions of adolescents with a high level of personal anxiety deprive them of flexibility in behavior, limiting the variability of life experience. The metacognitive portrait of young people with a high level of personal anxiety is characterized, in particular: the belief that anxiety is a protection against difficult emotions in anticipation of negative events; a positive attitude towards one's own anxious experiences is reinforced by a desire to prevent negative outcomes. As a result of the conducted research, the prospects for developing a method of targeted psychological influence within the cognitive-behavioral approach have been opened, Стаття містить аналіз проблематики особистісної тривожності юнаків. Тривожність розглянуто як властивість особистості, яка виявляється в когнітивному аспекті, емоційній реакції, фізичній реакції та поведінці особистості. Загальна мета дослідження полягала в виявлені метакогнітивних переконань юнаків з високим рівнем особистісної тривожності і була втілена завдяки реалізації таких завдань як: виокремлення юнаків з високим рівнем особистісної тривожності, вивчення особистого ставлення до симптомів, визначення і порівняння метакогнітивних переконань юнаків з різним рівнем особистісної тривожності, визначення прогностичної сили метакогніцій юнаків з високим рівнем особистісної тривожності. Представлені результати дослідження розповсюджененості реактивної та особистісної тривожності юнаків, проведений порівняльний аналіз власної думки щодо наявності симптомів і результатів тестування юнаків з високим рівнем особистісної тривожності. Запропоновано новий підхід вивчення особистісної тривожності в ракурсі метакогнітивних переконань, який будується на засадах когнітивно-поведінкової психології. Метакогніції визначено підґрунтям автоматичних думок, емоційних і фізичних реакцій, а роль метакогнітивних процесів в інтерпритації інформації щодо рівню безпеки, формуванні суджень, оцінок. В статті доведено, що метакогніції юнаків з високим рівнем особистісної тривожності позбавляють їх гнучкості у поведінці, обмежуючи варіативність життєвого досвіду. Схарактеризований метакогнітивний портрет юнаків з високим рівнем особистісної тривожності, зокрема: впевненість, що тривожність є захистом від важких емоцій в очікуванні негативних подій; позитивне ставлення до власних тривожних переживань підкріплене бажанням попередити негативні результати. В результаті проведеного дослідження відкрито перспективи розробки методу цілеспрямованого психологічного впливу у межах когнітивно-поведінкового підходу.

Background People with schizophrenia often exhibit deficits in empathy, which plays a major role in social cognition and interpersonal relationship. However, little work has investigated potential factors that influence empathy in schizophrenia. The study aimed to investigate the relationship among metacognition, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive functioning and empathy in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods Forty-eight people with schizophrenia were enrolled in the study group. All subjects participated in the metacognitions questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), neurocognitive functioning, interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and the pictorial empathy test (PET). Results Stepwise regression analysis revealed that cognitive self-consciousness (domain of metacognitions questionnaire-30) accounted for 37% of the variance in perspective taking scores (domain of interpersonal reactivity index). Resistance (subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale) and positive beliefs about worry (domain of metacognitions questionnaire-30) accounted for 34% of the variance in fantasy (domain of interpersonal reactivity index). Activation (subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale) was a significant predictor for empathic concern (domain of interpersonal reactivity index). Resistance, cognitive confidence (domain of metacognitions questionnaire-30), intellectual processes and inhibitory control (go-no-go task) accounted for 38% of the variance in personal distress. Negative symptoms (subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale) and cognitive self-consciousness were significant predictors for the pictorial empathy test. Conclusion The study was aimed to examine self-perception of metacognitive beliefs and empathy. More research is needed to explore the association between metacognitive beliefs, cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptoms on empathy in people with schizophrenia.

In this online study, attachment quality in romantic partnerships, metacognitive beliefs and the effectiveness of ones regularly used affect regulation strategies will be measured to examine whether the affect regulation ability can be predicted by the attachment quality in romantic partnerships and whether this effect is mediated through metacognitive beliefs.

The flow of human thoughts is frequently plagued by unwanted cognitive activity, which has the unfortunate power to interfere with task performance, planning, social behaviour, and many other aspects of our lives. Importantly, repetitive negative thoughts and memories play a major role in psychopathology and represent a fundamental transdiagnostic process which deserves experimental and clinical attention. Inhibitory deficits on the one hand and metacognitive beliefs on the other are thought to play a key role in maintaining intrusive repetitive memories and thoughts in a variety of mental health difficulties (Major Depressive Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder). This thesis argues against Daniel Wegner’s Ironic Process Theory (Chapter 1) and examines the impact of thought suppression on intrusive Autobiographical Memories with two studies: an fMRI study (Study 1, Chapter 2), and a behavioural study (Study 2, Chapter 3). These two studies represent the first attempt to employ the Autobiographical Think/No-Think task (ATNT), a novel version of the Think/No-Think task solely based on autobiographical memories provided by each participant. In particular, Study 1 investigates the neural correlates of the ATNT task using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Study 2 explores the introduction of trial-by-trial intrusion ratings in the ATNT task and considers the affective consequences of thought suppression using Skin Conductance Response (SCR). This thesis also probes for the first time the relationship between metacognitive beliefs, intrusive memories, and thought control abilities using the standard Think/No-Think paradigm and manipulating participants’ metacognitive beliefs about the usefulness and the uncontrollability of repetitive intrusive thinking (Study 3, Chapter 4). After a general discussion (Chapter 5), this thesis reflects on the philosophical and ethical implications of forgetting, from a personal, psychological, and historical point of view (Chapter 6)., Cambridge Trust

Background:The 26-item version of the Metacognitive Anger Processing Scale (MAP) has shown good psychometric properties in previous studies. However, there is a need for a shorter version of the scale.Aims:The aim of the present study is to psychometrically evaluate the 9-item Metacognitive Anger Processing Scale – Short Version (MAP-SV) in comparison with the original, 26-item version.Method:The 26-item MAP includes three subscales: rumination, positive beliefs and negative beliefs. Three items from each subscale were selected based on clinical validity to constitute the 9-item MAP-SV. A previous sample used for validation of the 26-item MAP was used for clinimetric testing. The sample included psychiatric patients (n = 88) and male forensic inpatients (n = 54). The MAP-SV was assessed according to scalability, convergent validity with general metacognition, and concurrent validity with anger measures.Results:The scalability of the 9-item MAP-SV was comparable to that of the original 26-item MAP in most psychometric tests. The Loevinger’s coefficient of homogeneity for the total score of the MAP-SV items was 0.29 for the combined sample compared with 0.36 in the original MAP, indicating close to acceptable scalability. The alpha coefficient for the MAP-SV total score was 0.79. For the combined sample, Pearson inter-correlations between the subscales of the MAP-SV were highly correlated with the MAP-SV total score (ranging from .66 to .84).Conclusions:The 9-item MAP-SV showed good psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable tool for assessing self-reported metacognitive anger processing.

Purpose: The current study was designed to examine the relationship between health anxiety, cyberchondria (its constructs), and metacognitive beliefs. In addition, it also evaluated the moderating role of metacognitive beliefs in this relationship. Design and Method: The present study used the purposive sampling technique to acquire a sample of (N = 500) adults, among them (N = 256) women and (N = 244) men, and the age of the sample ranged from 20 to 50 years. Short Health Anxiety Inventory, Cyberchondria Severity Scale, and Metacognitions Questionnaire–Health Anxiety were used to operationalize the present study variables. Findings: The descriptive statistics revealed that all instruments have good psychometric properties, as Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for all scales are ≥0.70. In addition to this, the Pearson correlation showed that all variables of the present study have a significant positive correlation with each other. Furthermore, the regression analysis described that health anxiety and metacognitive beliefs (biased thinking and beliefs about uncontrollable thoughts) were the significant positive predictors of cyberchondria. Moreover, moderation analysis showed that metacognitive beliefs significantly strengthened the association between health anxiety and cyberchondria and its constructs. Practical Implications: The present study will help medical practitioners to understand how metacognitive beliefs and health anxiety can cause an increase in cyberchondria. This will help them to design better treatment plans for people with cyberchondria.

The metacognition of needing to control thoughts has been implicated in eating disorders (EDs)—specifically, in association with the drive for thinness and over-control. To date, it has yet to be investigated longitudinally in ED outpatients undergoing CBT-based treatment. The current study aims to examine whether endorsing a need to control thoughts undergoes modifications during CBT-based treatment for EDs and whether its modification correlates with treatment response in terms of reduced ED symptomatology. Seventy female ED outpatients (34 with AN, 29 with BN, 7 with OSFED) were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment with the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Post-treatment, significant reductions were observed in MCQ-need to control thoughts. Using hierarchical linear regression analyses such decreases significantly explained the variance in observed reductions in EAT-oral control and to a lesser extent, reductions in EAT-bulimia and food preoccupation and EAT-dieting. These results underscore the importance of metacognitive change in EDs and the potential utility of CBT-based treatment in its modification. Improving ED outcomes may warrant broadening the therapeutic target of over-control and a sense of loss of control beyond dysfunctional eating behaviors to include maladaptive metacognitions that concern the need to control thoughts.

The present study aimed to identify the effects of metacognitive beliefs on mathematics anxiety encompassed by pre-service mathematics teachers’. The intervention role of factors such as positive beliefs was also examined. For this purpose, a total of sixty college students from the mathematics education program of one of the public universities in Indonesia were investigated through cross-sectional surveys. The data of the research were collected through a students’ self-report measure of metacognitive beliefs and mathematics anxiety. The results reveal that although there is no gender difference in metacognitive beliefs, female students are more anxious in mathematics than male students. There are no year levels of difference in metacognitive beliefs and mathematics anxiety. The result shows that metacognitive beliefs have negatively correlated with math anxiety. This study concludes that developing metacognitive beliefs helps pre-service mathematics teachers to effectively overcome mathematics anxiety. Also, enhancing cognitive confidence and controlling negative beliefs about the uncontrollability of thoughts and danger has implications as a treatment to reduce mathematics anxiety.

Sex differences were found in several domains in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, but no previous work has systematically reviewed and analysed possible sex differences in metacognition in this population. However, alterations in metacognitive beliefs have been shown in the at-risk mental state for psychosis population. Our aim was to qualitatively review and quantitatively analyse the existing literature for data on sex differences in metacognitive beliefs-mainly depicted by the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) and its short form (MCQ-30)-in individuals with at-risk mental states.We performed a systematic review of the literature on metacognition in help-seeking adolescents and young adults at ultra-high risk for psychosis. We included peer-reviewed articles that included a high-risk for psychosis group assessed with operationalised criteria and instruments. For the quantitative meta-analysis, only studies comparing MCQ data in high-risk individuals were included. A fixed-effect meta-model was used and forest plots drawn for each subscale and overall score. The studies were weighted according to the inverse variance method in order to calculate pooled confidence intervals and p values.No article on metacognitive beliefs in individuals at increased risk for psychosis explicitly reported possible sex differences. Our meta-analysis of 234 (57% male) individuals' scores in the MCQ yielded no significant sex difference.Currently, no sex differences in metacognition can be described in the at-risk population; however, data are insufficient and heterogeneous with regard to thoroughly answering the question whether sex differences in clinical high-risk populations are mirrored in the metacognitive domain.GRUNDLAGEN: Geschlechtsunterschiede wurden für Psychose-Risiko-Individuen in verschiedenen Bereichen gefunden, jedoch wurde Metakognition in dieser Population bisher nicht systematisch auf Unterschiede untersucht. Sehr wohl wurden Auffälligkeiten in metakognitiven Überzeugungen in Kohorten mit ultra-high-risk für Psychosen beschrieben. Wir wollten die aktuell existierende Literatur für Befunde über Geschlechtsdifferenzen in metakognitiven Überzeugungen – hauptsächlich abgebildet durch das Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) und seine Kurzform (MCQ-30) – in Psychose-Risiko-Individuen qualitativ beschreiben und im Sinne einer Metaanalyse quantitativ untersuchen.Wir vollführten einen systematischen Literaturüberblick über Metakognition in hilfesuchenden Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mit Psychose-Risiko. Dabei berücksichtigten wir „peer-reviewed“ Artikel, in denen Kohorten mit high-risk für eine Psychose eingeschlossen und mit standardisierten Kriterien und Instrumenten beurteilt wurden. Für die quantitative Metaanalyse inkludierten wir lediglich Studien die den MCQ verwendeten. Verwendet wurde ein Metamodell mit fixen Effekten, für jede Subskala und den Gesamt-Score wurden Forest-Plots erstellt. Die Studien wurden nach der Inverse-Varianz-Methode gewichtet, um gepoolte Konfidenzintervalle und p-Werte zu berechnen.Kein Artikel über metakognitive Überzeugungen in Individuen mit Psychose-Risiko berichtete explizit über mögliche geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede. Die Metaanalyse aus MCQ-Punktwerten von 234 Individuen (57 % männlich) ergab keine geschlechtsbezogenen Unterschiede.Bis dato können keine geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Metakognition in der Psychose-Risiko-Population beschrieben werden. Doch die Datenlage ist zu unzureichend und zu heterogen, um ausreichend genau zu beantworten, ob geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede in Psychose-Risiko-Populationen vielleicht ihren Ursprung im metakognitiven Bereich haben.

Budući da pitanje metakognitivnoga aspekta opraštanja sebi nije obuhvaćeno dosadašnjim istraživanjima, u ovome su istraživanju provjereni odnosi opraštanja sebi kao crte, osjećaja srama zbog pijenja, modificiranoga metakognitivnog modela depresivnosti i alkoholne žudnje na uzorku osoba (N = 125) na bolničkome liječenju od ovisnosti o alkoholu. U tu je svrhu predložen prošireni metakognitivni model depresivnosti kojim su se pokušale objasniti povezanosti tih varijabli. Originalni metakognitivni model modificiran je tako da su depresivne ruminacije zamijenjene ruminacijama o pijenju alkohola, a zatim su na taj model nadograđene varijable opraštanja sebi kao crte i osjećaja srama zbog pijenja kao antecedenti te alkoholna žudnja kao ishodišna varijabla. Za testiranje proširenoga metakognitivnog modela depresivnosti koji je prethodno rastavljen u nekoliko parcijalnih modela korištene su višestruke medijacijske analize s paralelnim i serijskim medijatorima. Model je u većoj mjeri potvrđen. Opraštanje sebi ima izravni učinak na osjećaj srama zbog pijenja, neizravni učinak na pozitivna metakognitivna vjerovanja o ruminacijama putem osjećaja srama zbog pijenja te neizravni učinak na ruminacije o pijenju putem osjećaja srama zbog pijenja i pozitivnih metakognitivnih vjerovanja o ruminacijama. Značajan je i izravni učinak opraštanja sebi na interpersonalne i socijalne posljedice ruminacije. Učinak opraštanja sebi na depresivnost u potpunosti se objašnjava medijatorom ruminacija o pijenju, a analize pokazuju i neizravni učinak putem negativnih metakognitivnih vjerovanja o ruminaciji. Otkriven je i neizravni učinak opraštanja sebi na alkoholnu žudnju putem osjećaja srama zbog pijenja i ruminacija o pijenju. Svi navedeni učinci opraštanja sebi na spomenute kriterijske varijable negativnoga su predznaka. Ruminacije o pijenju pokazale su se najznačajnijim prediktorom depresivnosti i alkoholne žudnje. Modificirani metakognitivni model depresivnosti također je potvrđen na uzorku osoba na liječenju od ovisnosti o alkoholu. Rezultati sugeriraju da je opraštanje sebi mnogo adaptivnija opcija za suočavanje s osjećajem srama i izbjegavanje svih drugih potencijalnih negativnih posljedica, kao što su depresivnost i alkoholna žudnja, nego što je to opetovano razmišljanje o percipiranome prijestupu, koje ima suprotan učinak. U drugome su dijelu istraživanja ispitane varijable promjene u žudnji tijekom liječenja i opraštanja sebi kao crte kao prediktori broja dana apstinencije 90 dana nakon otpusta s liječenja. Višekratno mjereni prediktori žudnje te opraštanja sebi kao crte nisu se pokazali statistički značajnima u predikciji broja dana apstinencije. Ovo je istraživanje pružilo nove spoznaje u razumijevanju konstrukta opraštanja sebi i osjećaja srama otkrivajući njihov metakognitivni kontekst. Istraživanje doprinosi i boljemu razumijevanju depresivnosti kod ovisnika o alkoholu sugerirajući da u tretmanu depresivnosti tih osoba treba uzeti u obzir negativni afekt i ruminacije povezane sa samom ovisnošću. Također, rezultati upućuju na to da za uspješnu apstinenciju nije dovoljno biti sklon opraštanju sebi za vlastite prijestupe, kao ni ne osjećati žudnju za alkoholom tijekom liječenja. Prilikom interpretacije rezultata svakako treba uzeti u obzir ograničenja istraživanja koja su detaljno opisana u disertaciji., Since the issue of the metacognitive aspect of self-forgiveness has not been covered by previous research, this study examined the relationships of trait selfforgiveness, feeling of shame related to drinking, modified metacognitive model of depression and alcohol craving in a sample (N = 125) of inpatients during their treatment for alcohol dependence in psychiatric hospital. An extended metacognitive model of depression has been proposed to explain the association of these variables. The original metacognitive model was modified in such a way that depressive ruminations were replaced by ruminations related to drinking alcohol. The variables of trait self-forgiveness and feeling of shame related to drinking were added to model as antecedents, and finally alcohol craving as the outcome variable. Multiple mediation analyses with parallel and serial mediators were used to test the extended metacognitive model of depression previously disassembled into several smaller models. The model is largely validated. Self-forgiveness has an indirect effect on positive metacognitive beliefs about ruminations through feelings of shame related to drinking, and an indirect effect on ruminations about drinking through feelings of shame related to drinking and positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination. The direct effect of self-forgiveness on the interpersonal and social consequences of rumination is also significant. The effect of self-forgiveness on depression is fully explained by the mediator of rumination about drinking, and analyses also show an indirect effect through negative metacognitive beliefs about rumination. The indirect effect of self-forgiveness on alcohol craving through feelings of shame related to drinking and rumination about drinking was also discovered. All the above effects of self-forgiveness on the mentioned criterion variables are of negative sign. Ruminations about drinking have been shown to be the most significant predictor of depression and alcohol cravings. A modified metacognitive model of depression was also confirmed in a sample of individuals on treatment for alcohol dependence. The results suggest that forgiving oneself is a much more adaptive option for dealing with feelings of shame and avoiding all other potential negative consequences such as depression and alcohol craving than it is to repeatedly think about a perceived offense that has the opposite effect. In the second part of the study, the variables of changes in craving during treatment and trait self-forgiveness were examined as predictors of the number of days of abstinence 90 days after discharge from treatment. The repeatedly measured predictor of craving and trait self-forgiveness did not prove statistically significant in predicting the number of days of abstinence. This research provided new insights in understanding the constructs of selfforgiveness and feelings of shame by revealing their metacognitive context. It also contributes to a better understanding of depression in alcohol addicts by suggesting that the treatment of depression in these individuals should take into account the negative affect and rumination associated with the addiction itself. Also, the results suggest that for successful abstinence, it is not enough to be inclined to forgive oneself for one’s own transgressions, nor not to feel alcohol craving during treatment. When interpreting the results, the limitations of the research described in detail in the dissertation should certainly be taken into account.

The outbreak of the coronavirus and its ramifications, including lockdown and shutting down of many learning centers magnified the necessity of turning to virtual learning, has given rise to concerns about students’ learning and their reaction to the new teaching methods and the challenges they entail. The present study attempts to examine the link between metacognitive beliefs and behaviors that prevent health-oriented lifestyles through academic self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The statistical sample consisted of 239 randomly selected undergraduate students of engineering at Azad University of Shahre-e Rey in the second semester of 1399-1400. The data were gathered using academic health-oriented life style test Salehzadeh et al. (2018) Academic Self-Efficacy Beliefs Questionnaire (ASEBQ), and Wells’ Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). Findings of the study indicated that metacognitive beliefs are related to behaviors preventing academic health-oriented life style factors, such as learned helplessness and effort withdrawal, through self-efficacy. It is suggested that, According to the positive relationship that exists between metacognitive strategies and academic achievement. As well as these strategies are scalability learners need to be trained in skills such as self-regulation self- monitoring planning and goal setting. Until they dominate decided cognitive strategies and professors can also encourage students to use orientation by designing assignments, teaching study strategies, and using new teaching methods

Objective: The aim of this article is to compare differences in metacognitive beliefs between bipolar disorder type I depressed (BPD1) patients with Unipolar Depression (UPD) patients, and a control group; and to discuss the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and depression parameters. Methods: Sixty six consecutive outpatients with a diagnosis of depressed BPD1, 70 patients with UPD and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Following assessment with the Sociodemographic Data Form, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scales (HAM-A), Young Mania Evaluation Scale, and the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). Results: UPD and BPD1 patients included in the study had higher scores in metacognitive beliefs other than positive beliefs compared with healthy controls (p0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the HAM-A, HAM-D scores and MCQ-30 scores in UPD group (p0.05). Discussion: The metacogitive structures of UPD and BPD1, may be helpful in identifying and choosing the right treatment modality. We think that our results may have implications for the metacognitive approaches in the treatment of BPD1.

Interpersonal difficulties are common across psychological disorders and are a legitimate target of treatment. Psychotherapeutic models differ in their understanding of interpersonal problems and how these problems are formulated and treated. It has been suggested that they are both the cause and effect of emotional distress symptoms, that they result from early attachment experiences, and that they are related to personality dimensions. However, the metacognitive model of psychopathology predicts that emotion disorder symptoms and interpersonal problems are linked to a common set of factors involving dysfunctional metacognition. In support of this view, metacognitive therapy has substantially reduced interpersonal problems in patients with anxiety and depression even though interpersonal problems are not directly targeted, indicating a role for metacognitive change. Nevertheless, the relationship between interpersonal problems and metacognitive beliefs remains underexplored, and the statistical control of emotion symptoms, personality, and attachment is important in substantiating any metacognition effects. The aim of the present study was therefore to test metacognitive beliefs as statistical predictors of interpersonal problems while controlling for anxiety/depression, adult attachment, and the Big-5 personality dimensions. In a cross-sectional study, 296 participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. We found that positive- and negative-metacognitive beliefs, cognitive confidence, and cognitive self-consciousness accounted for significant and unique variance in interpersonal problems together with avoidant attachment and conscientiousness when the overlap between all predictors was controlled. These findings support the notion that metacognitive beliefs are relevant to interpersonal problems with the potential implication that metacognitive therapy could have particularly broad effects on both emotion disorder symptoms and interpersonal problems. Copyright © 2021 Nordahl, Hjemdal and Wells. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Background: Interpersonal skills deficits and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs have been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of depression. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in these skills deficits and change in depressive symptoms over the course of treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) and Metacognitive Therapy (MCT).Methods: In this prospective, parallel group observational study, data was collected at baseline and after 8 weeks of an intensive day clinic psychotherapy program. Based on a shared decision between patients and clinicians, patients received either CBASP or MCT. Ninety patients were included in the analyses (CBASP: age M = 38.7, 40.5% female, MCT: age M = 44.7, 43.3% female). Interpersonal deficits were assessed with the short-form of the Luebeck Questionnaire for Recording Preoperational Thinking (LQPT-SF) and the Impact Message Inventory (IMI-R). Metacognitive beliefs were assessed with the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16) was utilized to assess depressive symptoms. A regression analysis was conducted to assess variables associated with outcome. ANCOVAs were utilized to investigate whether improvement in skills deficits is dependent on type of treatment received.Results: Improvements in preoperational thinking and increases in friendly-dominant behavior were associated with change in depressive symptoms. There was no association between reductions in dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and a decrease in depressive symptoms. While both treatment groups showed significant improvements in interpersonal and metacognitive skills, there was no significant between-group difference in the change scores for either of these skills.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that changes in interpersonal skills seem to be of particular relevance in the treatment of depression. These results have to be replicated in a randomized-controlled design before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Background: The aim of this present study was the comparison of resilience, cognitive emotion regulation, and metacognitive beliefs of primiparous and multiparous women in Rasht. Methods: The current research was a cross-sectional analytic study. The participants of this research were all of the primiparous and multiparous women who referred to Rasht hospitals between June and October in 2016. A total of 120 persons (60 primiparous and 60 multiparous women) selected by the random clustering sampling method. The Connor-Davidson resilience scale assessed the participants, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire by Granfsky et al and Wells et al. metacognition questionnaire. Data analysis have done by using the multivariate variance analysis by SPSS v. 22 software. Results: The findings showed that there were significant differences in resilience, cognitive emotion regulation, and metacognitive beliefs between primiparous and multiparous women (P

Background and Aim Obesity with its various physical and mental problems threatens public health. This study aimed to investigate the discriminative role of metacognitive beliefs, the difficulty in emotion regulation, and codependency in women with obesity. Methods and Materials In this causal-comparative research, 40 obese women (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and 40 normal-weight subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. The samples were evaluated by metacognitive questionnaire, difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and the Farsi version of codependency measurement tool. We used discriminant function analysis to analyze the obtained data. Ethical Considerations All study subjects signed the written consent form. The Research Ethics Committee of Kharazmi University approved this study (Code: IR.KHU.REC.1397.41). Results The discriminant function could correctly classify 95% of obese people and 97.5% of normal-weight people with 3 variables of metacognitive beliefs, difficulty in emotion regulation, and codependency. In other words, 96.25% of all participants had been classified correctly. Conclusion Distinguishing the two groups of obese and normal people, the variables of metacognitive beliefs, difficulty in emotion regulation, and codependency have a significant role. Therefore, these variables are supposedly influential psychological factors in obesity. So they can be used for its prevention and treatment.

Aims: Today, addiction has become one of the most serious problems in human society that it leads to many deviance, anomalies, and crimes. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the quality cognitional therapeutic group in changing the level of meta-cognitive beliefs among the cannabis addicted men. Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group was carried out among 40 addicted men in Khorramabad city in 2018-2019. The subjects were selected using random sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The experimental group was trained in quality cognitional therapeutic group in 8 sessions. The Wales metacognitive beliefs questionnaire was used for data collection in pre-test and post-test phases. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: By controlling the pretest effect, the quality of the cognitional therapeutic group in increasing the positive beliefs (F=39.48) and cognitive self-awareness (F=14.35), as well as on reducing cognitive dissonance (F=12.67), the uncontrollability, risk of thoughts (F=13.48) and need for thought control (F=12.20) had a significant effect (p=0.001). Conclusion: The quality cognitional therapeutic group is effective in increasing the level of positive metacognitive beliefs and decreasing the level of negative metacognitive beliefs in cannabis addicted men.

Background and Objective: All organisms for managing behaviors require to use of cognitive patterns of the central and peripheral nervous system. This study was done to compare the metacognitive beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 120 depressed, anxious and normal people depressed, anxious and normal people in psychiatric clinic of Zare hospital in Sari city north of Iran during 2017. To measure ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people the tolerance for ambiguity scale of lane, wells metacognitive scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BDI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) were used in this study. Results: Tolerance of ambiguity significantly increased in depressed and anxious groups in comparison with controls (P

Background Common mental disorders are associated with significant economic, social, and personal costs that are primarily incurred through loss of work status. Psychological interventions based on cognitive‐behavioural therapy have been implemented to enhance return to work (RTW), but have not proved sufficiently successful. According to the metacognitive model of psychological disorders, metacognitive beliefs are the key factors underlying self‐regulation and could therefore potentially be important for work status. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate whether metacognitive beliefs could have predictive utility for work status. Method In a cross‐sectional design, 427 working age individuals reporting to be working (n = 292) or receiving disability benefits (n = 135) participated in the study. Results We found that metacognitive beliefs about the need for mental control were significant as predictors of work status over and above the presence of a diagnosed mental disorder and levels of trait anxiety. Conclusions These findings imply that metacognitive beliefs have predictive utility for work status even when controlling for mental health status, and that metacognitive beliefs might therefore be addressed in treatment to enhance RTW and with the aim of reducing long‐term sick leave. Locked until 9.5.2019 due to copyright restrictions. This is the peer reviewed version of an article, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12153. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.

This study aimed to provide a model of metacognitive beliefs and perceived stress to help better understanding of life quality of elderly. For this purpose, 377 elderly people aged over 60 living in Tehran were selected through convenience sampling in 2018. The required data were collected using the World Health Organization Short-Form Quality of Life Questionnaire, Wells and Cartwright-Hutton Metacognitive Beliefs survey and perceived stress questionnaire by Cohen, Kamark and Mermelstein. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20 and AMOS version 20 software. Findings showed a significant negative relationship between perceived stress and quality of life in the elderly. There was a significant negative relationship between metacognitive beliefs (including negative beliefs about uncontrollability, positive beliefs about worry, cognitive assurance, need for thought control) and quality of life in the elderly. The findings also confirmed the mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and quality of life in the elderly. Based on the findings, training metacognitive strategies could be an effective mechanism for the modification of metacognitive beliefs and is an appropriate way to improve the life quality of the elderly and it is suggested to make use of metacognitive strategies in relevant interventions.

Background Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iranian women. They will experience a mental health problem like depression before, during or after treatment. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group metacognitive therapy on depression, cognitive-emotional regulation, and meta-cognitive beliefs in women with breast cancer. Methods In this randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 24 depressed patients with breast cancer were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received meta-cognitive therapy in 8 weekly sessions, but the control group received treatment as usual. Beck Depressive Inventory, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and meta-cognitions questionnaire were completed before, after and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Chi-square tests. Results The mean score of depression in the experimental group was reduced from 21.6 ± 4.83 in the pre-test to 13.83 ± 8.12 in one-month follow-up (p = 0.16); however, there was no significant difference in the control group. The mean score of cognitive emotion regulation did not show a significant change in the two groups during the study and follow-up period. The mean score of meta-cognitive beliefs reached 68.75 ± 15.74 from 79.51 ± 10.72 in the experimental group during the follow-up period (p = 0.006); however, there was no significant difference in the control group in the score of metacognitive beliefs. Conclusion These findings support the efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy as a viable psychosocial intervention in depressed patients with breast cancer. Trial registration IRCT201606288473N5. Registered on: 05/09/2016 https://www.irct.ir/trial/8946.

Introduction: Psychological factors can underlie fatigue in neurological disorders, but its relationship to fatigue in Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been explored. We assessed the association between maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and presence of fatigue in PD. Methods: Ninety-eight consecutive outpatients with PD (61% male; median age: 66.50 years) were assessed in terms of demographic, clinical, medication treatment, cognitive, or behavioural characteristics including metacognitive beliefs (Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 or MCQ). Fatigue was ascertained by PD-related diagnostic criteria. Univariate statistical approach (Mann-Whitney and Pearson chi-square tests) was used to compare PD patients with (f-PD) or without (nf-PD) fatigue in terms of demographic, clinical, medication treatment, cognitive, behavioural, and metacognitive measures. Results: Twenty-one PD patients (21%) displayed fatigue. The f-PD group scored higher on the MCQ-total score, MCQ-Cognitive Confidence subscale, and all behavioral measures (ps < 0.01) relative to nf-PD. They also had a more advanced Hoehn and Yahr stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III score. Conclusion: Maladaptive metacognitive beliefs such as the lack of cognitive confidence may play a key role to trigger and maintain fatigue in PD. Future studies, using a multivariate statistical approach, are needed to confirm these preliminary findings in a larger sample of patients with fatigue and to assess if modification of such metacognitive beliefs has the potential to ameliorate fatigue in PD.

Background: Psychological functioning plays an important role in medical conditions and impacts patients' quality of life. Previously, many studies have highlighted the association of metacognition to both the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. Recently, several researchers pointed out the relevant role of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in the context of chronic diseases. Hence, dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs could be directly related to anxiety and depression, regardless of the medical condition's expression. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the available evidence regarding the association of metacognition with anxiety, depression, and perceived quality of life, in the context of medical conditions, according to Wells' theory. Methods: A systematic review based on electronic bibliographic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Web of Knowledge) of scientific literature was carried out. Studies involving patients evaluated in clinical settings were included in the analysis. Results: Our findings indicated that metacognition appears to be related to anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with medical chronic conditions. Therefore, dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs might be a relevant factor associated with the process of adapting to illness. Conclusions: The additional evaluation of metacognitive factors in the context of several medical chronic conditions appears valuable. Due to the rising interest in the study of metacognition, suggestions for future research have also been provided.

Metacognitive theory provides strong foundation for hypothesizing relations between worry and rumination among subgroups of metacognitive beliefs. However, empirical exploration of prospective and reciprocal relations between worry and rumination are lacking. This study investigated the stability and relations between worry and rumination to better understand how they influence each other over time, and how different levels of metacognitive beliefs affect relations between (i) initial and future worry, and initial and future rumination, and (ii) the cross-lag relations between worry and rumination. Overall, 482 (Females = 63%) participants (Mean age = 26 years) participated in a two-wave data collection and completed the Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30), the Ruminative Response Scale and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). A multigroup two-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model was estimated. Multigroup autoregression analyses revealed that independent of participants being in the high or low metacognition group, initial levels of worry predicted future levels of worry, as was the case for rumination. Multigroup cross-lagged analyses revealed that initial levels of worry did not predict future levels of rumination in both high and low levels of metacognitions. However, initial rumination predicted future levels of worry in the high metacognitions group, which was not the case for the low metacognitions group. Thus, high levels of metacognitions do not only strengthen the relation between both present and future worry, present and future rumination, but also present rumination with future worry. This finding may imply that those with rumination related conditions at present are more likely in the future to show both rumination and worry related conditions. Conversely, those with worry related conditions show future worry related conditions. These findings may have implications for a clinical sample regarding the high complexity of rumination conditions that may proceed with multifinality causal pathways especially for individuals with high levels of metacognitions. This complexity may be a possible explanation for the limited success in other traditional treatment of rumination related conditions and the relatively high relapse rates for such conditions in clinical samples. © 2020 Anyan, Morote and Hjemdal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

AIM To explore the association between metacognitive beliefs, rumination and shyness in a non-clinical sample of adults. METHODS One hundred and three healthy subjects from the general population were enrolled in the study. Shyness was evaluated using the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, rumination was assessed using the Ruminative Response Scale, metacognition was evaluated using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire 30, and anxiety levels were measured using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. Correlation analyses, mediation models and 95% bias-corrected and accelerated (BCaCI) bootstrapped analyses were performed. Mediation analyses were adjusted for sex and anxiety. RESULTS Shyness, rumination and metacognition were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). The relationship between metacognition and shyness was fully mediated by rumination (Indirect effect: 0.20; 95% BCaCI: 0.08-0.33). CONCLUSION These findings suggest an association between metacognition and shyness. Rumination mediated the relationship between metacognition and shyness, suggesting that rumination could be a cognitive strategy for shy people. Future research should explore the relationship between these constructs in more depth.

Background & Objective: Considering the role of metacognitive beliefs associated with procrastination in the persistence and intensification of procrastination, application of a valid and reliable tool, either in the area of evaluation or assessment of the outcomes of therapeutic interventions, is of paramount importance. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the metacognitive beliefs about procrastination questionnaire (MBPQ) in students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In total, 210 students were selected through convenience sampling. In order to assess the validity of MBPQ, three construct validity methods (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), convergent validity, and cross-correlation assessment of subscales were used. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied to estimate the reliability of MBPQ. Results: The two-factor structure (positive and negative metacognitive beliefs) with 14 items explained 49% of the total test variances. This factor structure was selected as the best model obtained from exploratory factor analysis and was approved as the final model of MBPQ using the confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results, there was a direct and significant relationship between positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and total and academic procrastination, respectively. In addition, the components of MBPQ had an acceptable reliability. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, MBPQ had favorable psychometric properties and proper fit in the two-factor structure. This questionnaire can be applied as a proper research tool in clinical assessment, formulation of reference problems, and provision of a step toward the development of conceptualization of metacognition of procrastination.

Background & Objective: Procrastination is defined as the tendency to avoid and postpone timely activities. Academic procrastination is the most common form of this issue, which is a dominant, frequent tendency among learners to delay educational activities.The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of academic procrastination and its association with metacognitive beliefs in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on the students at Zanjan University of Medical Sciences during 2015-2016 (n=3,500). In total, 210 students were selected randomly. Data collection tools were the Academic Procrastination Scale Solomon and Ruth Bloom (1984) and metacognitive beliefs about procrastination questionnaire (MCPQ). Data collection was performed in accordance with ethical principles. Results: Prevalence of academic procrastination was 63% among the students. In addition, regression analysis indicated that 5% of the variances on academic procrastination was explained by cognitive beliefs (R2=0.047). Positive metacognitive beliefs by a factor of B=0.445 (P=0.022) and negative metacognitive beliefs by a factor of B=0.409 (P=0.009) were the predictors of academic procrastination. Conclusion: According to the results, about 63% of the students faced the challenge of procrastination in their academic fields, and 5% of the variances relating to academic procrastination could be explained by cognitive beliefs.

Background: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are experienced by 21-54% of patients diagnosed with a borderline personality disorder (BPD), and ensuing distress is often high. Little is known about the beliefs these patients foster about their voices, and the influence thereof on distress and need for hospitalisation. Methods: In a convenience sample of 38 BPD outpatients with AVH, data were collected with the aid of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS), Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ), Social Comparison Rating Scale (SCRS), and Voice Power Differential Scale (VPDS). Results: The majority of patients with BPD who experience AVH rate their voices as malevolent and omnipotent, and higher in social rank than themselves. Moreover, their resistance against them tends to be high. These parameters correlate positively and significantly with high levels of distress experienced in relation to these AVH. The need for hospitalisation, in turn, is associated with high scores for omnipotence of the voices and distress due to AVH. However, these findings could not be confirmed in regression analyses. Conclusions: As negative beliefs can be altered with cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), we expect CBT to be beneficial in the treatment of AVH in BPD patients, whether or not in combination with antipsychotic medication.

The self-regulatory executive function (S-REF) model explains the role of strategic processes and metacognition in psychological disorder and was a major influence on the development of metacognitive therapy. The model identifies a universal style of perseverative negative processing termed the cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS), comprised of worry, rumination, and threat monitoring in the development of disorder. The CAS is linked to dysfunctional metacognitions that include beliefs and plans for regulating cognition. In this paper, I extend the theoretical foundations necessary to support further research on mechanisms linking metacognition to cognitive regulation and effective treatment. I propose a metacognitive control system (MCS) of the S-REF that can be usefully distinguished from cognition and is comprised of multiple structures, information, and processes. The MCS monitors and controls activity of the cognitive system and regulates the behavior of neural networks whose activities bias the way cognition is experienced. Metacognitive information involved in the regulation of on-line processing includes metacognitive beliefs, metacognitive procedural commands, and more transient cybernetic code. Separation of the cognitive and metacognitive systems and modeling their relationship presents major implications concerning what should be done in therapy and how it should be done. The paper concludes with an in-depth consideration of methods that strengthen the psychological basis of psychotherapy and aid in understanding and applying metacognitive therapy in particular. Finally, limitations of the model and implications for future research on self-awareness, self-regulation, and metacognition are discussed.

The Self-Regulatory Executive Function model predicts that emotional symptoms and metacognition can causally affect each other. Crucially, for the model metacognition must cause emotion disorder symptoms. Therefore, in time-series data involving repeated measurements, metacognitions should predict subsequent changes in emotion. 265 participants completed a questionnaire battery three times over a 2 month period. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using cross-lagged panel analysis tested the inter-relationships between metacognitive beliefs, anxiety and depression symptoms over time. The cross-lagged structural model was a significantly better fit than the autoregressive model. Metacognitive beliefs were found to predict subsequent symptoms of anxiety while symptoms of anxiety predicted later metacognition over different time courses. The metacognition factor representing uncontrollability and danger of thoughts appeared to be prominent in the effects observed. Metacognitions and depression were also positively related over time to a lesser degree, but in the cross-lagged model these temporal relationships were non-significant. This is likely due to low levels of depression within the sample and low variability over time. The findings for anxiety are consistent with the S-REF model and with experimental and prospective studies supporting metacognitive beliefs as a causal mechanism in psychological distress symptoms.

Background Common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety frequently co-occur and may share etiological mechanisms. The metacognitive model is based on the principle that there are common pathological mechanisms across disorders that account for comorbidity and therefore can be conceptualized in one generic model. A central prediction of the model is that particular metacognitive beliefs concerning the value of worry, and the uncontrollability and danger of cognition are positively correlated with psychopathology symptoms. In the present study, we set out to test the overall fit of this model by assessing generic metacognitive beliefs and judgements of attention control capacity as predictors of common and frequently co-occurring emotional distress symptoms. Methods In a cross-sectional design, 645 participants gathered at convenience completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. Results Structural equation modelling indicated a good model fit for the generic metacognitive model, and the predictors accounted for 93% of the variance in distress consisting of depression-, generalized- and social anxiety symptoms. Conclusions This finding supports the generic model and the implication that it can be used as a basis to formulate and treat multiple presenting problems.

Metacognitive theory has proven itself useful in the conceptualization and treatment of common mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. A growing body of research has demonstrated that metacognitive beliefs and related thinking styles are also closely associated with alcohol use and other addictive behaviours. A consequence of metacognitive beliefs about alcohol is the increased likelihood for the individual to engage in desire thinking. Desire thinking is a form of extended thinking known to cause craving for alcohol. Despite indications that metacognitions about alcohol and desire thinking both are involved in alcohol use, these phenomena have yet to be examined together in the same study. In the present study, a survey including measures for positive and negative alcohol metacognitions as well as desire thinking was conducted on a convenience sample (N = 588). Conducting correlational, regression, and path analyses, the results from the present study supported previous findings regarding alcohol metacognitions and desire thinking with respect to impact on alcohol use levels. Path analysis lead to a metacognitive model of alcohol use, metacognitions, and desire thinking, with good model fit. The model proposes a path that is initiated when positive alcohol metacognitions become active. Positive alcohol metacognitions seem to directly stimulate alcohol use, and also to trigger imaginal and verbal desire thinking which could enhance likelihood of alcohol use further. Lastly, alcohol use and desire thinking may lead to negative alcohol metacognitions. In this manner, the model demonstrates the interaction between alcohol metacognitions and desire thinking, and the outcome it has on alcohol use. Implications of the findings, limitations of the present study and suggestions for further research are discussed.

The Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30) is a brief multidimensional measure used for assessment of metacognitive beliefs in psychopathology. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of MCQ-30 in Serbian nonclinical (n = 246) and clinical (n = 171; anxiety and depressive disorders) samples. The reliability of the questionnaire and its subscales was satisfactory. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a five-factor solution in both groups, whereas a confirmatory factor analysis showed a somewhat weaker fit of the model. The MCQ-30 showed positive associations with measures of anxiety, pathological worry, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in both samples, demonstrating adequate convergent validity. The instrument was sensitive to differences in metacognitive beliefs between nonclinical and clinical samples. MCQ-30 subscales showed incremental contributions in predicting pathological worry after controlling for the variance in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and vice versa. Our results suggest that the MCQ-30 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing metacognitive beliefs in both nonclinical and clinical samples. Moreover, the findings support the use of the MCQ-30 in Serbian population and extend support for the metacognitive model.

This study aimed to provide a model of metacognitive beliefs and perceived stress to help better understand the quality of life of the elderly. To this end, a sample of 377 subjects was selected by the available sampling method among the elderly over 60 years of age living in Tehran in 2018 and was evaluated using WHO Quality of Life-BREF, Metacognition Questionnaire-30 by Wells & Cartwright-Hatton and perceived stress scale-14 by Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein. The data were evaluated using path analysis by statistical software SPSS-20 and AMOS-20. Results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between perceived stress and quality of life in the elderly. There is a negative and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs (including negative beliefs about irresponsibility, positive beliefs about worries, cognitive confidence, need for control of thoughts) and quality of life in the elderly. The findings also confirmed the role of perceived stress mediated in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and the quality of life of the elderly. Based on the findings, training of metacognitive strategies as an effective mechanism for modification of metacognitive beliefs is an appropriate way to improve the quality of life of elderly people and it is suggested to add it to relevant interventions. Ballard S. M., Jenkins C., Savut N. Y., McKinnon W. H., Carroll K. E., & Escott Stump S. (2011). Innovative and complementary approaches to aging in place. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 103(2), 24-34. Carlson, E., Speca, M., Patel, K., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-Based stress reduction in relation to quality of life: mood symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatient. American Psychosomatic Society Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 571-581. Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). 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WHO publication.

Background: Psychosomatic disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders in which psychological factors play an important role in the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of medical conditions. The most important category of psychosomatic disorders is functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). The present study aimed to compare anxiety sensitivity (AS) and metacognitions between patients with FGID and healthy individuals in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 50 patients (13 men and 37 women) with FGID who were diagnosed by a gastroenterologist and had the study inclusion criteria and 50 matched healthy individuals (15 men and 35 women). The subjects were randomly selected. The data collection tools consisted of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index‎-Revised (ASI-R) and Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ-30). The data were analyzed in SPSS software.Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in all subscales of ASI-R and MCQ-30, except the fear of publicly observable symptoms subscale in the ASI-R and negative beliefs about the uncontrollability of thoughts and corresponding danger (UD) subscale in MCQ-30 between patients with FGID and healthy individuals.Conclusion: The results showed that AS and metacognitive beliefs about worry play a crucial role in psychosomatic disorders such as FGID. Anxiety has appeared as the common component between FGID. Hence, the management of anxiety in FGID by clinicians in the treatment of these disorders is recommended.

The purpose of the present research was toinvestigation ofthe relationship between metacognitive beliefs with academic self-regulation and parents-students conflict.Method study was correlation andand the statistical community was all girls students from Tehran city, who were enrolled in the 1394-95 academic year.The sample group was included 206 students that were selected by random clusterSampling. Assessment instruments was Wells& Cartwright-Hatton(2004)metacognitive beliefs questionnaire, Ryan & Conell (1989) academic self-regulationquestionnaire and Straus(1990) conflict tactics scales questionnaire.data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient, simple regression and stepwise multiple regression. The results showed that there is negative significant correlation between metacognitive beliefs ,positive beliefs and cognitive self consciousness with academic self-regulation. there is negative significant correlation between need to control thoughts and uncontrollability/danger with with academic self-regulation , Introjected regulation and external regulation. there is negative significant correlation betweenmetacognitive beliefs,positive beliefs, uncontrollability/danger and need to control thoughts with parents-students conflict and verbal aggression.there is negative significant correlation between cognitive confidence parents-students conflict,verbal aggression and violence. Stepwise regression analysis showed that cognitive self consciousness and positive beliefs, could explain 0/15of variance inacademic self-regulation. Also cognitive confidence could explain 0/021 of variance in parents-students conflict. Counselors andteachersusingthese findingsandtaking into account theeducationaland psychological interventionscan beroundprogramwithincreasingstudents'viewsabout,theirmetacognitive beliefs.

Introduction: The purpose of this research is investigating the relationship between emotion regulation and metacognitive beliefs with pain management in patient with chronic headache and also determining the role of those variables in relieving the pain. Method: 100 patients, residing in Tehran, who had diagnosed for chronic headache by a specialist, were selected by convenience sampling as the population of this study. They were asked to fill in the following questionnaire: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Metacognitive Belief Questionnaire and Mc Gill pain questionnaire. Results: The result showed all cognitive-emotion factors are significantly related to pain management strategies. Positive cognitive-emotion regulation factors (such as acceptance, positive re-focus, and focus on planning, positive reassessment and perspective taking) and negative cognitive-emotion regulation factors (such as self-blaming, rumination, catastrophic considering and blaming others) have significant negative and positive relationship with pain management method, respectively. Negative metacognitive belief factors (uncontrollability and risk and need to control the thought) have a positive relationship with pain variables. Self-awareness cognitive factor, among positive metacognitive belief factors, has a negative relationship with pain variables. According to stepwise regression, rumination has more predictive potential among cognitive emotion regulation and metacognitive belief variables. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this research support the view that cognitive emotion regulation and metacognitive belief components are effective in pain management. &nbsp

Background: Studies show that unwanted intrusive thoughts occur to most people that is acommon phenomenon in itself. Trying to control the intrusive thoughts and misinterpretations of thoughts that gives the pathological aspects to common thought. Objective: The aim of the current study was to predict OCD on the basis of metacognitive beliefs' and thought control strategies' variables. Method: A sample of 433 Oshnaviyeh citizens (176 women and 257 men) were conveniently selected and answered Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) and Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis. Result: Results indicated that metacognitive beliefs and thought control strategies were positively correlated with obsessive- compulsive symptoms. Among the subscales, uncontrollability and danger, punishment, worry and cognitive confidence were the best predictors of obsessive symptoms. Conclusion: Result of this study emphasizing the role of metacognitive beliefs and thought control strategies in obsessive compulsive symptoms, can justify the change and modify maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and control strategies in order to control the disorder symptoms

The purpose of the present study was to compare metacognitive beliefs and cognitive failures in older adults with and without religious behaviors. The method of the present study was causal-comparative. The statistical society was comprised of all older adults in Ardebil. The study sample included 235 older adults (112 older adultswithout religious behaviors and 123 older adults with religious behaviors), chosen by convenience Sampling. Data were collected using the Broadbent, Cooper, Fitzgerald andParkes, cognitive failures questionnaire, Nielsen,religious behaviorquestionnaire and Wells and Certwright-Hatton, and metacognition questionnaire. The results of Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the average scores of the components of cognitive trust, positive beliefs about worry and self-awareness in older adults with religious behaviors were significantly lower than the older adults without religious behaviors (p

Between 5 and 10 percent of people with psychosis will die by suicide, a rate which is 20 to 75 times higher than the general population. This risk is even greater in those not taking antipsychotic medication. We examined whether negative appraisals of psychotic experiences and negative metacognitive beliefs about losing mental control mediated a relationship between psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation in this group. Participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, antipsychotic-free for 6 months at baseline, and were participating in an 18-month randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy v. treatment as usual. We conducted a series of mediation analyses with bootstrapping on baseline (N=68), follow-up data (9-18 months; n=49), and longitudinal data (n=47). Concurrent general symptoms were directly associated with suicidal ideation at baseline, and concurrent negative symptoms were directly associated with suicidal ideation at 9-18 months. Concurrent positive, negative, general and overall symptoms were each indirectly associated with suicidal ideation via negative appraisals and/or negative metacognitive beliefs, at baseline and 9-18 months, except for negative symptoms at baseline. Controlling for baseline suicidal ideation and treatment allocation, baseline general symptoms were indirectly associated with later suicidal ideation, via baseline negative appraisals and negative metacognitive beliefs. Baseline negative metacognitive beliefs also had a direct association with later suicidal ideation. These findings suggest the clinical assessment of suicidal ideation in psychosis may be enhanced by considering metacognitive beliefs about the probability and consequences of losing mental control.

Mental contamination occurs when individuals experience feelings of internal dirtiness and distress in the absence of physical contact with a contaminant. Women who experience sexual trauma frequently report mental contamination. The self-regulatory executive function (S-REF) model proposes that metacognitive beliefs contribute to the appraisal and regulation of thinking, leading to expectations that metacognitive beliefs would predict greater mental contamination severity following an evoking source. Women who reported directly experiencing sexual trauma (N = 102) completed self-report measures of metacognitive beliefs and covariates during an online study session, and subsequently completed a task that evoked mental contamination during a follow-up in-person study session. Metacognitive beliefs surrounding the uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, cognitive confidence, and the need to control thoughts positively correlated with mental contamination severity following the evoking source. Metacognitive beliefs surrounding the uncontrollability and danger of thoughts predicted greater mental contamination severity following the evoking source in multivariate analyses that statistically controlled for baseline mental contamination severity, trait anxiety, and overlap among the metacognitive beliefs. The present results provide preliminary support for the S-REF model as a potential framework for conceptualizing mental contamination.

Aim: The Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) has been used to assess metacognitive beliefs in a range of mental health problems. The aim of this study is to assess the validity of the MCQ-30 in people at risk for psychosis.Methods: One hundred and eighty-five participants meeting criteria for an at risk mental state (ARMS) completed the MCQ-30 as part of their involvement in a randomised controlled trial. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted to assess factor structure and construct validity.Results: Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the original 5-factor structure of the MCQ- 30. Examination of principal component analysis and parallel analysis outputs also suggested a 5-factor structure. Correlation analyses including measures of depression, social anxiety and beliefs about paranoia showed evidence of convergent validity. Discriminant validity was supported using the normalising subscale of the beliefs about paranoia tool.Conclusions: The MCQ-30 demonstrated good fit using the original 5-factor model, acceptable to very good internal consistency of items was evident and clinical usefulness in those at risk for psychosis was demonstrated.

Background: The metacognitive approach by Wells and colleagues has gained empirical support with a broad range of symptoms. The Metacognitive Anger Processing (MAP) scale was developed to provide a metacognitive measure on anger (Moeller, 2016). In the preliminary validation, three components were identified (positive beliefs, negative beliefs and rumination) to be positively correlated with the anger. Aims: To validate the MAP in a sample of mixed clinical patients (n = 88) and a sample of male forensic patients (n = 54). Method: The MAP was administered together with measures of metacognition, anger, rumination, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: The MAP showed acceptable scalability and excellent reliability. Convergent validity was evidenced using the general metacognitive measure (MCQ-30), and concurrent validity was supported using two different anger measures (STAXI-2 and NAS). Conclusions: The MAP has promising potential to assess anger regulation problems by providing a framework on angry rumination as well as the belief structures that proposedly drive the selection of this maladaptive processing strategy as suggested in the metacognitive model. These findings may have implications for clinical interventions. For example, conducting functional analyses on anger rumination could increase the understanding of dysregulated anger processing and lead to new interventions focused on shifting thinking style.

Background Metacognitive beliefs have been proposed to play a key role in initiating and maintaining worry. The Why Worry-Scale-II (WW-II) and Consequences of Worry Scale (COWS) are self-report questionnaires assessing positive and negative metacognitive beliefs. The main goal of this study was to validate German versions of these two questionnaires. Method N = 603 participants completed a questionnaire battery, including the two self-report measures of metacognitive beliefs. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses, calculated internal consistencies, and examined convergent and divergent validity. In addition, the questionnaires’ power in predicting worry, repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms were investigated. Results The factor structure of the original versions could be replicated for both measures. Furthermore, the translated questionnaires demonstrated excellent internal consistency and evidence of convergent and divergent validity. Importantly they also possessed predictive power in explaining worry, RNT and GAD symptoms, even over and above the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) as the current gold standard. Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest that the WW-II and COWS show solid psychometric properties and are useful in measuring metacognitive beliefs independently from the MCQ-30.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a major risk factor for developing symptoms of depression. Severity of social anxiety has previously been identified as a risk factor, and cognitive models emphasize dysfunctional schemas and self‐processing as the key vulnerability factors underlying general distress in SAD. However, in the metacognitive model, depressive and other symptoms are related to metacognitive beliefs. The aim of this study was therefore to test the relative contribution of metacognitions when controlling for SAD severity and factors postulated in cognitive models. In a cross‐sectional design, 102 patients diagnosed with primary SAD were included. We found that negative metacognitive beliefs concerning uncontrollability and danger and low confidence in memory emerged as the only factors explaining depressive symptoms in the regression model, suggesting that metacognitive beliefs are associated with increased depressive symptoms in SAD patients. Locked until 28.02.2019 due to copyright restrictions. This is the peer reviewed version of an article, which has been published in final form at [10.1002/cpp.2181]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.

Background: Due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one cannot rely on a theory to explain this disorder. Purpose: So the aim of the current study was to predict OCD based on three variables including latent aggression, metacognitive beliefs and responsibility. Method: A sample of 158 students of kharazmi university (100 female and 58 male) were conveniently selected and answered Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Responsibility and Interpersonal Behaviors and Attitudes Questionnaire (RIBAQ) and Responsibility Attitude Scale (RAS). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Results indicated that among the predictor variables, uncontrollability metacognitive variable was the best predictor of obsessive symptoms. In the next step worry-responsibility variable had the most predicting potency. Conclusion: So it seems that among this three models of OCD, metacognitive model has the best potency of predicting OCD symptoms and this result can be considered in therapeutic implications.

obsessive- compulsive disorder is one of the serious complications of psychological health and imposes huge economic and social expenditures annually on society and its disabling symptoms impair the individual's interpersonal function ,job and life. The aims of this research were to analyze the effectiveness of group mindfulness based cognitive therapy on obsessive-compulsive disorder, metacognitive beliefs and rumination in female university students. This was an experimental study (pre-test& post-test –follow-up with control group plan). By applying simple random sampling method, out of 338 female students with age range 20-29 by Maudsley Obsessive­­-Compulsive inventory(MOCI), Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ-30) & Rumination Responses Scale (RRS) and the eligible individuals diagnostic interview (with Obsessive­­-Compulsive diagnostic cut-off score ) based on DSM-IV-TR,16 subjects have been selected and randomly put in the experiment and control groups ( 8 for each group). The experiment group received 8 sessions of group mindfulness based cognitive therapy while the control group had no special treatment .Two months after the treatment was over, follow-up was executed subject in both groups before and after the intervention, and two-month follow-up questionnaire, MOCI, MCQ-30, RRS completed. Analyzing data, descriptive statistical methods and covariance analysis test have been employed. The results of covariance test showed a meaningful difference (p

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on improving the quality of life and reducing impulsivity in patients with bipolar disorder type I was. This quasi-experimental study using pre-test and post-test approach with control group. The population of this study, and all of men with bipolar disorder, a psychiatric clinic and hospital psychiatric ward of Imam Reza in Khorramabad up in 2014. Using purposeful sampling, by referring neurologist, 40 patients with Bipolar I Disorder, Of the 50 admitted to the psychiatric clinic and hospital psychiatric ward of Imam Reza, with regard to admission to the study, in the first place, and clinical interview based on DSM-IV were selected. That is, the men referred to those who score higher than (T >80) on a scale of hypomania were MMPI-2 test according to the DSM-5 criteria Clinical Interview, for axis I disorders sampling method selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups(20 cases and 20 controls). Collecting data, structured clinical interview, scale quality of life (SF-36) and the Barratt Impulsiveness scale were used. The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that training dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and impulsivity symptoms significantly reduce quality of life increases (p

Metacognition is a multidimensional concept entailing knowledge, processes and the strategies which assess, monitor, or control cognition. This study sets out to draw a comparison between metacognitive beliefs and pathological worry in the students with test anxiety syndrome and normal students. In this causal-comparative study, 670 individuals were selected from the senior high school students in Tabriz by means of multistep cluster random sampling method and responded to Spellberger Test Anxiety Scale. Then, 100 students with test anxiety disorder were selected and matched with 100 normal students. Moreover, they responded not only to demographic questions but also to Wells & Cartwright Scale of Metacognitive Beliefs, and Pennsylvania Worry Scale. The data were analyzed by means of multivariate variance analysis. The results suggest that there is a significant difference between the scores of students with test anxiety disorder and normal students as to the components of metacognitive beliefs and pathological worry. Metacognitive beliefs serve as effective factors in students' mental health, and one could make an improvement in their mental health by altering the metacognitions which develop negative and incompatible attitudes and general negative beliefs.